REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Vol. 14(1): 1 - 2 4 8 , December 23, 2014 Chief Editor Kartini Kramadibrata (Mycologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Editors Dedy Darnaedi (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Tukirin Partomihardjo (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Topik Hidayat (Taxonomist, Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Ecologist, Kagoshima University, Japan) Jun Wen (Taxonomist, Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA) Managing Editor Himmah Rustiami (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Lulut Dwi Sulistyaningsih (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Secretary Endang Tri Utami Layout Editor Deden Sumirat Hidayat Medi Sutiyatno Illustrators Subari Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY- INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES CIBINONG SCIENCE CENTER, JLN. RAYA JAKARTA - BOGOR KM 46, CIBINONG 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong INDONESIA PHONE (+62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-MAIL: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 Cover images: 1. Begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (Begoniaceae; Ardi et al.); 2. Abaxial cuticles of Alseodaphne rhododendropsis (Lauraceae; Nishida & van der Werff); 3. Dipo- dium puspitae, Dipodium purpureum (Orchidaceae; O'Byrne); 4. Agalmyla exannulata, Cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, Codonoboea kjellbergii (Gesneriaceae; Kartonegoro & Potter). The Editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): Abdulrokhman Kartonegoro - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Altafhusain B. Nadaf - University of Pune, Pune, India Amy Y. Rossman - Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory USDA-ARS, Beltsville, USA Andre Schuiteman - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK Ary P. Keim - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Barry Conn - Royal Botanic Gardens National Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Dato' Abdul Latiff Mohamad - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Daniel Potter - Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA Deby Arifiani - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ferry J. W. Slik - University of Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Henti H. Rachmat - Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, Bogor, Indonesia Ian M. Turner - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK Iskandar Z. Siregar - Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia Jay H. Bernstein - Kingsborough Community College, Brooklyn, New York, USA Jens G. Rohwer - University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Joan Pereira - SAN Herbarium, Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah, Malaysia Kuswata Kartawinata - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Lars H. Schmidt - University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Mark Hughes - Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, UK Masahiro Kato - Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Nuril Hidayati - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ong Poh Teck - Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia Peter C. van Welzen - National Herbarium Netherlands, Leiden University Branch, Leiden, Netherlands Reuben Nilus - Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah, Malaysia Rugayah - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ruth Kiew - Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia Uwe Braun - Institut fur Biologie Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Halle (Saale), Germany Yasuaki Sato - Osaka-Sangyo University, Osaka, Japan REINWARDTIA Vol 14, No 1, pp: 171 − 180 171 FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MANGROVE FOREST OF RAJA AMPAT, WEST PAPUA, INDONESIA Received January 13, 2013; accepted August 12, 2014 SUHARDJONO PRAWIROATMODJO Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong Science Center, Jln. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail: suhardjono@bogor.net. KUSWATA KARTAWINATA Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, 1400 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA and Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong Science Center, Jln. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail: kkjak@indo.net.id. ABSTRACT PRAWIROATMODJO, S. & KARTAWINATA, K. 2014. Floristic diversity and structural characteristics of the m a n g r o v e f o r e s t s o f R a j a A m p a t , W e s t P a p u a , I n d o n e s i a . R e i n w a r d t i a 1 4 ( 1 ) : 1 7 1 – 1 8 0 . — We studied the floristic composition and structure of mangrove forests and mangrove species distribution at the Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua. We sampled the forests using (10×10 m) quadrats to record trees and saplings laid out contiguously along 9 transects of 60 – 450 m long, stretching perpendicularly from the coastlines or riverbanks to the landward borders. Seedlings were sampled using a 1×1 m subplot nested in each quadrat. The transects were established on the islands of Batanta (6), Salawati (2) and Waigeo (1). Within quadrats and transects we recorded 17 mangrove species of trees with density of 768 stems/ha and basal area of 37.82 m 2 /ha and tree height of 10 – 30 m. Two species possessed the highest importance value (IV) , frequency, density and basal area i.e. Rhizophora apiculata (IV = 168.06%) and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (IV = 67.18%). They also showed the highest similarity in their distribution, indicating highest degree of association. The mangrove at Raja Ampat may, therefore, be designated as the Rhizophora apiculata – Bruguiera gymnorrhiza association. Other species with highest degree of distributional similarities but with low densities, basal areas and importance values were Barringtonia racemosa, Excoecaria agallocha, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Inocarpus fagifera, Lumnitzera littorea and Sterculia shillinglawii, of which four of them are not true mangrove species, usually growing on less saline and more solid soils. The floristic composition of the transects in the three islands showed relatively high similarities of about 70% and at higher similarities the transects in Batanta Island formed four groups, Salawati Island two groups and Waigeo Island one group. The Bray-Curtis polar ordination resulted in four groups of transects, which were related to the habitat conditions and the length of the transects. Species diversity in the islands was very low, where the Shannon diversity index ranged from 0.19 to 0.64 giving the average of 0.42. Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza were gregenerating well and in the future they will remain dominant. The mangrove forests of the Raja Ampat Islands by any means should be maintained as green belts and protected from all kinds of destruction and should be made into conservation areas in order to sustain its ability to provide ecological services and non-destructive economic benefits. Key words: Rhizophora apiculata – Bruguiera gymnorrhiza association, mangrove, Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua. ABSTRAK PRAWIROATMODJO, S. & KARTAWINATA, K. 2014. Diversitas floristik dan karakteristik struktur hu t a n m a n g r o v e d i R a j a A m p a t , P a p u a B a r a t , I n d o n e s i a . R e i n w a r d t i a 1 4 ( 1 ) : 1 7 1 – 1 8 0 . — Penelitian struktur dan komposisi tumbuhan mangrove serta distribusi jenis mangrove telah dibuat di Kabupaten Raja Ampat, Papua Barat. Hutan dicuplik dengan sembilan transek dengan panjang 60 – 450 m yang diletakkan tegak lurus garis pantai atau tepi sungai hingga mencapai batas daratan. Setiap transek dibagi menjadi anak petak berukuran 10×10 m yang diletakkan menerus untuk merekam pohon dan belta. Semai dicuplik dengan anak petak berukuran 1×1 m yang diletakkan menyarang di setiap petak. Transek dibuat di Batanta (6), Salawati (2) dan Waigeo (1). Dalam transek dan petak tercatat 17 jenis pohon mangrove dengan kerapatan 768 pohon/ha dan area dasar 37.82 m2/ha serta tinggi pohon 10 – 30 m. Dua jenis yang memiliki nilai kepentingan (NK), frekuensi, kerapatan dan area dasar tertinggi adalah Rhizophora apiculata (NK = 168.06% ) dan Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (NK= 67.18% ). Dua jenis tersebut memiliki kesamaan sebaran, yang menunjukkan derajat assosiasi yang tinggi. Dengan nilai kepentingan dan kesamaan sebaran tersebut sebagai kriteria, mangrove di Raja Ampat dapat disebut sebagai Asosiasi Rhizophora apiculata – Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Jenis lain yang memiliki kerapatan, area dasar dan nilai penting rendah adalah Barringtonia racemosa, Excoecaria agallocha, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Inocarpus fagifera, Lumnitzera littorea dan Sterculia shillinglawii dan empat di antaranya adalah bukan mangrove sejati yang biasanya tumbuh pada tanah agak padat dengan kadar garam rendah. Komposisi jenis dari transek di tiga pulau menunjukkan kesamaan yang relatif tinggi, sekitar 70%. Dengan kesamaan yang tinggi transek di Pulau Batanta membentuk empat kelompok, Pulau Salawati dua kelompok dan Pulau Waigeo satu kelompok. Ordinasi polar Bray-Curtis menghasilkan empat kelompok transek, yang terkait dengan kondisi habitat mailto:suhardjono@bogor.net mailto:kkjak@indo.net.id REINWARDTIA 172 [VOL.14 INTRODUCTION Indonesia as an archipelago state, consisting of more than 17.508 islands with a coastline of 81.000 km long (Soegiarto, 1984), has a very extensive mangrove forests. The mangroves provide live supports for a diversity of marine biota, such as providing breeding sites, nursery grounds, feeding sites and protection. Therefore, mangrove ecosystems have received a great deal of scientific attention. The most extensive mangrove forests in Indonesia are found in Papua, covering a total area of 1.634.003 ha (hectares) or 50.4 % of the total mangroves of Indonesia (Saputro et al., 2009). In the Raja Ampat Regency, they cover a total area of 28.050 ha (Saputro et al., 2009), occurring on the Waigeo Island (6.843 ha), Batanta Island (785 ha), Kofiau Island (279 ha), Misool Island (8.093 ha) and the Salawati Island (4.258 ha) (Anynomous, 2006). The mangrove forests that have been designated as conservation areas in Papua cover only 148.000 ha. The mangroves throughout the country, including in Raja Ampat, are continually threathened by deforestation and clearance, particularly the conversion to schrimp and fish ponds. Therefore, conserving mangroves is a must, as sanctioned by several government decrees, The Presidential Decree No. 32/1990, for instance, requires local governments to establish Mangrove Green Belt. In several national parks, undisturbed mangroves along with other undisturbed ecosystems constitute the core zones. Elsewhere the floristic composition and structure of mangrove forests have been well studied and reported in numerous publications and proceedings of workshop and symposia (e.g. Soemodihardjo et al., 1991). An accunt of the mangrove forests of Papua, treated as part of the entire island of New Guinea, is briefly presented by Alongi (2007). Various studies and reviews on Raja Ampat (McKenna et al., 2002; Palomares & Heymans 2006; Webb, 2005) barely mentioned mangrove forests. We, therefore, know very little about the species composition and structure of mangrove forests on the islands in the Raja Ampat Regency, and so far only two records are available. Anynomus (2006) registered 25 true mangrove species and 27 mangrove-associated species in Raja Ampat. Takeuchi (2003) did a community-level reconnaisance on the mangrove along the banks of the Gam and Kasin rivers and described the mangrove in Raja Ampat as being sparse and poor in species compared to the New Guinea mainland. In the present study, therefore, our investigation focus on floristic and structural aspects, which are important for establishing conservation areas and subsequent management and monitoring, in particular in view of the threat from increasing ecotourism development and conversion for economic and physical development in the regency. . STUDY SITE AND METHODS The Raja Ampat Islands (Fig. 1) are geographically located on 2°25’N - 4°25’S and on 130° - 132°55’E, comprising four main islands, i.e. Batanta (Batanta Island), Misool (Misool Island), Salawati (Salawati Island) and Waigeo (Waigeo Island). The area has a seasonal climate, showing a dry season from October to March with monthly rainfall of 170 mm and a wet season from April to Setember with monthly rainfall of 270 mm (McKenna et al., 2002). The ecosystems around the islands consist of coral reefs, mangroves and sea- grass beds, which experience maximum daily tide fluctuations of 1.8 m with the average fluctuation of 0.9-1.3 m (McKenna et al., 2002). Sampling of mangrove forests using transect methods were undertaken at Yenana in Selat Sagawin district on Batanta, at Samate in Salawati Utara district on Salawati and at Kalitoko on Waigeo (Fig. 1). We established nine transects, stretching perpendicularly from the coastlines or riverbanks to the inland edges of the forests bordering with the dryland. Each transect was 10 m wide and its length and geographic position were as follows: (1) At Yenanas on Batanta, six transects were established and the overall distance between Transect 1 and Transect 6 was 17,500 m. dan panjang transek. Diversitas jenis di pulau-pulau di Raja Ampat sangat rendah, seperti ditunjukkan oleh indek diversitas Shannon yang berkisar dari 0.19 sampai 0.64 dengan nilai rata-rata 0.42. Rhizophora apiculata dan Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mempunyai regenerasi yang baik dan di masa depan mereka akan tetap dominan. Dengan segala upaya hutan mangrove Raja Ampat hendaknya tetap dipertahankan sebagai jalur hijau mangrove dan sebagai areal konservasi untuk mempertahankan kemampuannya sebagai penyedia jasa ekologi dan manfaat ekonomi tidak destruktif. Kata kunci: Asosiasi Rhizophora apiculata Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, mangrove, Kepulauan Raja Ampat, Papua Barat. 2014] 173 PRAWIROATMODJO & KARTAWINATA: Floristic & structural characters of mangroves forest at West Papua Transect 1 was 60 m long, located in a forest bordering an open sea at 0 0 51’0.6”S and 130 0 5’43.4”E; Transect 2 was 70 m long, located in a forest along a river at 0 0 50’ 58.7”S and 130 0 51’42.9”E, Transect 3 was 180 m long, located in a forest on an estuary at 0 0 50’58.7”S and 130 0 51’42.9”E, Transect 4 was 110 m long, located in a forest along a river at 0 0 51’9.2”S and 130 0 51’11.0”E, Transect 5 was 200 m long, located in a forest bordering an open sea at 0 0 50’9.6”S and 130 0 53’12.4”E and Transect 6 was 200 m long, located in a forest bordering an open sea at 0 0 50’20.3”S and 130 0 53’3.4”E. (2) At Samate on Salawati, two transects, with the length of 200 m each, were established in a forest on an estuary at 0 0 59’25.4”S and 131 0 4’7.1”E and 0 0 58’18.4”S and 131 0 4’ 52.7” E. (3) At Kalitoko on Waigeo one transect with the length of 450 m was established in a forest located on a bay at 0 o 14’19.3” S & 130 o 48’25.6” E. Each transect was divided into (10×10 m) plots to record trees with diameters at breast height (DBH) of ≥ 10 cm and saplings with DBH of 2-9.9 cm and a (1×1 m) subplot was nested within each plot to record seedlings with DBH of < 2 cm. If stilt roots were present the diameters were measured at 10 cm above stilt roots. The height of trees and saplings were estimated. The Importance Value of each species at tree and sapling stages was calculated by summing up the Relative Density (RD), Relative Basal Area (RBA) and Relative Frequency (RF). Basal area was used to measure the dominance. Biodiversity professional Version 2.0 (McAleece et al., 1997) was used for Bray-Curtis Cluster Analysis with Sorensen similarity to construct grouping of transects and species and to calculate Shannon diversity index. Bray-Curtis polar ordination of transects was performed using PC-ORD (Peck, 2010). All individuals within the plots and subplots were identified to species. Species present outside the transects were also listed so as to obtain a general information on mangrove flora of the study sites but they were not included in the transect data analysis. Voucher specimens were collected and identified at the Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences at Cibinong, Bogor. The water depths on the riverside, seaside and the inland ends of each transect was measured with a measuring stake. The percentage of the canopy gaps along each transect was estimated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Floristic composition Mangrove forests on the Raja Ampat Islands, occuring along the coastal areas, rivers and estuaries extending to the inland with variable thickness, were mostly still in good conditions. Table 1 shows the results of floristic and structural analyses within the transects on Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo, where we recorded 17 species of 12 families, of which 11 were true mangrove species. Six true mangrove species occurred in the three islands, six species (mostly non mangrove species) were found on Waigeo, two species were present in Batanta and Waigeo, two species were recorded only in Salawati and one species was found only in Batanta. The spesies have been registered in the IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species Version 2013.2 as least concerned with decreasing population (www.iucnredlist.org, accessed on 23 December 2013). Species present within and outside the transects are listed in Appendix 1 to give a general idea of the flora of the study sites. The mangrove forests on the three islands in Raja Ampat were characterized by species no 1-6 in Table 1, with IV of 3.21–168.06%, BA of 0.08- 24.71 m 2 and D of 4-463 trees/ha. The similarity indices for distribution of species are presented in Fig. 2. Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza had the highest degree of similarity of distribution in the quadrats within the transects (similarity of 90%). Except for Heritiera littoralis, Fig. 1. The study sites on Waigeo, Batanta, and Salawati in the Raja Ampat Regency (Kabupaten), West Papua, Indonesia http://www.iucnredlist.org REINWARDTIA 174 [VOL.14 Fig. 2. Dendrogram (based on tree density) of tree species distribution in transects on Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo in the Raja Ampat Islands using BioDiversityProfessional Version 2 (McAleece et al. 1997). Table 1. Area (BA=m 2 /ha) and Importance Value (IV=%) of true mangrove (TM) and non-mangrove (NM) tree species in the transects in the mangrove forests on Batanta Density (D=trees/ha), Basal, Salawati and Waigeo. The spesies have been registered in the IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2 as least concerned with decreasing population (www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on 23 December 2013). No Species Statu s Batanta Salawati Waigeo D BA IV D BA IV D BA IV 1 Rhizophora apiculata TM 623 32.14 172.02 278 25.64 175.71 304 10.3 6 146.70 2 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza TM 205 13.20 74.76 25 5.50 94.09 27 0.50 13.69 3 Bruguiera sexangula TM 70 2.72 26.67 218 0.45 9.21 113 2.73 54.98 4 Xylocarpus moluccensis TM 45 1.07 14.42 8 0.02 1.82 42 1.08 30.76 5 Rhizophora mucronata TM 18 0.92 4.27 13 0.55 8.15 9 0.46 6.57 6 Ceriops tagal TM 5 0.09 2.46 33 0.03 1.83 4 0.12 2.68 7 Barringtonia racemosa NM - - - - - 2 0.02 1.74 8 Excoecaria agallocha TM - - - - - - 2 0.15 2.43 9 Hibiscus tiliaceus NM - - - - - - 7 0.12 3.09 10 Inocarpus fagifer NM - - - - - - 11 2.02 17.81 11 Lumnitzera littorea TM - - - - - 2 0.03 1.79 12 Sterculia shillinglawii NM - - - - - - 2 0.08 2.08 13 Dolichandrone spathacea TM 2 0.07 0.97 - - - 22 0.92 13.93 14 Intsia bijuga NM 6 0.17 2.14 - - - 2 0.02 1.77 15 Heritiera littoralis NM 2 0.44 2.29 - - - - - - 16 Sonneratia alba TM - - - 8 0.54 5.56 - - - 17 Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea TM - - - 5 0.05 3.64 - - - Sum 977 50.81 300 588 32.79 300 551 18.6 2 300 Number of species 9 9 14 Number of transects and area sampled (m2 ) 6 (8200) 2 (4000) 1 (4500) http://www.iucnredlist.org 2014] 175 PRAWIROATMODJO & KARTAWINATA: Floristic & structural characters of mangroves forest at West Papua Soneratia alba and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, other species had relatively high similarities of distribution (similarity of > 50%) Rhizophora apiculata was also a species with highest Importance Value (168.06%), followed by Bruguiera gymnorhhyza (67.18%). Based on the similarity of distribution and high importance values, the two species could be used as character species for naming mangrove forest at Raja Ampat as Rhizophora apiculata–Bruguiera gymnorrhiza association. It slightly differed from the finding of Takeuchi (2007) who did a community-level reconnaisance on the mangrove along the banks of the Gam and Kasin rivers, and named the forest as the Bruguiera gymnorrhiza–Rhizophora mucronata association. The areas were not covered in the present study. As a whole the mangrove in Raja Ampat had a low species diversity as indicated by the Shannon diversity indices that range from 0.19 at Batanta transect 5 to 0.64 at Waigeo transect (Fig. 3), giving the average of 0.42. The dendrogram of species composition based on tree density among transects (Fig. 4) shows a relatively high floristic similarities (>65%). At 69% and higher similarities, transects from groups 3 on Batanta Island, 2 on Salawati Island and 1 on Waigeo. Clustering seems attributed to differing number of species in the transect as well as due to the presence of certain species, whose presence were restricted to each transect (Table 1). The occurrence of Lumnitzera littorea, Excoecaria agallocha, Inocarpus fagifer, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Sterculia shillinglawii and Baringtonia racemosa were restricted to Waigeo Island, Sonneratia alba and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea to Salawati Island and Heritiera littoralis to Batanta Island. These species show also separate clustering in the dendrogram (Fig. 2). Fig. 3. Number of species and Shannon diversity indices in transects at Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo. Shannon diversity indices were calculated using BioDiversity Professional Version 2 (McAleece et al., 1997). Fig. 4. Dendrogram of floristic similarities based on tree density among transects in Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo, using BioDiversit Professional Version 2 (McAleece et al., 1997) Fig. 5. Bray-Curtis polar Ordination using PC-ORD (Peck 2010) showing the grouping (A–D) of the Batanta transects (Bat 1 – Bat 6), Salawati transects (Sal 1 and Sal 2)) and Waigeo trasnsect (Wai). REINWARDTIA 176 [VOL.14 Fig. 6. Basal Area (m 2 /ha) of (a) Rhizophora apiculata and (b) Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in transects of Groups A, B, C, and D. plotted over the the ordination diagram Fig. 7. Comparison of floristic composition of mangrove forests in the Raja Ampat Islands Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo) with those on small islands in Southeast Maluku (Larat, Seira, Wotab, Wuliaru and Kore). (Data extracted from Pramudji, 1987; Puluhamuny, 2003; Suhardjono & Hapid, 2011) using BiodivPro (McAleece et al., 1997). 2014] 177 PRAWIROATMODJO & KARTAWINATA: Floristic & structural characters of mangroves forest at West Papua The Bray-Curtis polar ordination (Fig. 5) resulted in similar grouping of transects as that of the cluster analysis shown in Fig. 4 above. The groups are related to the habitat conditions and the length of the transects. Group A consisted of transects with average length of 153 m, whose outer ends were located on the forests bordering with the open sea. The water depths at the seaside ends of the transects were 25-35 cm and the inland ends were 5-10 cm. The average canopy gaps were about 60%. In Group B the average transect length was 90 m, with the outer ends located on the riverbanks. The water depths on the riverbank sides of the transects were 20-30 cm and at the inland side were 5-10 cm. The average canopy gaps were about 30%. In Group C the average transect length was 193 m and located at the estuaries. The water depths at the riverbank sides were 10-20 cm and at the inland sides were 5 cm. The average canopy gaps were about 20%. Group D consists of only one transect of 450 m long. located in the forest at the bay. The water depth at the bay side of the transect was 70 cm and at the inland side was 5 cm. The average canopy gaps were about 10%. Rhizophora apiculata was consistently dominant in most transects and all groups (Fig. 6a), while Bruguiera gymnorrhiza was co-dominant in transects 2 and 4 of the Group 2 and dominant in transect 3 of the Group C (Fig. 6b). Fig. 7 shows the comparison of floristic composition of mangroves in the Raja Ampat Islands (Batanta Island, Salawati and Waigeo) and small islands in Southeast Maluku (Larat, Seira, Wotab, Wuliaru and Kore) with Bray and Curtis cluster analysis using Sorensen similarity formula and making use of denssity data of transects with lengths of 190-390 m available in Pramudji (1987), Puluhamuny (2003) and Suhardjono & Hapid (2011). The floristic composision differered a great deal as indicated by similarities among islands which varied between 25 and 75% despite limitted number of species occurring in mangroves. The mangrove of the Raja Ampat Islands floristically very close to that in Larat Island, having similarities of 55.16%. Within the restricted number of species in the mangrove environment, each island had apparently its own set of floristic combination, that characterized the community. The mangrove forests have been traditionally used by local communities as a source of family income, through harvest of fish, prawns, plants for medicinal uses, timber and firewood. Toteng (2004) recorded 12 mangrove species used by the local communities in Waren II village, Waropen Regency. Structure We described the forest structure in terms of horizontal spatial distribution, diameter class distribution and vertical height distribution. All trees recorded in the quadrats were classified according to diameter classes (Fig. 8). It revealed that the majority of the trees (52.76%) were in the 10-20 cm diameter class and the diameters of the rests were distributed in the the diameters > 20 cm. It was true also for each island (Fig. 9), where the trees of this diameter class were dominant but varied in number from 280 trees/ha in Salawati 1 to 627 trees/ha in Batanta 4. Fig. 9 shows also that plants at the sapling stage were very abundant in each transect, ranging in number from 280 trees/ha in Salawati 1 to 1714 trees/ha in Batanta 2. Trees with diameters >40 cm were rare, where the highest number was recorded in Batanta 2 (357 trees/ha) and the lowest was in Salawati 2 (15 trees/ha). Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza dominated the largest diameters. Vertically the forests in the transects studied were dominated by trees with heights of 5-15 m, totalling 1254 trees/ha (69.67%) (Fig. 10). Trees with the heights of 5-10 m and >15 m were equally abundant, amounting to 561 trees/ha (31.03%) and 546 trees/ha (30.20%), respectively, while the understory at height of 2-5 m was very poor totaling only 8 trees/ha (0.44%). Thus the forests were solidly occupied by trees with height of 5-15 m and diameters of 10-30 cm. The species with height > Fig. 8. Diameter class distribution and the density of trees in the Raja Ampat Islands as calculated from data at Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo . Fig. 9. Diameter class distribution of saplings and trees in transects on Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo in the Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua. REINWARDTIA 178 [VOL.14 15 m were Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. sexangula, Ceriops tagal, Dolichandrone spathacea, Excoecaria agallocha, Heritiera littoralis, Inocarpus fagifer, Intsia bijuga, Lumnitzera littorea, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba and Xylocarpus moluccensis. The tallest trees with height > 40 m recorded in the transecs were Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. sexangula, Heritiera littoralis, Inocarpus fagifer, Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba. The dominant species in each height class, however, was Rhizophora apiculata with Bruguiera gymnorrhiza as the co-dominant. Regeneration We investigated the tree seedling community in relation to regeneration. Population structure, dominance and distribution of tree species and the number of individuals in each species at tree, sapling and seedling stages are indicators of the ability of a forest to regenerate itself and to maintain its survival, stability and sustainability. A stable forest ecosystem would have optimum density and the individuals of each species are normally well spread along diameter classes. Table 2 presents the number of individuals/ha in seedling, sapling and tree stages of five main species. It is clear that the two main species, Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza had very good regeneration and the regeneration of, Bruguiera sexangula and Rhizophora mucronata was poorer. Xylocarpus moluccensis was not regenerating at all as indicated by the absence of its seedlings. We noted that the non- mangrove species were not regenerating in the true mangrove habitats, although seedlings and Fig. 10. Height class distribution of trees and saplings in Raja Ampat Islands as calculated from data at Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo. Fig. 11. Height class distribution of saplings and trees in transects at Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo in the Raja Ampat Islands Table 2. Regeneration of five leading species in transects at Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo in the Raja Ampat Islands presented as density (number of individuals/ ha) in each diameter classes. No. Species Diameter Class <2 cm 2-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm > 40 cm 1 Rhizophora apiculata 133,293 507 167 106 62 43 2 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 53,832 161 91 36 11 16 3 Bruguiera sexangula 16,108 354 48 14 4 3 4 Rhizophora mucronata 2,874 898 958 419 240 - 5 Xylocarpus moluccensis - 40 7 3 1 - saplings may be found in the transition area between swamp and dryland. The above account implies that in the future Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza will remain dominant in the mangrove forests of the Raja Ampat Islands, unless the forests experience severe disturbance, where pioneer and secondary forest species will initiate successions. In the present community pioneers and secondary species occurred insignificantly in gaps within the forests and at the periphery of the mangrove communities. CONCLUSION The mangrove forest at Raja Ampat is structurally dense with low species diversity. It is still in relatively good conditions with no apparent indication of having been severely disturbed and only natural disturbances might have taken place resulting in the gap formation in the canopy. So far no indication of significant number of secondary forest species have invaded the communities. 2014] 179 PRAWIROATMODJO & KARTAWINATA: Floristic & structural characters of mangroves forest at West Papua Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza jointly dominated the forest at seedling, sapling and tree stages, confirming themselves that their dynamic good regeneration ensure the species will stay in the community unless severe perturbation interferes and stimulates the successional changes to set in. The above two species were complemented by less prevalent but important species, Bruguiera sexangula and Xylocarpus moluccensis. The mangrove forests in the Raja Ampat Islands should, by any means, be conserved, managed and maintained as the green belts, whose width should satisfy the requirements and critera that have been developed for Papua (Wartaputra, 1991). Any attempt to convert them into other uses, should be avoided. Any disturbed sites should be restored applying the principles of accelerated natural successions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the Head of the Botany Division of Research Centre for Biology-LIPI and the Head of the Research Centre for Biology-LIPI for the full support to undertake the research, without which we would not be able to implement it at all. Our gratitude goes also to the local government authorities in the Mayalibit District, Salawati Utara District, Teluk Sawagin District, Yenanas Village, the Kalitoko Village and the Samate Village as well as the local communities for providing the permits and other necessary facilities to complete the field research. REFERENCES ALONGI, D. M. 2007. Mangrove forests of Papua. In: MARSHALL, A. & BEEHLER, B. M. (Eds.), The Ecology of Papua, Part Two, Periplus, Singapore. Pp. 824−857. ANONYMOUS. 2006. Atlas sumberdaya pesisir kabupaten Raja Ampat, provinsi Irian Jaya Barat. Pemerintah Kabupten Raja Ampat & Konsorsium Atlas Sumberdaya Pesisir Kabupaten Raja Ampat. MC ALEECE, N., LAMBSHEAD, P. J. D. & PATERSON, G. L. J. 1997. Biodiversity Pro. The Natural History Museum, London MCKENNA, S. A., ALLEN, G. R. & SURYADI, S. (Eds.). 2002. A marine rapid assessment of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua province, Indonesia. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 22, Conservation Internasional, Washington, DC. PALOMARES, M. L. D. & HEYMANS, J. J. 2006. Historical ecology of the Raja Ampat Archipelago, Papua province, Indonesia. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 14( 7): 1–64. PECK, J. E. 2010. Multivariate analysis for community ecologists: step-by-step using PC-ORD. MJM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, OR. PRAMUDJI. 1987. Studi pendahuluan pada hutan mangrove di beberapa pulau Kepulauan Aru, Maluku Tenggara. In: SOERIANEGARA, I., ADISOEMARTO, S., SOEMODIHARDJO, S., HARDJOWIGENO, S., SOEDOMO, M. & ONGKOSONGO, O. S. R. (Eds.). Prosiding Seminar III Ekosistem Mangrove, Denpasar, Bali 5- 8 Agustus 1986, Panitia Nasional Program MAB Indonesia- LIPI, Jakarta. Pp. 74−79. (In Indonesian). PULUMAHUNY, F. S. 2003. Hutan mangrove di Pulau -pulau kecil Kepulauan Yamdena, Maluku Tenggara. In: RUYITNO, PRAMUDJI & SUPANGAT, I. (Eds.). Pesisir dan pantai Indonesia VII. Pusat Penelitian Oseonografi-LIPI, Jakarta. Pp. 33−42. (In Indonesian). SAPUTRO, G. B., HARTINI, S., SUKARDJO, S., SUSANTO, A. & PONIMAN (Eds.). 2009. Peta mangroves Indonesia. Pusat Survey Sumber Daya Alam Laut, Badan Koordinasi Survey dan Pemetaan Nasional (BAKOSURTANAL). SOEGIARTO, A. 1984. The mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia: Its problems and management. In: TEAS, H. J. (Ed.). Physiology and management of man- groves. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. SOEMODIHARDJO, S., HARDJOWIGENO, S., NAAMIN, N., ONGKOSONGO, O. S. R. & SUDOMO, M. 1991. Prosidings Seminar IV Ekosistem Mangrove. Bandar Lampung, 7-9 Agustus 1990, Panitia Nasional Program MAB Indonesia-LIPI, Jakarta. SUHARDJONO & HAPID, U. 2011. Hutan mangrove di Pulau Moti. In: MARYANTO, I. & SUTRISNO, H. (Eds.), Ekologi Ternate. Pusat Penelitian Biologi -LIPI, Bogor. Pp.199−217. TAKEUCHI, W. 2003. A community-level floristic reconnaissance of the Raja Ampat Islands in New Guinea. Sida 20: 1093–1138. TOTENG, A. 2004. Pemanfaatan vegetasi mangrove di kampong Waren II Distrik Waropen Bawah, Kabupaten Waropen. Beccariana 6(2): 71–78. WARTAPUTRA, S. 1991. Kebijaksanaan pengelolaan mangrove ditinjau dari sudut konservasi. In: SOEMODIHARDJO, S., HARDJOWIGENO, S., NAAMIN, N., ONGKOSONGO, O. S. R. & SUDOMO, M. (Eds.). Prosiding Seminar IV Ekosistem Mangrove. Bandar Lampung 7-9 Agustus 1990. ), Panitia Nasional Program MAB Indonesia – LIPI, Jakarta. Pp. 17–24. WEBB, C. O. 2005. Vegetation of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua, Indonesia. A report to the nature conservancy. REINWARDTIA 180 [VOL.14 APPENDIX 1. List of species occurring in the transects and their vicinity in the Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua. In the transects and their vicinity in Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo of the Raja Ampat Islands, we listed 109 species, 83 genera and 52 families, of which only 27 were true mangrove species and the remainders were non halophytic species, growing generally in the transisition areas between saline mangrove swamp and terrestial dryland soils. We classified them into the following groups: Group 1: Species present in Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo Asclepiadaceae: Finlaysonia obovata Wall.; Asteraceae: Melanthera biflora (L.) Wild; Avicenniaceae: Avicennia offici- nalis L.; Calophyllaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum L.; Combretaceae: Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt; Euphor- biaceae: Excoecaria agallocha L.; Fabaceae: Derris trifoliata Lour.; Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre; Flagellariaceae: Flagellaria indica L.; Goodeniaceae: Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.; Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz; Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.; Malvaceae: Hibiscus tiliaceus L.; Meliaceae: Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig; Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem.; Pandanaceae: Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Du Roi; Rhizo- phoraceae: Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam.; Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir.; Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob.; Rhizo- phora apiculata Blume; Rhizophora mucronata Lam.; Rubiaceae: Scyphiphora hydrophylacea C.F.Gaertn.; Sonnera- tiaceae: Sonneratia alba Sm.; Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl.; Sterculiaceae: Heritiera littoralis Aiton; Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Group 2. Species present in Batanta and Waigeo Acanthaceae: Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl; Asclepiadaceae: Tylophora cissoides Blume; Bignoniaceae: Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) Seem.; Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa L.; Fabaceae: Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain; Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze; Malvaceae: Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa; Pteridaceae: Acrostichum speciosum (Fée) C. Presl; Sapindaceae: Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch.; Verbenaceae: Teijsmanniodendron hollrungii (Warb.) Kosterm. Group 3. Species present in Batanta and Salawati Acanthaceae: Acanthus ilicifolius L.; Aizoaceae: Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.; Apocynaceae: Cerbera manghas L.; Arecaceae: Nypa fruticans Wurmb; Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea pes-caprae Roth; Fabaceae: Sophora tomentosa L.; Meliaceae: Xylocarpus rumphii (Kostel.) Mabb.; Olacaceae: Ximenia americana L.; Pandanaceae: Pandanus dubius Spreng.; Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze; Pteridaceae: Acrostichum aureum L.; Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera cylin- drica (L.) Blume; Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff.; Rhizophora lamarckii Montrouz.; Rhizophora stylosa Griff.; Rubiaceae: Morinda citrifolia L.; Rutaceae: Limonia sp. Group 4. Species present only in Waigeo Apocynaceae: Alyxia floribunda Markgr.; Araceae: Rhaphidophora sp.; Asclepiadaceae: Hoya lacunosa Blume; As- paragaceae: Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb; Avicenniaceae: Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett; Bombacaceae: Camptostemon schultzii Mast.; Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea gracilis R. Br.; Cyatheaceae: Cyat- hea sp.; Cyperaceae: Mapania macrocephala (Gaudich.) K.Schum.; Dryopteridaceae: Tectaria zeylanica (Houtt.) Sledge; Ebenaceae: Diospyros cauliflora Blume; Euphorbiaceae: Shirakiopsis indica (Willd.) Esser; Fabaceae: Caes- alpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.; Caesalpinia crista L.; Cynometra ramiflora L.; Derris elegans Benth.; Inocarpus fagifer (Parkinson) Fosberg; Hernandiaceae: Hernandia sonora L.; Loganiaceae: Fagraea racemosa Jack; Meliaceae: Apha- namixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker; Menispermaceae: Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.; Moraceae: Artocarpus teysman- nii Miq.; Rhizophoraceae: Ceriops decandra (Griff.) W.Theob.; Rubiaceae: Hydnophytum moseleyanum Becc.; Stercu- liaceae: Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beumée ex K.Heyne; Tiliaceae: Brownlowia argentata Kurz; Verbenaceae: Premna serratifolia L. Group 5. Species present only in Batanta Borraginaceae: Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.; Cannabaceae: Celtis philippensis Blanco; Celastraceae: Siphonodon sp.; Clusiaceae: Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz; Fabaceae: Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) Benth.; Mucuna bennettii F. Muell.; Lythraceae: Pemphis acidula J. R. Forst.; Moraceae: Ficus adenosperma Miq.; Ficus botryocarpa Miq.; Myrsi- naceae: Ardisia elliptica Thunb.; Nyctaginaceae: Boerhavia diffusa L.; Orchidaceae: Coelogyne sp.; Dendrobium aloi- folium (Blume) Rchb. f.; Piperaceae: Piper betle L.; Rubiaceae: Aidia racemosa (Cav.) Tirveng.; Guettarda speciosa L.; Rutaceae: Atalantia monophylla D. C.; Sapotaceae: Planchonella obovata (R. Br.) Pierre; Sonneratiaceae: Sonneratia ovata Backer; Thymelaeaceae: Phaleria perrottetiana (Decne.) Fern.-Vill. ; Tiliaceae: Grewia laevigata Vahl; Verbena- ceae: Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxb.) Walp. Group 6. Species present only in Salawati Avicenniaceae: Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.; Combretaceae: Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.; Myrsinaceae: Ae- giceras floridum Roem. & Schult.; Myrtaceae: Osbornia octodonta F. Muell.; Sterculiaceae: Heritiera globosa Kosterm. Group 7. Species present in Waigeo and Salawati Myrsinaceae: Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-18473 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-18473 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2693350 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-83292 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-4759 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-246142 http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Goodeniaceae/ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-313527 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-19600169 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-285436 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2684038 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2684052 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2712632 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-27600050 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-189891 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-42703 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2615237 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-320759 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-320759 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2431102 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-1524 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2515863 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2629275 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2615257 http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Aizoaceae/ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-37166 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-136183 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-8501813 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-7172 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2467228 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-286535 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-286535 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2684048 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-129789 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-253144 http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/P/Dryopteridaceae/ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2769515 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-927 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-927 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-10998 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-32543 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2807506 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2654097 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2654097 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-100978 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2708413 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-38626 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-53242 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-53242 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2809385 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2809716 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2647897 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2678624 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-57036 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-57036 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2559050 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-93328 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2664457 http://www.theplantlist.org/about/#accepted http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-42431 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-18454 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-8200116 INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS Scope. 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Legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. References. Bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the Harvard system as the following examples. Journal : KRAENZLIN, F. 1913. Cyrtandraceae novae Philippinenses I. Philipp. J. Sci. 8: 163-179. MAYER, V., MOLLER, ML, PERRET, M. & WEBER, A. 2003. Phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of Epithemateae (Gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid DNA sequence data. American J. Bot. 90: 321-329. Proceedings :TEMU, S. T. 1995. Peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "Djoka Dju" pada suku Lio, Ende, Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur. In: NASUTION, E. (Ed.). Presiding Seminar dan Lokakarya Nasional Etnobotani II. LIP1 & Perpustakaan Nasional: 263-268. (In Indonesian). SIMBOLON, H. & MIRMANTO, E. 2000. Checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: IWAKUMA et al. (Eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on: Tropical Peatlands. Pp. 179-190. Book : RIDLEY, H. N. 1923. Flora of the Malay Peninsula 2. L. Reeve & Co. Ltd, London. Part of Book : BENTHAM, G. 1876. Gesneriaceae. In: BENTHAM, G. & HOOKER, J. D. Genera plantarum 2. Lovell Reeve & Co., London. Pp. 990-1025. Thesis : BAIRD, L. 2002. A Grammar of Keo: An Austronesian language of East Nusantara. Australian National University, Canberra. [PhD. Thesis]. Website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/Kostermans AJGH.htm). Accessed 15 February 2012. Reinwardtia Published by Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Address: Jin. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong Telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id REINWARDTIA Author Agreement Form Title of article Name of Author(s) : I/We hereby declare that: • My/Our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • It was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • I/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by Reinwardtia. • We have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. Author signature (s) Date Name MUHAMMAD EFFENDI, TATIK CHIKMAWATI & DEDY DARNAEDI. New cytotypes of Pteris ensiformis var. victoria from Indonesia 133 SUZANA SABRAN, REUBEN NILUS, JOAN T. PEREIRA & JOHN BAPTIST SUGAU. Contribution of the heart of Borneo (HoB) initiative towards botanical exploration in Sabah, Malaysia 137 WENNI SETYO LESTARI, BAYU ADJIE, TASSANAI JARUWATANAPHAN, YASUYUKI WATANO & MADE PHAR- MAWATI. Molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus Adiantum (Pteridaceae) from Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia based on Rbcl and Trnl-f 143 ELIZABETH A. WIDJAJA & DANIEL POTTER. Floristic study of Mekongga Protected Forest: towards establishment of the Mekongga National Park 157 YESSI SANTIKA, EKA FATMAWATI TIHURUA & TEGUH TRIONO. Comparative leaves anatomy of Pandanus, Freycinetia and Sararanga (Pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 SUHARDJONO PRAWIROATMODJO & KUSWATA KARTAWINATA. Floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of Raj a Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia 171 IAN M. TURNER. A new combination in Orophea (Annonaceae) for Uvaria nitida Roxb. ex G. Don 181 IVAN S AVINOV. Taxonomic revision of Asian genus Glyptopetalum Thwaites (Celastraceae R. Br.) 183 YUSI ROSALINA, NISYAWATL ERWIN NURDIN, JATNA SUPRIATNA & KUSWATA KARTAWINATA. Floristic compo- sition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the PT National Sago Prima, Selat Panjang, Riau, Indone- sia 193 IMAN HID AY AT & JAMJAN MEEBOON. Cercospora brunfelsiicola (Fungi, Mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical Cercosporoid fungus on Brunfelsia uniflora 211 MAX VAN BALGOOY & ELIZABETH A. WIDJAJA. Flora of Bali: a provisional checklist 219 EKA FATMAWATI TIHURUA & INA ERLINAWATI. Leaf anatomy of Pandanus spp. (Pandanceae) from Sebangau and Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya National Park, Kalimantan, Indonesia 223 JULIA SANG & RUTH KIEW. Diversity of Begonia (Begoniaceae) in Borneo - How many species are there? 23 3 DIAN LATIFAH, ROBERT A. CONGDON & JOSEPH A. HOLTUM. A Physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: Arenga australasica, Calamus australis, Hydriastele wendlandiana saALicuala ramsayi 237 REINWARDTIA Vol. 14. No. 1.2014 CONTENTS Page ABDULROKHMAN KARTONEGORO & DANIEL POTTER. The Gesneriaceae of Sulawesi VI: the species from Mekongga Mts. with a new species of Cyrtandra described 1 LIM CHUNG LU & RUTH KIEW. Codonoboea (Gesneriaceae) sections in Peninsular Malaysia 13 WISNU H. ARDI, YAYAN W. C. KUSUMA, CARL E. LEWIS, ROSNIATI A. RISNA, HARRY WIRIADINATA, MELISSA E. ABDO & DANIEL C. THOMAS. Studies on Begonia (Begoniaceae) of the Molucca Islands I: Two new species from Halmahera, Indonesia, and an updated description of Begonia holosericea 19 YUZAMMI, JOKO R. WITONO & WILBERT L. A. HETTERSCHEID. Conservation status of Amorphophallus discophorus Backer & Alderw. (Araceae) in Java, Indonesia 27 MOHAMMAD F. ROYYANI & JOENI S. RAHAJOE. Behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainabil- ity 35 FIFI GUS DWIYANTI, KOICHI KAMIYA & KO HARADA. Phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. F. (Dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 SACHIKO NISHIDA & HENK VAN DER WERFF. Do cuticle characters support the recognition of Alseodaphne, Nothaphoebe and Dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 NURUL AMAL LATIFF, RAHAYU SUKMARIA SUKRI & FAIZAH METALI. Nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habi- tats in Brunei Damssalam 67 NURUL HAZLINA ZATNI & RAHAYU SUKMARIA SUKRI. The diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed Dipterocarp forest and heath forest in Brunei Darussalam 73 MUHAMMAD AMIRUL AIMAN AHMAD JUHARI, NORATNI TALIP, CHE NURUL ATNI CHE AMRI & MOHAMAD RUZI ABDUL RAHMAN. Trichomes morphology of petals in some species of Acanthaceae 79 DIAN ROSLEINE, EIZI SUZUKI, ATIH SUNDAWIATI, WARDI SEPTIANA & DESY EKAWATI. The effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia 85 JULIUS KULIP. The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan district, Sabah, Malaysia 101 PETER O'BYRNE. On the evolution of Dipodium R. Br 123 Reinwardtia is a LIPI accredited Journal (517/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/04/2013) Herbarium Bogoriense Botany Division Research Center for Biology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences Cibinong Science Center Jln. Raya Jakarta - Bogor, Km 46 Cibinong 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong Indonesia barudepan 413-593-1-SM belakangbaru img577_Page_1 img577_Page_2 img577_Page_3 img577_Page_4