Untitled R E IN W A R D TI A 13 (5) ISSN 0034 – 365 X A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Vol. 13(5): 391–455, December 20, 2013 Chief Editor Kartini Kramadibrata (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Editors Dedy Darnaedi (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Tukirin Partomihardjo (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Topik Hidayat (Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Kagoshima University, Japan) Jun Wen (Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA) Managing Editor Himmah Rustiami (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Secretary Endang Tri Utami Layout Editor Deden Sumirat Hidayat Illustrators Subari Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty Reviewers David Middleton (Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, UK), Eko Baroto Walujo (LIPI, Indonesia), Ferry Slik (Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China), Henk Beentje (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK), Hidetoshi Nagamasu (Kyoto Universi- ty, Japan), Kuswata Kartawinata (LIPI, Indonesia), Mark Hughes (Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, UK), Martin Callmander (Missouri Botanic Gardens, USA), Michele Rodda (Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore), Mien A Rifai (AIPI, Indonesia), Rugayah (LIPI, Indonesia), Ruth Kiew (Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Malaysia). Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY– LIPI, CIBINONG 16911, INDONESIA E-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id Cover images: Begonia hooveriana Wiriad. spec. nov. REINWARDTIA Vol 13, No 5, pp: 433−439 433 PANDAN (PANDANACEAE) IN FLORES ISLAND, EAST NUSA TENGGA- RA, INDONESIA: AN ECONOMIC-BOTANICAL STUDY Received August 02, 2012; accepted October 11, 2013 SITI SUSIARTI Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail: susi.etno@yahoo.com TUTIE DJARWANINGSIH Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong Science Center, JlJl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail: tutie_teresia@yahoo.com ARY PRIHARDHYANTO KEIM Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail: arypkeim@yahoo.com ABSTRACT SUSIARTI, S., DJARWANINGSIH, T. & KEIM, A. P. 2013. Pandan (Pandanaceae) in Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: an economic-botanical study. Reinwardtia 13 (5): 433–439. — The people in the Indonesian province of Nusa Tenggara Timur (then East Lesser Sunda Islands) consist of many ethnic groups, each with their own local languages. The island of Flores is the second largest island within the East Lesser Sunda Islands. The island is inhabited by 10 ethnic groups, in which four are regarded as the dominant groups: Flores, Ende, Lio and Manggarai. The pandan flora of the island is still largely unknown; the same is for their ethnobotany. The aim of this current study is to know the traditional usages and potential uses of pandan flora in the Flores Island. The study was carried out in three regencies: Ende, Nagekeo and Manggarai. The result of this study shows that there are four species of Pandanus (P. amaryllifolius, P. dubius, P. kaernbachii, and P. tectorius) and one species of Freycinetia (F. insignis) are recorded from the areas understudy. The presence of P. kaernbachii in Flores Island is a new record. The people also recognises the diversity of Pandanaceae, especially from the genus Pandanus, in which they are known by local names such as ―panda‖, ―re‘a‖, ―waku‖, and ―mbojo‖. Main usages of Pandanus are as material sources for handicrafts (mats, coffee bowls, and hats), dye, flavourings, funeral offering, and ornamental plant. Key words: Freycinetia, Lesser Sunda Islands, Pandanus. ABSTRAK SUSIARTI, S., DJARWANINGSIH, T. & KEIM, A. P. 2013. Pandan (Pandanaceae) di Pulau Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia: sebuah studi botani-ekonomi. Reinwardtia 13 (5): 433–439. — Masyarakat di Nusa Tenggara Timur terdiri atas banyak kelompok etnis dan masing- masing kelompok memiliki bahasa daerah sendiri. Pulau Flores adalah pulau terbesar kedua di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Pulau ini dihuni oleh 10 kelompok etnis, diantaranya Flores, Ende, Lio dan Manggarai. Flora pandan di pulau ini belum banyak dikenal, demikian pula etnobotaninya. Tujuan pene- litian ini adalah mengungkap pemanfaatan tradisional pandan di pulau Flores beserta potensinya. Penelitian dilakukan di tiga kabupaten: Ende, Nagekeo dan Manggarai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di tiga kabupaten tersebut tere- kam empat jenis Pandanus (Pandanus amaryllifolius, P. dubius, P. kaernbachii, dan P. tectorius) dan satu jenis Freyci- netia (F. insignis). P. kaernbachii di Pulau Flores adalah rekaman baru. Masyarakat setempat mengenali keragaman suku pandan-pandanan (Pandanaceae), khususnya dari marga Pandanus, mereka mengenal dengan beberapa nama dae- rah seperti: ―panda‖, ―re‘a‖, ―waku‖ dan ―mbojo‖. Kegunaan utama pandan sebagai bahan baku untuk kerajinan tangan (tikar, wadah kopi, dan topi), bahan pewarna, penyedap makanan, sesaji bunga pada pemakaman, dan tanaman hias. Kata kunci: Freycinetia, Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara, Pandanus. INTRODUCTION Flores Island Flores is the second largest island in the string of islands included within the province of East Nusa Tenggara. The island is surrounded in the north by Flores Sea, in the west by Sappy Strait, in the east by Flores Strait, and in the south by Sawu Sea. The highest point in the island is Mount Kelimutu, in which the three outstanding lakes are located. The- se lakes are renowned for their colourful waters due to the activities of different species of algae in the water. REINWARDTIA 434 [VOL.13 Administratively the island is divided into 10 regencies such as Ende, Manggarai, East Mang- garai, West Manggarai, Nagekeo, Ngada, and Sik- ka. The people live in these regencies consists of 10 ethnics, i.e. Ende, Flores, Lio, Manggarai, and Ngada. Pandan Flora of Flores Island Prior to the present study the information re- garding the pandan flora of Flores was a brief ac- counts (supported by two black and white photos) by Rensch (1930), on a species of Freycinetia insig- nis and Pandanus tectorius. Furthermore, it was followed by Wiriadinata (2008) as part of the floris- tic study of this island. The ethnobotanical infor- mation was presented by Rensch (1930), who brief- ly mentioned and described the widely cultivated P. amaryllifolius and the wild and never cultivated P. tectorius. Then it was followed by Temu (1995), who described the usages of the two species in rela- tion with the ritual related purposes. However, de- spite those information actually there has been no report on the exact number of pandan species found in Flores. Thus, the aim of this research is to pro- vide up to date information on the pandan flora of this magnificent island, including their traditional usages. METHOD AND STUDY SITE The research was conducted in the villages of Sokoria, Ndonga Kapah, Wolosambi, all are in the East Lio District, Nagekeo Regency, Nangaroro District, village of Belang Turi and Lake Rana Mese area in the Manggarai Regency (Fig. 1). Some of these areas, particularly Lake Rana Mese were previously visited and described by Rensch (1930). Herbarium preparation followed van Balgooy (1987) and Stone (1983). The research was conducted using open ended interview, field obser- vations, and purposive sampling. The management of Pandanaceae also observed such as extractivism, cultivation, diversity, and utilization by local peo- ple. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The result of the present study indicates that one species of Freycinetia (F. insignis) and four species of Pandanus (P. amaryllifolius, P. dubius, P. kaern- bachii, and P. tectorius) were found in Flores. Prior to the present study only F. insignis, P. amaryllifoli- us, and P. tectorius were known from the island. Hence P. dubius and P. kaernbachii may be consid- ered as new records for Flores. Freycinetia insignis was found in the Kelimutu National Park at 630 to 990 meters altitude. The species was also found abundantly in the Rana Mese Lake (TD 1356, TD 1362, TD 1368) at the elevation of 1260 meters (Figs. 2A & 2B). This agrees with Rensch (1930). Pandanus amaryllifolius is a widely cultivated species, never found in the wild. It is known as ―panda‖ in various local languages in the Flores Island. Although the origin of this well known aro- matic species in Flores is still shrouded in mystery, but from our observations in the field we believe that P. amaryllifolius was introduced. It is usually planted in the gardens or house yards from sea level to 1000 meters altitude. P. amaryllifolius was intro- duced. The presence of P. dubius in Flores was not re- ported by Rensch (1930) despite the fact that he carried out explorations from beaches to hinterlands of Flores. The result of this current study shows that this species is only found as an ornamental plant (Fig. 2C); it is assumed here to be an intro- duced species. Pandanus kaernbachii (Fig. 3; TD 1399) is col- lected from Puujita in the village of Wolosambi at 220 meter altitude and known by local people as ‗waku‘. This species is also found in Ndonga Ka- pah in Ondorea Barat village, District of Nangapan- da at altitude 100 meters; and Rentung village (TD 1338) in Manggarai Regency at altitudes of 980 to 1040 meters. It inhabits wet and damp areas close to water springs and riversides. Prior to this current study (Stone, 1982; Kanehira, 1940; Jebb, 1992; Keim et al., 2008; Keim, 2009) P. kaerbachii has never been reported in the Lesser Sunda Islands; thus it is a new record for Flores and extending the distribution of the species further west from the pre- viously Seram Island in the Moluccas (Keim et al., 2008). In almost all local languages spoken in the area understudy P. tectorius (Fig. 4) is known as ―re‘a‖ except in the Bajawa, where it is called ―ze‘a‖. Linguistically this is an interesting finding. The language spoken in Bajawa is known as Ngada, a language which is classified as belonging to the Sumba-Flores Group, Ende-Manggarai (Western- Central Flores) Subgroup (Blust, 2009). Unlike other languages within the group, the Ngada lan- guage is considered unique as it has no prefixes and suffixes at all (Mc Whorther, 2006). As there has been few reports on the phonology of the language (Djawanai, 1980; Baird, 2002; Suparsa, 2009) the 2013] 435 SUSIARTI et al. : Pandan in Flores island: an ethnobotanical study finding raises a question if there is a phenomenon of sound shift from ―r‖ in other Ende-Manggarai lan- guages to ―z‖ in Ngada as indicated by the vernacu- lar names described above (thus ―re‘a‖ to ―ze‘a‖). Further linguistic study is essential for basic knowledge. In Flores P. tectorius is known as ―re‘a‖ in al- most all local languages except in the Bajawa, where it was named ―ze‘a‖. In the wild P. tectorius is abundantly found at the beaches and seashores particularly at Nangaroro, Nagekeo District, where they are usually found in flowering and fruiting on July to August. This current study shows that this species is common throughout the Kelimutu Na- tional Park at altitude of 630 to 990 asl. In Rentung village, Manggarai, which is located at 980 to 1040 meters altitude (TD 1352) this species is even found at approximately 1000 meters altitude. These are surprising discoveries as P. tectorius is previously known as predominantly seashores and beaches dwellers; thus adding new information on the spe- cies distribution in relation with elevation gradient. Pandanus tectorius is harvested for its leaves, which are widely used throughout Flores as raw materials for mats and handicrafts (Figs. 5 & 6). Apparently due to this reason P. tectorius is culti- vated. This present study records the presence of a taxon of Pandanus known by local people at Ndonga Kapah, Nangapanda District as ‗mbojo‘. The leaves are not used, only the stems that are used for building materials. Unfortunately by the time this study was conducted the taxon was neither in flowering nor fruiting. Thus, the identification of this taxon to the species level is practically impossi- ble. ETHNOBOTANY OF FLORES PANDANS The result of this study shows that in Flores P. tectorius is the commonest species to be used. The species is mostly harvested for its leaves. This find- ing is in accordance with Rensch (1930). Pandanus tectorius is usually planted in home yards, gardens and in rice fields (particularly in the non irrigated sections). The other but less utilised species is P. kaernbachii. The use of leaves from P. kaernbachii in Flores Island has never been reported before, it is a new ethnobotanical record for the island. Prior to this present study the usage of materials from pandan origin by local inhabitants in the villages surrounding the Ruteng Ecotourism Park, Manggarai reported by Wawo (1998) but was only for mats. This current study records that in Flores the leaves from ―re‘a‖ (Pandanus tectorius) are used as raw materials for many purposes such as: Handicrafts a. Mats Fig. 1. Study site REINWARDTIA 436 [VOL.13 As in other areas in Indonesia (Hofstede, 1925; Rahayu et al., 2009; Susiarti & Rahayu, 2010) in Flores mats are also made following simple process started from selecting the leaves, removing the spines then dried in the sun. After the leaves are dried for a day, the leaves are rolled up and stored. The next day the leaves are dried again. This pro- cess of sun drying can take 1 to 2 days until the leaves are completely dried. The leaves then knitted to create a mat. About 30 leaves are used to make a 2 × 2 meters mat (Fig. 5). The knitting pro- cess is commonly practised by women after work- ing in the rice fields. A mat can be finished in a week. Mats are usually used for domestic purposes or sold in local market. The mats are commonly called as ―re‘a‖ as well by the people in Flores except in Nangaroro, Sokoria, and Wolosambi, where they are called ―te‘e re‘a‖. In Rentung the mats are named ―loce re‘a‖. Whatever the local name is the word ―re‘a‖ is always used. This refers to the plant from which the raw materials are harvested, P. tectorius and the fact that all languages in the area understudy belong to the Ende-Manggarai (Western-Central Flores) Subgroup). Some people in Flores also use leaves from a different species for making mats that is the leaves of P. kaernbachii or locally known as ―waku‖ as can be seen in Nangaroro, Manggarai and Puujita, Wolosambi. The mat-producing process is the same as in P. tectorius. Waku itself means umbrella in the local languages spoken in those areas which refers to the other usage of the leaves (Fig. 6). b. Coffee container The leaves of P. tectorius can also be used for making traditional coffee container called ―roto‖. ―Roto‖ is used as container for storing coffee beans during coffee harvesting time as can be seen in Manggarai. ―Roto‖ can also be used as a container for piper leaves, betel nuts, and chalks. It is usually layered by bamboo. c. Hat Making hats from pandan leaves are more com- plicated than making mats as the leaves are more narrowly pieced, carefully knitted, and coloured in red and blue. This hat-producing activity is rarely seen now. Nevertheless, the hat making industry is not totally closed as the traditional hats are still highly regarded and used in the Government Cere- monial Feast as can be commonly found in Mang- garai and usually shown together with the symbol of the East Nusa Tenggara Province, the Komodo dragon (Berybe, 2007). d. Pillow The process of making a traditional pillow is started by making mats. After the mat has been created, it is rolled up and sewed then filled with kapok (Ceiba pentandra). It is usually coloured in red and blue. These traditional pillows can also be used as ceremonial tables as can be seen in Ren- tung, Manggarai. Natural food colouring and flavouring As in other parts of Indonesia in Flores the most common species used for natural food colouring and flavouring is the leaves harvested from P. am- aryllifolius, the famous aromatic pandan. In local languages it is simply known as ―panda‖. The leaf produces natural green colour and characteristic flavour for the prepared food. Building materials In Flores the stems from a taxon of Pandanus locally known as ―mbojo‖ are used as building ma- terials. Unfortunately, the individuals found were not in fruiting by the time the exploration made, thus were not collected. Fig. 2. A. Habitat and habit of Freycinetia insignis; B. Infructescence of Freycinetia insignis; Habit of Pandanus dubius A B C 2013] 437 SUSIARTI et al. : Pandan in Flores island: an ethnobotanical study Fig. 4. A. The habit of Pandanus tectorius planted at Nangaroro beach; B. The male inflorescence of Pandanus tecto- rius at anthesis; C. The mature cephalium of Pandanus tectorius. The cephalium of P. tectorius is not consumed by local people. Fig. 5. A. A lady is harvesting pandan leaves; B. Clearing the spines from pandan leaves; C. Making mats from color- ing pandan leaves. A C B Fig. 3. A. The habit of Pandanus kaernbachii found at Puujita within the vicinity of Wolosambi village at 220 meter altitude. This finding marks the new record of the species for the Lesser Sunda Islands; B. The obvious prop roots of Pandanus kaernbachii. The prop roots of P. kaernbachii are not used by the local people; C. Pandanus kaernbachii showing the single elongate-lanceolate leaf, mature cephalia, and juvenile individual ready to be planted. REINWARDTIA 438 [VOL.13 Ornamental plants The result of this present study indicates that in Flores P. dubius and P. tectorius are planted as or- namental plants. In Nangaroro P. dubius is the most favourite ornamental plant and it is planted in small pots. Ritual purposes The leaves from P. amaryllifolius are used as a part of offering in rituals of visiting graveyards or sacred places. The pleasant aroma produced by the leaves of this well-known aromatic pandan is re- garded by the people as sacred and enchanting. Other purposes Hidayat et al. (2001) reported that powder made from the prop roots of a species of Pandanus is used for medical infusion. This current study does not record the same practise in the study area. Further- more, they also recorded the use of the stems of F. scandens as ropes. The result of this current study is in accordance with them. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to express their gratitude to the people of Ende, Flores, Lio, Manggarai, and Nangaroro for their generosities in sharing their precious knowledge on the usage of pandans and more importantly affection- ate acceptation of us to be both honourable guests and members of families. 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Legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. Bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the Harvard system. REINWARDTIA Vol. 13. No. 5. 2013 CONTENTS Page HARRY WIRIADINATA, HARRY WIRIADINATA, DEDEN GIRMANSYAH, JAMES M. HUNTER, W. SCOTT HOOVER & KUSWATA KARTAWINATA. Floristic study of West Sumbawa, Indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 391 NURHAIDAH IRIANI SINAGA, ARY PRIHARDHYANTO KEIM & PRATITA PURADYATMIKA. The unique characters and habitat of Freycinetia (Pandanaceae) with seven new species in Timika, West Papua, Indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………405 ABDULROKHMAN KARTONEGORO. A revision of Rhynchoglossum (Gesneriaceae) in Malesia …...421 SITI SUSIARTI, TUTIE DJARWANINGSIH & ARY PRIHARDHYANTO KEIM. Pandan (Pandanaceae) in Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: an economic-botanical study…..………………………..431 ARY PRIHARDHYANTO KEIM. A new species of Freycinetia Gaudich. (Pandanaceae; Freycinetoideae) from Tidore Island, Moluccas, Indonesia ………………………………………………………………… 441 HARRY WIRIADINATA. A new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from South Sulawesi, Indonesia …445 VERA B. L. SIHOTANG. The dynamics of Pandanus illustrations from a historical perspective ………..449 LINA S. JUSWARA. Book review …………………………………………………………………..….....455 Reinwardtia is a LIPI acredited Journal (517/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/04/2013) Herbarium Bogoriense Botany Division Research Center for Biology – LIPI Cibinong, Indonesia