A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Vol. 13(4): 317 — 3 8 9 , December 20, 2012 Chief Editor Kartini Kramadibrata (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Editors Dedy Darnaedi (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Tukirin Partomihardjo (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Teguh Triono (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Kagoshima University, Japan) Jun Wen (Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA) Managing editor Himmah Rustiami (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Secretary Endang Tri Utami Lay out editor Deden Sumirat Hidayat Illustrators Subari Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty Reviewers Ed de Vogel (Netherlands), Henk van der Werff (USA), Irawati (Indonesia), Jan F. Veldkamp (Netherlands), Jens G. Rohwer (Denmark), Lauren M. Gardiner (UK), Masahiro Kato (Japan), Marshall D. Sunberg (USA), Martin Callmander (USA), Rugayah (Indonesia), Paul Forster (Australia), Peter Hovenkamp (Netherlands), Ulrich Meve (Germany). Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY-LIPI, CIBINONG 16911, INDONESIA E-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id REINWARDTIA Vol 13, No 4, pp: 347 - 356 SIX YEARS EXPERIENCE ON PLANT IDENTIFICATION SERVICES: A CASE STUDY IN HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE Received December 23, 2011; accepted August 30, 2012 ALEX SUMADIJAYA Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology LIPI. Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia. E-mail: alexsumadijaya@gmail. com ABSTRACT SUMADIJAYA, A. Six years experience on plant identification services: a case study in Herbarium Bogoriense. Rein- wardtia 13(4): 347-356. — The Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), an integrated part of the Botanical Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, receives plant specimens to be identified on a daily basis. In a six year period from 2005 to 2010, data were extracted from thousand of identification requests by hundreds of clients. Pat- terns were observed based on variables such as time, plant groups, client expertises, and taxonomic level. Outputs from these analysis are being expected to become one of the pillar to build a unifying scheme for botanical research at the Herbarium Bogoriense by focusing on human resources development to deal with biodiversity issues about frequently encountered taxa. Keywords: Biodiversity, Herbarium Bogoriense, ID service, names, specimen. ABSTRAK SUMADIJAYA, A. Pengalaman enam tahun dalam pelayanan identifikasi tumbuhan: sebuah studi kasus di Herbarium Bogoriense. Reinwardtia 13(4): 347-356. — Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), sebagai bagian dari Bidang Botani, Pusat Penelitian Biologi - LIPI, menerima jasa identifikasi tumbuhan sebagai kegiatan rutin. Data selama enam tahun sejak 2005 sampai 2010, dikumpulkan dari ribuan hasil identifikasi yang diajukan oleh ratusan pengguna. Pencarian pola pelayanan berdasarkan beberapa faktor antara lain waktu, kelompok tumbuhan, keahlian pengguna serta hirarki tak- sonomi. Luaran dari analisis ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar untuk membangun sebuah skema yang menyatukan skema penelitian botani di Herbarium Bogoriense dengan memfokuskan pada pengembangan sumber daya manusia yang berkaitan dengan keanekaragaman taksa yang sering dijumpai sehari-hari. Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman hayati, Herbarium Bogoriense, jasa identifikasi, nama, spesimen. INTRODUCTION Plant Identification Service Every year, the Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) re- ceives hundred of requests for plant identification (ID) service. Supported by the best qualified techni- cians (parataxonomists) for identification, as well as plant taxonomists for validation of the plant names, the institution maintains the status as the national scientific authority for plant biodiversity in Indone- sia. It has numerous plant specimens as reference collections (dried, spirit, and carpology) and be- come one of the oldest herbaria in the tropics, which is established in 1817 (Holmgren et al, 1990). The annual report of the Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (the par- ent institution) inconsistently mentioned the cumu- lative number of specimen which has been deter- mined and number of client during each calendar year (January 1st to December 31st). Annually, the number of client and specimen were varies, with the following records: 1484 specimens in 2002 (Anonymous, 2003); 2272 specimens in 2003 (Prasetyo, 2004); 311 clients and 2567 specimens in 2008 (Anonymous, 2009); 332 clients and 2650 specimens in 2009 (Anonymous, 2010). The basic function of the service is to provide clients with the scientific name(s) of their plant specimens. The ID service starts when a client re- quest for plant identification being received by BO (delivered by client, courier or sent by mail). The specimen was then identified by parataxonomist to determine the species name. The next step was val- idation of the name by plant taxonomists or often the curator(s) of the particular taxa. The result is a written certificate, given to the client, with the sci- entific name(s) of the specimen(s) under family, genus and species names. Most of the requests can be resolved into the species level, or even the infra- species level, although some remain unresolved on- ly to genera or family level, or were unidentified. During 6 years, dynamic of the ID services were unrecorded with respect to the feature such as taxo- nomic level, time of certificate issue, and field of expertise of the client. These data change with time, but the pattern, if any, remains unknown. Re- 347 348 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13 suit of data mining and pattern seeking can be used to focus limited human resources on particular pri- ority taxa that were frequently accessed. The clear objectives for the study was to digitize the data, as well as establish a baseline for quantita- tive information of the ID services, and improve the result. Any defect, mainly dealing with standarisa- tion (e.g. for names), can be revised for BO's future improvement of ID services. In addition, a more advanced utilization of the data could be used for the development of policy issues at local, national, or international levels. For example, the data can be used to identify (potentially) valuable species for national programs, or for supporting assessments in biodiversity. BO's human resources and plants collection To identify the specimens, parataxonomists rely on the reference of BO's dried collection. BO has dried collections which comprises 306 families of Spermatophytes, and more than 30 families and groups in Pteridophytes. Most collections were col- lected from the Malesia phytogeography region, with a smaller number of plant collections from oth- er region, as a result of voucher deposits from other herbaria. Considering variable number of the fami- lies in flowering plants as mentioned in Heywood (1993) and realizing differences in major plant clas- sification systems (Brummit, 1992), the taxon names being used for identification is based on a system which has been exclusively developed by the Herbarium Bogoriense. Over time, the system had been influenced by prominent botanists such as F. W. Junghuhn (1809-1864), C. A. Backer (1874 - 1963), and C. G .G. J. van Steenis (1901-1986). Today, plant taxonomists expertise in BO are distributed unequally, most focus on taxa with im- portant ecological functions or economic uses. Sev- eral large families have more than one expert (number in parentheses) e.g. Orchidaceae (2), Are- caceae (2), Araceae (2), Zingiberaceae (2), Be- goniaceae (2), and Poaceae (2). On the contrary, the large collection of Pteridophytes have only 3 experts. The remaining taxonomists focus on Eu- phorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae, Pandanaceae, Musaceae, Araceae, Lauraceae, Raf- flesiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Bryophytes, and Basidiomycetes. These staff come from various edu- cation levels, ranging from Bachelors to Doctoral degree, and Professorship. Name validation also conducted by accessing authorized websites ( w w w . i p n i . o r g , w w w . t r o p i c o s . o r g , and www.theplantlist.org) regularly. MATERIAL AND METHOD Digital available data extracted from the year of 2005 to 2010. The data were arranged annually, and each year comprised of hundred of request from clients. The procedure for the data analysis was divided into 2 phases. Phase one consisted of copying the data from the certificates (.doc or .docx), then ar- ranging it into columns (scientific names, families, client, and time factor) on a spreadsheet (.xls). The next step was standardizing the format (e.g. look at nomenclature issues in discussion) for easier sort- ing. Data were checked based on client name to remove any duplicate entries. Phase 2 involved searching for annual pattern(s) in the data. Data were sorted into alphabetical order to extract for scientific names, clients, and time pe- riod. In each year, data were filtered for the most frequently identified taxa, by ordering from the highest rank into the lowest one. The final step was comparing these data annually to spot any pattern(s) over the years. RESULT AND ANALYSIS The study covered 15,779 specimens from 4,158 client requests six years (72 months) period. In to- tal, there were 3,783 specimens being determined (including synonyms), within 1,377 genera and 314 families. Taxon determination with cf. status and infra-specific level were treated as being part of the appointed species. Nomenclature Issues Standardization of names is very important, since many taxa have synonyms or alternative names. Different names treated to the same taxon could be the result of whether different human re- sources (with varying taxonomic backgrounds and expertise during the validation process) or purely changes in classification. Several widely known families of Compositae, Cruciferae, Gramineae, Guttiferae, Labiatae, Leguminosae, Palmae, and Umbelliferae were treated each under nomen alter- nativum (McNeill et al., 2006), as Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Poaceae, Clusiaceae, Lamiaceae, Faba- ceae, Arecaceae and Brassicaceae consecutively. These alternative names were found occasionally contaminating the certificates, sometimes written as e.g. LLLabiatae= Lamiaceae". These inconsistencies are the priority for future improvement. There were also cases such as Papilionaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, and Mimosaceae which regarded as three different 2012] SUMADIJAYA: Six years experiences on plant identification services in Herbarium Bogoriense 349 families. It was decided to unify these taxa under single family in accordance with specimen manage- ment storage at BO. Typing errors also found, with different character(s) (e.g. Allophilus of Allophyl- lus) and character inconsistency (e.g. Axonophus compressus of Axonopus compressus). Synonyms problem were haunting in the analy- sis, since a name easily becomes synonym under particular taxa. Here, from 3,783 names given, each might not represent a unique taxa. Some of these were discussed in Species section below. Number of specimens and clients Specimen and client number were slowly in- creasing in six years, as shown by linear regression analysis in Figure 1. This analysis has goal to fore- cast and anticipate the bulk of specimen in the fu- ture. It will become a strong justification to im- prove the management system for ID services. The year of 2006 marked the lowest client num- ber, with 604 clients, a slight decrease from 621 clients in 2005. Then, the client number increased steadily to 645 in 2007, 676 in 2008, expanding to 792 in 2009, and reached 819 in 2010. Contrary to client numbers, the year of 2006 with 2,810 specimens served as the peak point after the increase from 2,032 in the previous year. In the following years of 2007 and 2008, specimen num- ber dropped to 2,609 and 2,537 in a row, before reaching up to 2,843 in 2009, and 2,948 in 2010. These dynamic figures might correspond to dynam- ic number of people who have involved general bio- diversity issues or focusing on species in their re- search project, such as forestry and mining. The annual report of the Research Center for Biology (2009) showed different number, with low- er client number (332), which might be caused by unfiltered multiple clients, and higher specimen number (2,576), which caused by the duplication of specimen input. Time component Twelve months period in each year were divided into 4 quarters, each with three months interval as seen in Figure 2. In the first quarter (January - March), specimen number were relatively stable, except for 2009, which increased to 562 in Febru- ary. The most productive time was during the last quarter (October - December) with ca. 400 speci- mens identified (600 in 2009), except for 2005 and 2006, when the number dropped dramatically to less than 200 specimens in November and December respectively. Each year, the period of minimum specimen (less than 100 specimens) was generally 1 month. In the case of 2007, March to May had a low number in ID service because of the institution relocation from Bogor to the new location at Cibinong Science Center. On the following year, the low specimen number might be the result of no extra ordinary ac- tivity in the beginning of the year, which was asso- ciated with budget allocation in most institutions. Caution should be noted in the time factor rec- orded on the certificate. It was represent the month of the ID service was approved by the institution, not the time of specimen arrival at BO. Most cli- ents with single specimen received the result as the same month as the sample arrived. However, some clients had hundred of specimens. It resulted in the work of ID services that would be extended up to 2 29*8- o I Total specimens - Linear (Totals peeimens) I Total clients - Lineal (clients) 2005 2010 Fig 1. Number of clients and specimens varies annually, trends show steady increase with linear regression. 350 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13 2500 January February March April May June July August September October November December • 2010 • 2009 D2008 • 2007 • 2006 • 2005 Fig. 2. Client requests within the 6 year period studied. Note the light period (March-April), in contrast to significant increase in the last quarter (October - December). - 3 months before the certificate issued. Client expertises Unfortunately the expertises of the client were not properly recorded, as the data were inconsistent- ly noted. On average, 67.37 % of the total client (ranging from 59.0% in 2008 to 76.7% in 2009) did not mention their expertise explicitly. Field of ex- pertises were extracted from the remaining 32.63% client who mentioned their domain explicitly. Some clients did mention their expertise generally as Natural Sciences. Natural sciences is a broad domain which can be categorised into pharmacy, biology, chemistry, mathematics, geography, and physics. The first three is often to use ID services, rather than the last three. This case makes natural sciences as a domain lacks of details and produces bias information. Therefore it was not included in the analysis. The dominant clients were pharmacy, followed by biology and chemistry which almost equal in number. Medical field increased slowly after ap- peared in 2005, whereas forestry was up and down sporadically from year to year. Other minor fields were oceanography, anthropology, and geology. Focusing on the institutions, most of the users came from various educational institutions such as Universities (public and private) and Academies of pharmacy, whether as undergraduate or graduate students, from either Indonesia or overseas. Others were from public sector, mainly various Research Centers in Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Geotech- nology, all are parts of Indonesian Institute of Sci- ences, Veterinary Services, Government Depart- ments (Forestry, Agriculture), Botanical Gardens, National Parks, as well as private companies (Food, Pharmaceutical, Foundry, Plantation and Agribusi- ness, and Forest Concessions). Minority came from International Groups, International Companies, Non -Governmental Organizations, and Hospitals. Interesting sporadic requests were made by BPOM (Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control). The institution requested identification of many speci- mens at once, with each specimen was given a single certificate apart from another, which resulted in large number of certificates. Data Dilemma Based on various client backgrounds, the sam- ples given for ID services were in variable state. Some were severely damaged by fungi, due to im- proper method of preservation, or lacked of vital parts like flower and inflorescence, which is diffi- cult to be identified. This resulted in unidentified specimens, or identified only to family or genera level. To date, the information still leaves several unre- solved questions. One was the lack of information about which plant parts were used for identification (the plant parts could be twigs, leaves, stems, tu- bers, flowers, fruits, or the whole plant). Answering this question could help anticipate future obstacles to successful identification. Second, the exact loca- tions (island, mountain, beach, forest, or other geo- graphical details), and habitat or sites (plantation, roadside, garden, mine, conversion area, or other landscape information) of specimens was not rec- orded, resulting in difficulties to determine the origin of specimens. Future potential The ID services potentially inform the existence of new species. It can serve as the hunting ground for new species candidate if we focus on unidenti- fied specimens at families or, and genera level, with appropriate generative structure and field notes. New record regarding expansion of distribution area of certain taxa can be resulted from this activi- ty. In order to do so, a specific task force should be 2012] SUMADIJAYA: Six years experiences on plant identification services in Herbarium Bogoriense 351 assembled. For temporary, the comparison can be treated only for the island of Java, which has de- tailed inventory of Spermatophytes in Flora of Java. The three volume books of Flora of Java serve as basic list to monitor the plants in this island. Plant group The division of plants were based on practical reason. Among these groups are: Spermatophytes (Seeded plant), Pteridophytes (Fern), Bryophytes (Mosses), Lichens and Fungi. Most specimens were Spermatophytes with 14,540 specimens (92.1%). The Spermatophytes itself divided into subgroups of Angiosperm which had significant portion with 14,495 specimens (91.8%) and Gym- nosperms with 45 specimens (0.3%). Angiosperms consist of Dicotyledoneae with 12,162 specimens (77%) and Monocotyledoneae with 2,333 speci- mens (14.8%), as seen in Figure 3. Annual dynamic of plant groups were visualised in Figure 4. The Dicotyledoneae within Spermatophytes not- ed as the largest proportion of identified plant group. The result was matched with the prediction, since the majority of flowering plants are within these groups, which have most frequent interaction with people's daily life. Pteridophytes (612 specimens, 3.9%) ranging from 55 specimens in 2007 to 149 specimens in 2009. From 2008, there were more than 100 speci- mens annually. The group only had a small propor- tion of the total specimens, but has stable presence in each passing year. Gymnosperms comprised fewer than 10 speci- mens annually, except for 2008 when there were 16 specimens. The rest of the groups had percentages around 1% of the total specimens. Lichens were a tiny fraction (101 specimens, 0.6 %), ranging from 1 in 2005 up to 67 in 2006, with less than 15 specimens for the next 4 years. Bryophytes (185 specimens, 1.1%) and Fungi (136 specimens, 0.9%) only occur sporadically. The former was absent in 2006 and 2007, whereas the latter was absent in 2007 and 2010. Sargassum granuliforum C. Agardh. (Sargassaceae) represented Thalophytes, had only single occurrence within the 6 years period, which was in 2009. For oceanic species, it was assumed that most of the specimen being given to the Re- search Center for Oceanography which focus on marine species. Families The top 10 families based on identified specimen were marked by Euphorbiaceae as the most speci- men (943), followed by Fabaceae (797), Moraceae (combined with Cecropiaceae, 736), Rubiaceae (593), Zingiberaceae (combined with Costaceae, 588), Myrtaceae (521), Poaceae (502), Asteraceae (491), Dipterocarpaceae (359), and Lauraceae (358) as seen in Figure 5. To visualize some taxa dynamics, criteria were subjectively defined (more than 50 specimens annu- ally from 6 consecutive years). As consequences, only several of the top ten families being represent- ed here. Families with 50 specimens, but without consecutive presence within these years or vice ver- sa, were rejected from Figure 6. As the largest family identified with 943 speci- mens, Euphorbiaceae consisted of various species within 58 genera. Macaranga was the largest genus with 100 specimens (10.6%), followed by Glochidi- on with 86 specimens (9.12%), Mallotus with 67 specimens (7.1%), Phyllanthus with 60 specimens (6.36%), Antidesma with 57 specimens (6.04%), Acalypha with 55 specimens (5.83%), Baccaurea with 53 specimens (5.62%), and Aporusa with 49 specimens (5.19%). The rest of the genera each contributed less than 5 %. Fabaceae had 797 specimens, and had the larg- est number of genera (78) compared to all identified 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 I Un ID I Thallophytes I lichen I Fungi I Bryophytes I Pteridophytes Angiosp. Monocot I Angiosp. Dicot I Gymnosperm Fig. 3. Percentage of total plant group identified. Percentages only correspond with Dicotyledoneae and Monocotyledoneae as the largest components. Fern, Lichens, Thallophytes, Fungi and Gymnosperms have very small proportion shown here. 352 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13 3000 2000 1000 • Thallophytes • Lichens • Fungi • Bryophytes • Pteridophytes • Monocot • Dicot • Gymnospermae 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Fig. 4. Dynamics of plant groups identified. Thallophytes have very small proportion that is not shown here. Fabaceae Moraceae 1 Rubiaceae t Zinqiberaceae [ Myrtaceae 1 Asteraceae 1 Dipterocarpaceae Lauraceae Meliaceae Clusiaceae 200 400 600 800 1000 Fig. 5. Ten dominant families from 2005 to 2010. 200 100 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 • Dipterocarpaceae • Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae • Moraceae •Zingiberaceae Rubiaceae Fig. 6. Identification at family level. Only 6 families top dominant are shown. Dipterocarpaceae has a significant increase at the end of the period. Specimen only showed at Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae & Fabaceae. 2012] SUMADIJAYA: Six years experiences on plant identification services in Herbarium Bogoriense 353 family. The largest genus was Cassia with 56 spec- imens (7.02%), comprised of 13 species (some were ornamental plants such as C. fistula L., C. hirsuta L., C. multijuga Rich., and C. siamea Lam.). There was no dominant genus with more than 10% pro- portion. It happened due to almost equal distribu- tion of the genera. Some were pulses such as Ara- chis hypogaea L., Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth, Glycine max (L.) Merr., Parkia speciosa Hassk., P. timori- ana (DC.) Merr., Phaseolus radiatus L., P. lunatus L., P. vulgaris L., Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain ex King, Tamarindus indica L., and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Fabaceae also contains for- ages such as Calopogonium mucunoides Desv., Desmodium spp., and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit, as well as wayside trees (Dalbergia, Pterocarpus indicus Willd.), and even weeds (Mimosapudica L.). Moraceae, with 737 specimens, was dominated by the giant genus of Ficus (516 specimens, 70.1%), which was discussed further in the genera section. Meanwhile Artocarpus, known as either a vegetable or fruit in daily life, with A. altilis (Park.) Fosberg, A. heterophyllus Lam. and A. Integra Merr., consisted of only 143 specimens (19.4%). These 2 genera were making for almost 90% of the specimens of the family. The remaining c. 10% was occupied by Morus (34 specimens, 4.6%), with con- tribution of some minor genera such as Antiaris, Broussonetia, Cecropia, Cudrania, Fatoua, Parartocarpus, Poikilospermum, Sloetia, Streblus, and Taxotrophis. Zingiberaceae, with 588 specimens (Costus, with 29 specimens also included here). Two genera of Curcuma and Zingiber occupied more than half (59.9%) of the family. Further discussion is in the section on genera trends. Poaceae had 502 specimens. Bamboos as a dis- tinct group consisted of 58 specimens (11.55%). Oryza sativa L., a staple food in Indonesia, had 32 specimens, with 4 specimens identified to the infra- specific level i.e. O. sativa f. glutinosa Blanco (recognized as sticky rice). Zea mays L. had 13 specimens. The sugar cane, Saccharum, occured with 3 species (S. edule Hassk, S. officinarum L., and S. spontaneum L.) of 7 specimens. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv., an exotic species from South America now commonly used as lawn grass, had 23 specimens. It has polymorphic appearance, contributed to different vernacular names such as jukut pait, suket pait, papaitan, or rumput gajah mini. The essential oil producer Cymbopogon was recorded with 2 species of 26 specimens. The dom- inant weeds genera encountered were Imperata, Panicum, Paspalum, and Pennisetum. Weedy Asteraceae consisted of 491 specimens. Similarly to Fabaceae, 49 genera were distributed almost equally and resulted on no dominant genus with more than 10% proportion of each genera within family. The largest contributions were Gynura (48 specimens, 9.77%), Eupatorium com- bined with Chromolaena (35 specimens, 7.12%), Blumea (41 specimens, 8.35%), and Pluchea with single species of P, indica (L.) Lees. (30 specimens, 6.1%). The other genera were less than 5% and included of Ageratum, Bidens, Clibadium, Cosmos, Elephantopus, Erigeron, Lactuca, Mikania, Sonchus, Synedrella, Tagetes, Tridax, and Wedelia. The rest of the families with more than 100 spec- imens annually were economic importance such as Rubiaceae (593; medicine, ornamental, and weeds), Myrtaceae (521; fruit and spices), Lauraceae (358 specimens, fruit and spices), Dipterocarpaceae (359 specimens, timber trees), Meliaceae (316 speci- mens, fruit, medicine, and timber) and Clusiaceae (291 specimens, fruit and medicine). Largest unidentified specimens belonged to the families of Rubiaceae (23), Dipterocarpaceae (17), Fabaceae (15), Arecaceae (11), and Apocynaceae (10). Meanwhile, 196 specimens remained uniden- tified to the family level because specimens were incomplete, broken, fragmented, or experienced colour change. Number of ornamental plants such as Araceae (Homalomena, Aglaonema) were less than ex- pected. This might be caused by easier access to popular information from TRUBUS, an agricultural and hobbyist magazine, which provides infor- mations for ornamental, medicinal, and other eco- nomic prospective plants. An interesting fact was observed in the banana family. Musaceae had 53 specimens, but only 10 specimens were identified by using scientific names (M acuminata Colla, M. balbisiana Colla, or M. paradisiaca L.). The rest were identified as either Musa "ABB" (followed by local names, mainly kepok, with other variants such as nangka, uli, lam- pung, raja sereh, tanduk), or Musa "AAA" (followed by local names, mainly ambon, and with other variants such as mas, barangan, am- bon lumut, and giant cavendish). It was illustrating the use of two systems which were 1.) a botanical binomial nomenclature of species name for wild type, and 2.) a standardized genotype based with local names on recognized cultivated variants. Most of the specimens that have been identified were banana cultivars and some of them were not using the current system. Classification and nomen- clature of banana cultivars have been a long com- plicated issue. Today, the three tiers system using species, genome group, and cultivar are being adopted. The edible diploid and triploid which were 354 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13 derivatived from Musa acuminata Colla and Musa balbisiana Colla uses the scientific name of their respective wild parents. Whereas the hybrids will be classified under Musa x paradisiaca L. as recog- nized by International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. Genera Ten largest genera were identified as Ficus (514 specimens), Syzygium (341 specimens), Shorea (264 specimens), Piper (261 specimens), Curcuma (199 specimens), Garcinia (172 specimens), Zingi- ber (148 specimens), Artocarpus (143 specimens), Litsea (130 specimens), and Aglaia (110 specimens) as shown in Figure 7. With similar rules as for the families, criteria were subjectively being customised to identify gen- era dynamic. The criteria was the number which must exceed 15 specimens annually within 6 con- secutive years (Figure 8). Ficus had the highest number with 514 speci- mens. Two dominant taxa, each with significant portions of the total were F. sinuata Thunb. (31 specimens) and F. fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume (27 specimens). Fifty two specimens (10.11%) re- mained unidentified and was the highest unidenti- fied genus in ID services. It might be caused by polymorphic species appearance and sterile speci- mens which made difficulties in ID service. Next genus was Syzygium with 20 specimens in 2005, increasing to more than 50 specimens in the following year. It showed steady progress through the rest of the period and included a variety of spe- cies. Syzygium had variable species with 341 speci- mens (65.45%) from the rest of Myrtaceae. Psidi- um, an exotic plant in Indonesia with only a single species (Psidium guajava L.) followed it with 57 specimens (10.94%). Ficus Syzygium Shorea Piper Curcuma Garcinia Zingiber Artocarpus Litsea Aglaia 1514 1341 ]264 1261 199 ^ 1 7 2 ] 1 4 8 143 130 3110 200 specimen number 400 600 Fig. 7. Ten dominant genera from 2005 to 2010. 150 100 138 2005 2OO6 2007 2008 2009 • Curcuma 1 Ficus Piper • Shorea Syzygium 2 0 1 O Fig. 8. Identifications at Genera level. The graphic is shown the largest 5 families dominant with specimen number, except for Curcuma. 2012] SUMADIJAYA: Six years experiences on plant identification services in Herbarium Bogoriense 355 Shorea showed a significant increase in 2010, with more than 100 specimens. The genus was dominant family of Dipterocarpaceae (264 of 359 specimens, 73.53%). Two of the most frequent spe- cies, S. selanica Blume (66 specimens, 25%) and S. assamica Dyer (31 specimens, 11.7%) resulted in more than one third of the family. High demand of identification for this taxa were due to its high eco- nomic value. The remaining genera with less than 25 specimens were Dipterocarpus (24), Hopea (20), Vatica (18), Cotylelobium (13), Parashorea (6) and Anisoptera (3). Piper with 261 specimens was a significant com- ponent of Piperaceae (93.21%). More than half of Piper was P. betle L. (132 specimens, 47.14%). Three other genera, Heckeria, Pilea, and Pepero- mia, which only represented minor proportion. Specimens of Curcuma (199 specimens, 33.8%) was consisted of C. zanthorrhiza Roxb., C. zedoaria Roscoe, C. longa L., and C. mangga Valeton & Zipp. Zingiber (148 specimens, 25.2%) was con- sisted of Z officinale Roscoe, Z zerumbet (L.) Smith, and Z montanum (J. Konig) A. Dietr. Both genera dominated in Zingiberaceae were the next significant genera within 6 years. The detail is dis- cussed under species section. Garcinia was the largest genus (172 specimens, 59.1%) in Clusiaceae, with a total of 291 speci- mens. The next giant genus was Calophyllum (105 specimens, 36.1%) with the remaining (5.8%) dis- tributed in 4 genera (Clusia, Cratoxylon, Mammea, and Mesua). Some genera with significant number of species remained unidentified to the species level were Syzygium (65 specimens), Ficus (51 specimens), Calamus (34 specimens), and Dendrobium (21 specimens). Species Top ten species were Piper betle (132 speci- mens), Zingiber officinale (84 specimens), Phaleria macrocarpa (74 specimens), Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (72 specimens), Curcuma zanthorrhiza (69 specimens, with C. xanthorrhiza treated as synonym (Newman, et al. 2004)), Shorea selanica (66 speci- mens), Aloe barbadensis Mill. (65 specimens), Psidium guajava (57 specimens), Hibiscus sabdar- iffa L. (54 specimens), and Syzygium polyanthum Piper betle L [ Zngiberofinale Roscoe [ Phaleria irarocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl [ Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. [ Curcuma zanthormiz a Roxb. [ Shorea selanca Blume [ Alobe barbadense Mil [ Psidium guajava Lnn. [ SyzygumpolyanthumWa . [ Hibiscus sabrida L. [ 60 90 120 150 Fig. 9. Ten dominant species from 2005 to 2010 250 200 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 • forestry • biology • agriculture • Chemistry • medicine • pharmacy Fig. 10. Expertise from 32.63% of total clients. The majority were from the Pharmacy sector. 356 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13 (Wight) Masam (54 specimens), as shown in Figure 9. Real obstacles were faced in efforts to generate species patterns using customizable criteria. There was no single species with a cumulative number equal to, or greater than 8 specimens annually for 6 consecutive years. Species names tend to occur randomly. For example, P. betle presence was rec- orded in each year except in 2008. C. zedoaria, Z. officinale, A. barbadensis (with synonym A. vera (L.) Burm.f) occurs randomly for 4 years. Agera- tum conyzoides L., Andrographis paniculata Nees, Carica papaya L., Camelia chinensis Kuntze, Cen- tella asiatica (L.) Urb., Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl., P. guajava, and S. polyanthum occured in non-consecutive three years within six years period. No pattern was revealed on species level. There were 2 factors contributed to this result: relatively short time and the abundance of species name. Too many species names resulted in too few accumula- tion on each taxa. I assume longer periods com- bined with other customizable criteria, will reveals patterns at the species level. CONCLUSION Specimen pattern had not detected for short peri- od of time and too many species. However, for gen- era and families level, the data showed dynamic appearance in six year. It was assumed the data will reveal something more robust if collected compre- hensively for at least one decade. With more data, the dynamics will show the information with better resolution. Ten years data can be treated as first baseline for the next decade. The family Euphorbiaceae, the genus Ficus, and the species P. betle had shown up as the highest hit on three different levels. These temporary results can be explained by great diversity as well as signif- icant utilization in some species in Euphorbiaceae, many different species of Ficus, and intensive pro- jects in uncovering the savor of P. betle. Furthermore, the ID services can be used as one of the effort to add BO's the new plant collection since the materials originated from elsewhere in Indonesia. It is a smart way to save time, budget, and energy of BO's staffs, which only collect them during limited field work. Capacity building of human resources in BO should be directed to overcome challenges in partic- ular taxa. Along with time, the regeneration of identification skill become the main issue, since the senior parataxonomists will retire. To train young technicians to be professional parataxonomist, on the other hand, will take considerable time and energy to expand their expertise in plant identifica- tion. Focusing in the right facet, priorities should be directed toward families with significant propor- tions in ID services since they represented more frequent utilized taxa contact within society. On the other side, it will serve as general map to see the blank spot of the families expertise in the institu- tion. In the future, collaboration with other taxono- mists worldwide on relevant taxa is required to solve numerous problems. With cooperation, vari- ous analysis can reveal new pattern to discover something new. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author expresses his gratitude to Prof. Eko Ba- roto Walujo, the former Director of BO, for permission to use the data. Ms. Yayan helped with data input for the years of 2005 and 2006. Acknowledgement to Dr. Gilli- an Dean for invaluable positive criticism on structure and English language. Mr. Suhardjono and Ms. J.J. Afriastini provided positive criticism with respect to identification. The author also thank Dr. Teguh Triono, Dr. Joeni Setijo Rahajoe, and Ms. Lulut Dwi Sulistyaningsih for useful discussions and inputs. REFERENCES ANONYMOUS. 2003. Laporan tahunan Pusat Penelitian Biologi Tahun Anggaran 2002. Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI, Bogor. ANONYMOUS. 2009. Laporan tahunan Pusat Penelitian Biologi Tahun Anggaran 2008. Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI, Bogor. ANONYMOUS. 2010. Laporan tahunan Pusat Penelitian Biologi Tahun Anggaran 2009. Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI, Bogor. BRUMMITT, R. K. 1992. Vascular Plant Families and Genera. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew. HEYWOOD, V. H. 1993. Flowering Plants of the world. B.T. Batsford Ltd, London. HOLMGREN, P. K, HOLMGREN, N. H. & BARNETT, L. C. 1990. Index Herbariorum, Part I: The Herbaria of the World, 8th ed. New York Botani- cal Garden, New York. KENG, H. 1978. Orders and families of Malayan Seed plants. Singapore University Press. Singapore. MCNEILL, I, BARRIE, F. R., BURDET, H. M., DESMOULIN, V., HAWKSWORTH, D. L., MARHOLD, K., NICHOLSON, D. H., PRADO, I, SILVAP, C, SKOG, J. E., WIERSEMAJ. H. & TURLAND, N. J. 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code). Regnum Vegetabile 146. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG, Vienna. NEWMAN, M., LHUILLIER, A. & POULSEN, A. D. 2004. Blumea supplement 16. Checklist of Zingi- beraceae of Malesia. Nationaal Herbarium Nether- lands- Universiteit Leiden Branch, Leiden. PRASETYO, E. B. 2004. Laporan tahunan Pusat Penelitian Biologi Tahun Anggaran 2003. Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI. Bogor. INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS Reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology, and ethnobotany. Manuscript intended for a publication should be written in English represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. Every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. Two printed copies (on A4 paper) of the manuscript of not more than 200 pages together with an electronic copy prepared on Word Processor computer program using Time New Romance letter type and saved in Rich Text File must be submitted. For the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of Reinwardtia very closely. Title of the article should be followed by author's name and mailing address in one-paragraphed English abstract of not more than 250 words. Keywords should be given below each abstract. On a separated paper, author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. Taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. Strict adherence to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. English description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. Name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. Map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. Illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. On electronic copy, the illustration should be saved in jpg or gif format at least 350 pixels. Legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. Bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the Harvard system. REINWARDTIA Vol. 13. No. 4. 2012 CONTENTS Page SRI ENDARTI RAHAYU, TATIK CHIKMAWATI, KUSWATA KARTAWINATA & ALEX HARTANA. Morphology vs. taxonomy in the family Pandanaceae: a case study in the Javanese species 317 SRI RAHAYU. Hoya (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) diversity in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia 331 DEBY ARIFIANI, ADI BASUKRIADI & TATIK CHIKMAWATI. Newly described species of Endiandra (Lauraceae) from New Guinea 341 ALEX SUMADIJAYA. Six years experience on plant identification services: case study in Herbarium Bogoriense 347 BAYU ADJIE, AGUNG KURNIAWAN, NORIO SAHASHI & YASUYUKI WATANO. Dicksonia timorense (Diksoniaceae), a hemi-epiphytic new species of tree fern endemic on Timor Island, Indonesia ... 3 5 7 IAN M. TURNER. Nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of Indonesia 363 WITA WARDANI, ARIEF HIDAYAT & DEDY DARNAEDI. The new pteridophyte classification and se- quence employed in The Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) for Malesian ferns 367 DIAH SULISTIARTNI. The orchids genus Dilochia in Indonesia 379 DEDY DARNAEDI. Book review 389 Reinwardtia is a LIPI acredited Journal (258/AU 1/P2MBI/05/2010) Herbarium Bogoriense Botany Division Research Center for Biology - LIPI Cibinong, Indonesia depan img576_Page_3_Page_1 img576_Page_3_Page_2 438-639-1-SM_Page_12 belakang