REINWARDTIA Published by Herbarium Bogoriense — LBN, Bogor Vol. 9, Part 2, pp.. 197 — 213 (1975) SOME SOOTY MOULDS AND BLACK MILDEWS FROM SINGAPORE AND THE MALAY PENINSULA G. L I M Department of Botany, University of Singapore, Singapore ABSTRACT In Singapore and the Malay Peninsula sooty moulds and black mildews are common. Colonies of these fungi on plant foliage often consist of several species mixed together and each species may produce more than one type of conidia and other fruiting structures. The specimens collected and examined are described and listed under Ascomycetes (17 species) and Fungi Imperfecti (16 species). The most common species were those of Meliola and Microxyphium. A host list is provided. ABSTRAK Di Singapura dan Semenanjung Malaya jamur jelaga dan jamur embun hitam umum terdapat. Koloni jamur-jamur ini pada dedaunan sering terdiri atas beberapa jenis yang bercampuran dan masing-masing jenis dapat membentuk lebih dari satu macam tubuh buah. Spesimen yang terkumpul dan diteliti dipertelakan dan disusun dalam Ascomycetes (17 jenis) dan Fungi Imperfecti (16 jenis). Jenis yang paling sering dijumpai tergolong marga-marga Meliola dan Microxyphium. Suatu daftar tumbuhan inang disajikan juga. INTRODUCTION Sooty moulds and black mildews occur abundantly and prominently on a wide range of plants in this part of the world, where the temperature and humidity are high all the year around. Many are associated with aphids and scale insects, feeding on the honey dew excretions of these insects. A sooty mould or black mildew colony on a leaf surface often comprises several species of fungi, and each may produce more than one — 197 — 198 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 9 type of conidia and other fruiting bodies. The different species may fruit concurrently or otherwise. Therefore much difficulty arises in relating the conidial state to the correct sexual fruiting state of the same fungus. These factors have contributed considerably to the confusion in the study, identity and nomenclature of this group of fungi. Much information and knowledge on these fungi occurring elsewhere have been published. These include Stevens (1917); Stevens & Tehon (1926) on species of Meliola and Irene from British Guiana and Trinidad; Mendoza (1932) ; Fraser (1933, 1934, 1935a, 1935b, 1937) on the sooty moulds of New South Wales; Fisher (1939) on Australian sooty moulds; and Miller & Bonar (1941) on the sooty moulds of California. Studies on the fungus flora of Uganda by Hansford (1937; 1945; 1946a), those on West African Meliolineae by Deighton (1944), and Hansford & Deighton (1948), Hansford's contribution (1946b) on foliicolous ascomy- cetes and his monograph on Meliolineae (1961) are valuable reference works. From North America, Barr (1955) described several species of sooty moulds. Batista and Ciferri's work on the Chaetothyriales (1962) and their taxonomic revision on the sooty moulds of Asbolisiaceae (1963) are well known. Farr (1969) reported on Dominican sooty moulds and Reynolds (1971) on the use of hyphal morphology in the taxonomy of sooty mould ascomycetes. Some sooty moulds from Indonesia have been described by Boedijn (1931) and Hansford (1954). Occurrences of these fungi in the Malay Peninsula have also been recorded by Thompson & Johnston (1953) and Johnston (1960). To add further to information on this group of interesting fungi occurring in this region, some collections and observations carried out are reported herein. The specimens examined were grouped under the Ascomycetes or the form class Fungi Imperfecti depending on the presence or absence of the perfect state fruiting structures at the time of collection. It is recognised that those arranged under Fungi Imperfecti may never be associated with a sexual state. Identification of the fungi was based on comparisons with published descriptions. For most of those grouped under Fungi Imperfecti, Bastista & Ciferri's (1963) nomenclature and descriptions were closely followed and compared. In this paper, the fungi are described and presented for convenience in an alphabetical arrangement comprising 17 species under the Ascomy- cetes and 16 species under the Fungi Imperfecti. The most common ones were found to be species of Meliola and Microxyphium. A host list with localities is compiled for ease of reference. 1975] LIM : Malayan sooty moulds 199 ASCOMYCETES 1. ASTERINA LANDOLPHIICOLA Hansf. in Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 157: 33. 1945. Colonies amphigenous, black; hyphae brown, hyphopodia 1-celled, globose to lobed, sessile, 5—6.5 X 6—7 µm. Thyriothecia of compact radiating hyphae, 90—130 µm diam. Ascospores 2-eelled, brown with hyaline band, 11—14.5 X 6.5—9 µm (fig. 1). On Artocarpus elastica Reinw. (Moraceae), at Nee Soon, Singapore. 2. ASTERINA LAWSONIAE P. Henn. & Nym. in Ann. Mycol. 9: 391. 1911. Colonies amphigenous, black; hyphae light brown, hyphopodia 1-celled, sessile, lobed 6.5—9.5 X 6.5 µm. Thyriothecia circular, flat, dark brown, 61—109 µm diam. Ascospores 2-celled, pale brown with central, hyaline band, 13—16 X 6.5—7 µm (fig. 2). On Lawsonia inerrnis L. (Lythraceae), at Changi, Singapore. 3. ASTERINA SPONIAE Rac, Parasit. Alg. Pilz. Jav. 3 : 34. 1900; Dennis in Kew Bull. Additional Series 3: 196.1970. Colonies epiphyllous, black; hyphae brown, hyphopodia 1-celled, 6.5—8 X 6.5 µm. Thyriothecia dark brown, circular, 53—140 µm diam. Ascospores 2-celled, dark brown, slightly constricted at septum, 16.5—20 X 10 µm. On Trema orientalis Bl. (Ulmaceae), at Gunong Panti, Johore, Malay Peninsula. 4. ASTERINA UVARIICOLA Hansf. in Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 157: 34. 1945. Colonies epiphyllous, confluent, black; hyphae light brown, hyphopodia 1-celled, sessile, globose to lobed, 6—6.5 X 5—6.5 µm. Thyriothecia arise laterally from hyphae, 54—90 µm diam. Ascospores 2-celled, brown with hyaline central band, 19—22 X 9.5—13 µm (fig. 3). On Dillenia reticulata King (Dilleniaceae), at Lombong Batu, Johore, Malay Peninsula. 5. BALLADYNA VELUTINA (Berk. & Curt.) Hohnel in S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math. Nat. 119: 411. 1910. Colonies amphigenous, black; hyphae brown with black setae; hyphopodia numerous, sub-clavate to globose to lobed, 1-celled, 7—10 X 6.5—7 µm. Hyphal setae erect, black, apex obtuse, 100—250 x 3—6.5 µm at base. Ascostroma stipitate, globose to pyriform, arising laterally from hyphae, 46—57 X 30—52 µm. Ascospores olivaceous brown, 1-septate, 13—19 X 6.5—9.5 µm (fig. 4). 2C0 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 9 Fig-. 1. Asterina landolphiicola, 2. Asterina lawsoniae, and 3. Asterina uvariicola, all with hyphopodiate hyphae and 2-celled ascospores. 4. Balladyna velutina with hyphopodiate hgsphae, black setae, 2-celled ascospores and young ascostroma. 5. Chaeto- thyrium javanicum with ascostroma, young asci with ascospores. 6. Irenina fid with hyphopodiate hyphae and globose, setose ascostroma. . 7. Meliola citricola with hyphopodiate hyphae, setae and multiseptate ascospores-. 8. Meliola furcata with hyphopodiate hyphae and black setae. 9. Meliola macarangicola with hyphopodiate hyphae, black setae, ascostroma and 4-septate ascospores. 1975] LIM : Malayan sooty moulds 201 On Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae), at Taman Negara, Pahang, and Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula. Balladyna gardeniae Rac. is a synonym. 6. CHAETOTHYRIUM JAVANICUM (Zimm.) Boedijn in Bull. Jard. bot. Buitenz. Ill, 11: 225-227. 1931. Hyphae brown, of elliptical cells, thick-walled, some of the larger cells constricted slightly at the middle. Ascostroma dark brown, globose, 80—120 µm diam., ostiolate, setae brown, faintly septate. Asci hyaline, 8-spored. Ascospores 3—4 celled, only immature ones observed (fig. 5). On Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. (Acanthaceae) and Bridelia tomentosa Bl. (Euphorbiaceae), at Cluny Road, Singapore. 7. IRENINA FICI Hansf. in C.M.I. Mycol. Pap. 23: 37-38. 1948. Colonies black, hyphae with capitate 2-celled hyphopodia and a few mucronate hyphopodia. Ascostroma dark brown, globose, 160—190 µm diam., setose, setae black, tips dentate, 245—380 X 8—11 µm at base. Ascospores dark brown, 4-septate, constricted at septa, 45—53 X 21—26 am (fig. 6). On Ficus pumila L. (Moraceae), at Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula. 8. MELIOLA AETHIOPS Sacc. in Bol. Orto Bot. Napoli 6: 41. 1921, Hansf. in Sydowia, Beiheft 2: 252. 1961. Colonies black on upper surface of phyllodes. Hyphae mainly with 2-celled capitate hyphopodia, and very few mucronate hyphopodia. Hyphal setae numerous, dark brown with obtuse tips, septate, thick walled. Ascostroma setose, globose, 115—200 µm diam., non-ostiolate, setae much like hyphal setae. Ascospores brown, 5-celled, constricted at septa, 33—43 X 10—16 On Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. (Leguminosae), at University of Singapore campus, Bukit Timah, Singapore. 9. MELIOLA CITRICOLA Syd. in Ann. Mycol. 15: 183. 1917; Hansf. in Sydowia, Beiheft 2: 383. 1961. Colonies dark brown, hyphae with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hyphopodia, and with dark brown setae which are septate, attenuate or dentate. Ascostroma black, globose, 100—225 µm diam., glabrous. Ascospores brown, 4-septate, 38—43 x 16—19 m, constricted at septa (fig. 7). On Citrus aurantifolia Swingle (Rutaccae), at Kuala Sedili, Johore, Malay Peninsula. 202 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 9 10. MELIOLA CITEICOLA Syd. var. AMYRIDIS Hansf. in Sydowia 9: 40. 1955; Hansf. in Sydowia, Beiheft 2: 384. 1961. Hyphae setose with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hyphopodia, setae dark brown with dentate tips. Ascostroma glabrous, globose;, 195—225 µm diam. Ascospores 4-septate, brown, 41.5—48 X 16—19µm. On Citrus grandis Osbeck (Rutaceae) and Symplocos ep. (Symplocaceae), at Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula. 11. MELIOLA FURCATA Lev. var. UGANDENSIS Hansf. in Sydowia 9: 65. 1955; Hansf. in Sydowia, Beiheft 2: 373. 1961. Colonies brown, hyphae with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hypho- podia, hyphal setae black. Ascostroma globose, 80—180µm diam. Ascospores 4-septate, 43—53 x 19—22 µm, constricted at septa (fig. 8). On Vitis sp. (Vitaceae), at Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula. 12. MELIOLA MACARANGICOLA Hansf. in Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 157: 23. 1945; Hansf. in Sydowia, Beiheft 2: 220. 1961. Colonies black, hyphae with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hypho- podia, numerous black hyphal setae with acute tips. Ascostroma glabrous, slightly pyriform, 140—180 X 140—170 µm. Ascospores brown, 4-septate, 42—54 X 14.5—19 µm, constricted at septa (fig. 9). On Macaranga heynei Johnston (Euphorbiaceae), at Lombong Batu, Johore, Malay Peninsula. 13. MELIOLA MALACOTRICHA Speg. in Anal. Soc. Cienc. Argent. 22: 59. 1888; Hansf. in Sydowia, Beiheft 2: 647. 1961. Colonies brown, hyphae with 2-celled, capitate and mucronate hyphopodia, setose. Hyphal setae septate with obtuse tips. Ascostroma globose, 125—180 pun diam. Ascospores 4-septate, pale brown, 34—38 X 13 µm, constricted at septa (fig. 10). On Ipomoea carica (L.) Sweet (Convolvulaceae), at Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula. 14. MELIOLA RIZALENSIS Syd. var. VITICIS (Hansf.) Hansf. & Deighton in C.M.I. Mycol. Pap. 23: 70. 1948. Colonies black, hyphae with 2-celled capitate hyphopodia and a few mucronate hyphopodia. Hyphal setae numerous, especially at the base of ascostroma, thick-walled, dark brown, septate with obtuse or slightly dentate tips. Ascostroma glabrous, globose, 80—160 µm diam., black. Ascospores pale brown, 4-septate, 29—40 x 11—14 µm, constricted at septa (fig. 11). 1975] L I M : Malayan sooty moulds 203 Fig. 10. Meliola malacotricha with hyphopodiate hyphae, setae with obtuse tips and ascostroma. 11. Meliola rizalensis with hyphopodiate hyphae, 4-septate ascospores and ascostroma. 12. Meliola salaciae with hyphopodiate hyphae, 4-septate ascospores, black seta and young ascostroma. 13. Meliola themedae with 4-septate ascospores and setae with dentate tips. 14. Antennariella elegans with hyphae, ostiolate pycnidia and pycnidiospores. 15. Microxyphiella commista with hyphae, pycnidia and 1-septate pycnidiospores. 204 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 9 F i g . 16-22. Microxyphium species, w i t h v a r i o u s shaped pycnidia, h y p h a e and pycnidiospores. 16. Microxyphium aciculiforme. 17. Microxypfiium artocarpi. 18. Micro- xyphium cesatii. 19. Microxyphium coffeanum. 20. Microxyphium columnatum. 2 1 . Microxyphium leptospermi. 22. Microxyphium secundum. 1975] LIM: Malayan sooty moulds 205 On Clerodendron incisum Klotzsch var. macrosiphon (Hook, f.) Baker (Verbena- ceae), at Botanic Gardens, Singapore. 15. MELIOLA SALACIAE Hansf. in Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 157: 182. 1946; Hansf. in Sydowia, Beiheft 2: 346. 1961. Colonies black, hyphae setose, with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hyphopodia. Ascostroma globose, 56—100 µm diam. Ascospores 4-septate, constricted at septa, 36—43 X 13—16µm (fig. 12). On Citrus Union Burm. f. (Rutaceae), at Taman Negara, Pahang, Malay Peninsula. 16. MELIOLA THEMEDAE Stev. & Rold. in Philip. J. Sci. 56: 59. 1935; Hansf. in Sydowia, Beiheft 2: 742. 1961. Colonies black, hyphae with 2-celled capitate and mucronate hypho- podia. Hyphal setae short, numerous, light brown to black, with deeply dentate tips. Ascostroma glabrous, globose, 130—210µm diam., brown to black. Ascospores light brown, 4-septate, 48—55 x 16—19 µm, cons- tricted at septa (fig. 13). On Themeda villosa Durand & Jackson (Gramineae), at Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula. 17. PHAEOCHAETIA SETOSA (Zimm.) Bat. & Cif. in Sydowia, Beiheft 3; 75. 1962. Colonies black, pellicose; hyphae brown, slightly constricted at septa, exhyphopodiate. Ascostroma setose, brown to dark brown, globose to elongate, seated on slightly raised hyphal base, 75—90 X 66—85 µm, setae on upper half of ascostroma stiff, septate to non-septate with obtuse ends, 5—6.5 µm wide at base. Ascospores hyaline 4—5 celled, with slight constrictions at septa, 16.5—20 X 5 µm. On Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. (Leguminosae), associated with scale insects, at University of Singapore campus, Bukit Timah, Singapore. Also found on leaves of Murraya paniculata Jack (Rutaceae), Tabernaemontana divaricata R. Br. ex Bl. (Apocynaceae) and Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae), in Singapore. FUNGI IMPERFECTI 1. ANTENNARIELLA ELEGANS Bat. & Cif. in Quaderno 31: 28. 1963 (perfect state Capnodium elegans Fraser). Hyphae epiphyllous, pycnidia brown, almost globose, 42—70 X 35—56µm, ostiolate. Pycnidiospores hyaline, ovoid, 3 x 1.5 µm (fig. 14). On Eugenia javanica Lam. (Myrtaceae), at Changi, Singapore. 206 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 9 1975] L I M : Malayan sooty moulds 207 2. MICROXYPHIELLA COMMISTA Bat. & Cif. in Quaderno 3 1 : 98. 1963. Black colonies, forming encrustations on both surfaces of leaves. Hyphae light brown. Pycnidia abundant with upper and lower expanded portions joined by short narrower stipe. Upper end fimbriated and hyaline, lower portion brown, 95—210 X 22—58 µm wide at base and 22—35 µm at upper expanded portion, and 13—16 µm at stipe. Pycni- diospores hyaline, 1-septate, 6—8 X 3µm (fig. 15). On Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae), at Kranji, Singapore. Associated with Tripospermum rnyrti. 3. MICROXYPHIUM ACICULIFORME Cif., Bat. & Nasc. in Quaderno 3 1 : 110. 1963. Hyphae forming black encrustations which become flaky when dry. Pycnidia abundant, brownish-black, flask-shaped, occasionally branched, ostiole fimbriate, 210—420 X 22—35 µm wide at base and 8—13 µm wide at neck regions. Pycnidiospores bacillar, hyaline, about 4 x 1 - 5 urn (fig. 16). On Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), associated with red ants, at University of Singapore campus, Bukit Timah, Singapore. Associated with Podoxyphium ampullaceum. 4. MICROXYPHIUM ARTOCARPI Bat., Nasc. & Cif. in Quaderno 3 1 : 114. 1963. Hyphae in greyish patches on leaf surface. Hyphal cells oblong- cylindrical. Pycnidia abundant, pale to dark brown with hyaline fimbriae at ostiole, flask-shaped, 220—335 x 19—42 µm wide at base and 9.5 [xm wide at tip. Pycnidiospores hyaline, bacillar 3—5 X 1.5 jJ.ni (fig. 17). On Eugenia javanica Lam. (Myrtaceae), at Changi, Singapore. Pound associated with Antennariella elegans. 5. MICROXYPHIUM CESATII Bat. & Cif. in Quaderno 3 1 : 120. 1963 (perfect state Capnodium cesatii Mont.). Hyphae exhyphopodiate. Pycnidia dark brown to black, cylindrical, 290—520 X 13—26 [xm wide at base and 8—11 -xm wide at tip. Pycnidio- spores hyaline, 6 X 1-5 u.m (fig. 18). On Aglaia odoratissima BL. (Meliaceae), at Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula. Associated with Microxyphium coffeanum. 6. MICROXYPHIUM COFFEANUM Bat. & Matta in Quaderno 3 1 : 122. 1963. Hyphae epiphyllous, pycnidia flask-shaped, brown, 140—300 X 13—26 µm wide at base and 6 µm wide at tip. Pycnidiospores hyaline, 3 X 1.5 µm (fig. 19). On Cerbera odollam Gaertn. (Apocynaceae), Aglaia odoratissima Bl. (Melia- ceae) and Acalypha sp. (Euphorbiaceae), at Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula and Queenstown, Singapore. 7. MICROXYPHIUM COLUMNATUM Bat., Cif. & Nasc. in Quaderno 3 1 : 123. 1963. Epiphyllous colonies. Pycnidia abundant, dark brown, ovoid to cylindrical 85—145 X 17.5—30 µm. Pycnidiospores 4 X 1-5µm (fig. 20). On Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae), associated with scale insects, at Lornie Road, Singapore. Associated with M. leptospermi and Tripospermum acerinum. 8. MICROXYPHIUM LEPTOSPERMI Fischer in Quaderno 3 1 : 133. 1963. Hyphae forming thick mat on upper leaf surface and extending to petiole. Hyphal cells bead-like. Pycnidia abundant, brown, flask-shaped and sometimes fimbriate at ostiole, 280—450 X 26—42 µm at base, and 6.5—13 µm at tip. Pycnidiospores elliptic and hyaline, 5 X 1-5 µm (fig. 21). On Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae), at Lornie Road, Singapore. Associated with M. columnatum. 9. MICROXYPHIUM SECUNDUM Bat. & Cif. in Quaderno 3 1 : 136. 1963. Hyphae forming black encrustations on upper leaf surface. Hyphal cells constricted at septa. Pycnidia in clusters, brown to black, some branching into two, 450—560 X 50—65µm at widest part and 9.5—13 µm at tip. Pycnidiospores ovoid, hyaline, 4—5 X 1.5 µm (fig. 22). On Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae), at University of Singapore campus, Bukit Timah, Singapore. 10. MICROXYPHIUM SPATHODEAE Bat. & Matta in Quaderno 31:137. 1963. Hyphae forming brown encrustations, constricted at septa. Pycnidia solitary or gregarious with definite hyphal base, dark brown to black, 280—520 X 22—32µm wide at base and 6.5—11 µm wide at tip. Pycni- diospores hyaline and bacillar, 2 x 1 µ m (fig- 23). On Memecylon acuminatum Sm. (Melastomaceae), at Nee Soon, Singapore. 11. MICROXYPHIUM TENELLUM Sacc. in Quaderno 31:138. 1963. Colonies in thin, black patches. Hyphae beaded in appearance. Pycnidia non-fimbriate, 170—220 X 17.5—22 µm wide at base and 6.5—13 µm at apex. No pycnidiospores observed (fig. 24). On Diospyros scortechinii King (Ebenaceae), at Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula. 208 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 9 12. PODOXYPHIUM AMPULLACEUM Bat. & Maia in Quaderno 31: 164. 1963. Hyphae forming black encrustations on upper leaf surface. Hyphal cells globose to oblong. Pycnidia occasionally branched with inflated apex and fimbriate ostiole, dark brown to black in neck region, lighter colour in inflated region, 360—570 x 22—30 ^m diam. in inflated area, 19—36 sxm at base. Pycnidiospores hyaline, bacillar, 2—3 X 1-5 u.m (fig. 25). On Eugenia polyantha Wight (Myrtaceae), Gardenia jasminoides, Lantana camara and Thunbergia laurifolia, at University of Singapore campus, Bukit Timah, and Cluny Road, Singapore. 13. PODOXYPHIUM AZEVEDOI Bat., Nasc. & Cif. in Quaderno 31:166. 1963. Hyphae light brown. Pycnidia abundant with narrow black stipe and light brown inflated apex, 210—360 X 13—16 p wide at stipe region and 19—33 µm wide at inflated region. No pycnidiospores observed (fig. 26). On Stenolobium stans Seem. (Bignoniaceae), at Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula. 14. TRIPOSPERMUM ACERINUM (Syd.) Speg. in Physis 4(17): 295. 1918; Hughes in C.M.I. Mycol. Pap. 46: 10. 1951. Hyphae forming brown encrustations on upper leaf surface. Conidia 4-armed, pyriform stalk cell, arms pale brown, hyaline at apex, 20—50 x 6.5—9.5 µm wide at base, up to 7-septate. Two arms and stalk cell attached to one cell, while other two arms attached to another cell laterally to the first (fig. 27). On Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae), Achras zapota, Cinnamomum iners and Plumeria rubra, at Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula; Upper Serangoon, Singa- pore; University of Singapore campus, Bukit Timah; and Lornie Road, Singapore, respectively. Associated with T. gardneri on C. arabica leaves. 15. TRIPOSPERMUM GARDNERI (Berk.) Speg. ex Hendrick in Publ. Inst. nat. Etud. agron. Congo beige 35: 186. 1948; Hughes in C.M.I. Mycol. Pap. 46:12. 1951. Light brown hyphae and conidia. Latter with 3 to 4 arms, faintly septate and with obtuse tips, 45—83 x 9 µm wide at base (fig. 28). On Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae), at Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malay Peninsula. Associated with T. acerinum. 16. TRIPOSPERMUM MYRTI (Lind) Hughes in C.M.I. Mycol. Pap. 46: 18. 1951. 1975] L I M : Malayan sooty moulds 209 28 Fie 23 Microxyphium spathodeae and 24. Microxyphium tenellum, with various shaped ' pycnidia, hyphae and pycnidiospores. 25. Podoxyphium ampullaceum and 26 Podoxyphium azevedoi with hyphae and pycnidia. 27. Tripospermum acerinum, 28 Tripospermum gardneri, and 29. Tripospermum myrti, with hyphae and 6 to 4-armed sentate conidia. 210 REINWAEDTIA [VOL. 9 Colonies black on upper surface of leaves. Hyphae brown, conidia subhyaline with stalk cell, 6.5—7 x 3—4 y.m, 4 arms, each up to 4-septate, 17—26 x 3—4 [xnujwide at base (fig. 29). On Citrus grandis Osbeck (Eutaceae) and Nerium oleander, associated with scale insects, at Kranji, Singapore. Host Acacia auriculiformis Acalypha sp. Achras zapota Aglaia odoratissima Artocarpus elastica Bridelia tomentosa Cerbera odollam Cinnamomum iners Citrus aurantifolia Citrus grandis Citrus limon Clerodendron incisum var. macrosiphon Coffea arabica Dillenia reticulata Diospyros scortechinii HOST LIST Fungus Phaeochaetia setosa Meliola aethiops Microxyphium coffeanum Tripospermum acerinum Microxyphium cesatii Microxyphium coffeanum Asterina landolphiicola Chaetothyrium javanicum Microxyphium coffeanum Tripospermm acerinum Meliola citricola Meliola citricola var. amyridis Tripospermum myrti Meliola salaciae Meliola rizalensis var. viticis Phaeochaetia setosa Tripospermum acerinum Tripospermum gardneri Asterina uvariicota Microxyphium tenellum Locality Bukit Timah, University campus, Singapore. Queenstown, Singapore. Serangoon Road, Singapore. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. Nee Soon, Singapore. Cluny Road, Singapore. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. Bukit Timah, University campus, Singapore. Kuala Sedili, Malay Peninsula. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. Kranji, Singapore. Taman Negara, Malay Peninsula. Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Bukit Timah, University campus, Singapore. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. Lombong Batu, Malay Peninsula. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. 1975] LIM : Malayan sooty moulds 211 Host Eugenia javanica Eugenia polyantha Ficus pumila Gardenia jasminoides Ipovioea carica Lantana camara Lawsonia inermis Macaranga heynei Memecylon acuminatum Murraya paniculata Nerium oleander Plumeria rubra Stenolobium stans Symplocos sp. Tabernaemontana divaricata Themeda villosa Thunbergia laurifolia Trema orientalis Vitis sp. Fungus Antennariella elegans Microxyphium artocarpi Podoxyphium ampullaceum Irenina fid Balladyna velutina Microxyphium secundum Podoxyphium ampullaceum Meliola malacotricha Microxyphium aciculiforme Podoxyphium ampullaceum Asterina lawsoniae Meliola macarangicola Microxyphium spathodeae Phaeochaetia setosa Microxyphiella commista Tripospermum myrti Microxyphium columnatum Microxyphium leptospermi Tripospermum acerinum Podoxyphium azevedoi Meliola citricola var. amyridis Phaeochaetia setosa Meliola themedae Chaetothyrium javanicum Podoxyphium ampullaceum Asterina sponiae Meliola furcata Locality Changi, Singapore. Bukit Timah, University campus, Singapore. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. Fraser's Hill & Taman Negara, Malay Peninsula. Bukit Timah, University campus, Singapore. Bukit Timah, University campus, Singapore. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. Bukit Timah, University campus, Singapore. Changi, Singapore. Lombong Batu, Malay Peninsula. Nee Soon, Singapore. Katong, Singapore. Kranji, Singapore. Lornie Road, Singapore. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. Serangoon Road, Singapore. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. Cluny Road, Singapore. Gunong Panti, Malay Peninsula. Fraser's Hill, Malay Peninsula. 212 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS author wishes to thank Miss C.T. Low and Mr. Y.S. Ng for technical help, Associate Professor Hsuan Keng for assistance with tfhe botanical names of plants, and Mrs. M. Goh for patiently drawing the illustrations. REFERENCES BARR, M.E. (1955). Species of sooty moulds from Western North America. In Canad. J. Bot. 33: 497—514. BATISTA, A.C. & CIFERRI, R. (1962). The Chaetothyriales. In Sydowia, Beiheft 3; 1—129. BATISTA, A.C. & CIFERRI, R. (1963). The sooty moulds of the family Asbolisiaeeae. In Quaderno 31: 1—229. BOEDIJN, K.B. (1931). Notes on some sooty moulds. In Bull. Jard. bot. Buitenz. Ill, 11: 220—231. DEIGHTON, F.C. (1944). West African Meliolineae I. 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