Untitled R E IN W A R D TI A 13 (5) ISSN 0034 – 365 X A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Vol. 13(5): 391–455, December 20, 2013 Chief Editor Kartini Kramadibrata (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Editors Dedy Darnaedi (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Tukirin Partomihardjo (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Topik Hidayat (Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Kagoshima University, Japan) Jun Wen (Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA) Managing Editor Himmah Rustiami (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Secretary Endang Tri Utami Layout Editor Deden Sumirat Hidayat Illustrators Subari Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty Reviewers David Middleton (Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, UK), Eko Baroto Walujo (LIPI, Indonesia), Ferry Slik (Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China), Henk Beentje (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK), Hidetoshi Nagamasu (Kyoto Universi- ty, Japan), Kuswata Kartawinata (LIPI, Indonesia), Mark Hughes (Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, UK), Martin Callmander (Missouri Botanic Gardens, USA), Michele Rodda (Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore), Mien A Rifai (AIPI, Indonesia), Rugayah (LIPI, Indonesia), Ruth Kiew (Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Malaysia). Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY– LIPI, CIBINONG 16911, INDONESIA E-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id Cover images: Begonia hooverina Wiriad. spec. nov. REINWARDTIA Vol 13, No 5, pp: 405−419 405 in 1939, and Johns from 1994 to 1999. The collections are kept in BO, K, L, LAE, and MAN. Most of the specimens are still unidentified or just labeled as Freycinetia sp. Thus, this current study is aimed at specifying the exact number of species existing in this area, especially in Timika, based on these specimens including their biological and ecological aspects. MATERIALS & METHOD The current study was carried out from October 2005 to March 2009. The study was started by col- INTRODUCTION The island of New Guinea (both the Indonesian part and Papua New Guinea) is well known for its richness of tropical rainforests and biodiversity. Regarding the genus Freycinetia (Pandanaceae: Freycinetoideae) the island is also known as the center of diversity. One of the area that possess out- standing diversity in Papua (West New Guinea) is Timika in the Indonesian part of the island. Prior to this current study several species have already been collected from Timika such as by Meijer-Drees in 1938, Boden-Kloss in 1939, Brass THE UNIQUE CHARACTERS AND HABITAT OF FREYCINETIA (PANDANACEAE) WITH SEVEN NEW SPECIES IN TIMIKA, WEST PA- PUA, INDONESIA Received June 18, 2012; accepted October 10, 2013 NURHAIDAH IRIANY SINAGA Forestry Department, Papua University, Indonesia, Jl. Gunung Salju, Amban, Manokwari, Papua Barat, Indonesia. E-mail: irianysinaga@yahoo.com ARY PRIHARDHYANTO KEIM Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail: arypkeim@yahoo.com PRATITA PURADYATMIKA Reclamation & Biodivesity Environmental Department of PT Freeport Indonesia, Mimika, Papua 99920, Indonesia. ABSTRACT SINAGA, N. I., KEIM, A. P. & PURADYATMIKA, P. 2013. The unique characters and habitat of Freycinetia (Pandanaceae) with seven new species in Timika, West Papua, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 13(5): 405–418. —This current study of Freycinetia was carried out in Timika, West Papua. Results indicate that species vary in both morphological characters and habitat preferences. Timika is unique as only in this area species with highest number of segments in a berry and of stigmatic remains are found. Exceptional characters regarding to auricles, areolas, and stigmatic remains are observed in many species in this area. The result of this current study suggests that the ability of species to adapt to the widespread forest disturbances in Timika leads to their differences in morphological features compare to other Pa- puan species. Subsequently, seven new species are described here. Key words: Freycinetia, New Guinea, Pandanaceae, Papua, Timika. ABSTRAK SINAGA, N. I., KEIM, A. P. & PURADYATMIKA, P. 2013. Karakter unik dan habitat Freycinetia (Pandanaceae) serta tujuh jenis baru dari Timika, Papua Barat. Reinwardtia 13(5): 405–418. — Studi mengenai Freycinetia dilakukan di Timika, Papua. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi ditemukan pada karakter morfologi dan habitat. Timika menjadi unik karena hanya di areal ini jenis tumbuhan tersebut memiliki jumlah segmen beri dan stigma tertinggal terbanyak dari yang pernah ditemukan. Karakter khusus pada aurikel, areola dan stigma tertinggal diamati pada banyak jenis di areal ini. Hasil penelitian memberikan dugaan bahwa kemampuan jenis untuk beradaptasi secara luas dalam hutan yang terganggu di Timika membawa perbedaan pada pembentukan karakter morfologi dibandingkan dengan jenis Freycinetia Papua lainnya. Dengan demikian, sebanyak 7 jenis baru Timika dipertelakan dalam tulisan ini. Kata kunci: Freycinetia, New Guinea, Pandanaceae, Papua, Timika. mailto:irianysinaga@yahoo.com mailto:arypkeim@yahoo.com REINWARDTIA 406 [VOL.13 lecting activities in Timika (2005) then followed by herbarium studies conducted in Herbarium Bo- goriense (BO) Indonesia in 2006 and 2008, (Herbarium Manowariense (MAN) Indonesia in 2006, Lae Herbarium (LAE) Papua New Guinea in 2006, the National Herbarium of the Netherlands Leiden Branch (formerly Rijksherbarium Leiden, L) in 2008, and the Kew Herbarium (K) UK in 2009. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Groupings and unique variations in morphology The result of this current study indicates that there are 38 species of Freycinetia found in Timika, grouped into 4 non-taxonomical groups (Sinaga et al., 2010): The imbricate-leaved Freycinetia an- gustissima Group (consisting of 3 species), the semi -imbricate-leaved F. funicularis Group (consisting of 8 species), the non-imbricate-leaved F. macrostachya Group (consisting of 14 species), and the grass-like-leaved F. oblanceolata Group (consisting of 13 species). Among the four group- ings described above, unique morphological charac- ters can be observed in the members of the two groups, F. macrostachya and F. funicularis Groups. The result of this current study shows that the largest auricle and highest number of stigmatic re- mains ever recorded in the genus (18 to 32) is found in F. megaauriculata, which is a member of Frey- cinetia macrostachya Group. Fusion of stigmatic remains with areolas that caused a distinctive broc- coli-like arrangement is also observed in this spe- cies. This kind of arrangement has never been rec- orded before. Morphological variations in the fruit characters are also observed in the two other members of the group: Freycinetia circuita and F. clavata. In F. circuita the stigmatic remains are circular, while F. clavata possesses three rigidly segmented berries each with four or five stigmatic remains. In the fused berries the number of stigmatic remains is not in equal to the number of berries. The same phe- nomenon can be seen in F. megaauriculata. In F. frutonumerata and F. frutaspiralica the most obvious morphological variation are observed in the cephalia. In F. frutonumerata the highest number of cephalia per infructescence is 12; this is the largest number of cephalia per infructescence ever recorded in the genus. In F. frutaspiralica the cephalia are spirally arranged. Species with spirally arranged cephalia are rare in New Guinea. So far this character is only shared with F. arfakiana, a species found in Manokwari. In the F. funicularis Group the main morpholog- ical character lies in the unique arrangement of stig- matic remains and areola. Freycinetia pleurantha possesses stigmatic remains and areola arranged in 4 lines but separated in two combined lines by a series of holes. In F. imbristigma the stigmatic re- mains and areola are imbricately arranged in 2 com- bined lines. In F. fusiforma and F. magnoareola the characters are primarily those of the the areolas. In F. fusiforma the stigmatic remains and areolas are fused (hence the epithet ―fusiforma‖) and form the centrally located areolas. On the contrary, F. mag- noareola has the largest areolas in the genus, so large the areolas entirely cover the stigmatic re- mains. The variations in the stigmatic remains and areolas in this group are usually found in species that inhabit the highlands of central part of Western New Guinea. Habitat The results of our study indicate that in Timika Freycinetia species are present in primary, open and secondary forests (Table 1). The result of this pre- sent study shows that 38 species inhabit the primary forests, while 18 species inhabit both primary for- ests and disturbed forests, including the Modified of Ajkwa Deposition Area (Mod-ADA) in the low- land area of PT Freeport Indonesia project area, which was designated to manage tailings. Tailings are produced from ore-processing to obtain valuable minerals. The production process results in 3 % concentrate containing copper, gold and silver, and 97% tailings. Several areas in Mod-ADA are recov- ering by the natural succession process, which has reached the stage of secondary forest of pioneer plants. One of plants that found in the tailings natu- ral succession area is Freycinetia sp. (Sinaga and Puradyatmika, 2006). Thus, in Timika species of Freycinetia prefer humid primary forests – especially close to rivers or creeks–over disturbed forests, as the genus usually does (Stone, 1982); except for F. concolor which is present in more open areas. In New Guinea Freycinetia species that inhabit secondary forests are rare. Only species that belong to the imbricate leaved or F. macrostachya Group are known to inhabit this kind of habitat, particular- ly F. macrostachya and F. marginata. The other species that also occur in the area but less common- ly so are F. excelsa, F. frutonumerata, F. klossii, F. lacinulata, F. megaauriculata, F. pallida, and F. ultrapedicellata. Members of the F. funicularis and F. angustissi- 2013] 407 SINAGA et al. : The unique characters and habitat of Freycinetia in Timika, Papua No Groups and species members Type of forests Disturbed Primary Freycinetia angustissima group 1 F. angustissima × × 2 F. pseudoangustissima × × 3 F. stenophylla × × F. funicularis group 4 F. funicularis × × 5 F. fusiforma - × 6 F. imbristigma - × 7 F. lateriflora - × 8. F. magnoareola - × 9 F. pleurantha - × 10 F. rhodospatha - × 11 F. sterrophylla - × F. oblanceolata group 12 F. concolor × × 13 F. ellipsoidalis × × 14 F. forbesii × × 15 F. frutasolla - × 16 F. inermis × × 17 F. iriana - × 18 F. lenifolia × × 19 F. obtusiacuminata - × 20 F. oblanceolata - × 21 F. oreophila - × 22 F. rectangularis - × 23 F. scandens - × 24 F. tenuis - × F. macrostachya group 25 F. clavata - × 26 F. circuita - × 27 F . excelsa × × 28 F. fibrosa - × 29 F. frutaspiralica - × 30 F. frutonumerata × × 31 F. klossii × × 32 F. lacinulata × × 33 F. macrostachya × × 34 F. marginata × × 35 F. megaauriculata × × 36 F. pallida × × 37 F. pseudoinsignis - × 38 F. ultrapedicellata × × Table 1. Species distribution in Timika (+ indicates presence, - absence). REINWARDTIA 408 [VOL.13 ma Groups grow in mountainous areas up to about 3000 meters altitude (Merrill and Perry, 1939) and are rarely seen in lower-lying areas, except around the Digul River in the vicinity of Merauke and in secondary forest at a Mod-ADA area close to the Aijkwa River, where F. angustissima and F. poly- clada are found. In this current study it is assumed that these two species are originally montane but were distributed by river flows to much lower alti- tudes. The result of the present study indicate that only in Timika the members of F. angustissima and F. The Identification Key of Timika Freycinetia 1a. Inflorescence axillary or both axillary and terminal …………………..…………………………………… 2 1b. Inflorescence only arrangement in terminal ……………………….…….…………………………………. 3 2a. Cauline and prophyll leaves not present, prophyll bract arrangement in 3 to more than whorls ….……….. 4 2a. Cauline and prophyll leaves present, prophyll bract arrangement in 1or 2 whorls ……………………….... 11 3a. Leaves arrangenment imbricate, cauline leaves colored, the apex of exterior bracts not linear longest ….... 25 3b. Leaves tufted, cauline leaves not present, the apex of exterior bracts linear longest …...…………………. 23 4a. Leaves have 2 kinds of leaves, the leaves on the middle to the apex are different from the leaves on the middle to the base stem …………………………………………………………….……… 11. F. sterophylla 4a. Leave have only 1 kind of leaves, the leaves on the middle to the apex are similar to the leaves on the middle to the base stem ………………………………………...……………………………………………………... 5 5a. Leaves linear……………………………………………………………………………………………….... 6 5b. Leaves lanceolate, fusiform ………………………………………………..…………………………….…. 8 6a. Leaves 12 -25 cm long, cephalia sub globose ………………………..……………………... 7. F. lateriflora 6a. Leaves more than 30 cm long, cephalia cylindrical………………………………………………..……….. 7 7a. Stigma 6 or more; stigma-areola imbricate……………………………………………...…… 6. F. imbristigma 7b. Stigma 1-3; stigma-areola not imbricate ………………………………………………...… 10. F. rhodosphata 8a. Cephalia obovoid to falcate or falcate; stigma 6-10 ……..………………………………………………… 9 8b. Cephalia cylindricall; stigma 14-18 …………………………...………………………….… 9. F. pleurantha 9a. Areola cunneate centre, bear marginal stigma; leaves fusiform 10-15 cm long …………………. 5. F. fusiforma 9b. Areola not cunneate centre; not bear marginal stigma; leaves lanceolate…………………………………….. 10 10a. Small exterior bracts 5 levels, margin and apex spinulous; stigma hidden by areola; areola valvate wider than stigma, put on the surface berry ………………………...……………….………………….. 8. F. magnoareola 10b. Small exterior bracts 8 levels, margin and apex not spinulous; stigma not hidden by areola; valvate bold areola on the centre ………………………………………………………………………..…………... 4. F. funicularis 11a. Cephalia globose…………………………………………………………………………………………….. … 12 11b. Cephalia oblong, cylindrical or others ………………………………………………...……………………. .. . 16 12a. Leaves linear ………………………………………………...………………………………………………… 13 12b. Leaves not linear ………………………………………………….………………………………………... … 14 13a. Auricle narrower than base leaves; cephalia 1 numbers; stigma not put on he place that it looks like hole …………………….………………………………………………………………….………… 15. F. frutasolla 13b. Auricle wider than base leaves; cephalia more than 1, stigma put on the place that it looks like hole ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21. F. oreophila 14a. Leaves ovoid or gladiate; berry ovoid or widely obovoid, without wings; conjugation of base auricle in less than ¼ part …………….……………………………………………………………………………….. 15 14b. Leaves oblong; berry obturbinate, has wings, conjugate of base auricle in ¼ part …………… 12. F. concolor 15a. Bracts 2 cm wide or less; cephalia 2 numbers; do not have areola bold until style ….. 19. F. obtusiacuminata 15b. Bracts 3-4 cm wide cephalia 1 numbers; areola bold covering until style …..…………………... 18. F lenifolia 16a. Cephalia oblong…………………………………………………………………………..………………… 17 16b. Cephalia cylindrical.……………………………………………………………………..…………………. 20 17a. Auricle remain just fiber when falling, conjugation on base in ⅓ part; berries pyramidal , has style and wings; leaf gladiate, abaxial smooth; pedicle glabrous ………………………….…………… 13. F. ellipsoidalis 17b. Auricle falling down together when falling, conjugation on base in ½ or more part; berries not pyramidal, without style and wings; leaf gladiate, abaxial smooth; pedicle glabrous ……………………..……...………18 18a. Auricle triangular, falling down longitudinally, step by step; leaves oblanceolate ………… 20. F. oblanceolata 18b. Auricle tapered, falling down in all part together; leaves slightly elliptic or ensiform ….……………….…….19 19a. Cephalia 2; apex of berry not turning flat when mature; leaves slightly ellips berry obtrullate, black stigma wider than areola …………………..…………………………………………..…………… 22. F. rectangularis 19b. Cephalia 3 rarely 4; apex of berry turning flat when mature, leaves ensiform; black stigma not wider than areola …………………………………………………………………………………...…………. 16. F. inermis 20a. Auricle wider than base leaf; leaves lanceolate; berries numerous ……………………………... 14. F. forbesii 20b. Auricle not wider than base leaf; leaves oblong, gladiate or ensiform; berries rarely ……………….……..… 21 2013] 409 SINAGA et al. : The unique characters and habitat of Freycinetia in Timika, Papua funicularis Groups can be found in secondary forests. The same is found in the F. oblanceolata Group, where members of this group appear in Mod -ADA areas in both primary and secondary forests. Prior to the current study the members of these three groups were said to be entirely absent from the secondary forests of New Guinea; thus this is new information. We believe that the relatively high level of rain- fall in Timika creates more humid conditions (resulting in microclimatic changes) and as a conse- quence increases the level of organic materials in soil through the decomposition of fallen leaves and other plant parts, up to the level that can sustain the growth of species of Freycinetia. Thus, the presence of Freycinetia in the area where it was previously absent is caused through the improve- ment of a forest trilogy: climate, soil, and seed re- 21a. Stigma wider than areola, about 3–4 (6) numbers, mature fruits orange; leaves has prophyll, auricle remain fibers when falling ………………….……………………………………….…………..………….. 17. F. iriana 21b. Stigma wider than areola, about 1–2 numbers, mature fruits red; auricle remain nothing when falling …….. 22 22a. Pedicle smooth; auricle conjugation base in ⅓ part; leaves gladiate ..………………………… 24. F. tenuis 22b. Pedicle hirsute; auricle conjugation base in 1⁄6 part; leaves ensiform ..………………………….. 23. F. scandens 23a. Leaves arranged tritichous looks rosette, tufted to the apex of the branchlet only; stigma smaller than areola ……………………..…………………………………………………………………………… 3. F. stenophylla 23b. Leaves arranged tritichous put along branch……………………………………….……………………… 24 24a. Leaves linear, longer about 10–30 cm long; auricle triangular, without longitudinal nerves; cephalia cylindri cal, berries numerous, pyramidal …………..…………………...………………….….. 2. F. peudoangustissima 24b. Leaves lanceolate, short about 5–10 cm long; auricle oblong deltoid, has 2 longitudinal nerves; cephalia oblongus, berries unnumerous, cylindrical …………………...……….………...……………. 1. F. angustissima 25a. Inflorescence arrange umbel …………………………..………………………………….……..………….. 26 25b. Inflorescence arrange raceme or spirally ……………………………………………………………………. 27 26a. Auricle width 1cm; leaves 25–40 cm long; cephalia 4; areola widely on the transversal side 29. F. frutaspiralica 26b. Auricle width about 2.5–4 cm; leaves more than 100 cm long; cephalia 8–12; berries obtrullate, areola widely on the longitudinal side ………………………..…………….………………………...…. 30. F. frutonumerata 27a. Cephalia cylindrical ……………………………………….………………………….……………………… 28 27b. Cephalia others ………………………………………………………….…………………………………… 29 28a. Leaves longest, about 70 to 100 cm long ……………………………………………………………………. 30 28b. Leaves short, about 10 to 50 cm long ………………………………………………………..………………. 32 29a. Cephalia longest, about 10 to 12 cm long ……………………………………………………………………. 31 29b. Cephalia short about 0.5 to 5 cm long ………………………………………………………………………. 34 30a. Auricle red bright, a half circular; berries fusion 3 - 4 berry; berry clavate; stigma irregular arranged looks like brocoli, numerous about 18 -32 numbers, bigger than areola …………………….……… 35. F. megaauriculata 30b. Auricle dark purple, truncate; without fusion berries; stigma regular dot 2 rarely 3 or 4, not bigger than areola ……………………...…………………………………………………………………….…. 33. F. macrostachya 31a. Auricle longest, about 12-23 cm long; leaves lanceolate; pedicle not hirsute; stigma wider than berry, surface convex ………………….………………………………………..…………………………….. 34. F. marginata 31b. Auricle short, about 5-6 cm long; leaves linear; pedicle hirsute; stigma not wider than berry, surface not convex ……………………..………………………………………………………………..………………………. 33 32a. Auricle remain fibers; berry ellipsoid; stigma surrounding by flat areola …...…………….……… 26. F. fibrosa 32b. Auricle not remain fibers; berry not ellipsoid; stigma surrounding by not flat areola .……………….... 35 33a. Cephalia clavata, about 11–12 × 2.5 cm; berries stout segmenta; stigma 4–5 numbers rarely 9; auricle tapered, has 2 longitudinal nerveses, apex margin spinulous; length of leave about 45–55 cm …….……. 8. F. clavata 33b. Cephalia oblong, about 2.5 × 1–1.5 cm; berries not has stout segmenta auricle truncate, without 2 longitudinal nerves; length of leave about 70–90 cm ……………………….……………………………….…... 9. F. circuita 34a. Cephalia slightly globose to globose; lamina of the leaf is thin ……………….………………… 36. F. pallida 34b. Cephalia slightly oblong or ellipsoid; lamina of the leaf not thin ……………………….…………………. 37 35a. Cephalia about 2.5 by 0.5 cm; auricle slightly rounded, membranaceous, pale green, with 2 pale yellow longitudinal nerves; stigma 4 rarely 2,3,6,8 .…………………..…………………………. 33. F. ultrapedicellata 35a. Cephalia about 3 by 1 or 4–5 by 3 cm; auricle truncated, not membranaceous, dark purple, without 2 pale yellow longitudinal nerves; stigma 1 or 2 rarely 3……….…………………………….……………… 36 36a. Berries rarely; stigma put on longitudinal side of the berry; leaves length about 20–30 cm …… 11. F. excelsa 36b. Berries numerous; stigma put on longitudinal side of the berry leaves about 30–50 cm long …… 17. F. klosii 37a. Cephalia ellipsoid, mature bright yellow; leaves without distinct spines; auricle slightly fibers, easy drying ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32. F. lacinulata 37b. Cephalia oblong, mature orange–red; leaves with distinct spines; auricle without fibers, not easy drying ………………………………………………...……...………………………………..… 37. F. pseudoinsignis REINWARDTIA 410 [VOL.13 sources. Furthermore, the result of this study also shows that despite sharing montane habitats the F. an- gustissima and F. funicularis Groups differ in distri- bution areas. Members of F. angustissima Group are restricted to New Guinea, whereas members of F. funicularis Group are widely distributed from New Guinea further west to Sulawesi. Freycinetia concolor is regarded in the current study as the only species that possesses the ability to inhabit open areas, an area that it shares it with the other shrubby dominant species, the robust grass Phragmytes karka. Freycinetia inermis, F. ellipsoi- dalis, F. forbesii, and F. lenifolia are found in sec- ondary forest but all species here only found living under trees canopy except F. inermis, this species prefers hanging on the stem of the trees that are living at the marginal area of the secondary forest. Only one species can sustain life in the open, fully sunny areas, i.e. F. concolor. Description of New Species 1. Freycinetia circuita Sinaga, A. P. Keim & Pu- radyatmika spec. nov. –– Fig. 1 Frutex scandens foliis imbricatis, linearis, 70–90 cm longis, 2.5 cm basi latis, 1 cm apice latis; venis longitu- dinalibus adaxialis indistinctis, abaxialis dense striata; auriculis truncatis, 5 cm longis, 1 cm latis. Infructes- centia terminalis, 3 spicis cylindricis; pedunculus 1 cm longis, 1 cm latis, pedicellis 30 mm longis, 5 mm latis. Fructus oblongus, 12 cm longis, 2–2.5 cm latis; bacca obtrulloidea, reliquieae stigmatorum circulares. –– Type: L. J. Brass 12967, Indonesia, Papua, Timika, Idenburg (Holotype: BO!, Isotype: L!). Slender climbing pandan, climbing up to 10 m, ascending on tree trunk. Stem terete, 1–2 cm diam., internodes 1–2 cm long. Leaves tristichous, imbri- cate, linear, 70–90 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, apex acuminate; adaxial surface green, slightly glaucous, with closely arranged longitudinal veins, 24–26 on ½ basal part of lamina, 2 indistinct pseudo- longitudinal veins, apical and middle part of lamina with bristles, bristles 5–8 mm long; abaxial surface green, glabrous; auricle truncate, 5 cm long, 2 cm wide. Cauline leaves consist of 2 whorls, coloring orange-red; basic cauline leaves linear, 50 by 4 cm; upper cauline leaves linear, 30 by 3–3.5 cm. Male inflorescence not observed. Male flowers not ob- served. Bracts consist of 3 whorls; outer bracts nar- rowest, ovate, 10 by 3 cm, outer surface closely ter- races with shortly distinct transverse veins; middle bracts ovate, 6–7 by 3 cm; interior bracts lanceolate, fleshy. Inflorescence terminal, ternate; peduncle terete, 1 by 1 cm; pedicels semi-terete, 3 by 0.5 cm, rachis to 10 cm long. Cephalium oblong, 12 cm long, 2–2.5 cm wide. Berries sparse; each obovoid, angular, indistinctly segmented; stigmatic remains circular, 1–2, surrounded by areola. Distribution. Endemic to Papua. Habitat and Ecology. In forest margins, occasional at1100 m asl. Etymology. With circular stigmatic remains. Specimen examined. Indonesia, Papua, Timika, Idenburg, 1100 m asl, Feb. 1939, L. J. Brass 12967 (BO, L). Notes. The circular stigmatic remain is undoubtedly the most distinctive morphological character of F. circuita and it is unique to this species. Apart from this F. circuita very much resembles F. aculeata; however, the two species differ also in four more morphological characters described in Table 2. 2. Freycinetia frutaspiralica Sinaga, A. P. Keim & Puradyatmika spec. nov. –– Fig. 2 Frutex scandens foliis imbricatis, lanceolatis, 25–40 cm longis, 1–2 cm latis. Venis longitudinalibus abaxiali- bus distinctis, venis transversalis brevi, grossis; adaxiali- bus tenellis. Auriculis gradatim angustatis, 3 cm longis, 1 cm latis, rubris. Infructescentia terminalis, spiratim, 3–4 spicis cylindracis et oblongis. Cephalia 2–5 cm longis, 1.5–2 cm latis. Bacca pyramidalis. Segmentibus distinc- tis, stigmatibus 3. –– Type: N. I. Sinaga 3437, Indonesia, Papua, Timika, Kuala Kencana (Holotypus: MAN!, Iso- type: BO!). Slender climbing pandan, climbing up to 10 m, ascending on tree trunk. Stem terete, 1 cm in diam., internodes1 cm. Leaves arrangement tristichous, imbricate, lanceolate, 25–40 cm long, 1 cm wide at base, 2 cm wide in middle, 1 cm wide near apex, spines distinct on the base, lamina glaucous be- neath, apex cuneate to cuspidate; adaxial closely set indistinct longitudinal veins; abaxially closely set distinct longitudinal veins, 16 in each leaf half, with short transversal veins, looking rough; auricle tapered, 3 by 1 cm, bright red, transparent. Prophyll leaves in 2 whorls, lanceolate, 3 by 1 cm, reddish green. Staminate flower small, light orange to fairly pink; anther oblong, same length as fila- ment. Pistillate inflorescence not observed. Pistil- late flowers not observed. Bracts consist of outer, middle and inner bract. Infructescence terminal, spirally arranged, with 4 cephalia; peduncle terete, 2 by 1 cm; pedicel semi-terete, 2–3 by 0.5 cm. Cephalia cylindrical to oblong, 2–5 by 1.5–2 cm; 2013] 411 SINAGA et al. : The unique characters and habitat of Freycinetia in Timika, Papua berry apex pyramidal, connate at the base, seg- ments distinct, lacking a style; stigmas 3 on the flat area of pyramidal apex berry; areola thin, but some berries with widely transversal areola. Distribution. Timika in southwestern mainland New Guinea and the island of New Britain. Habitat and Ecology. Lowland tropical rainforests. Sometimes found climbing on betel nut palm (Areca catechu). The species is living on the sea level to 100 m asl. Etymology. Spirally arranged infructescences, which is referred here as fruits. Specimens examined. Indonesia, Papua, Timika, Kuala Kencana, 60 m asl, 14 Oct. 2005, N.I. Sinaga 3437 (MAN, BO); Papua New Guinea, New Brit- ain, Salae, Hopkins, 100 m asl, 21 Dec. 1967, M. Coode & R. J. Johns 3584 (BO, K, LAE). Notes. Freycinetia frutaspiralica shares the posses- sion of conspicuous red auricles with F. megaauric- ulata; however, they are different in at least five characters (Table 3). F. frutaspiralica is straight- forwardly distinct from F. megaauriculata in the size of auricle and the arrangement of inflores- cences or infructescences. In New Guinea species with spirally arranged cephalia are extremely rare. So far this character is only shared with F. arfakiana, a species found in Manokwari. 3. Freycinetia frutonumerata Sinaga, A. P. Keim & Puradyatmika spec.nov. –– Fig. 3 Frutex scandens foliis imbricatis, linearis, 100–110 cm longis, 6 cm latis basi, 2 cm latis apice. Venis lon- gitudinalibus abaxialibus pseudolis, adaxialibus tenellis. Auriculis gradatim angustatis, 8–17 cm longis, 2–4 cm latis, purpureis. Infructescentia terminalis, cephalibus cylindricis 8–10; pedunculus 3 cm longis, 3 cm latis; pedicellis 4–5 cm longis, 5–7 mm latis. Fructus 8–12 cm longis, 2–3 cm latis. Baccarum apices pyramidalis; stigmaticis 2(1,3). –– Type: N. I. Sinaga 3324, Indone- sia, Papua, Timika, Kuala Kencana (Holotype: MAN!) Fig. 1. F . circuita. A. Adaxial surface of leaf; B. Closely regular longitudinal nerves on abaxial leaf; C. The fruits; D. Berries with circular stigmas on the apex; E. Ring margin areola; F. Terraces bract with shortly transversal nerves. Name of species Shapes of leaves Outer peduncular bracts Diameter of pedicels Length of cephalia Shapes of stigmatic remains F. aculeate Linear Glabrous when drying 3 mm 12 cm Not circular F. circuita Lanceolate- elongate Terraces when drying 5 mm 3–4 cm Obviously circular Table 2. Morphological differences between F. aculeata and F. circuita. C D E F B A 7 mm 3 mm 2 mm 1 cm 1 mm 1 mm REINWARDTIA 412 [VOL.13 Slender to stout climbing pandan, climbing up to 8 m. Stem terete, 2–3 cm in diam., internode 2 cm long. Leaves arrangement tristichous, imbricate, ascending, linear, internode between leaves 1–1.5 cm, more than 100 cm long, 6 cm wide at base, 2 cm wide at apex, conduplicate in basal part for 15- 20 cm, apex caudate, margin with stout yellow spines; adaxially smooth; abaxial surface with pseu- do-longitudinal veins, covered by white indumen- tum; auricle broadly tapered, half circular, 8–17 by 2–4 cm, dark purple, with longitudinal veins. Staminate flower light orange to pink; anther ob- long. Pistillate inflorescence not observed. Pistil- late flowers not observed. Infructuscence terminal, spirally arranged, with 8–10 cephalia; peduncular bracts in 3 whorls: outer bract narrowly ovate, 10- 12 by 3–4 cm, apex acuminate to caudate; middle bract cymbiform, 8–10 by 3 cm, apex acuminate; inner bract elongate, fleshy; peduncle terete, 3 by 3 cm; pedicel slightly terete, 4–5 by 0.5–0.7 cm; ra- chis 4–6 cm long. Cephalia cylindrical, or falcate, 8–12 by 2–3 cm; berries apex pyramidal, base slightly narrowly obconic, numerous, 4–5 seg- ments, some berries connate, others separate; style very small; stigma discoid or semi-terete 2 (1) (3) numbers, surface flat to convex, areola surrounding each stigma; areola bigger than stigma . Distribution. Timika in the southwestern part of Indonesian New Guinea and around East Kuanga in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. Habitat and Ecology. Lowland primary tropical rainforests. Living from 20 to 60 m asl. Etymology. Numerous cephalia, which are referred here as number of fruits. Specimens examined. Indonesia, Papua, Timika, Mod ADA PT. Freeport Indonesia, 20 m asl, 11 Oct. 2005, N. I. Sinaga 3324 (MAN); Papua New Guinea, Western, 40 Km NE of Kunga, 130 m asl, Huynh 66 (LAE). Notes. Freycinetia frutonumerata possesses nu- merous cephalia, 8 to 10 per infructescence. This species shares the spirally arranged infructescences with F. frutaspiralica however, the two species dif- fer in the number of cephalia, in which F. frutonu- merata has conspicuously higher number (8–10 compared to 4). 4. Freycinetia fusiforma Sinaga, A. P. Keim & Puradyatmika spec. nov. –– Fig. 4 Frutex scandens foliis semi-imbricatis, 18–40 cm longis, 2–2.5 cm latis, linearis, venis longitudinalibus distinctis adaxialis, striatis abaxialis cum venis transver- salibus brevis. Infructescentia ternata, terminalis. Ce- phalia oblonga, bacca base oblongis, apice campanulifor- mis, segmentis distinctis 5, reliquieae stigmatorum 6, marginalibus, areolis punctis centris. –– Type: R. J. Johns & E. Wally 10523 Indonesia, Papua, Timika, Tem- bagapura (Holotype: BO!, Isotype: L!,K! MAN!). Fig. 2. F. frutospiralica. A. Adaxial surface of leaf; B.Abaxial surface of leaf; C. Leaves and auricle; D. Spirally arrangement of the fruits; E.The climbing plant with reddish green of prophyll leave F. Berries with rarely widest of the margin areola. A B D E C F 1 mm 1 mm 1.5 cm 1 cm 1 cm 2 mm 2013] 413 SINAGA et al. : The unique characters and habitat of Freycinetia in Timika, Papua Slender climbing pandan, climbing up to 8 m. Stem terete, 1 cm diam.; internodes 1.5–2.5 cm, ba- sal part without leaves, middle part with non- imbricate leaves, apical part with semi-imbricate leaves. Leavess ubulate, 10–15 cm long, 2–2.5 cm wide, fairly fleshy, apex cuspidate with minute spines, leaf margin with sparsely arranged brown spines, each 1 mm long, 0.5–1 cm distance; adaxial surface green, glabrous, with distinct longitudinal veins and short transverse veins; auricle tapered, reddish green, membranaceous, 2–3 cm long, 0.5–1 cm wide, with 3 longitudinal veins on basal ⅓ part. Prophyll bracts in 4 whorls, reddish orange: in 3 whorls each narrowly ovate, 1–2 cm long, 1 cm wide, cuspidate apex, margin with minute spines; in apical whorl widely ovate, 2 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, with caudate apex. Staminate inflorescence interfo- liar, lateral, ternate; pedicel 3 cm long, 0.5 cm wide; male flowering part light orange to fairly pink, 4 cm long, 1.5 cm wide. Staminate flower small, light orange to fairly pink; anther oblong, same length with filament. Pistillate inflorescence not observed. Pistillate flowers not observed. Infructescence ter- minal, ternate; peduncular bracts in 3 whorls, deep reddish orange: Outer bract widely ovate, 3 cm long, 2 cm wide, cuspidate apex, margin with mi- nute spines; middle bract widely ovate, 4 cm long, 3 cm wide, cuspidate apex, margin with minute spines; inner bract lanceolate-elogate, 2 cm long, 1 cm wide, fleshy; peduncle terete, 1 cm long, 0.5 cm wide; pedicel scabrous, 20 mm long, 3 mm wide, with small canals (canaliculi); rachis slightly falcate or oblong,10 mm long, 4 mm wide. Cephalium fair- ly globose to falcate, 1.5–2 cm long, 1.5 cm wide. Berry lanceolate-elongate, 5 mm long, basal ovary oblong, apical bell-shaped, concave, segments not obvious; stigmatic remains irregular, 6, marginal; areola cuneate, in 5 parts, giving the appearance of central corolla. Distribution. Endemic. Habitat and Ecology. Grows in primary forest at 2500 to 2900 meters altitude. Commonly found in the transition from Mid-montane Nothofagus- dominated to upper montane forests. Etymology. Fused form, which refers to the fusion of stigmatic remains and areolas. Specimens examined. Indonesia, Papua, Timika, Tembagapura, 2500–2900 m asl, 24 Apr. 2000, R. J. Johns & E. Wally 10523 (BO, K, L, MAN); 3275 meter asl, 25 Nov. 2000, E. J. Lucas 46 (MAN). Notes. The fused stigmatic remains and areolas form undoubtedly the most distinctive morphologi- cal character of this species. So far this phenome- non has never been recorded in other species. Frey- cinetia fusiforma closely resembles F. sterrophylla. Nevertheless, they differ in the leaves, margin of prophyll bracts, shape of ovary, shape of cephalia, and stigmatic remains & areola (Table 4). Table 3. Morphological differences among F. frutaspiralica, F. megaauriculata and F. frutonumerata. Name of species Prophyll length and width of leaves Auricle Inflorescence arrangement Shape of ovary Number of stigmas F. frutaspiralica Prophyll present; leaves 25-40 cm long; 1-2 cm wide Dark red to purplish; 3 cm wide Spiral Prism 3 F. megaauriculata Prophyll absent; leaves 80-110 cm long; 6-8 cm wide Bright red; 3-5 cm wide Umbel Very clavate 18-32 F. frutonumerata Prophyll absent; leaves > 100 cm long; 2-6 cm wide Dark purple; 2- 4 cm wide Spiral Obtrulloid 2 rarely 1 or 3 REINWARDTIA 414 [VOL.13 5. Freycinetia imbristigma Sinaga, A. P. Keim & Puradyatmika spec. nov. –– Fig. 5 Frutex scandens foliis semi-imbricatis, 50–55 cm longis, 2–3 cm latis, linearis. Infructescentia ternataaxi- laris. Pedunculi teretia, 4 cm longis, 2 cm latis; pedicelli 45–50 mm longis, 3 mm latis. Cephalia cylindrica;bacca conjunctionis ovariis, segmentis distinctis 5, stigmatisim- bricatis, marginalis 4, areolis punctis centris. –– Type: Meijer Drees 656, Indonesia, Papua, Timika (Holotype: BO!, Isotype: L!). Medium climbing pandan, climbing up to 8 m high with leafless stem, no climbing roots observed, basal part of climbing stem also leafless and no climbing roots seen. Stem terete, 2 cm diam., in- ternodes 2.5–5 cm long. Leaves semi-imbricate on apical part of stem, moderately so on middle part, less in basal part; lamina lanceolate, 50–55 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, apex and margin with minute spines, apex acuminate; adaxial surface green, gla- brous, with distinctly longitudinal veins, 16–17 on ½ basal part of lamina; abaxial surface green, fairly glabrous, with indistinct longitudinal veins; auricle tapered, 4–5 cm long, 1 cm wide. Prophyll bracts in 8 whorls, individual bracts cymbiform, 1–4 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, apex acuminate, margin with minute spines. Male inflorescence lateral on leaf- less stem, ternate, flowering part cylindrical. Male flowers not observed. Pistillate inflorescence not observed. Pistillate flowers not observed. Infructes- cence terminal; peduncular bractsin 3 whorls; outer bracts ovate, 4 cm long, 4 cm wide, apex acumin- ate, margin entire; middle broadly ovate, 8–11 cm long, 4-5 cm wide, apex acuminate, margin entire; inner bracts lanceolate-elongate, 3 cm long, 2 cm wide, fleshy; peduncle terete, 4 cm long, 2 cm wide; pedicel triangular, 45–50 mm long, 3–5 mm wide, hirsute. Cephalium cylindrical to oblong, 8–10 cm long, 2–3 cm wide. Berries sparse; each transversal- ly oblong, fused, distinctly segmented; stigmatic remains 6, centrally arranged, wider than areolas; areola circular, encircling stigmatic remain, stigmat- ic remains and areola imbricately arranged. Distribution. Endemic. Habitat and Ecology. Commonly found inhabiting the primary forests. Etymology. Imbricate stigmatic remains that refers to the imbricate arrangement of stigmatic remains and areolas. Specimens Examined. Indonesia, Papua, Timika, Meijer-Drees 656 (BO, L). Notes. Freycinetia imbristigma is morphologically similar to F. funicularis, but differs in at least four morphological characters: The presence of fused ovaries that forms the characteristic oblong trans- versal berry, and the imbricate arrangement of stig- matic remains and areolas; also the shape of prophyll bracts, and shape & length of pedicel (Table 5). 6. Freycinetia magnoareola Sinaga, A. P. Keim & Puradyatmika spec. nov. ― Fig. 6 Fig. 3. F. frutonumerata. A. Fruits on the terminal; B. Ascendent leaves; C. Adaxial leaf; D. Oblong and falcate fruit; E. Purple dark auricle; F. Berries and stigmas. A B C D E F 2.5 cm 2 cm 6 cm 1 cm 2 cm 5 mm 2013] 415 SINAGA et al. : The unique characters and habitat of Freycinetia in Timika, Papua Frutex scandens foliis semiimbricatis, lanceolatis, 20–30 cm longis, 2–3 cm latis. Venis longitudinalibus distinctis abaxialis paginalis, minutes adaxialis paginalis. Infructescentia teretea axillaris. Fructus oblongis, 4–6 cm longis, 2–3 cm latis. Bacca campanuliformis; stig- matibuscelatis 5–6 (8–10), areolis magnis. –– Type: H. D. Hoogland 4794 Papua New Guinea, Northern District, Tufi, Koreaf (Holotype: BO!). Medium to fairly large climbing pandan, climbing up to10 m high; climbing with leafless stem, no climbing roots observed. Stem terete, 2–3 cm diam., sturdy, internodes 4 cm. Leaves con- centrated on middle to apical parts of branches; semi imbricate on apical and middle parts of stem, not imbricate on basal part; lamina elongate- Fig. 4. F. fusiforma. A. The fusiform leaves ; B. Sharp spine along margin; C. Abaxial lamina with slightly distinct longitudinal nerves and shortly transversal nerves; D. Adaxial lamina with distinctly longitudinal nerves; E. The auricle that conjugate base along one third; F.Prophyll bracts; G. Axillary infructescence with pedicle longer than cephalia; H & J. Falcate cephalia; I. Berries; K. Stigma on the margin and areola on center. Table 4. Morphological differences between F. fusiforma and F. sterrophylla. Name of species Leaves Margin of prophyll bracts Shape of ovary Shape of cephalia Stigmatic remains & areola F. fusiforma 1 kind: apex and base are same about 10-15 cm long; fusiform shape Glabrous Bell shape Falcate Areolas cuneate accumulate on centre surrounding stigmas F. sterrophylla 2 kinds; apicalones longer than basal; apical 30–40cm compare to 15– 20cm; linear shape Spinulous Cylindrical Globose Areola irregular surrounding longitudinal stigma A B C D E F G H I J K 3 cm 1mm 1mm 1mm 1cm 7 mm 4mm 2mm 1cm 4mm REINWARDTIA 416 [VOL.13 lanceolate, 20–30 cm long, 1–4 cm wide; apex fair- ly acuminate, 2 cm long, with minute spines; adaxi- al surface green, glabrous, with distinct longitudinal veins, 12 on ½ basal part of lamina, veins on middle part with bristles; abaxial surface green, glabrous, with pseudo-longitudinal nerves; auricle tapered, 30 –40 mm long, 5 mm wide. Prophyll bracts in 5 whorls, arranged regularly, triangular, each 1–3 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, apex and margin with minute spines, cuspidate. Male inflorescence not observed. Male flowers not observed. Pistillate inflorescence not observed. Pistillate flowers not observed. In- fructescence lateral, intrafoliar, ternate; peduncular bracts in 3 whorls: outer bracts boat-shaped, red, 6 cm long, 5 cm wide, apex caudate, with minute spines; middle bracts lanceolate-elongate, red, 9 cm long, 5 cm wide, apex caudate, with minute spines; inner bracts lanceolate-elongate, 4 cm long, 2 cm wide, deep red, fleshy; peduncle terete, 3 cm long, 3 cm wide; pedicel semi-terete, 60 mm long, 3 mm wide, covered by hairs in one line, longer than ra- chis. Cephalium obovoid and sometimes slightly curved, 6–8 cm long, 2–3 cm wide. Berries few; each bell-shaped, formed by a fusion of 6–10 ova- ries, distinctly segmented; stigmatic remains 5–10, totally covered by the large areola; areola obvious, large, robust, central, transversally and longitudinal- ly widespread. Distribution. This species is assumed here to have a disjunct distribution. One location is within the Mamberamo Basin in the northern central part of Indonesian New Guinea and the other is in the south -eastern part of mainland Papua New Guinea. Habitat and Ecology. Grows on swamp forests on the 0 to 50 m asl. Etymology. Large areola, which refers to the large size of the areola. Specimens examined. Indonesia, Papua, Timika, Fig. 5. F. imbristigma. A. Hirsute pedicle and transversally oblong berry that is built by fusion some berries; B. Leaves: apex acuminate; C. The infructescence on the stemless with remain prophyll bracts to about 2 prophylls on the base and ternate cyllindric cephalia on the apex; D. The imbricate arrangement of the stigma–areola. A B C D 1 mm 2 mm 1 cm 1 mm 2013] 417 SINAGA et al. : The unique characters and habitat of Freycinetia in Timika, Papua Benhard Camp, 50 m asl, 8 Aug. 1908, Meijer- Drees 482 (BO); Papua New Guinea, Northern Dis- trict, Tufi, Koreaf, sea level, 23 Sept. 1954, H. D. Hoogland 4794 (BO). Notes. Freycinetia magnoareola possesses a con- spicuous large areola that entirely covers the stig- matic remains. In fact F. magnoareola possesses the largest areola known in the genus. This species also has the distinctive bell-shaped berry that is formed through the fusion of 6 to 10 ovaries. These two morphological characters distinguish this spe- cies from F. funicularis, which is in the field might look similar in appearance to F. magnoareola. The- se two species also have prophyll bracts that are different in shape (Table 5). 7. Freycinetia ultrapedicellata Sinaga, A. P. Keim & Puradyatmika spec. nov. ― Fig. 7 Frutex scandens foliis imbricatis, linearis , 10–20 cm longis, 1 cm latis. Venis longitudinalibus, adaxialis tenellis. Infructescentia terminalis, cephalibus cylindri- cis; pedunculus 20 mm longis, 5 mm latis; peduncellis 30 mm longis, 3 mm latis. Fructus 25 mm longis , 5 mm latis. Bacca obtrulloidea; stigmatibus 4 (8). –– Type: N. I. Sinaga 3997 Indonesia, Papua, Timika, Kuala Kencana (Holotype: MAN). Small climbing pandan, hanging on the tree trunk. Stem terete, 1 cm in diam., internodes 1 cm long, grey. Leaves imbricate, linear, 10–20 cm long, 1 cm wide or less; lamina, smooth, thin; sharp yellow spines at the basal margin and median margin; adaxial surface with pseudo- regular longitudinal veins; abaxial surface with indistinct longitudinal veins, 4 per half leaf; auricle slightly rounded, 2 by 0.3 cm, membranaceous, pale green, with 2 pale yellow longitudinal veins and shortly transverse veins. Cauline leaves before bracts, in 2 whorls. Male inflorescence not observed. Male flowers not observed. Pistillate inflorescence not observed. Pistillate flowers not observed. Infructescence terminal, of 2 cylindrical cephalia, green; peduncular bracts in 3 whorls: Table 5. Morphological differences among F. imbristigma, F. funicularis and F. magnoareola. Name of species Shape of prophyll bracts Shape & length of pedicel Shape of cephalia Shape of berry Fusion of areola - stigmatic remains F. imbristigma Cymbiform Triangular Cylindrical Transversally oblong Imbricate F. funicularis Ovate Semi-terete Cylindrical to falcate Cylindrical Arranged closely in common F. magnoareola Triangular Semi-terete Obovoid to falcate Bell shape Areola hiding stigmas Table 6. Morphological differences in the length of leaves & number of abaxial longitudinal veins, shape of auricle, length of pedicle, berry, and number of stigmatic remains between F. ultrapedicelata and F. excelsa . Name of species Length of leaves & num- ber of abaxial longitudinal veins Shape of auri- cle Length of pedi- cel Berry Number of stigmatic remains Freycinetia ul- trapedicelata 10 - 20 cm long; 4 on a half leaves Slightly round- ed Longer than fruits (3:2) Obtrulloid, have wings 4 (2,3,6,8) F. excelsa 20 - 30 cm long; 7-8 on a half leaves slightly truncat- ed As long as fruits (3:3) Slightly cylin- dric without wings 2 (3) REINWARDTIA 418 [VOL.13 exterior bracts ovoid, 3 by 1 cm, apex cuspidate; middle bracts ovoid, 3 by 0.5 cm; interior bracts fleshy when mature; peduncle terete, 2 by 0.5 cm; pedicel terete, 3 by 0.3 cm, covered by hirsute indumentum. Cephalia cylindrical, 2.5 by 0.5 cm, green; berries separate; berry obtrulloideus segments stout, with wings; stigmas 4 (2, 3, 6, 8), discoid, surrounded by a bold circular areola. Distribution. Timika in the southwestern part of Indonesian New Guinea and Lae area in Morobe, Papua New Guinea. Habitat and Ecology. Lowland primary tropical rainforests (start from sea level to 100 m asl). Etymology. Long pedicel, which refers to the rela- tively long pedicel that is the same length as rachis. Specimens examined. Indonesia, Papua, Timika, Kuala Kencana, 40 m asl, 30 Nov. 2005, N. I. Sina- ga 3997 (MAN); Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Lae, 26 Jun. 1999, Billy Bau LAE 82978 (LAE). Notes. In Freycinetia the pedicel is usually shorter than the rachis. The same length of pedicel and ra- chis so far is only recorded in this species. Frey- cinetia ultrapedicellata also possesses a unique au- ricle, in which the auricle is slightly rounded, quite small (20 × 3 mm), transparent, light yellow with 2 fairly long longitudinal and short transversal nerves. Freycinetia ultrapedicellata is regarded here as hav- ing a close affinity with F. excelsa but it differs from the latter mainly in the leaves, type of auricles, length of pedicels, berries and stigmatic remains (Table 6). CONCLUSION Species of Freycinetia found in Timika have ex- Fig. 6. F. magnoareola : A. Lanceolate leaves with aristate apex; A1. Prophyll bracts to about 15 prohylls bellow and bracts above: exterior bracts smaller than middle one, apex cuspidate. B. Abaxial leaf have regularly distinct nerves; C. The infructescence on leafless stem with pedicle that is longer than cephalia; D. Hidden stigmas, just areola that appears on the surface berry; E. Berries. Fig. 7. F. ultrapedicelata: A. The thin leaves; B. Leaves; C. The Transparent auricle; D. Berries; E. Small oblong fruits. A B C D E A B C D E 2.5 mm 2 mm 3 mm 3 cm 4 mm 3 mm 1.5 cm 5 mm 2 mm 7 mm 2013] 419 SINAGA et al. : The unique characters and habitat of Freycinetia in Timika, Papua ceptional morphological characters and ecological preferences. These characters are commonly found in the F. macrostachya and F. funicularis Groups, where Freycinetia frutonumerata possesses the highest number of cephalia per infructescence known for the genus Freycinetia, while F. mag- noareola has the largest areola. Unique ecological preferences are observed in the F. macrostachya and F. oblanceolata Groups. Freycinetia concolor so far is the only species known in New Guinea to successfully inhabit open areas rather than closed forest. Species that inhabit secondary forests in- clude F. excelsa, F. frutonumerata, F. klosii, F. lacinulata, F. megaauriculata, F. palida, and F. ultrapedicellata. REFERENCES MERILL E. D. & PERRY L. M. 1939. Plantae Papuana archboldiana. J. Arnold Arbor. 21:163–169. SINAGA, N. I. & PURADYATMIKA P. 2006. Keraga- man Jenis Tumbuhan pada Area Pengendapan Pasir Sisa Tambang (SIRSAT) PT Freeport Indonesia. Makalah PT Freeport Indonesia. Jakarta. SINAGA, N. I., KEIM, A. P., MEGIA, R. & HAR- TANA, A. 2010. The Ecology and distribution of Freycinetia Gaud. (Pandanaceae; Freycinetoideae) in Indonesian New Guinea. Reindwardtia 13(2):189– 197. STONE, B. C. 1982. New Guinea Pandanaceae: First approach to ecology and biogeography. In Gressitt, J. L. (ed.). Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea. Vol. 1. Monographiae Biologicae 42. Dr. W. Junk Publ., The Hague. INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS Reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany. Manuscript intended for a publication should be written in English represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. Every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. The manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using Times New Romance letter type submitted to the editor through For the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of Reinwardtia very closely. Title of the article should be followed by author’s name and mailing address in one-paragraphed. English abstract of not more than 250 words. Keywords should be given below each abstract. Author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. Taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. Strict adherence to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. English or Latin description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. Name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. Map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. Illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. The illustration should be saved in JPG or GIF format at least 350 pixels. Legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. Bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the Harvard system. REINWARDTIA Vol. 13. No. 5. 2013 CONTENTS Page HARRY WIRIADINATA, DEDEN GIRMANSYAH, JAMES M. HUNTER, W. SCOTT HOOVER & K U S W A T A K A R T A W I N A T A . F l o r i s t i c s t u d y o f W e s t S u m b a w a , I n d o n e s i a ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 391 NURHAIDAH IRIANI SINAGA, ARY PRIHARDHYANTO KEIM & PRATITA PURADYATMIKA. The unique characters and habitat of Freycinetia (Pandanaceae) with seven new species in Timika, West Papua, Indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………405 ABDULROKHMAN KARTONEGORO. A revision of Rhynchoglossum (Gesneriaceae) in Malesia …...421 SITI SUSIARTI, TUTIE DJARWANINGSIH & ARY PRIHARDHYANTO KEIM. Pandan (Pandanaceae) in Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: an economic-botanical study ….………………………..431 ARY PRIHARDHYANTO KEIM. A new species of Freycinetia Gaudich. (Pandanaceae; Freycinetoideae) from Tidore Island, Moluccas, Indonesia ………………………………………………………………… 441 HARRY WIRIADINATA. A new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from South Sulawesi, Indonesia …445 VERA B. L. SIHOTANG. The dynamics of Pandanus illustrations from a historical perspective ………..449 LINA S. JUSWARA. Book review …………………………………………………………………..….....455 Reinwardtia is a LIPI acredited Journal (517/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/04/2013) Herbarium Bogoriense Botany Division Research Center for Biology – LIPI Cibinong, Indonesia