REINWARDTIA Vol. 11, P a r t 4, pp. 227-280 (1999) CONSPECTUS OF TRICHOSANTHES (CUCURBITACEAE) IN MALESIA RUGAYAH Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, R. & D. Centre for Biology, Bogor, Indonesia & W.J.J.O. DE WILDE Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, Netherlands ABSTRACT Trichosanthes (Cucurbitaceae) in Malesia comprises 5 sections with 39 species, here alphabetically arranged. Key to the sections, keys to the species within the sections and eight regional keys are presented Twenty-five taxa are newly proposed: 1 section, 14 species, 1 sub- species, 2 varieties and 7 forms. ABSTRAK Trichosanthes (Cucurbitaceae) di Malesia terdiri atas 5 seksi dengan 39 jenis yang berikut ini disajikan menurut abjad. Kunci untuk seksi, kunci jenis dalam seksi dan delapan kunci regional untuk mendeterminasi jenis disuguhkan. Dua puluh lima takson baru diusulkan: 1 seksi, 14 jenis, 1 anak jenis, 2 varietas dan 7 forma. INTRODUCTION The genus Trichosanthes L. comprises some 100 species in the area of India and S. China through Indo-China and Malesia, into the Pacific and N Australia. With the completion of the revision of the genus for Malesia in the near future, 39 species are recognized for which new taxa (14 species, 1 subspecies, 2 varieties and 7 forms) have to be formally described. Eight practical regional keys to the species, applicable for both male flowering as well as for fruiting material are presented. For each region the list of accepted species is given, followed by a key. For Java we refer to a previous publication, in Blumea 42, 2 (1997) p. 4 7 1 - 482. In this way it is hoped that the present publication has an enhanced practical value. A provisional division of the Malesian species 227 228 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 into sections (including 1 new section) and subsections is given, and within these, keys to the pertaining species. At the end an enumeration of all accepted species names for Malesia is presented, with references of valid publication. The new taxa, on the authority of Rugayah, described in this enumeration. are KEY TO THE SECTIONS IN MALESIA (mainly based on fruit and seed characters) — Fig. 1 l a . Seed 'turgid', i.e. with at two sides hollow extensions. Fruit pulp orange or red. Probract absent : ... 2 sect. Cucumeroides (with subsect. Cucumeroides and subsect. Tetragonosperma) b. Seed flat, thin or thick, not turgid 2 2a. Seed with margin, i.e. either (1) with a narrow or broad marginal band of different colour and/or texture, or, if this obscure, (2) with the rim ± thickened, or the edge coarsely undulate or finely crenate. , 3 b. Seed without or with faint margin, edge entire, shape of seed subcircular, (ob)oVate, or elliptic, rounded at both ends, rarely notched, at base pointed, colour mostly dark brown or blackish, rarely greyish. Fruit pulp green-black. Probract present 5. sect. Involucraria (with subsect. Involucraria and subsect. Pedatae) 3a. Edge of margin of seed coarsely undulate. Seed thickish, grey or (pale) brown. Fruit pulp white, turning orange-red. Probract absent 1. sect. Trichosanthes b. Edge of margin of seed entire (straight) or (partly) finely crenate. Seed thin or thickish, (pale) brown 4 4a. Seed subcircular, (ob)ovate, or elliptic(-oblong), rounded at both ends or ± truncate at one end; edge entire. Fruit pulp pinkish (always?). Probract present or absent 4. sect. Foliobracteola (incl. T. auriculata, T. rotundifolia) b. Seed oblong, ± parallel-sided, ± quadrangular, or seed long-triangular, frequently truncate or notched at one or both ends; edge smooth or (partly) crenulate. Fruit pulp whitish or creamy, turning red. Probract present 3. sect. Edulis ENUMERATION OF SECTIONS AND SUBSECTIONS, WITH KEYS TO THE SPECIES WITHIN THE SECTIONS l. sect. TRICHOSANTHES Malesian taxa (1 species, 1 var.): T. cucumerina var. cucumerina, T. cucumerina var. anguina. 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W. J.J.O. DEWlLDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 229 2. sect. CUCUMEROIDES (Gaertn.) Kitam. Cucumeroides Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Plantarum 2 (1791) 485, t. 4, f. 4. - sect. Cucumeroides (Gaertn.) Kitam., Journ. Jap. Bot. 19 (1943) 35. - Type: TrichosantJtes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim. = T. ovigera Blume. In Malesia 2 subsections: a. subsect. CUCUMEROIDES (Gaertn.) Kitam. Malesian taxon (1 species): T. ovigera. b. subsect. Tetragonosperma (Cheng & Yueh) Rugayah, stat. nov. sect. Tetragonosperma Cheng & Yueh, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(4) (1974) 424. - Type: Trichosanthes tetragonosperma Cheng & Yueh (China). Malesian taxa (3 species, 1 subspecies): T. beccariana subsp. beccariana, T. beccariana subsp. pusilla, T. mucronata, T. pendula. NOTE — This subsection is distinct by the lateral inflated parts of the seed being broadly rounded or ± quadrangular, not ± conical. The status of subsection is largely provisional, as we feel that a division of the tumid seeded Trichosanthes species into several groups of sectional rank seems unwarranted pending extensive further investigation of the species. We tentatively include here T. pendula and T. mucronata from Borneo, which possibly represent a separate subsection; T. pendula strongly deviates in general habit by alate stem and pendent inflorescences. KEY TO THE MALESIAN SPECIES OF SECTION CUCURMEROIDES la. Seed with lateral hollow parts turbinate. Fruit pulp not fibrous. Stem ± grooved T. ovigera b. Seed with lateral hollow parts subtetragonous or subspherical 2 2a. Seed flattish; lateral parts flattish, subquadrangular. Fruit pulp fibrous. Stem ± grooved T. beccariana b. Seed± terete; lateral parts inflated, subglobose. Fruit pulp not fibrous 3 3 a. Stem subterete. Leaves densely soft-hairy. Inflorescences patent T. mucronata b. Stem sharply angular-winged. Leaves sparsely harshly hairy (scabrous). Inflorescences pendent T. pendula 230 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 Fig. 1. Note of Seed of Trichosanthes spp. I. Section Trichosanthes 1. T. cucumerina L. var. cucumerina (Koorders 27327P) 2. T. Cucumerina L. var. anguina (L.) Haines (Agus Sujadi s.n.) II. Section Cucumeroides A. Subsection Cucumeroides 3. T. ovigera Blume (a. Steenis 11083; b. Kosterman 816; c. Vanoverbergh 3662 bis; d. Streimann & Kairo NGF 27797) B. Subsection Tetragonosperma 4. T. beccariana Cogn. subsp. beccariana (De Wilde 21954) 5. T. beccariana Cogn. subsp. pusilla Rugayah (Fidilis Krispinus SAN 95877) 6. T. pendula Rugayah (Aban G. & Dewol S. SAN 91628) III. Section Edulis 7. T. dentifera Rugayah (McGregor s.n.) 8. T. densiflora Rugayah (Henty et al. NGF 41616) 9. T. edulis Rugayah var. sativa (a. Vink 16350; b. Barran NG-9-15) 10. T. edulis Rugayah var. edulis (a. Takeuchi 7170; b. Streimann NGF 30731) 11. T. hastata Harms (Streimann & Fasavalu NGF 47746) 12 a. T. laeoica Cheng & Huang f. sorongensis Rugayah (Ave 4782) 12 b. T. laeoica Cheng & Huang f. sicyocarpa Rugayah (Brass 5347) 13. T. schlechteri Harms (Coode NGF 32837) IV. Section Foliobracteola 14. T. auriculata Rugayah (Paul Chai S 36193) 15. T. coriacea Blume (Laumonier 4363) 16. T. rotundifolia Rugayah (16a. cross section of the seed) (Rijksen s.n.) 17. T. villosa Blume subsp. villosa (Wiriadinata HW 8284) 18. T. villosa Blume subsp. mindorensis Rugayah (Stone et al. PPI403) V. Section Involucraria A. Subsection Involucraria 19. T. borneensis Cogn. (Meeter 67) 20. T. emarginata Rugayah (De Wilde 14862) 21. T. globosa Blume (Kasik 104) 22. T. kinabaluensis Rugayah (Beaman 7171) 23. T. leuserensis Rugayah (Lorzing 5212) 24. T. longispicata Rugayah (Hyde & Company s.n.) 25. T. montana Rugayah (Susiarti s.n.) 26. T. obscura Rugayah (Hansen 968) 27. T. philippinensis Rugayah (Bartlett 14725) 28. T. planiglans Rugayah (Ramos & Edano Bur. Sci. 29110) 29. T. pubera Blume (De Wilde 21667) 30. T. quinquangulata Asa Gray (De Wilde, 21661) 31. T. sepilokensis Rugayah (Sinclair et al. 9341) 32. a T.tricuspidata Lour. f. tricuspidatq (De Wilde 21773) b. T. tricuspidata f. siberutensis (Wiriadinata HW 6874) c. T. tricuspidata f. seramensis (Ramlanto & Mogea 803) 33. T.^alida Rugayah (Koorders 16613P) B. Subsection Pedatae 34. T. celebica Cogn. (De Vogel 6136) 35. T. elmeri Merr. (a. Ridsdale SMHI1852; b. Elmer 20298) 36. T. floresana Rugayah (Schmutz 4385) 37. T. papuana F. M. Bailey (Kalkman BW 3668 A) 38. T. wawrae Cogn. (Fanani s.n.) 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWILDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 231 Fig. 1. Seed of Trichosanthes spp. 232 REINWARDTIA [VOL.11 3. sect. Edulis Rugayah, sect. nov. Pulpa semenque edulis, semen oblongum lateribus plusminusve parallelis vel plusminusve longe triangulari saepe apicibus uno vel ambobus truncatis vel emarginatis. - Type: Trichosanthes edulis Rugayah. Dioecious (always?) subherbaceous climbers or creepers, to c. 8 m long. Probract present, sometimes inconspicuous. Male bracts various, 5-30 mm long. Seed often numerous, densely packed in the fruit (not verified in T. hastata and T. schlechteri); seed flat, either oblong, ± parallel-sided, ± quadrangular, or seed ± long triangular; seed frequently truncate or notched at one or both ends; margin thickened or not, the edge smooth or (partly) crenulate. Fruit pulp whitish, turning red (pulp and seed edible) . - New Guinea and E. Pacific. NOTE - This section is distinct as a group of species largely restricted to New Guinea, where it appears that all species have eatable fruit. Trichosanthes edulis var. sativa seems exclusively cultivated. The elongated seed of most species is reminiscent of Lagenaria. It should be mentioned that species with resembling seed occur in China, but we know little of these. DISTRIBUTION - 8 species in New Guinea. Malesian taxa (8 species, 2 varieties, 3 forms): T. densiflora, T. dentifera, T. dieniensis, T. edulis vars. edulis, sativa, septemloba, T. hastata, T. laeoica forms sorongensis, sicyocarpa, yapenensis, T. pulleana, T. schlechteri. For the key to the species, see the regional key for New Guinea. 4. sect. FOLIOBRACTEOLA Cheng & Yueh Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(4) (1974) 427. - Type: Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. (China). Malesian taxa (4 species, 1 subspecies): T. auriculata, T. coriacea, T. rotundifolia, T. villosa subsp. villosa, T. villosa subsp. mindorensis. NOTE - Section Foliobracteola appears not sharply defined. It is heterogeneous, and seems to intermingle with sect. Involucraria. It is not sure whether the here named species truly belong to sect. Foliobracteola. Especially the species T. auriculata and T. rotundifolia, both with margined seed, but mutually very different; each may represent separate subsections, but their formal description should wait 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWlLDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 233 for a better insight into the overall division of the genus. Trichosanthes villosa was formerly included in section Involucraria, but now has been tentatively replaced into sect. Foliobracteola because it has creamy pinkish edible fruit pulp, not green-black and bitter as in section Involucraria. KEY TO THE MALESIAN SPECIES OF SECT. FOLIOBRACTEOLA 1 a. Plant wholly densely villous. Seed elliptic with truncate base, 14-25 mm long; margin broad but faint T. villosa b. Plant (sub)glabrous. Seed broad-elliptic or circular 2 2 a. Plant slender, dioecious. Fruit oblong. Seed c. 5 mm diam. with smooth margin c. 5 mm broad, inside chambered. - Sumatra T. rotundifolia b. Plant more robust, dioecious or (partly?) monoecious 3 3 a. Leaf blade with 2 gland-bearing auricles at base, at the transition to the petiole. Seed subcircular, c. 9 mm diam., with broad radially striate margin. Male bracts linear. -Borneo T. auriculata b. Leaf blade without basal auricles. Seed broadly obovate, 13-15 long, without radially striate margin. Male bracts ovate.- W Java, S & C Sumatra T. coriacea 5. sect. INVOLUCRARIA (Ser.) Wight Madras Journ. Lit. Sc. 12 (1840) 52. - Involucraria Ser., Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 3(1) (1825) 27, t. 5. — Type: Involucraria wallichiana Ser. = Trichosanthes wallichiana (Ser.) Wight. In Malesia 2 subsections: a. subsect. INVOLUCRARIA Type: Trichosanthes wallichiana (Ser.) Wight. Synonym: subsect. Bracteatae S.K. Chen, Bull. Bot. 5(2) (1985) 113. - Type: Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. NOTE — The name subsect. Bracteatae was previously provisionally (not formally) used by Jeffrey (Cucurbitaceae of Eastern Asia, Kew, 1980, 38) for a group of species including the type of sect. Involucraria. Malesian taxa (17 species, 3 forms): T. borneensis, T. ellipsoidea, T. emarginata, T. globosa, T. kinabaluensis, T. leuserensis, T. longispicata, T. montana, T. obscura, T. philippinensis, T. planiglans, T. pubera (a species close to the continental SE Asian T. wallichiana), T. 234 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 quinquangulata, T. refracta, T. sepilokensis, T. tricuspidata forms tricuspidata, asperifolia, seramensis, siberutensis, T. vdlida NOTE — Fruit and seed is not known in T. refracta. b. subsect. PEDATAE (C.Y. Cheng & Yueh) S. K. Chen Bull. Bot. Res. North-East. Forest Inst. 5(2) (1985) 113. - sect. Pedatae C.Y. Cheng & Yueh, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(4) (1974) 444. - Type: Trichosanthes pedata Merr. & Chun (China). Malesian taxa of subsect. Pedatae (5 species, 1 form): T. celebica, T. elmeri, T. floresana, T. papuana, T. wawrae forms wawrae and hirsuta. KEY TO THE MALESIAN SPECIES OF SECT. INVOLUCRARIA 1 a. Leaves simple (lobed or unlobed). Fruit globose or ovate-elliptic. Pericarp thick, ± fleshy (subsect. Involucraria) 2 b. Leaves all or partly 3-5(-7)-foliolate. Fruit ovate or elliptic-oblong. Pericarp thin, leathery, (subsect. Pedatae) 16 2 a. Fruiting pedicel of two differently coloured and textured parts, i.e. distal with a smooth part with surface similar to the fruit surface 3 b. Fruiting pedicel uni-coloured. [Fruit and seed incompletely known in T. planiglans and T. refracta.] 4 3 a. Seed rounded at both ends. Fruit globose T. borneensis b. Seed notched at one end. Fruit short ellipsoid T. emarginata 4 a. Fruiting pedicel c. 5 mm thick or less. Male rachis 2-3 mm thick 5 b. Fruiting pedicel 10—15 mm thick. Male rachis thickened, (3—)5 mm thick 12 5 a. Fruit globose 6 b. Fruit (short) ellipsoid 9 6 a. Leaves ± 5-angular. Blade glands several, small, close to the insertion of the petiole. Male bracts c. 20 mm long, entire. Seed chisel-shaped pointed at one end T. quinquangulata b. Leaves unlobed or (deeply) lobed 7 7 a. Plant drying (reddish) brown. Younger parts reddish tinged. Male bracts less than 1/4 incised 8 b. Plant drying dull blackish; not reddish tinged. Male bracts deeply finely fan- shaped incised T. obscura 8 a. Stem sharply angular(-winged). - Sabah T. kinabaluensis b. Stem faintly angular and/oir grooved. — N Sumatra T. leuserensis 1999] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWlLDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 235 9 a. Leaf blade unlobed. Blade glands conspicuous, c. 2 mm diam T. ellipsoidea b. Leaf blade 3(-5)-lobed. Blade glands l(-2) mm diam. or less 10 10 a. Young parts of plant reddish tinged. Leaves ± pubescent beneath. Probract oblong. Fruiting pedicel 2.5-5 cm long T. pubera b. Young parts green. Leaves (sub)glabrous beneath. Probract ovate or elliptic. Fruiting pedicel 0.5-2 cm long 11 11 a. Leaves drying brownish. Male bracts shallowly incised. Sepals (sub)entire. — Widespread in W Malesia, not in Philippines T. tricuspidata b. Leaves drying green. Male bracts deeply and finely incised. Sepals deeply and finely incised. — Philippines T. philippinensis 12 a. Tendrils simple. Male bracts entire, pale yellowish brown, minutely soft hairy T. globosa b. Tendrils 2-4-fid. Male bracts coarsely dentate, drying dark brown 13 13 a. Leaves unlobed or shallowly (2-)3-lobed T. sepilokensis b. Leaves deeply 5(-7)-lobed 14 14 a. Fruit globose (or occasionally in T. montana obovoid when in male raceme). - W Malesia 15 b. Fruit ellipsoid-obovoid. [Seed 8—12 by 5—7 mm.] Lowland or montane area. — E Malesia T. valida 15 a. Fruit 10-14 cm long. Fruiting pedicel 3-5 cm long. Seed 17-20 by 6-8 mm. Montane T. montana b. Fruit c. 7.5 cm long. Fruiting pedicel 2—2.5 cm long. Seed c. 17 by 5—6 mm. Lowland T. longispicata 16 a. Plant slender, 2-5 m high. Leaves membranous, 3-foliolate or frequently partly (or all) simple (lobed or hastate). Fruit 6.5-10 cm long. Fruiting pedicel 1.5-2.5 cm long. Seed 15-18 mm long. - West Malesia T. wawrae b. Plant stouter. Leaves ± chartaceous, 3—5-foliolate (rarely simple) 17 17 a.Fruit 12-18 cm long. - W Malesia T. elmeri b.Fruit 10.5 cm or less. -E Malesia 18 18 a.Fruiting pedicel c. 5 cm long. Fruit c. 6.5 cm long. Seed 9-10 mm long. - Sulawesi, Moluccas T. celebica b. Fruiting pedicel shorter 19 19 a.Fruit c. 4—8 cm long. Fruiting pedicel 1—1.5 cm long, c. 2 mm thick. Seed 11—17 mm long. — Flores T. floresana b.Fruit c. 9-10.5 cm long. Fruiting pedicel 1.5-3 cm long, 6-10 mm thick. Seed 20-25 mm long. — Aru I. & New Guinea T. papuana 236 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 REGIONAL ENUMERATIONS AND KEYS TO THE SPECIES Java (10 species) For key and enumeration of species, see Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 471. Note that the name T. sumatrana as given in 1997 has been replaced by T. montana, as explained in Reinwardtia 11 (1998) p. 218. Sumatra (15 species) T. beccariana Cogn. subsp. beccariana T. borneensis Cogn. T. coriacea Blume T. cucumerina L. [including var. anguina (L.) Haines] T. elmeri Merr. T. emarginata Rugayah, sp. nov. T. globosa Blume T. leuserensis Rugayah, sp. nov. T. montana Rugayah T. ovigera Blume T. pubera Blume T. quinquangulata Asa Gray T. rotundifolia Rugayah T. tricuspidata Lour. {tricuspidata f. siberutensis Rugayah, /. nov. T. wawrae Cogn. Key to the species 1 a. Leaves foliolate (sometimes partly or all simple) 2 1 b. Leaves simple (unlobed or lobed) 2 a Plant slender, 2-5 m high. Leaves 3-foliolate, chartaceous; probract membranous, flat (sometimes caducous). Tendrils simple or 2-fid. Fruit 6-10 cm long.... • T. wawrae b Plant stouter. Leaves 3-5-foliolate, coriaceous; probract chartaceous, mcurved- cucullate. Tendrils 2-3-fid. Fruit more than 10 cm long T. elmeri 3 a. Leaves unlobed. [Leaves subcircular or ovate, margin entire, minute sparse dents excepted.] b. Leaves lobed • 4 a. Leaf margin ± revolute T. coriacea b . L e a f m a r g i n f l a t 5 a. L e a v e s ( u s u a l l y ) p u b e s c e n t b e n e a t h (lens!) • 6 b . L e a v e s g l a b r o u s b e n e a t h 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWlLDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 237 6 a. Leaves ± membranous; venation not or but little raised beneath T. ovigera b. Leaves chartaceous or (sub)coriaceous; venation raised beneath, distinct.... T. beccariana subsp. beccariana 7 a. Leaves chartaceous, ovate; venation ± raised, distinct. Seed 8—10 mm long - Siberut I T. tricuspidata f. siberutensis b. Leaves ± membranous; venation flat, faint beneath. Seed 15-20 mm long 8 8 a. Leaves subcircular T. rotundifolia b. Leaves ovate-hastate T. wawrae 9 a. Plant with fruit (and female flowers) 10 b. Plant with male flowers 22 10 a. Fruit ovoid. Seed turgid n b. Fruit globose, ellipsoid, (ob)ovoid, or long-cylindrical. Seed flat 12 11 a. Fruit pulp not fibrous. Seed barrel-shaped T. ovigera b. Fruit pulp fibrous. Seed butterfly-shaped with inflated lateral parts. (Lobed leaves not found in Sumatra) T. beccariana subsp. beccariana 12 a. Seed edge undulate or coarsely notched. Fruit ± ellipsoid, c. 5 cm long, or long- cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina T. cucumerina b.Seed edge entire. Fruit globose, ellipsoid, or (ob)ovoid 13 13 a. Fruiting pedicel with 2 parts with differing surface colour and texture 14 b. Fruiting pedicel uni-coloured 15 14 a. Fruit ellipsoid. Seed notched at one end T. emarginata b. Fruit globose. Seed not notched T. borneensis 15 a. Fruit globose 16 b. Fruit longer than broad 19 16 a. Fruiting pedicel 10—15 mm diam. thick 17 b. Fruiting pedicel c. 5 mm thick 18 17 a. Tendrils simple. Fruit less than 10 cm diam T. globosa b. Tendrils 2—3-fid. Fruit more than 10 cm diam T. montana 18 a. Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed. Seed 2-3 mm thick T. leuserensis b. Leaves shallowly 5-lobed or ± pentangular. Seed c. 1 mm thick, chisel-shaped pointed at one end T. quinquangulata . 19 a. Fruit more than 10 cm long; fruiting pedicel c. 15 mm diam T. montana b. Fruit less than 10 cm long; pedicel 5 mm diam. or less 20 20 a. Pericarp thin, less than 5 mm. Seed broadly ovate-oblong, 15-18 mm long, 2-3 mm thick .- T. wawrae b. Pericarp thick, c. 5 mm or more. Seed obovate, 10—13 mm long, less than 2 mm thick... 21 238 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 21 a. Leaves pubescent. Stem and leaves when young drying red-brown. Probract oblong • T.pubera b. Leaves glabrous. Stem and leaves green, drying (green)brown. Probract ovate- elliptic... T. tricuspidata 22 a. Bracts l(-2) mm long, often caducous (including cultivated var. anguina T. cucumerina b.Bracts more than 2 mm long.. 23 23a.Rachis 1-2 mm thick 24 b.Rachis 2-10 mm thick 25 24 a.Persistent basal part of pedicel 2-15 mm long T. ovigera b. Persistent basal part of pedicel (nearly) absent T. wawrae 25 a.Rachis of raceme 5-10 mm thick 26 b.Rachis of raceme 2-5 mm thick 27 26 a. Tendrils simple. Bracts membranous, with soft yellowish hairs, margin entire T. globosa b. Tendrils 3-fid. Bracts chartaceous, with minute brown hairs, apical part coarsely dentate.... T. montana 27 a.Younger parts reddish tinged on drying 28 b. Whole plant green, brown, or blackish on drying 29 28 a. Leaves glabrous. Petals completely white T. leuserensis b. Leaves pubescent. Petals with pinkish veining and/or pinkish fringes T.pubera 29 a. Leaves ± pentangular, with several minute glands close to the insertion of the petiole. Bracts entire [Sepals with slender side lobes] T. quinquangulata b. Leaves (deeply) 3-5-lobed, c. 1/3 or deeper; glands fewer, not close to the insertion of the petiole. Bracts dentate 30 30 a. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, lobes oblong. Sepals (entire or) lobed 31 b. Leaves to c. 1/2-way 3-lobed, lobes ± ovate-triangular. Sepals entire T. tricuspidata 31 a. Probract ± elliptic, c. 4 mm long. Seed notched T. emarginata b. Probract lanceolate(-subulate), 5-18 mm long. Seed elliptic, not notched T. borneensis Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore (7 species) T. borneensis Cogn. T. cucumerina L. T. elmeri Merr. T. ovigera Blume T. quinquangulata Asa Gray T. tricuspidata Lour. T. wawrae Cogn. 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWILDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 239 Key to the species l a . Leaves foliolate (in T. wawrae partly or all simple) 2 b. Leaves simple 3 2 a. Leaves 3-foliolate, membranous or chartaceous. Probract membranous, flat, sometimes caducous. Tendrils 1- or 2-fid. Rachis of male raceme 1-1.5 mm thick. Fruit ovoid, 6-10 cm long r T. wawrae b. Leaves 3-5-foliolate, chartaceous or coriaceous. Probract chartaceous, concave. Tendrils 2—3-fid. Male rachis 2-3 mm thick. Fruit narrowly ovoid, more than 10 cm long T. elmeri 3 a. Plant (sub)annual; monoecious. Leaves membranous, green-yellow on drying. Corolla c. 3 cm diam. Male bract l(-2) mm long, persistent or caducous. [Fruit ovoid, or much elongated, cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina.] Seed edge undulate T. cucumerina b. Plant (sub)perennial; monoecious or dioecious. Leaves membranous or chartaceous, green, brown, or blackish on drying. Corolla more than 3 cm diam. Male bract 3 mm long or more. Seed edge not undulate 4 4 a. Plant with fruit (and female flowers) 5 b. Plant with male racemes 9 5 a. Fruit globose 6 b. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid 7 6 a. Fruiting pedicel of 2 differently structured and coloured parts. Leaves deeply 5(—7)-lobed. Seed rounded at both ends Txborneensis b. Fruiting pedicel of uniform colour and structure. Leaves ± pentangular. Seed at one side chisel-shaped pointed T. quinquangulata 7 a. Seed turgid, barrel-shaped T. ovigera b. Seed flat, rounded at both ends 8 8 a. Leaves 3-lobed for (1/4—)l/2-way. Fruit uniformely red. Seed c. 10 mm long... T. tricuspidata b. Leaves variously lobed. Fruit flamed. Seed c. 15 mm long T. wawrae 9 a. Rachis 1-2 mm thick. 10 b. Rachis 2-4 mm thick 11 10 a.Leaves usually pubescent beneath (lens). [Seed turgid, barrel-shaped.] .... T. ovigera b. Leaves glabrous beneath. [Seed flat.] T. wawrae 11 a. Leaves ± pentangular, with small glands near the insertion of the petiole. Bracts entire. Sepals (mostly) with narrow lateral lobes T. quinquangulata b. Leaves unlobed or variously lobed. Bracts incised. Sepals entire, rarely few- lobed 12 240 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWlLDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 241 12 a Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed, usually with few glands 1-2 mm diam T. borneensis b Leaves Globed for 1/4-1/2-way; glands scattered, less than 1 mm diam T. tricuspidata Borneo (21 species, 1 subspecies, 1 form) T. auriculata Rugayah T. beccariana Cogn. subsp. beccariana subsp. pusilla Rugayah T. borneensis Cogn. T. cucumerina L. T. ellipsoidea Merr. T. elmeri Merr. T. globosa Blume T. kinabaluensis Rugayah, sp. nov. T. longispicata Rugayah, sp. nov. T. montana Rugayah T. mucronata Rugayah, sp. nov. T. obscura Rugayah, sp. nov. T. ovigera Blume T. pendula Rugayah T. pubera Blume T. quinquangulata Asa Gray T. refracta Yueh & Huang T. sepilokensis Rugayah, sp. nov. T. tricuspidata Lour. T. villosa Blume f. wawrae Cogn. forma wawrae forma hirsuta Rugayah, /. nov. Key to the species 1 a. Leaves foliolate (in T. wawrae sometimes, in T. elmeri rarely partly or all simple) b. Leaves simple (lobed or unlobed) 2 a Leaves 3-foliolate, membranous or chartaceous; probract membranous, flat (sometimes caducous). Tendrils simple or 2-fid. Male rachis c. 1-1.5 mm thick. Fruit 6-10 cm long T. wawrae b Leaves 3-5-foliolate, chartaceous or coriaceous; probract chartaceous, concave. Tendrils 2-3-fid. Male rachis 2-3 mm thick. Fruit more than 10 cm long.... T. elmeri 3 a. Plant (sub)annual; monoecious. [Leaves membranous, green-yellow on drying.] Corolla c. 3 cm diam. Male bracts 1(—2) mm long, often fugacious. [Fruit ovoid, or long-cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina.] Seed with undulate edge T. cucumerina b. Plant (sub)perennial; monoecious or dioecious. Corolla more than 3 cm diam. Male bract 3 mm long or more (± absent in T. mucronata and T. pendula). Seed turgid or flat, edge not undulate 4 4 a. Whole plant conspicuously (densely) soft hairy; hairs 1 mm long or more. Leaves mucronate 5 b. Whole plant glabrous or (sparsely) hairy, or scabrous; hairs less than 1 mm long. Leaves not or little mucronate (long-mucronate in T. pendula) 6 5 a. Indumentum of stem and leaves (grey-)rusty villose. Tendrils (2- or) 3-5(-9)- fid. Seedflat T. villosa b. Indumentum of stem and leaves grey(-brown), hirsute. Tendrils 2 or 3-fid. Seed turgid T. mucronata 6 a. Leaf blade at transition to petiole with 2 gland-bearing auricles. [Male bracts linear. Fruit in a raceme, globose.] Seed subcircular with broad radially striate margin T. auriculata b. Leaf blade at base without auricles. Seed turgid or flat, without radially striate margin 7 7 a. Stem sharply angular or ridged 8 b. Stem smooth, striate, or grooved 9 8 a. Stem and leaves drying brown, reddish tinged. Probract oblong. Male raceme solitary. Seed flat, chisel-shaped pointed at one end T. kinabaluensis b. Stem and leaves drying green or brown, not reddish tinged. [Leaf apex narrowly mucronate.] Probract absent. Male (and female) racemes mostly fascicled, pendent. Seed turgid T. pendula 9 a. Plant with fruit (and/or female flowers) (incompletely known in T. refracta) ... , 10 b. Plant with male flowers 23 10 a. Seed turgid 11 b. Seed flat 12 11 a. Leaf venation ± flat beneath. Fruit pulp not fibrous. Seed barrel-shaped T. ovigera b. Leaf venation much raised beneath. Fruit pulp coarsely fibrous. Seed butterfly- shaped T. beccariana 12 a. Fruit globose 13 b. Fruit ovoid/ellipsoid.; 19 13 a. Fruiting pedicel with two parts of different surface and colour, ± tapering T. borneensis b. Fruiting pedicel uni-coloured 14 242 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 14 a. Fruiting pedicel less than 10 mm thick 15 b. Fruiting pedicel 10—15 mm thick 16 15 a. Leaves ± 5-angular, with several small glands close to the insertion of the petiole. Seed oblong, chisel-shaped pointed at one end T. quinquangulata b Leaves unlobed or (deeply) lobed, drying blackish brown, dull, roughish above; glands few, scattered. Seed 18—21 by 7—8 mm, rounded at both ends T. obscura 16 a. Leaves drying pale green. Tendrils simple T. globosa b. Leaves drying green or brown. Tendrils (usually) 2-4(-5)-fid 17 17 a. Leaves unlobed or shallowly 3-lobed, drying green. Seed 13-16 by 7-8 mm T. sepilokensis b. Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed 18 18 a. Fruit less than 10 cm diam., fruiting pedicel 2—3 cm long. Seed c. 17 by 5—6 mm. — Lowland T. longispicata b. Fruit 10 cm diam. or more, fruiting pedicel c. 2 cm long. Seed 17-20 by 6-8 mm. — Montane T. montana 19 a. Fruiting pedicel c. 10 mm thick T. montana b. Fruiting pedicel c. 5 mm thick or less 20 20 a. Plant slender, leafy stem 2-3 mm diam. Pericarp ± leathery, thin 21 b. Plant stouter, leafy stem 3-4 mm diam. or more. Pericarp carnose, c. 5 mm thick when dry. [Dry fruit uniformely (orange-)red. Seed c. 10 mm long. Leaves 3-or 5-lobed.] 22 21 a. Leaves ovate-hastate, usually ± lobed. Blade glands c. 0.5 mm diam. Fruit 6-10 cm long, yellow flamed. Seed 15—18 mm long T. wawrae b. Laves ovate, margin entire. Blade glands 1-2 mm diam. Fruit c. 5 cm long. Seed c. 13 mm long T. ellipsoidea 22 a. Leaves (±) pubescent, 3-5-lobed, margin coarsely dentate. Young parts (drying) reddish brown. Probract oblong. Petal fringes tinged pinkish. Fruiting pedicel 2-3 cm long T. pubera b. Leaves glabrous or early glabrescent, 3-lobed to 1/4-1/2 of the blade, margin entire or dentate. Petals completely white. Fruiting pedicel (0.5-)l-2 cm long T. tricuspidata 23 a.Rachis of male raceme 1—1.5(—2) mm thick. [Leaves frequently unlobed.] 24 b.Rachis of male raceme 2-10 mm thick. [Leaves mostly lobed.] 27 24 a. Blade glands c. 2 mm diam T. ellipsoidea b.Blade glands less than 1 mm diam., or absent 25 25 a. Leaves ± pubescent beneath. Remaining part of pedicel 2 mm long or more.. 26 b. Leaves glabrous beneath (except in f. hirsuta). Remaining part of pedicel almost absent T. wawrae 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. D E W I L D E : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 243 26 a. Venation on lower leaf surface raised. Peduncle less than 1 cm long ....: T. beccariana b. Venation on lower leaf surface ± flat. Peduncle more than 1 cm long T. ovigera 27 a.Leaves± 5-angular. Bracts entire. Sepals mostly with narrow side lobed T. quinquangulata b. Leaves various. Bracts incised. Sepals entire or lobed 28 28 a. Persisting part of pedicel 5-10 mm long (in deviating specimens shorter, see note). Bracts less than 15 mm long T. longispicata b. Persistent part of pedicel shorter or absent. Bracts larger, partly withering... 29 29 a.Rachis 2-4 mm thick 30 b.Rachis 5-10(-20) min thick 34 30 a. Rachis ± zig-zag T. refracta b.Rachis straight 31 31 a. Bracts broad, deeply fan-shaped incised. Plant drying dull blackish T. obscura b.Bracts incised, but not fan-shaped. Plant drying green or (reddish) brown .... 32 32 a. Leaves ± hairy. Shoots reddish tinged. [Probract oblong.] Petal fringes tinged pinkish T. pubera b. Leaves glabrous or early glabrescent. Shoots green or brown. Petals completely white 33 33 a. Leaves 5-7-lobed. Blade glands few (or absent), c. 1 mm diam. Probract membranous, elongate T. borneensis b. Leaves 3-lobed to 1/4 -1/3 of the blade. Blade glands scattered, less than 1 mm diam. Probract ± (ob)ovate, chartaceous, with conspicuous glands T. tricuspidata 34 a. Bracts entire, membranous, pale pubescent. Tendrils simple T. globosa b. Bracts incised, (sub)glabrous. Tendrils 2-4-fid 35 35 a. Leaves unlobed or shallowly (2- or) 3-lobed. - Lowland T. sepilokensis b Leaves deeply 5(-7)-lobed. - Montane T. montana Sulawesi (6 species) T. celebica Cogn. T. cucumerina L. T. ovigera Blume T. quinquangulata Asa Gray T. tricuspidata Lour. T. valida Rugayah, sp. nov. 246 REINWARDTIA [ VOL. 11 9 a. Fruit flamed. Seed turgid, barrel-shaped T. ovigera b. Fruit uniformely red. Seed flat, ovate-oblong T. philippinensis 10 a. Bracts entire. Leaves 5-angular, drying green-blackish T. quinquangulata b. Bracts incised. Leaves various 11 11 a. Male raceme with stout rachis, c. 5 mm thick. Leaves deeply 5-lobed T. valida b.Male raceme with slender rachis, 1-2 mm thick. Leaves unlobed or 3(-5)- lobed, 12 12 a. Leaves usually ± pubescent beneath. Corolla c. 3.cm diam T. ovigera b. Leaves glabrous (early glabrescent). Corolla larger 13 13 a. Raceme zig-zag; bracts 10-25 mm long, shallowly coarsely incised, without glands T. refracta b.Raceme straight; bracts 25-45 mm long, deeply finely incised, glandular T. philippinensis Moluccas (8 species, 1 form) T. celebica Cogn. T. cucumerina L. T. ovigera Blume T. papuana F.M. Bailey T. pulleana Harms T. quinquangulata Asa Gray T. tricuspidata Lour. f. seramensis Rugayah, /. nov. T. valida Rugayah, sp. nov. Key to the species 1 a. Leaves 3-foliolate (or partly or all simple) 2 b. Leaves simple (unlobed or lobed) 3 2 a. Fruit c. 6.5 cm long. Fruiting pedicel c. 5 cm long. Seed 9-10 by 2-3 mm. - Buru T.celebica b. Fruit 9-10.5 cm long. Fruiting pedicel 1.5-3 cm long. Seed 20-25 by 13-14 mm. - A r u l s T. papuana 3 a. Plant (sub)annual; monoecious; diurnal. [Probract absent.] Male bracts l(-2) mm long, mostly fugacious. Corolla c. 2 cm diam. Seed flat, pale, with coarsely undulate edge. [Fruit small, ovoid, or long-cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina.] T. cucumerina b. Plant (sub)perennial; monoecious or dioecious. Probract present or absent.] Male bracts larger. Corolla c. 3 cm diam. or more. Seed turgid or flat, edge not undulate • • •••• • •••••• • 4 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWILDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 247 4 a. Plant with fruit (or female flowers) 5 b. Plant with male flowers. [Male flowers not known in T. tricuspidata f. seramensis.] 9 5 a. Seed turgid, barrel-shaped. [Probract absent] T. ovigera b. Seed flat 6 6 a. Fruit globose. Leaves ± 5-angular; with several small blade glands close to the insertion of the petiole. Seed oblong, chisel-shaped pointed at one end T. quinquangulata b. Fruit dbovoid or ellipsoid (not known in T. pulleana from Aru Is.) 7 7 a. Fruit large, ± obovoid, c. 10 cm long; fruiting pedicel c. 10 mm thick. - Halmahera T. valida b. Fruit smaller; fruiting pedicel more slender 8 8 a. Leaves ± hastate (or 3-foliolate). Fruiting pedicel c. 5 cm long. - Buru T. celebica b. Leaves 3-lobed to c. half-way. Fruiting pedicel c. 1 cm long. - Seram T. tricuspidata f. seramensis 9 a. Bracts c. 2 cm long, entire. [Sepals mostly with narrow lateral lobes. Leaves 5- angular, drying green blackish; with small glands close to the insertion of the petiole.] T. quinquangulata b. Bracts either large (c. 20 mm long or more), incised (sometimes only shallowly so at apex), or bracts much smaller 10 10 a. Leaves deeply 5(-7)-lobed. Rachis of raceme c. 5 mm thick T. valida b. Leaves unlobed or lobed. Rachis 1—3 mm thick 11 11 a. Leaf margin conspicuously dentate. Bracts 6—8 mm long. Bracts and flowers (inflorescence) densely brown pubescent. - Aru Is T. pulleana b. Leaf margin entire. Bracts larger. Bracts and flowers (sub)glabrous 12 12 a. Remaining part of pedicel 2 mm long or more T. ovigera b. Remaining part of pedicel less than 2 mm long or absent (but flowers from Moluccas not seen) T. celebica (Buru), T. papuana (Aru Is.) Lesser Sunda Islands (6 species, 1 form) T. cucumerina L. T. floresana Rugayah, sp. nov. T. ovigera Blume T. quinquangulata Asa Gray (not yet recorded for Lesser Sunda Is.) T. tricuspidata f. asperifolia Rugayah, /. nov. T. villosa Blume ; 248 REINWARDTIA [VOL.'11 Key to the species 1 a. Leaves 3(-5)-foliolate (or partly unlobed?) f T. floresana b. Leaves simple (unlobed or lobed) , 2 2 a. Plant (sub)annual; monoecious; diurnal. Male bracts l(-2) mm long, mostly fugacious. Corolla c. 2 cm diam. [Fruit small, ovoid, or long-cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina.] Seed flat, pale, edge coarsely undulate T. cucumerina b. Plant (sub)perennial. Corolla c. 3 cm diam. or more. Seed turgid or flat, edge not undulate 3 3 a. Whole plant densely grey-brown villose T. villosa b. Plant thinly pubescent or glabrous (glabrescent) 4 4 a. Plant with fruit (or female flowers) 5 b. Plant with male flowers 7 5 a. Fruit globose. Seed oblong, chisel-shaped pointed at one end [Leaves ± 5- angular, drying green-blackish; with several small glands close to the insertion of the petiole.] T. quinquangulata b. Fruit ovoid(-ellipsoid). Seed turgid or flat, not pointed. [Leaves unlobed or (deeply) lobed.] 6 6 a. Seed turgid, barrel-shaped. Leaves (sub)glabrous or pubescent, not scabrous • T. ovigera b. Seed flat, ovate-oblong, rounded at both ends. Leaves scabrid T. tricuspidata f. asperifolia 1 a. Leaves glabrous, ± 5-angular, [drying green blackish, with several small glands near the insertion of the petiole.] Bracts c. 20 mm long, entire. Sepals with narrow lateral lobes T. quinquangulata b. Leaves glabrous, pubescent, or scabrous, unlobed or (deeply) lobed. Bracts (coarsely) indented, or much smaller, ± unlobed. Sepals (mostly) entire 8 8 a. Leaves subglabrous or pubescent, not scabrous. Bracts 15 mm long or less, coarsely dentate or entire T. ovigera b. Leaves scabrous. Bracts c. 20 mm long, deeply indented T. tricuspidata f. asperifolia New Guinea (12 species, 3 varieties, 3 forms) T. cucumerina L. T. densiflora Rugayah, sp. nov. T. dentifera Rugayah, sp. nov. T. dieniensis Merr. & Perry 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWlLDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 249 T. edulis Rugayah, sp. nov. var. edulis var. sativa Rugayah var. septemloba Rugayah T. hastata Cogn. ex Harms T. laeoica Cheng & Huang f. sorongensis Rugayah, /. nov. f. sicyocarpa Rugayah, /. nov. f. yapenensis Rugayah, /. nov. T. ovigera Blume T. papuana F.M. Bailey T. pulleana Harms T. quinquangulata Asa Gray T. schlechteri Cogn. ex Harms Key to the species 1 a. Leaves 3—5-foliolate (sometimes simple in juvenile stages) T. papuana b. Leaves simple (unlobed or lobed) 2 2 a. Plant (sub)annual; monoecious; diurnal. Probract absent. Male bracts l(-2) mm long, mostly fugacious. Corolla c. 2 cm diam. Seed flat, pale, edge coarsely undulate. [Fruit small, ovoid, or long-cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina.] T. cucumerina b. Plant (sub)perennial; monoecious or dioecious; largely nocturnal. Male bracts 5 mm long or more. Corolla c. 3 cm diam. or more. Seed (turgid in T. ovigera) flat, edge not undulate 3 3 a. Entire portion of petal oblong. Seed turgid, barrel-shaped T. ovigera b. Entire portion of petal ± obovate. Seed flat 4 4 a. Male bracts c. 20 mm long, entire. Fruit globose; seed embedded in green-black pulp, uneatable, oblong, chisel-shaped pointed at one end. Leaves ± 5-angular T. quinquangulata b. Male bracts dentate (sometimes only at very apex), or bracts much smaller. Fruit globose, ellipsoid, or oblong; pulp not blackish; seed various, usually densely packed. Leaves of various shape, unlobed or (deeply) lobed. Peduncles and/or pedicels often persistent, straw-like. Sect. Edulis 5 5 a. Plant with fruit (or female flowers) (fruit not known in T. dieniensis, T. pulleana) 6 b. Plant with male flowers (male flowers not known in T. dentifera) 11 6 a. Adult leaves scabrous above, pubescent or subglabrous beneath. [Fruit globose, ellipsoid, or oblong.] Seed ± parallel-sided T. laeoica b. Adult leaves smooth or rough, but not scabrous above, glabrous (glabrescent) beneath. [Fruit ellipsoid or oblong.] 7 250 REINWARDTIA [V6L. 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWlLDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 251 7 a. Leaves ± hastate or triangular; margin usually remotely spiny-dentate 8 b. Leaves subcircular or ovate in outline, unlobed or (deeply) lobed; margin entire or obscurely minutely dentate 10 8 a. Lowland and lower montane, up-to 1500 m 9 b. Montane, 1800-2500 m. [Fruit ovoid-oblong, 6-8 by 4.5 cm. Seed parallel-sided, 10—13 by 4—5 mm, c. 1 mm thick, shallowly notched at one or both ends.]. T. densiflora 9 a. Leaf margin spiny-dentate. Petiole with scabrous hairs. Fruit ca. 7.5 by 4.5 cm. Seed± triangular, 8-10 by 4-5 mm, 1-2 min thick, shallowly notched at both ends T. hastata b. Leaf margin towards base usually with some prickly teeth only. Petiole glabrous. Fruit 6.5-11 by 5-7.5 cm. Seed elliptic-oblong, 17-20 by 8-10 mm, ca. 3 mm thick, not notched T. schlechteri 10 a. Leaves broadly ovate, unlobed. Fruit 7.5-10 by 5-6 cm. Seed narrowly oblong, tooth-like cuneate at base, [12-13 by 5 mm, c. 1 mm thick.] - Lowland E Papua New Guinea, Solomon Is T. dentifera b. Leaves ± orbicular in outline, unlobed or lobed. Fruit 15-20 cm long. Seed parallel-sided or somewhat triangular, base not cuneate. - Lowland and montane, whole of New Guinea T. edulis 11 a. Inflorescences (and flowers) densely hairy. Plants drying green or brown. Peduncle c. 10 cm long 12 b. Inflorescences (sub)glabrous (glabrescent). Plants drying greenish. Peduncle c. 5 cm long or less 14 12 a. Hairs of inflorescences and flowers ± straight, light brown, 1-2 mm long 13 b. Hairs of inflorescences and flowers woolly, ± curly, dark brown, more than 2 mm long T. edulis 13 a. Leaves hastate, unlobed, (sub)glabrous, not scabrous. Bracts oblong, entire, less than 10 mm long T. pulleana b. Leaves ovate, unlobed, or shallowly 3-lobed, pubescent or glabrescent, scabrous above. Bracts elliptic or obovate, dentate, c. 10 mm long T. laeoica 14 a. Plant delicate. Leaves membranous, ovate, margin entire. Bracts less than 10 mm long T. dieniensis b. Plant stouter. Leaves chartaceous, or coriaceous, ± hastate, margin usually ± dentate. Bracts 10 mm long or more 15 15 a.Rachis c. 5 mm thick. Bracts 30-45 mm long. - Montane at c. 2000 m T. densiflora b.Rachis c. 2 mm thick. Bracts smaller 16 16 a. Leaves (sub)coriaceous, towards the base usually with some marginal prickles. Petiole glabrous. Rachis ± zig-zag. Bracts c. 10 mm long T. schlechteri b. Leaves chartaceous, margin remotely spiny-dentate. Petiole scabrous. Rachis straight. Bracts 10-25 mm long T. hastata ENUMERATION OF ACCEPTED SPECIES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW TAXA l. TRICHOSANTHES AURICULATA Rugayah Trichosanthes auriculata Rugayah, Reinwardtia 11(3) (1998) 216. -Type: Paul Chai S 36193 (L; iso K, KL, SAR), Sarawak. DISTRIBUTION - Borneo: Sarawak, Sabah, E. Kalimantan. NOTE - Clemens 21110 and Kato et al. 11279, both (almost) sterile, possibly r e p r e s e n t a new species close to T. auriculata or T. mucronata. 2. TRICHOSANTHES BECCARIANA Cogn. a. subsp. BECCARIANA Trichosanthes beccariana Cogn. in A.DC. & CDC, Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 380. - Type: Beccari 802, 802 bis (FI; iso K, MEL), W. Sumatra. DISTRIBUTION - West S u m a t r a , Borneo (Sabah). b. subsp. PUSILLA Rugayah Trichosanthes beccariana Cogn. subsp. pusilla Rugayah, Reinwardtia 11(3) (1998) 217. - Type: Mogea (with De Wilde) 4372 (BO; iso K, L), C Kalimantan. DISTRIBUTION - Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, C & E Kalimantan). 3. TRICHOSANTHES BORNEENSIS Cogn. Trichosanthes borneensis Cogn. in A.DC &C.DC, Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 369 - Type: Korthals 54 (L), Borneo (Kalimantan). Trichosanthes sumatrana Cogn. in A.DC &C.DC -Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 373 (incl. a acutiloba, lectotype; excl. P obtusiloba^iuch. is T. globosa Blume). - Type (i.e. lectotype of T. sumatrana): Beccari s.n. (FI acquisition number FI 4427 'Trichosanthes sumatrana Cogn. a acutiloba Cogn.'), Prov. Padang, 360 m (FI). DISTRIBUTION - S u m a t r a , P e n i n s u l a r Malaysia, Borneo. 4. TRICHOSANTHES CELEBICA Cogn. Trichosanthes celebica Cogn. in A.DC. & CDC, Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (18881) 385. — Type: Beccari 51 (FI), Lepo-Lepo near Kendari, SE Sulawesi. DISTRIBUTION — Sulawesi, Moluccas (Buru). 252 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 5. TRICHOSANTHES CORIACEA Blume Trichosanthes coriacea Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 935; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 674; Cogn. in A.DC. & C D C , Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 355; Backer in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 303; Rugayah & W.J. de Wilde, Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 477. - Type: Blume s.n. (L), Mt. Salak, W. Java. DISTRIBUTION - W Java (Mt. Salak), S & C Sumatra. 6. TRICHOSANTHES CUCUMERINA L. a. v a r . CUCUMERINA Trichosanthes cucumerina L., Sp. PI. (1753) 1008; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 933; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 676; Cogn. in A.DC. & CDC, Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 357; Ridl., Fl. Mai. Penins. 1 (1922) 844; Backer in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 304; Jeffrey, The Cucurbi'taceae of Eastern Asia, Roy. Bot. Gard., Kew (1980) 51; Rugayah & W.J. de Wilde/Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 478. - Type: Pada valam, p.39, tab. 15 in Rheede, Hort. Ind. Malab. 8 (1688), fide Jeffrey (1980). Trichosanthes reniformis Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 675. - Type: Horsfield s.n. (BM), Java. Trichosanthes pedatifolia Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 677. - Type: Horsfield s.n. (BM), Java. DISTRIBUTION - W i d e - s p r e a d ; I n d i a , S r i L a n k a , S C h i n a , t h r o u g h Malesia eastward to N Australia. b. var. ANGUINA (L.) Haines Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. anguina (L.) Haines, Bot. Bihar Orissa (1922) 388; Jeffrey, The Cucurbitaceae of Eastern Asia, Roy. Bot. Gard., Kew (1980) 52; Rugayah & W.J. de Wilde, Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 478. - Trichosanthes anguina L., Sp. PL (1753) 1008; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 933; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 677; Cogn. in A.DC & C D C , Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 359; Backer in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 304. - Type (lectotype, Jeffrey, 1993): 'Anguina', Micheli, Nov. PI. Gen.: t. 9. 1729. DISTRIBUTION - W i d e - s p r e a d ; c u l t i v a t e d . 7. Trichosanthes densiflora Rugayah, sp. nou. Trichosanthes bracteata auct. non Voigt: Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1925) 160, p.p. Cirrhi bifidi, inflorescentiae masculae rhachis 11-13 cm longus 3(-5) mm crassus multiflorus, bracteae 30-45 mm longae subintegrae. - Type: Von Roemer 706 (BO), Irian Jaya. 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWILDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 253 Climber, dioecious; glabrescent (but see note). Probract c. 5 mm long. Tendrils 2-fid (one branch much reduced). Leaves unlobed, subhastate; margin minutely nearly spiny dentate. Blade glands small, several at very blade base. Male: raceme 17-19 cm long, peduncle 4.5-6 cm long included, rachis stout, with bract scars, 11-13 cm long, (3-)5 mm thick; flowers many; bracts obovate-oblong, 30-45 mm long, membranous, subentire, with few scattered glands less than 1 mm diam.; male flowers incompletely known. Female flowers not known. Fruit ± fleshy, ellipsoid(-oblong), 6-8 by 4.5 cm, shortly contracted at base (when dry), fruiting pedicel c. 3 cm long, c. 3 mm thick. Seed flat, narrowly oblong, ± parallel-sided, notched at apex, cuneate at the other end, 10-13 by 4-5 mm, c. 1 mm thick, margin faint, edge entire. DISTRIBUTION - New Guinea (SW Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: Western Highlands, West Sepik). - Collections: Flenley ANU 2703; Henty et al. NGF 41616; Von Roemer 706. HABITAT & ECOLOGY-Montane area; 1500-1700 m altitude. NOTE — Known from a few scattered collections, which differ in details. Eyma 5123 (from Wissel Lake area in Irian Jaya), is provisionally mentioned here; it differs markedly in conspicuous dense red-brown indumentum, and possibly it represents a separate taxon, but with its immature female flowers it does not permit an adequate description. 8. Trichosanthes dentifera Rugayah, sp. nov. Folia elobata late ovata cordata margine integro, cirrhi 2- vel 3-fidi, fructus longitudinaliter vadose sulcatus 10-12 cm longus 6—7 cm latus, semen oblongum 12—13 mm longum c. 5 mm latum c. 2 mm crassum apice emarginato basi cuneata margine integro. — Type: McGregor s.n. (anno 1890) (MEL), Papua New Guinea. Climber, dioecious, glabrescent, drying (dark) greenish brown. Probract oblong, 3-4 mm long, entire, glands not obvious. Tendrils 2 or 3-fid. Leaves unlobed, ovate, base cordate, margin entire with minute remote teeth only. Blade glands several to many, c. 0.5 mm diam. Male flowers incompletely known. Female sepals linear, c. 12 mm long, entire. Fruit (dry) ellipsoid or ellipsoid-oblong, 10-12 by 6-7 cm, shallowly lengthwise grooved; fruiting pedicel c. 2.5 cm long, c. 6 mm thick. Seed brown, flat, oblong, 12—13 by 5 mm, c. 2 mm thick, ± notched at apex, cuneate at base, margin obscure, edge (sub)entire. DISTRIBUTION - E Papua New Guinea and W Pacific area (Bougainville, New Hebrides). - Collections: Brass 1533; McGregor s.n. (anno 1890); Kajewski 1936; Raynal RSNH16306. HABITAT & ECOLOGY- C o a s t a l forest a n d s c r u b . 254 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 9. TRICHOSANTHES DIENIENSIS Merr. & Perry Trichosanthes dieniensis Merr. & Perry, Journ. Arn. Arb. 30 (1949) 59. - Type: Brass 3898 (A; iso K, US), Papua New Guinea. DISTRIBUTION - Papua New Guinea. 10. Trichosanthes edulis Rugayah, sp. nov. Racemus masculus pilis lanatis ferrugineis 2-3 mm longis obtectus, bracteae obovatae 10-25(-40) mm longae margine superiore undulato vel vadose plusminusve dentato, fructus (10-15-25 cm longus 5-7 cm latus. Semina dense farcta margine integro vel subtiliter crenulato. - Type: Streimann NGF 30731 (L; iso BRI, CANB, LAE), Papua New Guinea. Medium sized climber; dioecious; brown pubescent, usually largely glabrescent. Probract elliptic or oblong, 5—15 mm long, often caducous. Tendrils 2-4-fid. Leaves unlobed or 3-7-lobed to 1/3-5/6. Blade glands few or many, c. 1 mm diam. or less, mostly scattered. Male: raceme 10— 25(—55) cm long, with woolly rusty hairs 2—3 mm long; peduncle 4—16(— 20) cm long, rachis slender or stout, with bract scars; bracts chartaceous or coriaceous, ovate-rhomboid, 10-15(-40) mm long, upper margin undulate or coarsely dentate; sepals narrowly triangular or ovate- elliptic, 5—15 mm long, margin entire or lobed (or incised). Ovary ellipsoid or oblong, densely brown hairy. Fruit pyriform or oblong, (10— )15-25 cm long, c. 5 cm diam.; pulp red; fruiting pedicel (3-)4-10 cm long. Seed densely packed, (pale) brown or blackish, flat, narrowly oblong (± parallel-sided), or obtriangular, notched at one or both ends, 10—15 by 4—8 mm, 1—2 mm thick, lateral sides ± depressed in the centre or not, margin broad, edge entire or faintly crenulate towards the apex. DISTRIBUTION - Whole of New Guinea; 3 varieties. Key to the varieties 1 a. Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed, margin coarsely irregularly dentate. Plant (especially the tendrils) rather sparsely hirsute c. var. septemloba b. Leaves 3-lobed or ± unlobed, margin entire (except minute dents) 2 2 a. Plant drying greenish. Male bracts rather shallowly undulate in upper margin. Seed 12—15 by 4-5 mm. Degraded places, but not cultivated; up to c. 1200 m a. var. edulis b. Plant drying dark brown. Male bracts coarsely dentate. Seed 10-12 by 5—8 mm. Montane at 1000—2500 m, cultivated b. var. sativa 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWILDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 255 av* Fig. 2. Trichosanthes edulis Rugayah var. edulis. Twig and male flower (Streimann NGF 25890, L) 256 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 a. var. EDULIS - Fig. 2 DISTRIBUTION - New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea). - Collections: Brass 1359; Clemens 2179; Damas LAE 58939 (L, p.p.); Fryar NGF 3993; Hartley TGH 9871, TGH 10505; Henty & Osborn NGF 14804; Streimann NGF 25890, NGF 30731; Takeuchi 7170; Womersley 17613. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Secondary growth and degraded forest in logged areas; also in swampy places; 0—1500 m altitude. USES - Apparently never cultivated, but fruit frequently recorded as edible. NOTE — Most collections of the typical variety are from E Papua New Guinea. One collection, Kalkman 4401 from Star Mountains (at c. 1500 m), deviates by smaller flowers. Three collections from Vogelkop, from lower altitudes, up to 450 m, viz Ave 4076, Polak 850, Vink 17576, are tentatively included in the present variety; they agree vegetatively, but differ in the seed which is broadly obtriangular (not parallel sided), approaching the cultivated, mountainous var. sativa in this respect. More material, and preferably field study is needed to establish the status of the present varieties. b. var. sativa Rugayah, var. nov. Florum masculorum bracteae margine grosse vadose dentato, fructus plusminusve pyriformis c. 15 cm longus. — Type: Vink 16350 (L; iso CAN, LAE), Papua New Guinea. Leaves drying dark brown, usually 3-5-lobed to c. 1/3-way. Male: peduncle not seen; bracts irregularly dentate. Fruit pyriform-ellipsoid, 15-20 cm long (c. 25 cm long when fresh), c. 5 cm wide; fruiting pedicel c. 4.5 cm long; seed narrowly oblong or obtriangular, parallel-sided, 10— 12 by 5—8 mm, c. 1 mm thick, notched at one or both ends, not grooved in the middle; edge entire or finely crenulate. DISTRIBUTION - Papua New Guinea. - Collections: Barran NG-9-15; Borgmann 323; Carr 15654; Hamilton 55; Hays 451; Hiepko et al. 1110; Hyn 182; PanoffNGF 133; Sterley 1615; Vink 16350. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Cultivated, 1000-2500 m altitude. c. var. septemloba Rugayah, var. nov. - Fig. 3 Planta omnis pubescens cirrhis inclusis. Folia profunde 5-7-lobata margine irregulariter grosse dentato. - Type: Stevens LAE 54823 (L; iso BRI, CANB, LAE), Papua N4w Guinea. 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W. J. J.O. DEWILDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 257 Fig. 3. Trichosanthes edulis var. septemloba Rugayah. Twig and male flower. (Stevens LAE 54323, L) 258 REINWARDTTA [VOL. 11 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWILDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 259 Whole plant softly brown pubescent. Leaves drying (dark) brown, pubescent at both sides. Blade deeply (5-)7-lobed to 3/4-5/6, margin coarsely irregularly dentate. Tendrils 3-fid, markedly pubescent. Probract oblong, 10-15 mm long. Male: raceme 10-17 cm long, including the 9-15 cm long peduncle; bracts 20-30(-40) mm long, subentire or minutely incised at very apex. Female flowers and fruit not known. DISTRIBUTION - Papua New Guinea (Morobe Prov.). - Collections: Brass 5445; Damas LAE 58939; Lane Poole 375; Stevens LAE 54823. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Secondary forest borders and scrub; 800-1600 m altitude. 11. TRICHOSANTHES ELLIPSOIDEA Merr. Trichosanthes ellipsoidea Merr., Philipp. Journ. Sc, Bot. 13 (1918) 332. - Type: BS 30364 Ramos (PNH; iso K, US), Philippines. DISTRIBUTION - Sarawak, Philippines. 12. TRICHOSANTHES ELMERI Merr. Trichosanthes elmeri Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 299. - Type: Elmer 20298 (PNH; iso BR, CANB, U), Sabah. DISTRIBUTION - Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines. 13. Trichosanthes emarginata Rugayah, sp. nov. — Fig. 4 Probractea oblonga, folia profunde 5-lobata, semen apice emarginato. - Type: De Wilde & Duyfjes 14862 (L; iso BO, K), N Sumatra. Climber, 5—20 m long; dioecious(?); glabrescent. Probract oblong, c. 4 mm long, with few glands. Tendrils 2-fid. Leaves chartaceous, deeply 5- lobed to 4/5, margin entire. Blade glands absent or few, c. 1 mm diam. or less, near the blade base. Male: raceme 15-22 cm long, thinly hairy, peduncle 13-18 cm long, rachis c. 3 mm thick; bracts obovate rhomboid, 40-55 mm long, at apex faintly or distincly dentate, without glands; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 13-15 mm long, at base 4-5 mm wide, entire. Fruit broad ellipsoid, 10-14 by 6-8 cm, dry pericarp (5-) 10-15 mm thick; fruiting pedicel c. 5 cm long, two-coloured, with a smooth part c. 1 cm long at the side of the fruit. Seed oblong, 15-18 by 7-10 mm, 3-5 mm thick, conspicuously notched at apex, margin not obvious, edge entire. Fig. 4. Trichosanthes emarginata Rugayah. a. fruit; b. seed. (De Wilde & Duyfjes 14862 , L.) 260 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 DISTRIBUTION - N Sumatra. - Collections: Lbrzing 8347; Be Wilde & Duyfjes 14862. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Forest edge, and along river; 200-400 m altitude. Plant died off when with ripe fruit. NOTE - Insufficiently known, but distinct by ellipsoid fruit with 2- coloured fruiting pedicel, and conspicuously notched seed. It has the 2- coloured fruiting pedicel in common with T. borneensis, which differs in globose fruit and seed not notched at apex. 14. T r i c h o s a n t h e s floresana Rugayah, sp. nov. — Fig. 5 Folia 3—5-foliolata, fructus 4—8 cm longus, pedicello 1—1.5 cm longo, semen 11-16 mm longum 6-10 mm latum 3-5 mm crassum. - Type: Schmutz 4614 (L), Flores. Climber, dioecious; early glabrescent. Probract ovate-elliptic, 5-10 mm long, glands not obvious. Tendrils 2 or 3-fid. Leaves subcoriaceous, 3—5-foliolate, margin entire. Blade glands not apparent. Male: raceme 10-16 cm long, sparsely pubescent; peduncle c. 8 cm long; bracts obovate-rhomboid, 20-35 mm long, glandular, entire or shallowly or deeply incised; sepals narrowly triangular, 15 mm long, entire. Fruit subglobose-ovoid, 4—8 by 3—6 cm; fruiting pedicel 1—1.5 cm long, 3—4 mm thick. Seed ± flat, ovate-oblong, 11—16 by 6—10 mm, 3—5 mm thick, margin absent, edge entire. DISTRIBUTION - Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores). - Collections: Loeters 1397a.; Schmutz 1287, 4385, 4614; Verheijen 4282. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Secondary forest; 400-650 m altitude. NOTE — Close to T. celebica and T. wawrae; distinct by subcoriaceous leaves, and comparatively small fruit with short fruiting pedicel. 15. TRICHOSANTHES GLOBOSA Blume Trichosanthes globosa Blume, Bijdr. Flora Ned. Ind. (1826) 936; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 679; Cogn. in A.DC. & C D C , Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 363; Backer in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 304; Rugayah & W.J. de Wilde, Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 478. - Involucraria globosa (Blume) M.J. Roemer, Syn. Fasc. 2 (1846) 99. - Type: Blume s.n. (L; iso BR, P), Java. Trichosanthes grandiflora Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 934; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 674; Cogn, in A.DC. & C D C , Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 364. - Type: Blume s.n. (L; iso BR, P), Java. DISTRIBUTION - S u m a t r a , J a v a , B o r n e o . 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWILDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 261 Fig. 5. Trichosanthes floresana Rugayah. a. habit; b. fruit; c. seed. {Schmutz 4385, L.) 262 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. D E W I L D E : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 263 16. TRICHOSANTHES HASTATA Harms Trichosanthes hastata Harms, Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1925) 160. - Type: Schlechter 19286 (B, lost; iso BR), Papua New Guinea. DISTRIBUTION - Papua New Guinea. 17. T r i c h o s a n t h e s k i n a b a l u e n s i s Rugayah, sp. nou. — Fig. 6 Caulis 5-angulatus rubelle suffusus, florum masculorum bracteae grosse incisae, semen oblongum c. 10 mm longum 3-4 mm latum, basi cuneata. - Type: Chew, Corner & Stainton 2830 (BO; iso K, L, SAN), Sabah or De Wilde & Duyfjes SAN 139472 (SAN holo; L iso) Climber or creeper, dioecious; stem 4 or 5-angular or winged, young parts pubescent, pink-purple tinged. Probract oblong-lanceolate, c. 1 cm long. Tendrils 2-fid. Leaves shallowly 3-5-lobed up to 1/3, margin ± undulate-dentate. Blade glands few, (0.5-)l—2 mm diam., near the insertion of the petiole. Male: raceme stout, peduncle 7—16 cm long, rachis 4-12 (or more) cm long; bracts ± rhomboid, 30—45 mm long, deeply irregularly incised at apex, without or with few glands; flowers large, sepals long-triangular, 10—17 by 3—5 mm, usually coarsely dentate or entire. Fruit globose, 5.5—7.5 cm diam.; fruiting pedicel 1.5— 2.5 cm long, 4—7 mm thick. Seed flat, elliptic, c. 10 by 3—4 mm, 1—2 mm thick, base ± cuneate, margin obscure, edge entire. DISTRIBUTION - N Sabah (Kinabalu and Crocker Range area). - Collections: Beaman et al. 7171; Chew et al. 2830; Clemens 26250, 29041 (in L for the leaves only, the detached fruit is T. montana), 32076; Kokawa & Hotta 3011; Maikin et al. SAN 132160; Ogata 11278; Vermeulen & Chan 414; De Wilde & Duyfjes 21956, 21950, SAN 139460, 139472. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Secondary roadside vegetation, forest and scrub edges; 1000—1600 m altitude. 18. TRICHOSANTHES LAEOICA Cheng & Huang Trichosanthes laeoica Cheng & Huang, Bull. Bot. Research (Bijing) 16(4) (1996) 503, f. 2. - Type: Coode, Henty & Dockrill NGF 32585 (CANB; iso BO, K, L), Papua New Guinea. DISTRIBUTION — Whole of New Guinea; 4 forms. . Fig. 6. Trichosanthes kinabaluensis Rugayah. a. habit, b. male flower. (De Wilde & Duyfjes 21956, BO) 264 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 Key to the forms 1 a. Leaves unlobed, low$r surface glabrous; fruit pyriform, exocarp ± smooth. - E Papua New Guinea...v b. forma sicyocarpa b. Leaves unlobed or shallowly 3-lobed, or 3-angular, lower surface densely hairy or glabrescent 2 2 a. Fruit (sub)globose or short ellipsoid, exocarp woody, smooth. - Irian Jaya: Bird's Head (Sorong area) c. forma sorongensis b. Fruit ellipsoid-oblong, exocarp wrinkled (not completely known in forma laeoica) 3 3 a. Male flower 40-50(-80) mm long. - Papua New Guinea: Eastern Highlands Prov a. forma laeoica b. Male flower c. 35 mm long. - Western Irian Jaya d. forma yapenensis a. forma LAEOICA Leaves unlobed, 3—5-angular or shallowly 3-lobed, greenish brown on drying, pubescent on lower surface. Male raceme with solitary flower (the pedicel often as a straw-like remnant) at base. Male flowers: pedicel c. 5 mm long, c. 75 mm in solitairy flowers; receptacle tube (40-)50—80 mm long. Fruit not completely known, c. 5 cm wide; exocarp finely wrinkled, glabrous. DISTRIBUTION — Papua New Guinea: Eastern Highlands Prov. — Collections: Clarke 88; Coode et al. NGF 32585. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Secondary forest, at c. 1400 m altitude. NOTE — Fruit said to be red when ripe; fruit edible. b. forma sicyocarpa Rugayah, /. nov. Folia integra infra glabrescentia, fructus pyriformis c. 20 cm longus. — Type: Brass 5347 (BO; iso BRI), Papua New Guinea. Leaves unlobed, broadly ovate, margin entire or shallowly undulate, green or brown (blackish) on drying, lower surface glabrous. Male raceme and male and female flowers not known. Fruit oblong or pyriform (precise size and shape not known), c. 20 by 8 cm; exocarp thinly woody, smooth, glabrous, paler blotched when dry; fruiting pedicel c. 3 cm long, c. 8 mm thick. DISTRIBUTION - Papua New Guinea (Central Prov., Morobe Prov.). - Collections: Brass 5347; Clarke ANU 9557; Katik LAE 77807a. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Secondary regrowth forest at 900-1400 m altitude. NOTE - Fresh fruit orange to red, cucumber-like; sometimes cultivated. 1999] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWILDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 265 c. forma sorongensis Rugayah, /. nov. Folia integra vel vadose 3-lobata infra pubescentia, fructus subglobosus vel breviter ellipsoideus c. 10 cm diam. - Type Ave 4782 (L), Irian Jaya (Vogelkop). Leaves unlobed or 3-lobed to c. 1/4, greenish on drying, lower surface densely pubescent, glands many, scattered. Male raceme, and male flowers and female flowers not known. Fruit (sub)globose or short- ellipsoid, 7.5-12.5 by 8-10 cm (spirit); exocarp thinly woody, smooth, sparsely hairy; fruiting pedicel 1.5—3 cm long, 4—6 mm thick. DISTRIBUTION - New Guinea, Irian Jaya (Vogelkop). - Collections: Ave 4782; De Vogel 9817. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Secondary forest, margin of garden, at c. 450 m altitude. NOTE — Fruit red when ripe, inside orange-red; edible. d. forma yapenensis Rugayah, /. nov Folia integra subcircularia vel plusminusve triangularia supra scabra infra breviter pubescentia vel subglabrescentia, flores masculi c. 5 cm longi, fructus c. 10 cm longus 5 cm latus. - Widjaja et al. EAW 6882 (BO; iso L), Irian Jaya (Yapen I.). Leaves unlobed or 3-lobed 1/3—2/3 deep, green or brown on drying, scabrous on both surfaces, lower surface scabrous hairy or glabrous. Male raceme at base with straw-like appendage(s) presenting withered peduncle or pedicel of solitary flower. Male flower: pedicel c. 5 mm long; receptacle tube c. 35 mm long. Fruit ellipsoid-oblong, c. 10 by 5 cm (c. 12 by 6 cm in spirit), leathery, finely wrinkled; fruiting pedicel c. 3.5 cm long, c. 4 mm thick. DISTRIBUTION - Irian Jaya: Bird's Head (S of Manokwari), Yapen I., Wapoga Drilling Camp (3.08 S, 136.34 E). - Collections: Aet & Idjan 957; Kanehira & Hatusima 13392; Ridsdale CER 2559; Widjaja et al. EAW 6882, 6968. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Secondary forest, roadsides; sea level to c. 1000 m altitude. NOTE - Fruit edible. 19. Trichosanthes leuserensis Rugayah, sp. nov. Folia 3-5-lobata scabra rubella in sicco, probractea ovata at linearis 10-15 cm longa, fructus subglobosus c. 8 cm diam., pedicello c. 4 mm crasso, semen 15—18 mm longum 3-4 mm crassum. - Type: de Wilde & Duyfjes 18605 (BO; iso K, L), Sumatra (Aceh). 266 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWILDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 267 Medium liana, 10—20 m long; monoecious (always?). Stem and leavee drying reddish-brown. Probract obovate to linear, 10-15 mm long. Tendrils 2 or 3-fid. Leaves early glabrescent but ± scabrous above, 3-5(- 7)-lobed to 1/2-2/3, margin remotely minutely dentate. Blade glands few, 0.5-1 mm diam., at base near the insertion of the petiole, and near apex. Male: raceme 10-20 cm, peduncle 6-11 cm long; rachis not thickened, 2-4 mm thick; bracts broadly ovate-rhomboid, 3-4.5 cm long, without glands, shallowly or deeply (up to 10 mm) incised; sepals long- triangular (ovate-oblong), 13-15 mm long, margin mostly dentate. Female flower solitary or 1 or 2 at base in male raceme. Fruit subglobose, 6-8 by 4.5-8 cm, dry pericarp 10-15 mm thick; fruiting pedicel 0.5-1.5 cm long, c. 4 mm thick. Seed flat, elliptic-oblong (various of shape), 15-18 by 6-11 mm, 3-4 mm thick, margin absent, edge entire. DISTRIBUTION - C & N Sumatra. - Collections: Ldrzing 5212, 5215, 6149; Nur 7406; De Wilde & Duyfjes 18605, 20060. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Forest borders, scrub along rivers; 60-600 m altitude. NOTE — Close to T. pubera (with similar reddish tinge of young parts), but T. pubera differs in elongated probract, smaller ellipsoid fruit, and thinner seed. 20. T r i c h o s a n t h e s longispicata Rugayah, sp. nov. - Fig. 7 Folia profunde 3-5(-7)-lobata, racemus masculus ad 30 cm longus bracteis mumerosis persistentibus 7—12 mm longis, fructus globosus, pedicello 10—20 mm crasso. - Type: Yii & Othman S 46270 (L; iso BO, K, SAR), Sarawak. Climber, c. 5 m long, dioecious, glabrescent, drying dark brown. Probract lanceolate, 4—5 mm long. Tendrils 2-3-fid. Leaves deeply 3—5(— 7)-lobed, margin entire. Blade glands absent or few, c. 1 mm diam. Male: raceme 14-32 cm long, peduncle 2-5 cm long, rachis not thickened, many-flowered, bracts persistent, (ob)ovate-oblong, 7-10 mm long, conspicuously dentate, pedicels persistent, 3-11 mm long; sepals lanceolate, c. 4 mm long, entire. Female flowers not known. Fruit (depressed) globose, c. 7.5 cm diam., dry pericarp c. 10 mm thick; fruiting pedicel 2-2.5(-3) cm long, 10-20 mm thick. Seed flat, narrowly oblong, c. 18 by 5-8 mm, c. 2 mm thick, margin faint, edge entire. DISTRIBUTION - Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan). - Collections: Amdjah 72, 748; Hallier 1200; Hyde et al. s.n.; Jaheri 1113; Fidilis SAN 130111; Teysmann 8240; Yii & Othman S 46270. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Lowland forest. Fig. 7. Trichosanthes longispicata Rugayah. Twig and male flower (Yii & Othman S 46270, L.) 268 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWlLDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 269 NOTE -The homogeneity of the specimens cited is not sure. Possibly the male specimen SAN 130111, differs in shorter persistent pedicels, c. 3 mm only, larger bracts, and the basal part of the hypanthium tube thickened into a pseudo-ovary. 21. TRICHOSANTHES MONTANA Rugayah Trichosanthes montana Rugayah Reinwardtia 11(3) (1998) 218. - Trichosanthes sumatrana auct. non Cogn.: Rugayah & W.J. de Wilde, Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 479, f. 4. - Type: De Wilde & Duyfjes 21841 (BO; iso L), W Java. DISTRIBUTION - S u m a t r a , J a v a , N B o r n e o . 22. Trichosanthes mucronata Rugayah, sp. nov. Planta omnis cinereo-brunnee pubescens, folii apex 10—20(—25) mm longus mucronatus, racemus masculus brunnee pubescens 6—10 cm longus pauciflorus. — Type: De Wilde & Duyfjes SAN 139464 (SAN holo; BO, L iso), Sabah (Tenompok). Climber, c. 5 m long, dioecious, drying greenish, grey-brown pubescent all over. Probract absent. Tendril 3—5-fid. Leaves unlobed, (broadly) ovate, densely pubescent, base cordate, apex 10—20(-25) mm long mucronate, margin minutely serrate-dentate. Blade glands several, scattered, less than 0.5 mm diam. Male: raceme 6-10 cm long, sparsely to densely brown hairy; peduncle 4—8(—9) cm long, c. 3 mm thick, flowers few, brown hairy; bracts c. 1 mm long, caducous; receptacle tube 35—65 mm long, sepals narrowly triangular, acute, 11—16 mm long, entire; petals oblong, c. 15 mm long. Fruit oblong, 9-10 by c. 6 cm, green, white- striped. Seed whitish, turgid with two lateral inflated parts, c. 10 by 18 mm, c. 4 mm thick, margin absent, edge entire. DISTRIBUTION - Sabah (Mt. Kinabalu area). - Collections: Makoto Togashi 6718; De Wilde & Duyfjes 21949 (sterile); De Wilde & Duyfjes SAN 139459, 139463, 139464, 139467, 139473. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Wet places in forest edges, shrubby road- sides; 1000-1400 m altitude. NOTE - May be related to T. pendula, with leaves with similarly long mucronate apex, and with similar seed. Two (sub)sterile resembling collections are mentioned under T. auriculata. 23. Trichosanthes obscura Rugayah, sp. nov. Planta sordide nigro-brunnea in sicco, florum masculorum bracteae late obovoideae profunde flabellatae 15-20 mm longae, fructus globosus c. 8 cm diam., pedicello c. 2 cm longo 5 mm crasso. - Type: Hansen 968 (L; iso C, SAR), Sarawak. Climber to 8 m long, dioecious, glabrescent, drying dull (greyish or blackish) dark brown. Probract (ob)ovate, 4-8 mm long, subentire. Tendrils 2 or 3-fid, sometimes pubescent at base. Leaves ± scabrous above, glabrescent beneath, unlobed or 3-lobed to 1/3-2/3, margin subentire. Blade glands few, 1-2 mm diam., or absent, mainly towards the base of the blade. Male: raceme 8—14 cm long (including peduncle 8— 10 cm), minutely brown pubescent; bracts broadly obovate-rhomboid, 15-20 mm long, not glandular, the upper margin finely deeply incised; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 5—7 mm long, c. 3 mm wide at base, entire. Fruit globose, c. 8 cm diam. (white spotted when immature); fruiting pedicel c. 2 cm long, c. 5 mm thick. Seed (narrowly) oblong, 18-22 by 7-8 mm, c. 2 mm thick, margin faint (but broad), edge entire. DISTRIBUTION - N Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan). - Collections: Hansen 968; Ilias Paie S 39228; Jaheri 1570; Sumbing Jimpin SAN 110399, 116679; WONG WKM1581. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Mixed forest, riversides; low altitudes. 24. TRICHOSANTHES OVIGERA Blume Trichosanthes ovigera Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 934; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 674; Cogn. in A.DC. & C D C , Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 380; Backer in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 303; Jeffrey, The Cucurbitaceae of Eastern Asia, Roy Bot. Gard., Kew (1980) 49; Rugayah & W.J.J. de Wilde, Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 478. - T y p e : Blume s.n. (L; iso P), Java. Trichosanthes horsfieldii Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 677. - Type: Horsfield s.n. (K; iso BM), Java. Trichosanthes vanoverberghii Merr., Philipp. Journ. Sc. Bot. 9 (1914) 458. - Type: Vanoverbergh 3662 (iso K), Philippines (Luzon). Trichosanthes mafulensis Merr. & Perry, Journ. Arn. Arb. 30 (1949) 58. - Type: Brass 5257 (iso BO), Papua New Guinea. DISTRIBUTION - Wide-spread, SE A s i a through Malesi a to N Australia. NOTE - A very variable taxon. De Wilde & Duyfjes SAN 116493 from Sepilok (Sabah) strongly deviates in obtriangular petals, at variance with narrowly elliptic petals typical for the species. 270 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 Fig. 8. Trichosanthes philippinensis Rugayah. a. habit; b. male flower. (Elmer 11067, L.) 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWlLDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 271 25. TRICHOSANTHES PAPUANA F.M. Bailey Trichosanthea papuana F.M. Bailey, Queensl. Agric. Journ. 7 (1900) 349; Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1925) 160. - Type: Ruthven Le Hunte s.n. (CANB, n.v.), SE Papua New Guinea. DISTRIBUTION - Aru I., P a p u a New Guinea. 26. TRICHOSANTHES PENDULA Rugayah Trichosanthes pendula Rugayah, Reinwardtia 11(3) (1998) 219, f. 1, 2, 3. - Type: Joseph B. et al. SAN 120771 (male fl.) (KEP; iso L), Sabah. DISTRIBUTION - E Sabah. 27. Trichosanthes philippinensis Rugayah, sp. nov. - Fig. 8 Folia viridescentia in sicco 3-lobata, florum masculorum bracteae plusminusve rhomboideo-obovatae 25-45 mm longae subtiliter ad fere medium incisae. - Type: Elmer 11067 (L; iso BM, K, U), Philippines (Mindanao). Climber, dioecious; glabrescent, drying greenish. Probract ovate, 5—8 mm long, glandular. Tendrils 3-fid. Leaves 3 or 5-lobed to 1/3-3/4, margin (coarsely) dentate-serrate. Blade glands few, 0.5—1 mm diam., scattered or near the insertion of the petiole. Male: raceme (including peduncle 5—7 cm long) 10-20 cm long, densely brown pubescent; bracts rhomboid, 25-45 mm long, in apical part densely laciniate 4-15 mm deep; sepals long-triangular, 10-14 mm long, 2-5 mm wide at base, margin finely 1-2 mm deep incised. Fruit ovoid, c. 6.5 by 5—6 cm; fruiting pedicel c. 2 cm long, c. 2 mm thick. Seed obovate-oblong, 10-12 by 4.5—7 mm, c. 2 mm thick, margin obscure or absent, edge entire. DISTRIBUTION - Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao). - Collections: ANU 1684; Bartlett 14725; Elmer 11067; Loher 2121; Mendoza PNH 18235; Ramos & Edano BS 49596. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Degraded and secondary forest; 500-1200 m altitude. NOTE - Possibly most related to T. tricuspidata; variable of leaf shape (depth of lobing), but characterised by green drying colour and the finely and deeply incised male bracts. m 272 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWlLDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 273 Fig. 9. Trichosanthes planiglans Rugayah. a. habit; b. fruit (a part of dried fruit); c. seed. (Ramos & Edaiio 29910, US) 28. Trichosanthes planiglans Rugayah, sp. nov. - Fig. 9 Folia elobata ovata margine grosse serrato-dentato, laminae glandulae c. 5 mm diam., semen 13-16 mm longum basi cuneata. - Type: Ramos & Edaiio BS 29110 (US; iso K), Philippines (Luzon). Slender climber, dioecious, glabrescent, drying greenish. Probract ± concave, glandular, c. 5 mm long. Tendrils 2-fid. Leaf blade unlobed, membranous, (broadly) ovate, margin coarsely dentate-serrate. Blade glands large, flat, (1—)4—5 mm diam., close to the insertion of the petiole. Fruit incompletely known; fruiting pedicel c. 2 cm long, 4 mm thick. Seed flat, ± lanceolate, 13-16 by 6—7 mm, c. 1.5 mm thick, with cuneate base, margin faint or not obvious, edge entire or indistinctly crenulate. DISTRIBUTION - Philippines; known only from the type, Mt. Tulaog, Luzon. - Collection: Ramos & Edano BS 29110. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - nothing known. NOTE - T h e seed, with cuneate base, reminds of T. quinquangulata. 29. TRICHOSANTHES PUBERA Blume Trichosanthes pubera Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 936; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 675; Rugayah & W. J. J. de Wilde, Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 479, f. lc. - Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Voigt var. pubera (Blume) Cogn. in A.DC. & CDC, Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 377. - Type: Blume s.n. (L; iso P), Java. DISTRIBUTION - Wide-spread in W Malesia. NOTE - This species is close to T. ruhriflos Thorel ex Cayla (1908) and T. wallichiana (Ser.) Wight (1825). 30. TRICHOSANTHES PULLEANA Harms Trichosanthes pulleana Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1925) 160. - Trichosanthes papuana Pulle, Nova Guinea 8 (1910) 406. - Type: Versteeg 1116 (L; iso K, U), Irian Jaya. DISTRIBUTION - Moluccas (Aru Is.), W Irian Jaya. 31. TRICHOSANTHES QUINQUANGULATA Asa Gray Trichosanthes quinquangulata Asa Gray, Bot. Un. St. Exo 1. Exped. 1 (1854) 645; Cogn. in A.DC. & CDC, Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 378; Rugayah & W.J. de Wilde, Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 479, f. la. - Type: Wilkes s.n. (GH-A), Mangsi I., Sulu Sea. Trichosanthes longiflora Cogn. in A.DC. & CDC, Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 374. - Type: Beccari 223 (Fl), Irian Jaya (Vogelkop: Sorong). DISTRIBUTION - Wide-spread in Malesia. 274 REINWARDTIA [ VOL. 11 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWILDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 275 32. TRICHOSANTHES REFRACTA Yueh & Huang Trichosanthes refracta Yueh & Huang, Bull. Bat. Research (Beijing) 16(4) (1996) 500, f. 4. - Type: M. Ramos BS 43279 (UC), Philippines. DISTRIBUTION - B r u n e i , P h i l i p p i n e s (Bohol Is.). 33. TRICHOSANTHES ROTUNDIFOLIA Rugayah - Fig. 10 Trichosanthes rotundifolia Rugayah, Reinwardtia 11(3) (1998) 223. - Type: Lorzing 5284 (BO; iso L), N Sumatra. DISTRIBUTION - Whole of Sumatra. 34. TRICHOSANTHES SCHLECHTERI Harms Trichosanthes schlechteri Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 60 (1925) 159. - Type: Schlechter 16866, 17144, 18079; Gjellerup 718 (B, lost: isolecto BO, L), Irian Jaya. DISTRIBUTION - Whole of New Guinea. 35. T r i c h o s a n t h e s sepilokensis Rugayah, sp. nov. Folia integra vel subtiliter (2- vel) 3-lobata, margine integro. Inflorescentiae masculae rhachis c. 5 mm crassus, bracteae 20-30 mm longae, fructus subglobosus c. 13 cm diam., pedicello 15-20 mm crasso. - Type: De Wilde & Duyfjes SAN 139042 (SAN; iso L), Sabah. Liana 15-20 m, monoecious. Probract ellipsoid-oblong, 3-4 mm long, entire. Tendrils 4-6-fid. Leaves unlobed or shallowly (2- or) 3-lobed, margin entire. Male: rachis c. 5 cm thick; bracts 20-30 mm long, coarsely irregularly incised; sepals narrowly triangular, 10(—12) mm long, entire. Fruit (sub)globose, 10—13 cm diam.; fruiting pedicel 3.5-4.5 cm long, 15—20 mm thick. Seed brown, flat, (ovate or) elliptic-oblong, 13— 18 by 7-9 mm, 3-4 mm thick, margin absent, edge entire. DISTRIBUTION - Sabah, in the Sepilok area. - Collections: Sinclair et al. 9341; De Wilde & Duyfjes SAN 139042, 139475. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Lowland (degraded) forest borders; fl. & fr. Jan.-Feb. Fig. 10. Trichosanthes rotundifolia Rugayah. Twig and male flower. (De Wilde &Duyfjes 12412, L) 276 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 36. TRICHOSANTHES TRICUSPIDATA Lour. Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2 (1790) 588; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 935; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 676; Cogn. in A.DC. & CDC, Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 374; Ridl., Fl. Mai. Penins. 1 (1922) 844; Keraudren- Aymonin in Aubrev. & Leroy, Fl. Camb., Laos, Vietnam 15 (1975) 81, p.p., pi. 14, f. 1, 4-7; Jeffrey, The Cucurbitaceae of Eastern Asia, Roy. Bot. Gard., Kew (1980) 39, p.p.; Rugayah & W.J. de Wilde, Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 481, f. lb. - Type: Loureiro s.n. (lost); neotype (Keraudren-Aymonin, 1975): J. & M.S. Clemens 3267 (P; iso BM), Vietnam. Trichosanthes tricuspis Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 679. - Type: Horsfield s.n. (K), Java. Trichosanthes bracteata auct. non (Lam.) Voigt: Backer in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 304, p.p. DISTRIBUTION - W i d e - s p r e a d in Indochina, W a n d C Malesia; 4 forms. Key to the forms 1 a. Leaves Lobed. Fruiting pedicel 0.5-2.5 cm long 2 b. Leaves unlobed. Fruiting pedicel c. 0.5 cm long. - Siberut I d. forma siberutensis 2 a. Leaves deeply (far over half-way) 3-lobed; scabrous. - Timor b. forma asperifolia b. Leaves 3-lobed to l/3(-l/2)-way 3 3 a. Seed flat, 1 (-2) mm t h i c k . - W & C Malesia a. forma tricuspidata b. Seed 2-3 mm thick. - Seram c. forma seramensis a. forma TRICUSPIDATA Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour, forma tricuspidata DISTRIBUTION - Wide-spread in W Malesia. b. forma asperifolia Rugayah, /. nov. Trichosanthes asperifolia Zipp. ex Span., Linnaea 15 (1841) 206, nomen. A forma typica in foliis profunde lobatis, supra scabris, margine grosse serrato differt. - Type: Zipelius 14 (L), Timor. Plant drying (bright) brown. Leaf blade 3(-5)-lobed to c. 2/3, margin coarsely dentate; upper surface scabrous. 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWlLDfe : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 277 DISTRIBUTION - Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor). - Collection: Zipelius 14. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Nothing known. c. forma seramensis Rugayah, /. nov. A forma typica semine crassiore 2-3 mm crasso differt. - Type: Ramlanto & Mogea 803 (BO; iso L), Moluccas (Seram). Leaves subcoriaceous, 3-lobed to 2/3, not or hardly scabrous above, margin subentire. Seed obovate, 2—3 mm thick, edge entire. DISTRIBUTION - Moluccas (Seram). - Collection: Ramlanto & Mogea 803. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Nothing known. NOTE - In habit this form resembles the type form, but differs in much thicker seed. It is known only from one collection, far away from the area of the typical form in W. Malesia. d. forma siberutensis Rugayah, /. nov. A forma typica in foliis integris elobatis ovato-cordatis, pedicello in fructu c. 0.5 cm longo differt. - Type: Wiriadinata HW 6874 (BO; iso L), Sumatra (Siberut I.). Small perennial climber. Leaves chartaceous, unlobed, margin obscurely minutely dentate. Fruit 5-6 by 4-5 cm, pericarp 6—7 mm thick; fruiting pedicel c. 0.5 cm long. Seed flat, obovate, 8—10 by 5-6 mm, c. 2 mm thick, edge entire. DISTRIBUTION - Sumatra (Siberut I.) - Collection: Wiriadinata HW 6874. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Nothing known. NOTE - This taxon possibly represents a local geographical form, in an isolated environment, quite distinct in its unlobed leaves and short- pedicelled fruit. 37. Trichosanthes valida Rugayah, sp. nov. Inflorescentiae masculae rhachis 5—10 mm crassus, bracteae 40—50 mm longae1 vadose dentatae, fructus ellipsoideo-obovoideus 10-12 cm longus c. 8 cm latus, semen planum obovatum 8-11 mm longum. - Type: Koorders 16611/3 (BO; iso L), Sulawesi (Minahasa). Climber, 10 m, dioecious, largely glabrescent. Probract oblong, c. 3-4 mm long. Tendrils 2 or 3-fid. Leaf blades deeply 5-lobed, margin entire. Blade glands several, ± scattered, 1-2 mm diam. Male raceme thinly pubescent, 15—25(—30) cm long; peduncle 9—13(—18) cm long, rachis 5—10 278 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 1999 ] RUGAYAH & W.J.J.O. DEWlLDE : Conspectus of Trichosanthes 279 mm thick, with bract scars; bracts 40-50 mm long, upper margin shallowly lobed. Male flower: pedicel short; receptacle tube c. 45 mm long; sepals narrow, 10-12 mm long, entire; petals (excluding threads) c. 12 mm long. Female flower: pedicel 15-20 mm long; ovary ellipsoid- oblong, c. 15 by c. 7 mm, pubescent. Fruit ellipsoid-obovoid, c. 10 by 8 cm, pericarp thick; fruiting pedicel c. 4.5 cm long, 10-20 mm thick. Seed flat, obovate, 8-11 by 6-7 mm, c. 2 mm thick, margin absent, edge entire. DISTRIBUTION -' Sulawesi, Moluccas (Halmahera), Philippines. - Collections: Bicknell 666 1344; Conklin & Buwaya 80390; Idjan & Mochtar 229; Koorders 16611/3, 16613/3; Sidiyassa et al. TCW 3660; De Vogel & Vermeulen 6989; De Wilde & Duyfjes 21914. HABITAT & ECOLOGY — Forest edges and secondary scrub,; wet soil; sealevel up to 1000 m altitude. 38. TRICHOSANTHES VILLOSA Blume Key to the subspecies 1 a. Male bracts more than 20 mm long. Seed 20-25 by 10-15 mm, 5 mm thick a. subsp. villosa b. Male bracts 20 mm long. Seed 14-18 by 8-9 mm, 2-3 mm thick b. subsp. mindorensis a. subsp. VILLOSA Trichosanthes villosa Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 934; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 675; Cogn. in A.DC. & CDC, Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 366; Backer in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 304; Rugayah & W.J. de Wilde, Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 481. - Type: Blume s.n. (L; iso P), W Java. DISTRIBUTION - Wide-spread in West Malesia; possibly also in Indochina. b. subsp. m i n d o r e n s i s Rugayah, subsp. nov. Scandens villosus. Inflorescentiae masculae bracteae c. 20 mm longae integrae, semen planum ovato-oblongum 14-18 mm longus 8-9 mm latum 2-3 mm crassum. - Type: Conklin PNH 19132, (BO; iso L), Philippines (Mindoro). Climber, younger parts wholly densely brown villose. Probract absent. Tendrils 3-5-fid. Male bracts c. 20 mm long, entire. Male flowers: sepals narrow, c. 10 mm long, entire. Fruit c. 10.5 by 8 cm, dry pericarp c. 5 mm thick; fruiting pedicel c. 3.5 cm long, c. 3 mm thick. Seed ovate-oblong, 14—18 by 8—9 mm, 2—3 mm thick. DISTRIBUTION - Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Cebu, Palawan). - Collections: Bicknell 1467; Conklin PNH 18707, 19132; Edano PNH 12009; Gutierrez PNH 78316; Ramos BS 42735; Stone et al. PPI 403, 677. HABITAT & ECOLOGY- Secondary forest; 300-700 m altitude. 39. TRICHOSANTHES WAWRAE Cogn. Key to the forms 1 a. Plant glabrous. Fruiting pedicel c. 2 cm long, b. Plant hairy. Fruiting pedicel c. 0.5 cm long... a. forma wawrae b. forma hirsuta a. forma WAWRAE Trichosanthes wawrae Cogn. in A.DC. & CDC, Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 384 Cwawraei'); Ridl., Fl. Mai. Penins. 1 (1922) 845; Rugayah & W.J. de Wilde, Blumea 42, 2 (1997) 481. - Type: Wawra 241 (W), Singapore. Trichosanthes trifolia auct. non (L.) Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 936 (trifoliate,1); Sev. in DC, Prodr. 3 (1828) 316; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1856) 679; Cogn. in A.DC & CDC, Mon. Phan. Prodr. 3 (1881) 383; Merr., Interpret. Rumph. Herb. Amb. (1917) 494; Backer in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 303. - In- volucraria trifolia auct. non. (L.) M. Roem.: M. Roem., Syn. 2 (1846) 99 (trifoliata'), based on Blume s.n., "crescit in provincia Krawang juxta Tjiradjas, W Java, in herbarium L". DISTRIBUTION - S u m a t r a , Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, W Java. b. forma h i r s u t a Rugayah, /. nov. Scandens dense brunnee pubescens, folia 3-foliolata. - Type: Banyeng S 44194 (SAR; iso L), Sarawak. Small climber, rather densely brown pubescent. Probract elliptic, c. 4 mm long, with few glands, coarsely dentate at apex. Tendrils simple or 2-fid. Leaves 3-foliolate, ± chartaceous, margin few-dentate. Flowers not known. Fruit (immature?) c. 4 by 3.5 cm, glabrous; fruiting pedicel c. 1 cm long. 280 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 11 DISTRIBUTION - Borneo (Sarawak). - Collection: Banyeng S 44194. HABITAT & ECOLOGY - Degraded forest edge along logging road in mixed forest; low(?) altitude. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We thank the curators of herbaria of A, BM, BO, BR, BRI, CANB, FI, K, KEP, KLU, L, LAE, P, SAN, SAR, SING, TNS, U, UKMB, US and W for providing essential study material for composing this survey of Trichosanthes. The Leiden University, and WOTRO (The Hague) made the visit of Rugayah to Leiden, respectively the visits of the second author to Bogor, financially possible. J.F. Veldkamp generously translated the diagnoses of the new taxa into Latin. Thanks to Mr. Jan van Os (L) and Iskak Samsoedin (BO) for preparing the illustrations. We thank all colleagues for intensified field collecting, assembling indispensable fresh and well preserved material of various critical taxa. Continued field study is requested for many still incompletely known species. REINWARDTIA Vol. 11, Part 4, pp. 281-284 (1999) A NEW SPECIES OF ANADENDRUM (ARACEAE) FROM MALESIA D. S. WlDYARTINI Faculty of Biology, University of Jendral Soedirman, Purwokerto & ELIZABETH A. WIDJAJA Herbarium Bogoriense, R & D Centre for Biology - LIPI, Bogor ABSTRACT A new species of Anadendrum ellipticum Widyartini & Widjaja, collected from Malay Peninsula, Kalimantan, North Sulawesi and Java proposed. This species is closely related with A. microstachyum but it differs on the structure of leaves, perianth and filament. ABSTRAK Sebuah jenis baru dari Anadendrum ellipticum Widyartini & Widjaja, dari Semenanjung Malaya, Kalimantan, Sulawesi Utara dan Jawa dipertelakan. Jenis ini sangat berdekatan dengan jenis Anadendrum microstachyum tetapi dibedakan dari struktur daun, daun tenda dan tangkai sarinya. Anadendrum is one of the genus of Araceae which grow widely in Malesia. According to Engler (1905) there are six species of Anadendrum growing in Indomalaya, that is A. marginatum, A. affine, A. angustifolium, A. latifolium, A. montanum and A. cordatum. In 1898, Koorders described two species of Anadendrum from Sulawesi namely A. montanum and A. malayanum, whereas in 1920 Backer & Alderwereld proposed A. superans and A. microstachyum from Sumatra. Mabberley (1987) estimated that there are 9 species of Anadendrum in Indomalaya. In revising Anadendrum in Malesia, the first author encountered that there is a number of specimens which are not identical with the known species. After a long study on the morphological and anatomical aspects, finally it is concluded that those specimens belong to a new species which we herewith name Anadendrum ellipticum. 281