REINWARDTIA_13_1_291209 today REINWARDTIA Vol 13, Part 1, pp: 75 − 78 75 NOTES ON THE NAMES OF THE TETRASTIGMA (VITACEAE) HOSTS OF RAFFLESIA (RAFFLESIACEAE) Received July 13, 2009; accepted December 8, 2009 J.F. VELDKAMP Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. E–mail: veld- kamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl ABSTRACT VELDKAMP, J.F. 2009. Notes on the names of the Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) hosts of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae). Rein- wardtia 13(1): 75–78. — Older epithets for Tetrastigma rafflesiae Miq. (1863; Vitaceae), also known as T. lanceo- larium auct. non Planch. and T. leucostaphylum auct. non Alston ex Mabb. (Vitaceae), are provided by Cissus coriacea DC. (1824) and Cissus verrucosa Steud. (1840), whereby the correct name for this host of Rafflesia spp. must be Tet- rastigma coriaceum (DC.) Gagnep. The name Tetrastigma pisicarpum (Miq., 1863) Planch., host of at least Rafflesia patma, likewise must be replaced by Tetrastigma scariosum (Blume, 1825) Planch. Key words: Malesia, Rafflesia, Rafflesiaceae, Tetrastigma, Vitaceae. ABSTRAK VELDKAMP, J.F. 2009. Catatan pada nama Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) tumbuhan inang Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae). Rein- wardtia 13(1): 75–78. — Nama lama Tetrastigma rafflesiae Miq (1863; Vitaceae), yang juga diketahui sebagai T. lanceolarium auct. non Planch. dan T. leucostaphyllum auct. non Alston ex Mabb. (Vitaceae), digantikan oleh Cissus coriacea DC (1824) dan Cissus verrucosa Steud. (1840), sedangkan nama yang benar untuk tumbuhan inang Rafflesia spp. ini seharusnya Tetrastigma coriaceum (DC) Gagnep. Nama Tetrastigma pisicarpum (Miq. 1863) Planch., tumbuhan inang terakhir dari Rafflesia patma, sebaliknya seharusnya diganti oleh Tetrastigma scariosum (Blume, 1825) Planch. Kata kunci: Malesia, Rafflesia, Rafflesiaceae, Tetrastigma, Vitaceae. INTRODUCTION Veldkamp (2008) has argued that the correct name for the host of Rafflesia spp. (Rafflesiaceae) would be Tetrastigma rafflesiae Miq. (1863; Vita- ceae) as all previous ones were either illegitimate, unidentifiable, or inapplicable. Now it turns out that there are older, valid, and legitimate names available. The earliest one is Cis- sus coriacea DC. (1824: 632) collected probably by either Riedlé (fide Planchon, 1877:425) or Lesche- nault (fide Gagnepain, 1910 :320) in Timor and more fully described by Decaisne (1834). As far as known there is only a single species of Tetrastigma present in Timor which in the herbaria has been identified as T. lanceolarium auct. non Planch. (e.g. by Backer & Bakhuizen f., 1965) or T. leucostaphy- lum auct. non (Dennst.) Alston ex Mabb., and there- fore the correct name must be T. coriaceum (DC.) Gagnep. Another earlier name is Cissus verrucosa Steud. (1840), a new name based exclusively on Cissus tuberculata Blume (1825a), because of the earlier combination by Jacquin (1797). TETRASTIGMA CORIACEUM (DC.) Gagnep Not. Syst. (Paris) 1 (1910) 320. ––– Cissus coriacea DC., Prodr. 1 (mid Jan 1824) 632; Decne, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris III, 3 (1834) 445. ≡ Herb. Timor. (1835) 117. (reprint); Planch. in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 5 (1887) 424, in syn. (“Bl. Bijdr. I”, error for DC.). ––– Vitis coriacea (DC.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Lugd.–Bat. 1 (1863) 78. ––– Type: Timor, ? Leschenault vel Riedlé s.n. (P, holo; G, IDC microfiche, no collector). Cissus tuberculata Blume, Bijdr. 4 (1825–a) 189, non Jacq. (1797). ––– Cissus verrucosa Steud., Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 1 (1840) 373. ––– Lectotype: Blume s.n. [“G. Parang”, which is in the Province “Tjanjor” (Cianjur) that Blume mentioned] (L, holo, sh. 897,348––8), desig- nated by Veldkamp (2008). VITIS VERRUCOSA [Zoll.] Backer In the course of this study we became aware of an apparently related species that also bears the epi- thet “verrucosa”, but then in Cayratia Juss. and Vi- tis L. Backer (1911, exact date unknown) differenti- ated between two species, Vitis lanceolaria [(Roxb.) REINWARDTIA 76 [VOL.13 Roxb. ex] Wall. and V. verrucosa [Zoll.] Backer. Under the first he cited Cissus tuberculata Blume, and for the second he said that it was “possibly a form of V. lanceolaria”. He had found the combina- tion Cissus verrucosa on the label of Zollinger 2868 in BO. No author of the combination is given on it (see also the transcript by Gagnepain, 1911, of the text on the duplicate in P, mentioned below), but it is not unlikely that Moritzi or Zollinger had identi- fied the material with C. tuberculata sensu Blume and had applied Steudel’s correction of 1840. None of these names were later mentioned by Moritzi (1846) or Zollinger (1854–1855). Backer thus inadvertently described a new spe- cies but his combination is a later homonym of V. verrucosa Raf. (1830). New combinations based on illegitimate names have no author in parentheses (Art. 49.1). In former times such a reference was placed between square brackets, but this useful indi- cation for some reason was deleted after 1972 (Rec. 46.3 of that Code). Koorders (1912) also had seen the Zollinger specimen in Bogor and made the combination Cay- ratia verrucosa [Zoll.] Koord. He also noted “Vitis verrucosa (Zoll.) Backer msc. in Herb. Bogor.” and apparently did not know that Backer had already published this less than a year before. This is a nomenclatural oddity: two combina- tions with the same epithet in two different genera, independently published within a year by two dif- ferent authors, based on the same specimen in one herbarium. According to Art. 33.3 Koorders’s com- bination is not for a new species, but a new combi- nation without Backer as the author in parentheses as the name was illegitimate (Art. 49.1). Apparently Backer and Koorders thought that Zollinger might have published the combination somewhere. Buitenzorg / Bogor then and now has a magnificent library and collection, but it lacks many old publications and journals. Backer somewhere said that he couldn’t do the nomenclature of the species accepted by him and therefore used the names most generally in use. See Van Steenis (1968). What they did not know, was that Turczaninow (1863) had described a Cissus zollingeri based on a duplicate of Zollinger 2868 (cited as “2686”) now probably in KW. A request for confirmation to that institute remained unanswered. It would seem that Koorders soon became aware of this, because he corrected his combination to Cayratia zollingeri (Turcz.) Koord. ex Koord.– Schum. (1912), a combination also made by Galet (1967). We have seen only a few pages of the latter publication, but as it is a thesis from a French Uni- versity, we very much suspect that it was invalidly published under Art. 30.5. It may be noted that IPNI at the day of writing (July 2009) accepted 9 combi- nations made by him. If valid, this one is a later isonym which has no nomenclatural status (Art. 6, Note 2). Probably slightly earlier than Backer (and Koor- ders) Gagnepain (2 Mar 1911: 377) used the dupli- cate of Zollinger 2868 in P and described Tetras- tigma micranthum. He published a full citation of the original text on the label in which the name Cis- sus verrucosa is mentioned with a question mark and without authorship. Because the combinations are homotypic [Art. 9.2, Note 2 (c)] “zollingeri” is the epithet to be used, thus making Cayratia verrucosa Koorders, Tetrastigma micranthum Gagnep., and Vitis verru- cosa Backer superfluous. These names apparently have dropped from lit- erature. They are not accounted for in Heyne (1917, and later editions of 1927, 1950, 1987) nor in Backer & Bakhuizen f. (1968: 679, 759). Turczaninow’s publication bears the censor’s date of 11 September 1863. The next issue is dated 12 December. It may be assumed that the actual publication was soon after the 11th, and therefore is slightly earlier than a publication by Miquel on 24 September 1863. Here Miquel described Vitis pisi- carpa, now know as Tetrastigma pisicarpum (Miq.) Planch. Zollinger 2868 in BO has been iden- tified as this by Latiff. Jackes (1989) cited material from “Indonesia” (Zollinger s.n., in K, most likely from Java ––– Planchon cited Zollinger 495 ––– De Vogel 5039 (not 5059) in K, from Halmahera) and Australia (Cape York). In L Latiff has identi- fied material as such from the Malay Peninsula (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Langkawi, Selangor), E. Java and Nusa Kambangan, the Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Poillillo), the Lesser Sunda Isles (Flores, Lombok), Moluccas (Ceram, Tanim- bar), and New Guinea (Aru Isl., Central Prov.), and, in correspondence, added T. godefroyanum Planch. from Thailand and Indochina, and T. mi- cranthum Gagnep. from Java. From this rather dis- junct distribution it would seem that the species has some preference for a distinct dry season. Surprisingly, among the Java material in L there is also a sheet from Nusa Kambangan, Java, la- belled Cissus scariosa Blume and Vitis coriacea Miq. var. β: Blume 1644, annotated “in cujus radicibus Rafflesia invenit”, that is echoed in Blume (1825a) “In radicibus hujus plantae supra terram expansis mirabilis Rafflesia patma crescit”, and by Miquel (1863): “ubi Rafflesiam Patma nutrit”. This host was identified as Vitis coriacea by Miquel and as T. pisicarpum by Latiff. It is interesting to note that Junghuhn (1853) also stated that Rafflesia VELDKAMP : Notes on the names of the Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) hosts of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) 2009] 77 patma grew on Cissus scariosa. His notes make interesting reading, e.g. that in May 1847 the Raf- flesia flowers were so abundant that he couldn’t do a step without crushing several specimens. He did- n’t find any flowers or fruits on the host and was told by the locals that the flowers of the parasite would begin their development only after the host has lost its fruits. From this he concluded that they flowered and fruited at different periods, which is strange, as he also said that he found the flower buds in all stages of development (except that none were open yet), while it is known that flower buds usually are present all year round. Flowering at least in 1850 in transplants in Bogor was in March and again in October (Teijsmann in De Vriese, 1853). I would not be surprised, if the host was so affected that it didn’t flower at all anymore, while, also, the interest of any collector would be more focussed on this spectacular flower of 35–50 cm diameter then on the liana that nourished it. Thus the Blume collection is the type of the ear- liest name for this assembly of synonyms, and the combination in Tetrastigma by Planchon (1887) is the correct name for Tetrastigma pisicarpum. TETRASTIGMA SCARIOSU (Blume) Planch. In A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 5 (1887) 441. ––– Cissus scariosa Blume, Batav. Cour. 23 Mar 1825b: 12 [3] (n.v., fide Mabberley, 1980); Bijdr. 4 (20 Sep 1825a) 191. ––– Type: Herb. Blume 1644 (L, holo, sh. no. 897.347–133), Java, Nusa Kambangan, Citandoi, November 1824 (see Blume, 1825–b). Cissus zollingeri Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36, 2 (soon after 11 Sep 1863) 591 (Zollinger “2686”), see note. ––– Tetrastigma micranthum Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1 (2 Mar 1911) 377, nom. superfl. –– Vitis verrucosa [Zoll.] Backer, Schoolfl. Java 1 (1911) 253, nom. superfl., non Raf. (1830). ––– Cayratia verru- cosa [Backer] Koord., Exk. Fl. Java 2 (Mar/Apr 1912) 565, nom. superfl. ––– Cayratia zollingeri (Turcz.) Koord. ex Koord.–Schum., Syst. Verz. 1, Fam. 170 (Jun 1912) 8; Galet, Recherch. Meth. Identif. & Classif. Vitac. 2 (1967) 329 (329: “syn. nov.”, in the K copy changed manually to “comb. nov.”), 371 (reference is made to C. zallingeri “par erreur” Molon, “l.c.”: 70, which we could not trace), if valid, an isonym. ––– Type: Zollinger 2868 (“2686”; probably in KW, holo; BO, P), E Java, Banyu- wangi, Litjin, 6 May 1845. Vitis pisicarpa Miq., Ann. Mus. Lugd.–Bat. 1 (24 Sep 1863) 79. ––– Tetrastigma pisicarpum (Miq.) Planch. in A. DC., Phan. 5 (1887) 441. 1887. ––– Type: Zippelius s.n. (L, holo, sh. no. 897.348–96 & 904.272––25), New Guinea. Tetrastigma godefroyanum Planch. in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 5 (1887) 436. ––– Lectotype: Pierre 4433 (P, holo), S. Vietnam (“Cochinchine”), Dong Nai Prov., Dinh mountains, suggested by Planchon, designated here. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. J. Boggan (US) pointed out the presence of Cissus verrucosa Steud. (1840) as an older name for Tetras- tigma rafflesiae Miq. (1863). Mr. A. Sumadijaya was most helpful in going through the collections in BO. Ms. A. Trias Blasi (TCD) is thanked for her expert advise. Ms. F. Ainsworth (K) very kindly sent some rare litera- ture. Dr. M.A. Latiff (UKMB) kindly provided various additional information. Dr. E. A. Widjaja is thanked for the translation of the Abstract into Bahasa Indonesia. REFERENCES BACKER, C.A. 1911. Schoolflora voor Java 1: 253. Visser & Co., Weltevreden. BACKER, C.A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. R.C. 1965. Flora of Java 1: 89. Noordhoff, Groningen. BLUME, C.L. von. 1825a. Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 4: 189. Lands Drukkerij, Bata- via. BLUME, C.L. von. 1825b. 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