SOME NOTES ON BOTHRIOCHLOA Kuntze REINWARDTIA Vol 12, Part 5, pp: 415 – 417 415 NOTES ON BOTHRIOCHLOA KUNTZE (GRAMINEAE: ANDROPOGONEAE) IN MALESIA Received December 3, 2008; accepted December 5, 2008 ALEX SUMADIJAYA Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia. E-mail: alexsumadijaya@gmail.com J.F. VELDKAMP National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Leiden University, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl ABSTRACT SUMADIJAYA, A. & VELDKAMP, J.F. 2009. Notes on Bothriochloa Kuntze (Gramineae: Andropogoneae) in Malesia. Reinwardtia 12(5): 415 – 417. — The note is preliminary part for studies of Bothriochloa Kuntze in Malesia. Special caution should be given to Bothriochloa intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus, now B. bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake, because of the variation, synonyms, and natural hybridization to generic level. Keyword: Bothriochloa, Dichanthium, Capillipedium, Malesia ABSTRAK SUMADIJAYA, A. & J.F. VELDKAMP. 2009. Catatan pada Botriochloa Kuntze (Gramineae: Andropogoneae) di Malesia. Reinwardtia 12(5): 415 – 417. — Tulisan ini mengenai studi awal Bothriochloa Kuntze di Malesia. Perhatian khusus diberikan kepada Bothriochloa intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus, sekarang adalah B. bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake, karena beragamnya variasi, sinonim, serta terjadinya kawin silang di alam hingga tingkat marga. Kata Kunci: Bothriochloa, Dichanthium, Capillipedium, Malesia INTRODUCTION Trinius (1832) recognized Andropogon L. sect. Amphilophis. Hackel (1883) regarded it as subgenus, and Nash (1901) elevated in to the generic level: Amphilophis (Hack.) Nash. However, this is a taxonomic synonym of Bothriochloa Kuntze (1891). At present, there are about 30 (Chen & Phillips, 2006) to 35 (Phillips, 1995) species world wide. Thirty four (http:// www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/sppindex.htm, ac- cessed on 10 September 2008) species are recognised in GrassBase-The Online World Grass Flora (Clayton et al.), and are distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas: 17 are accepted as native to the America, 13 native to Africa and Eurasia, and four native to Australia. Twenty-one species (the four additional ones are treated as species synonyms by Clayton et al.) are accepted as native to the Americas (Zuloaga et al., 2003). They often occupy open or partly shaded places (McIvor & Howden, 1992). Five, or perhaps six species have been recorded from Malesia (Jansen, MS.). Note that different authors may have used different names for the same species, making an account of the species most confusing! There are some local floras or checklists: Malay Peninsula and surrounding area: Ridley (1925) had 2 species in Amphilophis Nash: A. glabra (R. Br.) Stapf and A. pertusa (L.) Stapf. Gilliland (1971) mentioned these as B. intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus, which has numerous forms, and B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus, respectively. The first species is the only one in Singapore according to Duistermaat (2005) who used the presently correct name, B. bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake. Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands: Monod de Froideville (1968) mentioned three species: B. glabra (Roxb.) A. Camus subsp. haenkei (Presl) Henrard, B. modesta (Backer) Backer & Henrard, and B. pertusa in Java. From Timor, De Castro (1964) recorded B. glabra and B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus. Bothriochloa bladhii and B. ewartiana (Domin) C.E. Hubb. were later found there as well. Borneo: Merrill (1917) reported Andropogon intermedius R. Br. Philippines: Merrill (1923) mentioned Andro- pogon intermedius. The island of New Guinea: Henty (1969) cited B. intermedia, B. ischaemum (L.) Keng, and B. insculpta (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) A. Camus. mailto:veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/sppindex.htm http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/sppindex.htm REINWARDTIA [VOL.12 416 The Australian B. ewartiana has been found in the Lesser Sunda Islands (Sumbawa, Timor), the Philippines (Luzon), and Papua New Guinea (Madang) are apparently new records for Malesia. DISCUSSION Bothriochloa bladhii seems to occur about everywhere in the area. The plants are facul- tatively apomictic (http://www.tropical-forages. info/key/Forages/Media/accessHtml/Bothriochloa _bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm, accessed 1 December 2008), but Soreng (pers. comm. 2008) mentioned obligately apomictic due to all sterile anthers. Therefore populations actually are clones. As a whole the species is therefore very variable as is shown by its many synonyms (only basionyms alphabetically given here): Andropogon interme- dius, A. glaber Roxb., A. haenkei Presl, A. punc- tatus Roxb., Amphilophis glabra var. paupera Stapf ex Ridl., and Rhaphis stricta Nees in Hooker. The taxon is widely distributed over Tropical Africa and Asia. It is found in sunny and slightly sheltered grasslands, Imperata fields, on limestone, along roadsides, in teak forests, and in dry riverbeds, from 0–900 m. The former name B. intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus was well-chosen, but the name B. bladhii has priority. Occasionally, in the tetraploid stage, it hybridises with other species of Bothriochloa, Capillipedium Stapf, and Dichanthium Willemet, e.g. B. ewartiana, B. ischaemum, Capillipedium parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf, and Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. The hybrids are genetically isolated from each other in the diploid and hexaploid stage. Celarier & Harlan (1955) therefore recognized B. intermedia complex (now B. bladhii), consisting of B. caucasica (Trin.) C. E. Hubb., B. decipiens (Hack.) C.E. Hubb., B. intermedia itself, B. ischaemum, B. pertusa, and B. venusta (Thwaites) A. Camus. Because of hybridization and intermediacy, some have advocated merging Capillipedium into Bothriochloa (Ohwi, 1942). Others, De Wet & Harlan (1966) even included them in Dichanthium, but then Roberty (1960) recognized no less than 12 sections among which were Dichanthium sect. Amphilophis (Trin.) Roberty, Dichanthium sect. Bothriochloa (Kuntze) Roberty, and Dichanthium sect. Dichanthium. Bothriochloa ewartiana, basionym Andropo- gon ewartianus Domin. The presence of this Australian species of Bothriochloa seems to be new record for Malesia and was only found (as far as known) in four locations, in coastal grassy plains that apparently were not subjected to burning. Bothriochloa insculpta, basionym Andropo- gon insculptus Hochst. ex A. Rich. It is tentatively included here as it was introduced from Africa in a trial in Papua New Guinea, and no specimens have been reported since. Bothriochloa ischaemum, basionyms: Andro- pogon ischaemum L., Andropogon ischaemum var. fallax Hack. Its original distribution is from southern Europe to China. It occupies roadsides and disturbed areas, and used in erosion control and as forages. It was introduced in Malesia long ago: Central Java (Koorders 25277β on 1898), Timor (type of var. fallax and Cinatti 1962–52), New Guinea (Central Prov.). Bothriochloa modesta, basionym: Andropo- gon modestus Backer. It occurs exclusively in East Java, Madura, and Bali. It exists on dry and sunny grassland, along roads, on cliffs, riverbeds up to 400 m, and is locally abundant. Bothriochloa pertusa, basionym: Holcus pertusus L. It was originally distributed from South Africa to Burma (now Myanmar), and is introduced elsewhere. It is resistant to trampling, drought, and grazing. 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