A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT -SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY REINWARDTIA . Editors MIEN A. KIJS WAT A KARTAWINATA N. WULIJARNI-SOETJIPTO 1 Published by ' HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE LEMBAGA BIO-LOGI NASIONAL — LIPI BO.SOR, INDONESIA Eeinwardtia Vol. 9, Part 1, 1 —182 31 December 1974 10- ISSN 0(f34-365X REI NWARD T IA shed by Herbarium Bogoriense — LBN, Bogo Vol. 9, Part 1, pp. 1—69 CL974) A REVISION OF MALESIAN CAESALPINIA, INCLUDING MEZONEURON (LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPLNIACEAE) T. A. HATTINK B. A. Krukoff botanist of Mdleaian botany, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherlands SUMMARY This is the first taxonomic revision of this pantropical genus of prickly climbers for the area, the Solomons inclusive. It deals with 21 species, of which 19 ore native (dealt with over the whole of their area), and 2 are widely naturalized, viz C. pulckerrima and C. sappan. Also mentioned are 3 occasional introductions. Full descriptions are given, keys to the native and to the cultivated species, the complete synonymy and typification with all important later references. Many new deductions have been made, some from adjacent regions. New species are C. opptrsitifolia, from Borneo, with truly opposite leaves and C Bolomonewsis from the Solomons; new combinations are based on M. fwfuracewm. Prain, C. hymenocarpa based on M, hymeno- C. mindorevigiit based on M. •miTtdor^jtse Merr., C. pubeecens based on M. pubescens Desf., C. scorteckinii baaed on M. scortechinii F.v.M. from Queensland and now on record from New Guinea, the last one closely resembling C. brachycarpa, another new combination based on M. braehy- carpmn Benth, from New South Wales. No subdivisions of the genus are adopted or proposed. The long- standing nomenclatural confusion hetween C. bonduc, C. bonducella, C. cristrt, and C. major has been visualized in a diagram. Specimens of importance for the knowledge of the area have been cited. Extreme and intergrading specimens are discussed. Eeference is made to the main Indexes to all names and all specimens are given. ABSTRAK Di Maleaia dan kepulauan Solomon marge Caesalpinia diwakili oleh 21 jenis, 19 jenis di antaranya asli dan dua jenis lagi (C. puUherrima dan C. eappati) merupakan basil naturalisasi; tiga jenis yang kadang- kadang didatangkan disinggung juga. Dua jenis baru dan delapan kombinasi baru diusulkan untuk pertawa kali, dan beberapa jenis lagi diperlakukan sebagai ainonim jenis lainnya. Pertelaan lengkap, gambar- gambar, daftar sinonim, acuan tentajig nilai ekonomi masing-maaing jenis serta kunci detenninaai jenis-jenis asli serta jenis-jenis youg di- budidayakan disajikan pula. INTRODUCTION This revision was made aa a contribution to the Flora Malesiana, but as the family for that work is not expected to be completed before a few years hence, the descriptive parts are already published here. Since it is also a precursory study to that Flora, the regions adjacent to Malesia have also been taken into account, and several names from S.E. Asia have here been evaluated as well. As for the non native species, a clear difference can be made between the common ones C. pulcherrima and C. swppan, which were evidently introduced long ago, on the one hand, and a few occasional introductions on the other. All have been incorporated in the 'Key to the cultivated species' before the treatment of the species. The common species have been dealt with in the same style as the indigenous ones; the others have been mentioned in the key only. An effort has been made to evaluate all names ever used for Caesalpinia in the present circumscription in Malesia*). However, it would not be expedient to cite and correct the many misapplications of names. The Index to Specimens at the end will provide a detailed clue to most of the works in which material was cited. The most complicated case of nomenclatural confusion has been elucidated in figure 1. Type specimens have been cited with the names based on them and not again among the 'Specimens Examined' under the species. In the latter category altitudes have been given if this seemed informative, and fertility only if the date of collection was known. CHARACTERS AND THEIR TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE Most species of Caesalpinia are climbers or straggling shrubs, only a few species attain the It a b it of a small tree. One species, C. parviflora, usually is a climber, but a few old collections from Malaya were reported to be from small trees. A species can be recognized by its) flowers as well as by its fruits, but leaflets are usually necessary too. The hairs in Caesalpinia are simple and usually appressed, In C. bondzic and C. major occur on the pedicels and calyx sometimes also glandular hairs. Of the indigenous Malesisn species 49 types, from inside and outside Malesia, could be examined" 11 tvoes were loat or inaccessible The total number of names of sections, species, and infraspecific tuna evaluated in this study, amounts to 123. The total number of examined specimens is about 1640, the duplicates not reckoned. 1974] HATTINK: Malesian Caesalpinia The branchlets, as far as they have been collected, mostly are armed with recurved spines. In some species these are also inserted at the leaf base beside the stipules (see below). In C. bonduc and C. major also straight prickles occur; sometimes these prickles are very densely placed on the branches and the leaf rhachises. The prickles on the old stems may occur on top of corky knobs. Since those stems, or the older branches, are rarely collected, and the field notes about this are scarce, it is uncertain whether this occurs in all species. A few collections only consisting of stems with those knobs and no leaves present, could not be identified by me. The presence and the shape of the stipule s have some taxonomic importance, but they are not always available. Two species, C. sappan and C. latisiiiqua, have on either side of the leaf base a raised line, which may bo the scar of a stipule. In spite of the abundant material I could not find any field note about stipules on the living plant. In one Malesian species, C. oppositifolia, the stipules are interpetiolar. In the latter species the leaves are opposite, while they are alternate in all other Malesian species. The leaves are double-pinnate, a terminal pinna is present only in the introduced C. coriaria. In most apecies the rhachises are armed underneath; usually the prickles are recurved and inserted in pairs below the base of the pinnae and often also scattered ones occur. The length of the petiole varies, and no taxonomic value could be found. The pinnae are opposite, rarely the lowest two are subopposite. The distances between the pinnae decrease towards the top. Usually also the pinnae decrease in length towards the top, but in some species the pinnae in the middle are the longest. For the leaflets the presence of a stalk, the arrangement and the shape of the leaflets are characteristic, though not always specific. In some species the leaflets always are opposite, in a few species always alternate, but In most species both may occur, often even on one specimen. The siae of the leaflets usually is variable, often so with the number: the more leaflets, the smaller they are and conversely. Only in a few species is the number of leaflets per pinna of tasonomic importance. Often the terminal leaflets deviate in shape and size. In some species the leaflets are linear, usually the shape Is rectangular or elliptic. The inflorescences are racemose, axillary and terminal, often branched. In many species the upper, leaves fall off, giving the inflores- cence the appearance of a panicle, but then scars of the leaves are perceptible. In some C. latisiliqiia and C, sumatrana specimens the REINWARDTIA [VOL. D inflorescences are conspicuously thickened from the beginning. The bracts are usually early caducous, in some species they are wanting. Pedicels and flowers are of taxonomic importance, that is whether or not 1) the pedicels are jointed above the base, 2) the pedicels and flower buds arc hairy, 3) the standard is bilobed or entire, and smaller or longer than the other petals, 4) the flowers are unisexual or bisexual, 5) the ovary is hairy and also 6) the number of ovules. The flowers usually are bisexual. Two species have unisexual flowers: the female ones do have stamens, but the anthers contain no pollen; the male flowers have a rudimentary ovary. The racemes only have flowers of one sex, whether the whole plant is unisexual is uncertain. The colour of the flowers usually is yellow, in some species also combined with red. Sometimes the calyx is yellow too. In C. parviflora the flowers are sometimes whitish or greenish. The stamens are useless for identification, except in C. pulcherrima where the filaments are con- spicuously long, and in C. bondue and C. -major, where in female flowers the anthers contain no pollen. The filaments usually are hairy, except in C. swrnatrana where they often are glabrous. The anthers are glabrous, except in C. seorteckinii where they are villose. The width of the stigma ranges from as narrow as the style to much wider, the top of the style then being funnel-shaped. The stigma is never peltate, as it is in the allied genus Peltophorum. The fruit is a good means to distinguish the species, but not always diagnostic. For C. furfuracea this is difficult, as most fruiting specimens are leafless, and the pods are very similar to those of C. andamanica. Prom two species, C. parviflora and C. oppositifolia I saw ripe pods detached only; the pods and their seeds are similar and may have been mixed up. In winged fruits the wing usually runs along the whole length, but sometimes begins up to 1 cm above the base. The top also is often variable; the wing may end up to y° cm below the top or the top may be hooked. In the latter case the wing goes further than the top and is curved to the seed bearing part. For possibilities within one species, see fig. 6. TAXONOMY In the genus Caesalpinia occur many different types of pods. The first one to remark this was De Candolle, he also was the first to divide Caesalpinia into sections on account of the fruits. Two of his four sections contain Malesian species: sect. Nugaria (with our C. arista) and sect. Sappania (with C. sappan and C. digyna). Bentham & Hooker I974] a Maleeian Caeaalpii (186S) divided Caesalpinia into 10 sections; in Malesia occur only species of the sections Nugaria DC, Guilandina (L., genus), Sappania DC., Caesalpinaria B. & H. (with the introduced C. pulcherrima only) and Cinclidocarpus (Zollinger, genus). In the latter section they also placed C. digyna, which De Candolle had in sect. Sappania. Bentham's sections were adopted by Taubert (1894). Baker (1878) divided Caesalpinia into 3 subgenera: Guilandina, Eucaesalpinia, and Cinclidocarpus. The genus Mezoneuron was divided by Miquel (1855) into a subgenus Tubicalyx, and another one, left unnamed. Baker divided the genus in * Eumezoneuron and *f Tubicalyx; Taubert established these as sections. As in this paper only the Malesian species are revised, representing only a part of the whole diversity of the genus, I refrained from subdividing Caesalpinia. The genus Mezoneuron was only differentiated from Caesalpinia. on the pods, which in the former were taken to be winged along the dorsal suture, and in the latter were wingless. However, C. decapetala often bears a narrow dorsal wing on the pod. The pods of the Linnaean genus Guilandina (where our C. bondua was placed) are spiny; in those of C. digyna the sutures are thickened, and there is a great variety in pod dehiscence, yet these are all reckoned to Caesalpinia, In the latter as well as in Mezoneuron the fruits display quite a variety of shape, and the number of seeds ranges from 1 to about 12 in both. In both Caesalpinia and 'Mezoneuron' also trees occur, e.g. C. sappan and C. kavaiensis Mann (in Proc. Am. Ac. Arts S c : 164. 1866, and was referred to Mezoneuron by Hillebrand in 1888). Mezoneuron sinense Hemsl.*) in J- Linn. Soc. 23: 204. 1887, from China, is in foliage, flowers, and pods very near C. nuga (our C. crista) but the pods of the former are narrowly winged on the dorsal suture. Prain (in J. As. Soc. Beng. ii 66: 470. 1897) tentatively suggested to move C- nucja out of Caesalpinia and to put it together with Mezoneuron sinense in a new genus, 'Nugaria'. Mezoneuron seorteckinii resembles a Caesalpinia, notably C. crista, as for the flowers, and M. brachyearpum Eenth., Fl. Austr. 2: 278. 1864, as for the leaves and fruits. Roth species are also intermediate between the two genera in having the pod being comparatively much broader and the valves of the pod much thicker than in other species attributed to Mezoneuron. Remarkable is that the pods of M. scortechinn are dehiscent, and in the herbarium have lost their wing: dehiscence •) Of C. chmensh Roxb. [Hort. Bcng.; S2. 1814, nomen] Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 3: 381. 1832, from China, I have not seen the type, but it cannot be the same species. R E I N W A B D T I A [VOL. 9 e — e 1 1 1 II s s s £ "LJ J L J L " s * - 5 C u ei /£), 1—6'/̂ by V2—3 cm, base rounded, top rounded to acute, rarely acuminate, mucronate, margins curved, nerves prominent, surfaces dulU; hairy, rarely glabrous. Racemes supra-axillary and inserted up te 2 cm above the leaf axil and often serial, as well as terminal, often branched, up to 30—60 cm in all, in the lower part often set with short, straight prickles, all parts densely hairy; bracts caducous, exceeding the topmost flowers when they are in bud for 1—5 mm, lanceolate, 8—15 by ca 1 mm, bristle pointed; pedicels 2—6 mm, jointed i/ij—1 mm below the top. Flowers in 3 or 5 racemes (the 1 flowers seemingly bisexual but REINWARDTIA [VOL. 0 1974] HATTINK: Malesian Caesalpinia anthers functionless), buds ovoid, pubescent; receptacle ca 1 ram long, 3 mm wide; sepals almost equal, reflexed during anthesis, 7—10 by i—6 mm, on their margins often glandular hairs, the lowest one somewhat boatshaped. Petals not or slightly exceeding the sepals; standard: claw ca 3 by 1 mm, densely hairy on both sides, limb 4—7 hf 3 mm, reflexed, glabrous or with a few hairs; the other 4 petals ca 7 by 2 mm, spathulate, in the basal part and on the outer side hairy, sometimes cihate. Stamens: filament nearly straight, hairy in the basal part, in S Sowers the filament ca 6—10 mm, anther ca 1% by ^ mm; in e flowers the filament ca 5 mm, anther ca 1 by % mm, without pollen. PMil in a flowers ca 7 _ s by 2 mm, hairy; ovary ca 3 by 2 mm, 1 mm stalked, densely set with ca V2 mm long spines, ovules 2; style ca 3 mm, hairy, stigma ciliate; pistil in i flowers rudimentary, ca 1 mm long, hairy. In fruit the pedicel ca y*—lVz cm, in section round, at the base 2—4 mm 0 towards the top the thickest and there ca 4—7 mm 0, more or less ligneous; pod ca y2 cm stalked above the receptacle, at maturity in the dried state swollen, dehiscent, ca iy2—2 times as long as wide, 6^—9 by rf'/g—4y3 cm, base acute, top rounded, style-remnant to 8 mm long, surf aces more or less densely set with 5—10 mm long spines, surfaces and bristles hairy. Seeds 1 - 2 , ovoid to globular, 1 5 - 2 0 mm long, smooth grey (greenish- grey when unripe) with parallel lines concentric with the hilum which is brown and often has a minute rejecting point of the fumcle; albumen """"DISTRIBUTION: Pantropic. In Malesia in all parts, but distinctly scarce in the rain forest areas in Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines and western New Guinea. — Fig. 3. ECOLOGY: The ecological amplitude of this species seems not quite even over its whole area. While it is often coastal, it may also occur inland, in secondary forests, and in eastern parts of Malesia it may ascend to about 850 m. There seems to be a preference for a seasonal climate. A periodicity was not found, often flowers and fruits occur together. A record of B.L. Turner s.n. (BM!) from 9000 - 10200 ft on Mt Obree in Papua anno 1918 seems apoeryphous. U S E S : Burkill (1966) says (under C. jayabo and C- crista) that the seeds are used for stomach troubles etc. and the leaves for tapeworms. See also Watt, Diet. Ec. Prod. Ind. 2: 3. 1889; Comm, Prod. Ind.; 190. 1908 (both under C. bonducella), and Heyne, Nutt. Pi. 3rd ed. I: 751. 1950 (under C. crista and C. jayabo). NOTES: 1. Compilation of field data: calyx green, petals yellow, standard tinged with red or orange, filaments and style pale green, anthers brown, stigma pale yellow; fruits green. 2. The long-standing confusion between the species here called Caesalpinia bondue and C. major (explained in fig. 1) goes back to an unfortunate segregation by Linnaeus of his pre-1753 materials. The 20 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 3 1974] HATTINK: Malesian Caesalpinia illegitimate name C. bmiducella has by subsequent authors rather consis- tently been applied to the former. The name C. bondue, however, got misapplied in different ways. The nomenclature has been commented on by Urban (Symh. Antili. 2: 269. 1900) who interpreted this species as C. ciista L. 1753. Dandy & Exell had another opinion, which we follow here. Differences between C. bondue and C. bonducella (our C. "major and C. bondue) on account of their seeds are given by Petch in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Perad. 9: 299-305. 1924. 3. The above description rests on Malesian material only and comprises but part of the whole diversity. For descriptions covering other parts of the world, see for South America: Fawcett & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 4: 93, fig. 1920 (under C. bonducella), Britton & Wilson, Sc. Siirv. Porto Rico Virg. Isl. 5: 378. 1924 (under Guilandma crista), Pulle, Fl. Suriname 2, 2: 86. 1939, Gooding, Loveless & Proctor, Fl. Barbados: 175. 1965; for Africa: Wilczek in Fi. Cong. Belg. Ruanda Urundl 3: 250. 1052, Erenan in Fl. Trop. E. Afr. Leg. 2 Caes.: 37. 1967, Aubreville, Fl. Cameroun 9: 310. 1970. 4. In specimens from the rain forests in New Guinea (e.g. Forbes 112, type of G. sogerensis, Heyligers 13S7, Pullen 6611, Tippett U.P.N.G. 361) the branchlets and leaf rhachises are often pubescent and densely set with 5—10 mm long straight pubescent spines. Plants were found which integrade with the scarcely spiny ones from the beach habitats (e.g. LAE 51582 and Brass 22052, both from the rain forests, the branches of the latter being unarmed (LAS!) to slightly armed (L! A!) but less as the branches of NGF 38078, from the beach). 5. Many collections consist of racemes with male flowers and detached fruits. Whether these are taken from one plant or from two different ones, is uncertain; see Petch, I.e.: 304. 6. One specimen (NGF iS527) is inscribed: myremecophilous at nodes. 7. One collection, SF 2i962 from Malaya, Johore, Pulau Plandok, VI. 1931, has seeds which are black, without concentric lines and somewhat intruded like those of C. xolomonensis. 3. CAESALPINIA CRISTA L. — Fig. 4/8. Caesalpinia crista L., Sp. PL: 380. 1753; Skeels in Science n.s. 37; 922. ISIS; Dandy & Exell in J. Bot. 76: 179. 1938; Bock. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1: 545. 1SB4. — Lectotype (Dandy & Exell's choice): hb. Hermann "vol. 1: fol. 68 (BM!), from Ceylon. GuUandina naga L., Sp. PI. 2nd. ed.: 546. 1762; Lam., Eneycl. M£th. I: 434. 1785; Willd., Sp. PI. 2: 635. 1799. - Ticanta nuga (L.) Medik., Theod. Spec: 52. 17S6. - C. wu$a (L.) Ait., Hort. Kew. 2nd ed. 3: 32. 1811; Benth., Fl. Hongk.: 97. 1861; Kura, For. Fl. Burma 1: 405. 1877; Baker in Hook, f., Fl. Br. Ind. 2: 255. 18781 Trim., Fl. Ceyl. 2: 99. 1894; Prain m J. As. Son. Beng. ii 66: 2S7, 470. 1897; Merr. in Philip. J. Sc. 5: Bot. Si. 1810; Back., Sehoolfl.: 401. 1911; Koord., Exk. Fl. Java 2: 371. 1912; Gagn. m Fl. Gtn. I . - C . 2: 181. 1913; Merc., Int. Rumph.: 261. 1917; Sp. Blanc: 176. 1918; Gamble, PI. Pres. Madras 1: 394. 1919; Rid]., Fl. Mai. Pen. 1: 650. 1922; Merr., Comm. Lour.: 190. 1935; Bor & Kaizada in J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 46: 1, fie. 5. 1946. - Type: Nitj/oe silvaram Rumph., Herb. Arab. 5: t. 50. 1747, from Ambon, fl. fr. Genista icandew Lour., Fl. Codiinch.: 428, 1790. — Bv.Ua laureirii SprenK., Syet. Veg. 3: 186. 1826; according to Merr., Comm. Lour.: 191. 1935. — Type: (n.v.) from Cochmchina. Guilandma paniculate Lam., Eneycl. Meth. 1: 434. 1785; Willd., Sp. PI. 2: 535. 1799. - C. paniculata, (Lam.) RoxK, Hort. Eeng.: 32. 1814; DC, Prod. 2: 481. 1825; Rosb., Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey) 2: 364. 1832; W .& A., Prod.: 281. 1834; Wight, Ic. 1: t. 36. 1840. - Type: Kaka MvUu, vel Kaka Moullou (in caption Kaka mullu) Kheede, Hort. Mai. 6: t. 19. 168fi, Irom India, Malabar, fl. fr. Caeialpinia laevigata Perr. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paria 3: 104. 1824. - Type: PerrotUt (n.T.) from the Philippines. Caesalpinia ecandens Heyne ex Both, Nov. PI. Sp.: 209. 1821; DC, Prod. 2: 464. 1825. - Type: Heync s.n. (BM! holo; K!), from Ind. Or., fl. fr. Liana up to 15 m, in all vegetative parts glahrous. Branchlets glossy, hlaek, more or less armed with recurved prickles. Stipules wanting-. Leaves: rhachis 10—30 cm; prickles sometimes absent, recurved, at the hase of the pinnae and scattered ones in between; pinnae 2—4 (—5) pairs, 2^—8 (—12) cm, often armed. Leaflets opposite, 2—3 (—5) pairs, 2—4 mm stalked; blade coriaceous, widest at the middle, index 2—21/j, 2—10 by 1—5 cm, hase acute, subequal, top acute to obtuse, sometimea acuminate or rounded, margins curved, nerves prominent, surfaces above shining, below dull. Racemes axillary and terminal, combined into a 20—40 cm long panicle, short-hairy when young; bracts very early caducous, ca 1 mm long; pedicels 7—15 mm, jointed ca 1 mm below the top. Flower buds glabrous; receptacle oblique, ca 2 mm long, 5 mm wide; sepals: the lowest one cucullate, ca 8 by 4 mm, glabrous, the others 6—8 hy 2—3 mm, reflexed during anthesis, ciliate. Petals spreading; standard: claw ca 5 by 2 mm, hairy, limh siihorhicular, ca 5 mm 0. reflexed, glabrous, margins incurved; the other 4 petals: claw ca 1 by % mm, limb widest below the middle, 7—9 by 4 mm. Stamens: filament ea 10 mm, woolly to over the middle; anther ca 1% by 1 mm. Pistil ca 12 mm long, hairy to glabrous; ovary ca 1 mm stalked, ca 2—3 by 2 mm, ovules 1—2 (—3); style ca 10 mm, stigma somewhat wider as the style, ciliate. In fiii.it the pedicel as long as in the flower, receptacle shed, the remnant ca 3 mm Wide; pod 2—6 mm stalked above the receptacle, when ripe somewhat swollen, indehiscent, ca 1—2 times as long as wide, 4—7 by 2*4—BYs em, base cuneate, top obtuae to acute, beaked at the upper angle or at the top. REINWARDTIA [VOL. 1S74] Malesian Caesalpinia Seeds 1, rarely 2, orbicular to ovoid to reniform in outline, flat, ca 2—2>/2 by Vfo—2 by 1/2—1 cm, when dried black; albumen none. DISTRIBUTION : Coastal parts of SE. Asia from India to the Ryukyu Is., Australia (Queensland, New Caledonia); in Malesia in all parts, except E. Sumatra and E. Borneo. ECOLOGY : River banks, on sandy beaches, in and behind mangroves (but then only on the sandy parts), chalk rocks and limestone; at low altitude, rarely up to 350 m. A periodicity was not found. NOTES: 1. Compilation of field data: bark grey-brown; flowers fragrant, petals yellow, standard red or with red veins, anthers orange; fruits green, dark brown to black when ripe, may float on the water. 2. The confusion about the nomenclature of this species is explained in fig. 1. The nomenclature has been commented on by Dandy & Exell in J. Bot. 76: 175 -176, 179. 1938. Out of the references under C. arista L. 1753 they chose the only specimen of our species, the other references being our C. bondiie. Urban (Symb. Antill. 2: 269. 1900) used C. crista for our C. bonduc. 3. For interpretations of Caesalpinia (Gmlandina) axillaris see under Doubtful Species. 4. Resembles C. stenoptera in foliage. See under 18. C. seortechinii, note 3. 4. CAESALPINIA CUCULLATA Koxb. Caesalpinia cucullatti Roxb. [Hort. Ben?.: 32. 1814, nomeii; Wall., Cat. K. 5828. 1831-32, nomen], PL Ind. (ect. Carey) 2: 358. 1832. — Mezenearon cucttllatnm (Koxb.) W.&A., Prod.: 283. 1834; Dalz. & Gibson, Bomb. Fl.: 80. 1861; Brandis, For. PI. NW. & C. India: 155. 1874; Kurz, For. PL Burma 1: 409. 1877; Baker in Hook, f, FI. Br. Ind. 2: 258. 1878; Prain in J. Aa. Soe. Beng. ii 66: 232. 1897; Brandis, Ind. Tr.: 247. 1S06; Talbot, For. Fl. Bomb. Pres. Sind 1: 443. 1909; Merr. in Philip. J. Sc. 5: Bot. 56. lfllO; Back., SchooIfL: 306. 1911; Gagn. in PI. G4n. I . - C . 2: 197. 1913; Gamble, PL Pres. Madras 1: 395. 1919; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enura. I: 499. 1928; Kanj. & Das, FI. Assam 2: 123. 1938; Back. & Bakh, f., Fl. Java I! 546. 1964. — Type: W. Carey (see note) from India, "Delta of the Ganges, by him introduced into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where it blossoms in February and March." Mezonearon macrophyllum BI. ex Miq., FI. Ind. Bat. 1, 1: 104. 1855; Koord., Eik. Fl. Java 3: 372. 1912. - Type: Blame [91007] (L!), from Java, fl. Mezoneuron cucuUaiwrn, (ROT*.) W. & A. var. grandis Heyne ex Baker in Hook, f., Fl. Br. Ind. 2: 258. 1878. [- C. grandis Heyne ex Wall., Cat. «. 5830. 1831-33, vamen.] - Type: hb. WaUich n. SSSO B (K!), from India, Madras. Mezoneuron aiatllahim (Eovb.) W. & A. var. mbuetum Craib, FI. Siam. Enum. 1; 499. 1S2S. — Type: Ken- 10U7B pecta in the test, 1 and S bdng similar, 20 being var.abl REINWARDTIA [V0t,. Caesalpinia sepiaria Roxb. [Hoit. Beng.: 32. 1814, women], Fl. lid. (ed. Carey) 2: 360. 1832; W. & A., Prod.: 282. 1834; Wight, Ic. 1: t. 37. 1840; Miq., F). lnd. B a t 1, 1: 109. 1855; Kun, For. Fl. Burma 1: 406. 1877; Baker in Hook, f., FI. Br. lnd. 2: 256. 1878; Trim., Fl. Ceyl. 2: 100. 1894; Prain in J. As. Soe. Beng. ii 66: 329. 1897; Brandis, lnd. Tr.: 246, fig. 1906; Talbot, For. F!. Bomb. Pves. Sind 1: 440. 1909; Mcrr. in Philip. J. Sc. 5: Bot. S5. 1910; Back., Sehoolfl.: 309. 1911; Koord, Exk. Fl. Java 2: 371. 1912; Gagn. in. Fl. Gen. I. - C. 2: 180. 1913; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 1: 3(14. 1919; Rock, Leg. PI. Hawaii: 102, fhotogr., 105. 1920; Eidl., Fl. Mai. Pen. 1: 650. 1932; Bor & Raiiada in I. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 46: 9, t. I, 2, fig. 5, 1946. — Biancaea zcandens Todaro, Nuev. Gen. Sp. Pi.: 32. 1858. — Biancaen. sepiaria Todaro, Hort. Bot. Panorm.: 3. 1876-78. - Type: Roxburgh (? holo; BM!; K! iso in hb. Wallich 583&A), from India, fl. fr. Caesalpinia japonica Sieb. & Zucc. ™ Abh. K. Ak. Wiss. Munchen IV 2: 117. 1845. — C'sepiaria Roxb. var. japonica (Sieb. & Ziiec.) Gagn. in Fl. Gen. I. - C. 2: 180. 1913. — Type; Siebold & Zuecanini (LE), from Japan. Caesalpinia benguelensis Elmer m Leaf I. Philip. Bot. 1: 226. 1307. — Mezoneuron in Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1: 362. 1907. — Type: Elmer 87SO i the Philippines, Luzon, Benguet prov., Baguio, fl. fr. benguetense (Elmer) El (BO1 K! L! PNHf), fro III. 1907. Caesalpinia ferox Hi '•); lnd. Sem. Hort. Amst. 1841 (not seen, Cat. Hort. Bog.: 235. 1844, descr-; PI. Jav. Ear.: 40C. 1848. - Type: not Keen, probably a living plant in Hort. Bog, Climber or shrub, up to 25 m, young parts densely brown hairy. Brancklets dull, glabrescent, more or less set with recurved prickles to S mm long. Stipules subpersistent, obliquely ovate-semi cordate, 8—IS by 4—7 mm, acuminate, hairy. Leaves: rhachis 7—38 cm, hairy; prickles sometimes absent, mostly in pairs at the base of the pinnae, often scattered ones in between; pinnae 3—10 pairs, 2 ^ — 7 cm, hairy, often armed. Leaflets opposite, 5—12 pairs per pinna, y%—1 mm stalked, membranous, widest at the middle, the highest pair above the middle, more or leas asymmetrical, index 2—3,12—22 by 4—11 mm, base rounded, top truncate to retuse, surfaces when dried dull, appressed short-hairy, rarely glabrous. Racemes axillary and then serial, as well as terminal, 15—32 cm long, hairy, often bearing 1 or 2 leaves; bracts caducous, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, 4—8 by 2—2ty2 mm, pubescent; pedicels 15—30 (—S5) mm, pubescent, joint (sometimes invisible) 1—3 mm below the top. Flower buds first almost globose, eventually ovoid, hairy, all parts punctate (secretory cavities); receptacle oblique, 2 mm long, 5—10 mm wide; lowest sepal slightly cucullate, 8—10 by 3—4 mm, the others 6—8 by 3—4 mm, reflexed during smthesis. Petals spreading, standard; claw 4—6 by 1—2 mm, hairy, limb suborbicular, 5—7 mm 0, reflexed, the other 4 petals ca y» mm clawed, limb obrhomboid, ca 6—10 by 4—8 mm. Stamens exserted; filament 10—15 mm, woolly to over the middle, the upper median one leas hairy; anther l'^—2 by %,—1 mm, glabrous. Pistil ca 17 mm; ovary 4—5 by 1—1̂ 2 mm, hairy or glabrous, ovules 8—10; style 8—9 mm, glabrous, stigma ca % mm 0. In fruit the pedicel as long as in the flower, ligneous; receptacle-remnant 4—6 mm wide; pod subsessile, dehiscent, ligneous, 3—4 times as long as wide, 6^—-11 1974] HATTINK: Mahsian Caesalpivia 37 by 214—3 cm, sometimes on the dorsal side up to 3 mm wide longitudinally winged, base rounded, top rounded, the upper suture prolonged in a sharp beak, style-remnant up to 15 mm, margins parallel, surfaces often pro- minently nerved, exocarp and endocarn easily to be separated. Seeds 4—9, ellipsoid in outline and also in section, 8—12 by 6—8 by 3—4 mm, black, dull; albumen none. DISTRIBUTION: India (Himalaya, Deccan), Ceylon, Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), China (Anhwei, Hong Kong), Upper Burma, Pacific (Tahiti, wild?, Oaliu, wild?), also cultivated in other tropical countries and then run wild; in Malesia: Sumatra (northern half), Malaya (Penang), Java, Lesser Sunda Islands (Lombok, Flores, Timor), Philip- pines (Luzon), SW- Celebes. Unconfirmed: Indo-Chinese peninsula. INDIA, hb. Wallich S»«D, E, F, all f l , /, fl. fr., Wight SS8, fl. D e c c a n : Bombay area: Gorakhpur, Panigrahi 10615, fl. 25.11.1866. NilgM Mts, Hohenacher USB. Bot. Garden, hb. Wallich 5SS4B. fl. 20.1.1815. Nff, H i m a l a y a : Daursan, Y50 m, Watt STS1. Kumaon, 2100 m, BSI S555S N.C. Nai-r, fl. 23.IV.1965. Near Dehra Dun, Zuteki e.n. = PR! HS7HO, fl. 2. IV. 1828. N e p a l : 1000—2100 m, 6 coll. B e n g a l : reg. trop. Hooker f. & Thomson LDH 977. A s s a m : Manipur, 900 m. Bullock 959, fl. 2S. II. 1846. Sylhet distr., hb. Wallich S8S&C, fr. XII. 1823. CEYLON. Thwaites 278i, fl. JAPAN. H o n d o : Minomo in Settsu, M. Togasi NSM its (distr. by TNS), fl. 1.VII.1952, also S h i k o k u and K y u s h u . CHINA. A n h w e i p r o v . : Tien Chu Shan, Chien Shan Hsien, a: 32°N 117-E, C.S. Fan & U 57, fr. 12. VI. 1936. H o n g K o n g : 1200 m, Tsui S7S. fr. 24, 26. IV. 1932. H a i n a n : Yaichow, 240 m, F.C. How 7O8A0, fl. 1933. BURMA. U p p e r B.: Abdul Hvk s.n, fl. 7.X.1890. SUMATHA. N o r t h : about 900-1350 m, 12 coll. W e s t C o a s t : Korthale, fl. Pajakumbuh, 500 ra, W. Meyer, fl. 14. VIII. 1957. MALAYA. P e n a n g : Govt. Hill. 750 m, Curt/a SB5, one sheet fl. VIII. 1885, one sheet fl., detached fr. X. 1880. JAVA. W e s t to E a s t : from sea level at Tandjung Friok, Blume, st. IV,- to ± 1700 m on Mt Sindoro, horsing 2ZI, fr. 2. II. 1812, 28 coll. in all, mostly montane. LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS. L o m b o k : 1200 m, Rensch H7, fl. 30. III. 1927. F l o r e s : per. Ruteng, 1000-1200 m. Verheijen + « , fl., tel/2, fr. 2S. V. 1863. T i m o r : South central part, 1100 m, Walsh 806, fl. 2I.V.192B; &10 ra, Walsh, ilk, fl. fr. 2. V. 1829. PHILIPPINES. L u z o n : Benguet prov.: 5 coll. (± 1300 m). Cagaysn prov., 8S 17531 Clemens, fl. IV. 1627. Manila, Vidal y S. &$%, fr. CELEBES. S o u t h w e s t p e n . : Ranto Leroo, 1400 m, Kjellberg 4082, fr. 2. IV. Ifl29. I.oka Bonthain, Teijsmnnn 13753 HB, st. PACIFIC. T a h i t i : M. Vesco s.n. hi). Hasskarl, fl. 1847. O a h u ; Kailua, Fosherg & Oliveira 10760, f!. 12. XII. 1935. ECOLOGY: Open grasslands, scrub, forest fringes and edges of belukar on mountains between 1000 and 1700 m {-2000 ni in Nepal), at lower altitude in China, Indo-China and Japan, in Malesia also cultivated at low altitude and there run wild. Seems to prefer a dry soil. REINWARDTIA [VOL. S 1974] HATTINK: Malesian Caesalpinia: USES; Used for the impenetrable hedges it forma. NOTES: 1. Compilation of field data: flowers yellow, sometimes dark red, standard with red veins or dots, anthers violet or red. 2. The foliage resembles that of C. -pubescens, the latter having short stipules and often alternate leaflets. 3. The wing on the pod is the widest in specimens from China. A glabrous ovary only occurs in Inrio-China, China and Japan. 6. CAESALPINIA DIGYNA Rottl. — Fig. 4/6. Caesalpmia digyna RottL i». Ges. Naturf. F r . Berl. Neue Sehr. 4: 200, t. 3. 1803; D C , Prod. 2: 482. 182E; G. Don, Gen. Syat. 2: 431. 1832; W. & A.. Prod.: 281. 1834; Kurz, For. F1. Burma 1: 407. 1877; Baker in Hook, f., PI. Br. Jnd. 2: 256. 1878; Trim., Fl. Ceyl. 2: 100, 1884; Prain in J. As. Soc. Beng. ii 66: 231. 1897; Gagn. in Fi. Gen. I. - C. 2: 182. 1913; Gamble, Fl. Prea. Madras 1: 394. IBID; Rid!., Fl. Mai. Pen. 1: 651. 1322; Craib, Fl. Siam. Emim. 1: 501. 1928; Kanj. £ Das, Fl. Assam i: 121. 1938; Bor & Raizada w J. Bomb, Nat. Hiat. Soc. 46: 10, fig. G, 194G; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1: 546. 1964. - Type: Rattler s.n. ( B t K ! ) , from [S. India] Mannelon, fl. fr. 9. X. 1799. Caesalpinia oleosperma Eoxb. [Hort. Bong.: 32. 1814, H M M ] , Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey) %: 357. 1832. - Type: Roxburgh (u.w.1, from India. Cttesatptnia gracilie Miq., F l . Ind. Bat. 1, 1: 110. 1855; Back., Schoolfl.: 401 1911. - Type: Horsfield 1SS (BM!; K! holo), from Java, ft. fr. Climber or scandent shrub or small tree, up to 10 m, young parts densely rusty-brown hairy. Branchlets mostly glossy, occasionally lenti- cellate, when dried dark purplish, slightly pilose or glabrous; prickles recurved, 4—5 mm long. Stipules caducous, subulate, to 3 mm long, slightly liairy. Leaves: rhachfs 17—23 cm; prickles in pairs at the base of the pinnae, recurved, 1—3 mm long-, with occasionally smaller ones in between; pinnae 8—13 pairs, 4—5 cm, unarmed. Leaflets opposite, 9—12 pairs per pinna, subsessile, membranous, closely placed, often overlapping-, index 2^/>—ZVs, 5—11 by 2*4—4V£ mm, base oblique-truncate, top truncate or notched, margins parallel, lateral nerves obscure, surfaces when dried above dull dark greenish, below dull grevish and in some specimens densely pitted, on both sides appressed short-hairy. Racemes axillary and terminal, combined into a panicle of 30—40 em long in all, the single racemes 18—30 cm, sometimes with a single branch, glabrous or hairy like the branchlets, with a few prickles in the basal p a r t ; bracts caducous, somewhat boat-shaped, 4 by 0.4 mm, hairy; pedicels spreading1, slender, 11A—2% cm, glabrous or with a few hairs, above the base not jointed. Flowers in all parts punctate (secretory cavities), buds glabrous; receptacle oblique, shallowly cup-shaped, 1—2 mm long, 6—7 mm wide; the lowest sepal 6—8 by 4—5 ram, the others 3—5 by 2—3 mm. Petals spreading, standard (including the claw) ca 5 by 3 mm, boat-shaped, claw 2 by 1 mm with hairy margins, limb suborbicular, with a group of woolly hairs in the transitional zone between the claw and the limb, otherwise glabrous, the other 4 petals with a very short claw, which is 3 . in the upper pair often along the margins hairy, limb orbicular, 6—8 mm 0, glabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate. Stamens slightly esserted, filament ca 12 mm, woolly over more than half the length, the 2 median ones less hairy; anther IV2 by 0.7 mm, glabrous or with a few hairs. Pistil glabrous or silky-hairy along the ovarial sutures; ovary 3—4 by 1 mm, ovules 2—4; style 6—8 mm, glabrous, stigma 0.3 mm wide, short-hairy along the margin. In fruit the pedicel as long as in the flower, receptacle persistent, ca 1—2 mm long, ca 7 mm wide; pod indehiscent, 1^_2V2 times as long as wide, 3—5 by l'/a—2 cm, glabrous, base rounded, top obtuse, short-beaked, both sutures thickened, often constricted between the seeds, exocarp strongly adnate. Seeds 1—3 (—4), subglobose, ca 10—12 mm 0, dark brown, testa very hard; albumen none. DISTRIBUTION: India (Nepal, Bengal, Madras), Ceylon, Burma, Indo- China (Laos, Annam, Cochin-China), Thailand (N., E . ) ; in Malesia: Sumatra (Palembang), NW. Malaya, Java (Central, East; also Madura and Kangean Is.), Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali). INDIA. Not further located: 9 coll.- N e p a l : Dhnran, 26°">0'N 87'SO'E, Williams & Stainton 855S, fl. 22. IX. 1067. B e n g a l : Chittagong hill tracts, Kmg's coll eO7. Djanipur distr., hb, WaUhh SSsoB, fl. fr. 6. III. 180ft. CEYLON. Beddome 9.1,90, Thwaitea 1527. B U R M A . U p p e r B , : Abdul Hub * . « . , f l , 7 . X . 1 8 9 0 . T e i a s s e r i m : Moulmein, Falconer 56$. I N D O - C H I N A . L a o s : SaYOnnakhet, Poilane ssOAl, fl. 1 3 . X . 16B8. L u a n g - p r a b a n g , Poikme 20211, f r . 28.11.1932. A n n a m : p r o v . N h a t r a n g , Poilanv BJ&l, f r . 22.1.192B; Evrard ',67. C o c h i n - C h i n a : Thorvl sr,2; n e a r S a i g o n , Pierre 21S. T H A I L A N D . N o r t h : C h i a n g Mai a r e a , ca 1S°N 8 9 " E , 300 m, Kerr SOU, fl. if. 12. I X . 1909; 200 m, Kerr isee, fr. 28. X I . 1920. E a s t : N a k a w n R a c h a s i m a , ca 200 ra, ca 1 5 ° N 1 0 2 ° E , HKF 23769 = Smitinand iSCl, f l . E.IX.1958. S o u t h of t h i s l i n e : 13 coll. S U M A T R A . P a l o m b a n g : d e Voogd Z$2, fl. 1 . X I I . 1928. M A L A Y A . K e d B h f i n d . P e n a n g a n d L a n g k a w i l a . ) : 1 2 coll. P e r l i s : M a t a A y e r , low a l t . , SF 2805S Henderson, fl. 22. X I . 1929. P e r n k ; Eg. K e n c r i n g , SF 28883 Henderson, fl. IB. VI. 1B30. J A V A . E a s t o f 1 1 0 ° E , u p t o 2 S 0 m : 1 6 c o l l . K a n R ' e a n I s , : I c o l l . M a d u r a : 2 5 - 1 5 0 m a l t . , 5 c o l l . L E S S E R S U N D A I S L A N D S . B a l i : 4 c o l l . ECOLOGY: Dry plains or hills, savannahs, scrub, forest fringes, up to 250 m. In general a drought-loving species, which in Thailand occurs together with C. furfuracea (see there). A periodicity was not found. USES: The pods are used for tanning, see Burk., Diet. 2nd ed.: 391. 1966; Watt, Comm. Prod. Ind.: 192. 1908; Diet. Ec. Prod. Ind. 2: 9. 1889. NOTES:1. Compilation of field data: petals yellow, all or only the standard with a red dot at the base or red veins. REINWARDTIA [VOL, 9 1974] IlATTJNK: Malt Cuesalph 7. CAESALPINIA ENNEAPHTLLA Rash. — Fig. 4/7. Caesalpinia enneaphytta Rash. [Hort. Beng.: 32. 18J4, nomen], FI. Ind. (ed. Carey) 2: 363. 1832. — Mezoneuron enneaphyllum (Roxb.) W. & A. es Benth. in Miq., PL Jungh.: 258. 1852; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1: 104. 1855; Baker in Hook, f., PL Br. Ind. 2: 258. 1878; Prain in J. As. Soe. Beng. ii 66: 472. 1SB7; Back., Schoolf].! 397. 1911; Kootd., Exk. PL Java 2; 372. 1912; Ctaib, Fl. Siara. Enum. 1: 498. 1928; Kanj. & Das, Fl. Assam 2; 124. 1938; Back. & Bakh. f., FL Java 1: 547. 1964. — Type: Roxburgh's drawing n. 1426 (K!), fl. fr. Shrub or climber, up to 15 m. Branchlets glossy, when young finely pubescent, sparsely beset with recurved prickles, these 1—3 mm long. Stipules scale-like, ca 14 nim long, 1 mm wide, appressed, often seemingly absent. Leaves: rhachis 20—40 cm, short-hairy to glabrous, at the insertion of the pinnae and in between set with recurved prickles; pinnae 8—12 pairs, 3—8 cm, short-hairy to glabrous, unarmed or with a few short prickles. Leaflets opposite, 8—12 pairs per pinna, y%—1 mm stalked; blade membranous, widest about the middle, index 2—3, sub- equal, 9—18 by 5—7 mm, base and top rounded, margins parallel, surfaces when dried dull, glabrous. Racemes axillary and terminal, 25—40 cm, often branched, hairy to glabrous, unarmed; bracts caducous, lanceolate, 1—2 by 14 m m i hairy; pedicels 10—20 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy, jointed 1—3 mm below the top. Flower buds glabrescent or glabrous, almost globose; receptacle oblique, cupular, ca 2 mm long, 4—6 mm wide; lowest sepal deeply cucullate, glabrous, ca 5—6 by 2—4 mm, the other 4 sepals ca 4—6 by 3—4 mm, reflexed during anthesis, ciliate. Petals spreading, glabrous, sometimes the standard ciliate; standard ca 8 by 4 mm, claw 3 by 1 mm, leathery, prolonged into a ligule which is ca 1 mm long with a bilobed top, limb reflexed, suborbicular, 4—5 mm 0; the other 4 petals: claw 1 by 1 mm, ciliate, limb suborbicular, ca 5 mm 0. Stamens exserted; filament ca 10 mm, the topmost one glabrous, the other 9 hairy to about the middle; anther 11/4—2 by Vi—1 mm, glabrous. Pistil subsessile, glabrous; ovary 4—5 by V/> mm, ovules 4—6; style ca 6 by y-i mm, top funnel-shaped, stigma ca 1 mm 0, short-ciliate. In fruit the pedicel 15—20 mm, jointed ca 3—4 mm below the top and there nodding; receptacle first ca 6 mm wide, later often shed and remnant then 2—3 mm wide; pod indehiscent, very thin, 2V2—3i/2 times as long as wide, 8—12 by 21-C—4 cm, including the 7—10 mm wide longitudinal wing, base cuneate, top acute, surfaces shining, the swelling on each seed ellipsoid to linear, the long sides contrary to the length direction. Seeds 4—6, ellipsoid in outline, flat, ca 7 by 5 by 2 mm, brown, smooth; albumen none. DISTRIBUTION: India (Assam), China, Burma, Indo-China (Tonkin, Annam, Cochin-China), SW. Thailand; in Malesia: West and Central Java, SW. Celebes. INDIA: A s s a m : Cachar, Booker f. & Thomson, fl. fr. CHINA. Morse SIS, fr. 1801. BURMA. U p p e r E.: Wuntho, Halves 5805, fr. 24. XII. 1914. Tankhayongi™ £1 miles from Rangoon, Parkvnxnn 14611, fr. 30. VI. 1932. INDO-CHINA. T o n k i n : Long Tdieou, Simon SOI. A n n a m : prov. Haut Donal, Col de Braian, Djirinsr, 11'35'N IOB'05'E, Poilane 2lO4i, fr. 1. II. 1935. C o c h i n - C h i n a : Dongnai, Pierre, fr. 1.1866. THAILAND. S o u t h w e s t : Kanburi, 14°2'N 9B°33'E, BO ni, Kerr 10100, fr. 30.XII.1Q26. Chumpawn, 10°50"N 99°20rE, 150 jn, Kerr 11124, fl. fr. 14.1.1927. JAVA. Culta: Junghuhn 722. W e s t : Priangan, Sumedang, Hoarders 40i7S, St. 28.II.191S. C e n t r a l : Rembang, Blora, Beumee 871, fl. VI.1917. SW. of Semarang, Bodja, Djatikalangan, ± 300 in, Wailz 875, lib. Janghuhn is, yfr. CELEBES. S o u t h w e s t : Pangkadjene, Teijsmann uses HB, ims HB, fr. ECOLOGY: Forest fringes, ca 300 m alt. NOTES: 1. Compilation of field data: flowers yellow; fruits brown. 2. For differences with C. furfuracea see there. 8. Caesalpinia furfuracea (Prain) Hattink, nov. comb. — Fig. 4/8, Fig. S. [Caesalpinia furfuracea Wall., Cat. JI. 5835. 1831-32, mow™]. - Mtzonenron furfuraceum Prain in J. As. Soe. Beng. ii 66: 471. 1897. - Type: hb. WaBich n. 5SS5 (BM!; K! holo), from [Burma] Tenasserim, Attaran River, Pabang Hill, fr. Climber or straggling shrub. Branehlets glossy, slightly pubescent or glabrous; prickles recurved, up to 5 mm long. Stipules persistent, scale-like, ca ^ mm long, 1% mm wide, the axil hairy. Leaves: rhachis 25—30 cm, short-hairy on the upper side, a prickle below the insertion of each pinna and scattered ones in between; pinnae 7—8 pairs, opposite or sometimes one pinna inserted to 1 cm higher as the other, 6—10 cm, hairy. Leaflets opposite, 7—10 pairs per pinna, 1 mm stalked; blade membranous, equal or subeqnal, widest at the middle, the topmost pair above the middle, index 2—2Va. 18—25 by 7—13 mm, base rounded, in the topmost pair cuneate, top rounded or retuse, margins parallel, surfaces glabrous or the costa below puberulous. Racemes axillary and terminal, often branched, up to ca 40 cm long in all, brown-hairy when young, unarmed; bracts caducous, 8—12 by ca *4 mm, hairy; pedicels spreading, 2—21/2 cm long, hairy or glabrous; usually jointed ca y±—\\'-i mm below the top. Flower buds glabrous; receptacle oblique, cupular, 2 mm long, 7—8 mm wide; lowest sepal deeply cucullate, glabrous, ca 15 mm long and 4 mm deep, the other 4 aepals ca 8 by G mm, reflexed during anthesis, mostly ciliate. Petals spreading; standard: in Malesia i—9 mm long, claw 2—4 by ca 2 mm, glabrous, grading into the limb which is reflexed, vaulted, ca 3—4 mm Jong and near the top 5—6 mm wide, glabrous, the margin at the top waved; standard in continental Asia ca 13 mm long, including the claw which is ca 6 by 31/2 mm with hairy margins, limb more or less reniform, reflexed, ca 7 by 8 mm, woolly hairy on the transition with the claw; the other 4 petals: claw 2—4 by 3 mm, limb suborbicular, ca 15—20 mm 0. Stamens exserted; filament ca 15—20 mm, hairy to about the middle; anther 4 by 1 mm, glabrous. Pistil REINWARDTIA I.VOL. 9 1974] F i g . 5. Caesalplnia furfurucea, s h o w i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e s Iietween specimen T h a i l a n d ( a - b ) and t h e L e s s e r S i m d a I s l a n d s ( e - d ) , 5 x. — P r o m AV ( a - b ) and Forfees J79* ( c - d ) . Fig. 6. Caesal-pinia latieiliqua: top of poda, showing the variability, 1 x. — a Fron CosSro £ Melegrito 1BS7, b from P.VJJ -27SH, c from BS ^fle?S. Fig. 7. Caesalpinia nalomoRe all from nne pod, I s . — From fiS/f ttOBS. Pig. 8. Flowers of Caesalpinin latixUiqua ( a - d ) and C. mmdomwih < e - h ) : a. open flower, b. the same, two sepals removed, c. standard, d. 1—4. petals, e. open flower, f. the same, two sepals and four petals removed, g. standard, h. 1—4. petals, 3 x. — From PNH 17SSO (a—d) arid BS 18G7S (e—h). REINWARDTIA [VOL. 9 J974] HATTINK: Malesian Caesalpinia: ca 1 mm stalked, glabrous; ovary 8 by 2 mm, ovules 4—5; style ca 20 mm, the top funnel-shaped, stigma 11,4 mm 0, short-ciliate. In fruit the pedicel 2—3^4 cm, above the base not jointed or ca 4 mm from the top, receptacle persistent, ca 2—3 mm long by 8—9 mm, the median ends often recurved, abruptly narrowed into the pedicel, pod indehiscent, comparatively thin, 21/^—31/J times as long as wide, 7—20 by 2'/i—6 cm, including the 10—17 mm wide wing, base cuneate, top acute, often hooked, surfaces dull, covered with wax. Seeds 3—4, spaced, ellipsoid in outline and also in section, ca 11 by 6 by 4 mm, brown, smooth, dull; albumen ? DISTRIBUTION: Burma (Toungoo, Tenasserim), Thailand; in Malesia: Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor, Alor). B U R M A . T o u n g o o d i s t r. : Lace SOU, fl. 1 0 . X 1 I . 1 9 0 9 . T H A I L A N D . N o r t h : L a i n p a n g , 18°47'N 9 9 ' 3 0 ' E , 250 m , Kerr 4806, fr. 7. I I . 1 9 2 1 ; B a n Ta D u a , 17°50pN 9 8 ° 3 8 ' E , 200 m, Kerr 4G6S, fl. 28. X I . 1920. S o u t h - w e s t : W a n g k a , 15°06'N 88"2B'E, 150 m , Kostermans, f r . IV. 1946 (leaves o f C diffyna), L E S S E R S U N D A I S L A N D S . T i m o r : Forbes 8703, f l . , Teijsmmn 10699, f r . O e o l o - E b a n , 1 0 0 0 m , Schmutz 231!), f r . o n l y 3 . V I I . 1 9 6 8 . A l o r : Jaag 609, f l . 7 . V . 1 9 3 8 . ECOLOGY: In Thailand in the same habitats as C. digyna. Seems to prefer a strong seasonal drought. NOTES: 1. Compilation of field data: flowers yellow; fruits with blue wax. 2. The flowers resemble those of C. andamanica, C. digyna, and C. enneapkylla. The first two have different leaflets. The last one has a glabrous standard. 3. The fruits resemble those of C. andamanica, C. enneapkylla, C. sumatrana, and C. latisiliqiw,. The first one differs in leaflets; the second in the shorter pedicels and the shape of the calyx tube; the last two differ in the calyx tube, the absence of a joint in the pedicel, and the often larger leaflets which usually are alternate. 4. Kostermans OS from Thailand, near Neechey, 15°06'N 98°28'E, 25—28. IV. 1946, is a mixture, the fruits belonging to this species, the leaves to C. digyna. Possibly the fruiting plant was leafless. As all fruiting collections from the Lesser Sunda Islands are collected without leaves, the species may be deciduous. 5. Kerr 4665 (C. furfuracea) and Kerr 4666 (C. digyna) are both from Thailand, Ban Ta Dua; as, moreover, Kostermans 98 is a mixture of these two species, they obviously grow together in Thailand. 9. Caesalpinia hymenocarpa (Prain) Hattink, nov. comb. — Fig. 4/9. [Caesalvinia kyme-nocarpa Wall., Cat. n. 5832. 1831 -32, nomen; W. & A., Prod.: 283. 1834, nomen, tentatively under Meioneuron. — Mezoneuron kymenocarpum Jacks, in Ind. Kew. 2: 223. 1885, nomen]. — M. hymenocarpum Prain in J. As. Soc. Beng. ii 66: 233 descr., 472. 1897; Back., Sohoolfl.: 397. 1911; Koord., Exk. Fl. Java 2: 872. 1912; Gagn. ill FL Gen. I. - C. 2: 1S4. 1913; Craib, Fl. Slam. Emim. 1: E00. 1928. — Type: kb. WalKck 583S (BM!; K! holo), from [Burma] Taong Doling, fr. Mezoneuron laotimm Gags, in Not. Syst. 2: 208. 1911; in Fl. Gen. I . - C . 2: 19E. JH13. - Lectotype: TKorel z.n. (P!), from LBOS, Me Kong, Stucng Streng (= Stung Treng), fl. 18C6-6S. Climber or shrub. BranchUts glossy to dull, slightly pubescent or glabrous; prickles recurved. Stipules scale-like, ca Vg mm long, Va—1 mm wide, appressed. Leaves: rhachis 20—40 cm, short-hairy, ending between the last pair of pinnae in a ca 3 mm long tip, which is inserted contrary to the length direction; prickles at the insertion of each pinna and often scattered ones in between; pinnae 6—10 pairs, sometimes one pinna inserted up to 1 cm higher as the other, 4—10 cm long, hairy, unarmed, contrary to the top a 1—3 mm long appendage. Leaflets opposite or alternate, 10—18 in all per pinna, ca 1 mm stalked; blade membranous, widest about the middle, the topmost pair above the middle, index l'/a—2, 11—28 by 5—16 mm, base subequal to unequal, cuneate in the topmost pair, top rounded to retuse, margins parallel or curved, surfaces when dried dull, pubescent to glabrous. Racemes axillary and then often serial, as well as terminal, 20—40 cm long, combined into a panicle of 30—50 cm long in all, pubescent; bracts wanting, caducous; pedicels 8—15 mm, pubescent, jointed 1—4 mm below the top. Flower buds pubescent; receptacle oblique, cupular, ca 1 mm long, 6 mm wide; lowest sepal deeply cucullate, in open flower 9—10 by 5 mm, the other 4 sepals ca 6—7 by Zy2—4 mm, reflexed during anthesis, ciliate. Petals spreading; standard: 7—8 by 6 mm, the claw 3—4 by 11,4—2 mm, leathery, margins hairy, the claw prolonged in a ligule which is ca 1 mm long with a bilobed to dentate top, limb reniforni to orbicular, ca 3—4 by 4—6 mm, reflexed, the other 4 petals: claw ca '/•> by 1 mm, hairy or glabrous, limb subor- bicular to rentform, ca 7—10 by 10—11 mm. Stamens exserted; filament ca 7—17 mm, the upper median one glabrous and slender, the lowest 3 hairy at the base only, the other 6 hairy to about the middle; anther 2% by 1 mm, glabrous. Pistil glabrous; ovary 5 by 1 mm, ovules 4—6; style ca 12 mm, top funnel-shaped, stigma 1 mm 0, short-ciliate. In fruit the pedicel as long as in the flower, jointed 1—4 mm below the top and there often bend, receptacle shed, the remnant then 2—3 mm wide, sometimes persistent and then ca 6 mm wide, laterally compressed; pod thin, indehiscent, 0—V2 ctn stalked, 2Y2—5 times as long as wide, 6—15 by 2—3 (—4) cm, including the 6—8 mm wide longitudinal wing, base cimeate, top sometimes rounded, normally hooked: the wing ca 1—6 mm longer than and curved to the seed bearing part, dull to shining, weakly REINWARDTIA [VOL. 1973] HATTINK: Malesian Caesalpini reticulate, each seed in a swollen seed chamber which is orbicular, ca 10—15 ram 0. Seeds (1—) 3—6, ellipsoid in outline, flat, ca 5—10 by 3—5 by 1 mm, dull; albumen none. DISTRIBUTION : Ceylon, China (Yunnan), Burma (alao Andaman Is.), Indo-China (Laos, Cochin-China), Thailand (N., S.E.) ; in Malesia: Java (Djakarta, once found), Lesser Sunda Islands (Sumbawa, Florcs, Alor, Timor, Tanimbar la.). CEYLON, Thwaites S8O1, fl. fr. 1868. Near Ginigathene: N.D, Simpson 854S, fl. CHINA. Y u n n a n : Bans d'Anty, IT. BURMA. Gambia, Skaik Mokim B1&, fr. XI. 1903. T c i u i s e r i m : Tavoy. 14°O2'N 98°12'E, hb. Wallich S « « H , fl. 7. XII. 1827; loc. unknown, ft!.. Wallich 5SS/,G, fl. 28. IX. 1820. A n d a m a n s : 8 coll. INDO-CHINA. L a o s : Spire 70S, fr., 811, fr. Me Khong, Hamnand S2, fr. Bassin Se Moun, Harmand 151, fr. XI1.1875. C o c h i n - C h i n a : Thorel, yfr. 1862 - 66. Bienhoa, Pierre, IT. IV.1893. Cap St. Jacques, Poiiane 60S, fl. 18.X.1B19. T H A I L A N D . N o r t h : Chiang Rai, 19°56'N 99°51PE, Bunchaai & Nimamng HS9, fl. 10. VIII. 1967. Chiang Mai, 18°18'N 98"59'E, Kerr 1S29, fl. 20. V I I I . 1910. 1339a, fr. 10.11.1911. S o u t h e a s t : Chantabun, Kerr 0589, fr. 10. XII. 1824. Sriracha, Mrs D.J. Collins 1S52, IT. 4. XII. 1927. E a s t : Pak Thong Chai, 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 m, van Beusekom & Geeeink S378, fr. 26. X. 1971. JAVA. W e s t : Batavia, now J a t i n e g a r a , Backer U656, Si65T, fr. X.1904. L E S S E E SUNDA I S L A N D S . W. S u m b a w a : Kuswata 1S6, fr. 3. V. 1961. F l o r e s : Wae Wolang, Rehas, 300 m, Schmutz 183a, fr. 26. V. 1966. A l o r : beach, Jaag iSX, fr. 4.V.193S; 850 m, Jaag 13G7, fr. 18.V.1938. T i m o r : Guichenot s.n. fr. T a n i m b a r I s . : Jamdena, central p a r t , van Borssum Waalkes SK7. fl. 4.IV.1956 (fr. of C. crista), van Boreeam Waalkes S320, fl. 7.IV.195S. ECOLOGY: Hill jungle, monsoon forest, river banks, up to 850 m alt. Seems to prefer a strong seasonal drought. NOTES: 1. Compilation of field data: fruits green, tinged with red. 2. Specimens from the Lesser Sunda Islands (e.g. Jaag 422 from Alor) and the Tanimbar Islands {van Borssum Waalkes 8320 from Jamdena) have the same shape of leaflets as specimens from Thailand (Kerr 9589). Specimens from the Andamans often have leaflets which are larger and resemble those of C. andamanica; the latter differs by the glabrous leaflets, pedicels and calyx, and different pod. This species resembles C. pubescetis in shape and arrangement of leaflets, but differs in the shorter pedicels, the glabrous ovary and the arrangement of the seeds in the pods. Gagnepain's Mezoneuron laoticum was described as having flowers jointed 1 mm from the top and pods of 9 cm long, which are not hooked at the top. In hia key (1913) these characters are used to distinguish his species from M. hymenoearpum ("fruits 10—15 cm"). As in the cited syntypes of M. laoticwm the fruits are often longer than 9 cm and also sometimes are hooked at the top, and the distance between the joint in the pedicel and the calyx is variable in specimens from other regions too, I included M. luoticum in this species. The figure in the Fl. Gen. I. - C. is wrong: the two teeth on the standard claw are in fact a ligule. 3. For Guichenot s.n. (P!), from Timor, that was named Mezoneuron glabrum, see under 15. Caesalpinia pubeseens. 4. Specimens from Ceylon (Thwaites 3601, p.p.), have pods without swollen seed chambers; the pods also are wider than those from other localities. Flowers (Tlnvaites 3601, p.p.; Ar. Douglas Simpson 8548), however, are the same. 10. Caesalpinia latisiliqua (Cavan.) Hattink, nov. comb. ~ Fig. 6 a - d , 4/10. Bauhinia ? latisiliqua Cavan., Ic. 5: 5, (. V>8. 1799. — Mezoneitron luUsiliquum (Cavan.) Merr. in Philip. J. Sc. 4: Bot. 268. 1S09; ibid. 5: Bot. 57. 19101 Sp. Blanc: 176. ISIS, — Type: Cayanilles's plate end. leaves, which are bauhinioid, from the Philippines, Luion, fr. Caeealpinia torquata Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 336. 1837. - Type: lost. Mezan-euron procumbent Blanco, Fl. Filip. 2nd ed.: 235. 1845. - Type: lost. Mezon