R E I N W A R D T I A Published by Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Volume 7, P a r t 1, pp. 5 - 8 (1965) TREE-FERNS OF THE GENUS CYATHEA IN JAVA by R. E. HOLTTUM *) A full taxonomic study of the genus Cyathea has recently been publish- ed in Flora Malesiana (Ser. II, vol. 1, part 2, Dec. 1963). In that work the genus is construed in a broad sense, to include Alsophila and Hemitelia (also Gymnosphaera and Schizocaena of Copeland's Genera Filicum), the total number of species being 191, and a new subdivision of this compre- hensive genus is proposed. The keys in Flora Malesiana, dealing with such a large number of species, are complex, and not very easy to use for local purposes. I have therefore made a simpler key to cover the species of Java only, and hope this will be of service to botaniists in Java. In my opinion, some of the species concerned have not been clearly characterized in earlier publications, and much confusion has resulted. In particular, the species C. junghuhniana and C. raciborskii (Hemitelia cre- nulata), both common in the forest above Tjibodas, have never seen clearly distinguished, and the former has also been confused with C. latebrosa, which does not occur in Java. Cyathea crenulata and C. oinops have also been confused, and C. oinops has not always been clearly distinguished from C. orientalis, though in fact the indusia of C. oinops are of quite dif- ferent structure. For such reasons, the concepts of species in Flora Malesiana are different from those in former works (of Raciborski, van Alderwerelt van Rosenburg, .Backer & Posthumus), references to which are not here given. A full synonymy, with references to these earlier works and to some of what appear to me to be misidentifications, will be found in Flora Malesiana. In preparing the key, I have not found it possible to use only charact- ers observable with the unaided eye; characters of hairs, scales and indusia need to be distinguished. Indusia are never easy to see clearly without a binocular microscope of magnification 25, but it is possible to see the characters necessary for the key with a hand-lens of magnification 10. I hope that some local worker, having learned to identify the species, will be able to find distinguishing characters which can be seen in the field with the unaided eye. For example, I believe that both C. orientalis and C. crenulata have the upper part of the trunk clothed with the pendulous *) 80 Mortlake Road, Kew, Surrey, England. R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7 old fronds, whereas in other species this does not occur; but this needs checking to discover how good a field character it may be. The colour of scales of stipe-bases, and the colour of rachises, of living ferns may also afford good characters; also the size and spacing of the pneumathodes on each side of the stipe (at present known for a few species, and rarely shown by herbarium specimens). KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CYATHEA IN JAVA 1. Scales at base of stipe firm, glossy, with thinner fragile edges which are often abraded on old fronds. 2. Indusium present (sometimes almost covered by ripe sporangia). 3. Lower surface of pinna-rachis closely hairy throughout; indusium a firm disc about as large as base of sorus 1. C. javaniea 3. Lower surface of pinna-raehis not closely hairy throughout. 4. Indusia at maturity distinctly cup-shaped, cups with smooth rim (some- times torn when old) 2. C. orientalis 4. Indusia not forming a distinct cup. 5. Indusia covering sorus almost to maturity, then breaking irregularly. 6. Indusium very thin, pale, broken parts often lost from old sori; basal stipe-scales dark with pale edges; flat elongate scales not abundant on costae; some bullate scales on costules 3. C. crenulata 6. Indusium rather firm and dark, breaking but persistent; basal stipe- scales pale; flat elongate scales bearing dark setae abundant on costae; no bullate scales on costules 4. C. oinops 5. Indusia not covering sorus, attached only on costular side of receptacle and often inconspicuous. 7. Bullate scales abundant throughout lower surface of costae & costules; pinnules usually less than 6% cm long, abruptly narrowed at apex; pneumathodes on stipe 2—5 mm long, usually in a single row. . . . 5. C. raciborskii 7. Bullate scales present only on costules; pinnules often 10 cm long, acu- minate; pneumathodes on stipe 5—14 mm long, in a double or triple row „ . . . . 6. C. jimghuhnicma 2. Indusium lacking. 8. Scales on lower surface of costules of sterile pinnules bullate; fertile lobes usually much narrower than sterile and quite covered by sporangia 7. C. lurida 8. Scales on lower surface of costules not bullate; fertile lobes not much narrow- er than sterile. 9. Pinnules lobed halfway to costa or more; sori on lowest veins not near costule, those on higher veins progressively nearer to costule; basal basi- scopic vein of each group often from costa, not from costule 8. C. gigantea 9. Pinnules lobed less than halfway to costa; sori on all veins about equidi- stant from costa; basal basiscopic vein of each group attached above base of costule 9. C. glabra 1965] R. E. HOLTTUM: Tree ferns of the genus Cyathea 1. Scales at base of stipe usually pale and rather thin, edges not of different texture from the rest and bearing rather regular oblique short dark setae. 10. Most segments of pinnules free as tertiary leaflets; sori apparently indusiate but actually covered with closely overlapping scales. . . . 10. C. tripinnata 10. Most segments of pinnules not free; sori not indusiate. 11. Ferns of open places; pinnules lobed almost or quite to costa; veins 10—12 or more, basal basiscopic vein of each group not attached conspicuously below base of eostule. 12. Rachises, costae and costules densely scaly throughout; scales on costules bearing long flexuous hairs which become entangled. . . 11. C. tomentosa 12. All parts less densely scaly; costular scales not bearing long tangled hairs. 13. Costae and costules beneath conspicuously scaly; some bullate scales always present; mountain plants at 1500—2500 m. 14. Scales on costae mostly strongly setiferous, only those near apex bullate; copious long hairs on lower surface of costae and costules 12. C. persquamulifera 14. Scales on lower surface of costae throughout bullate, not setiferous; long hairs on lower surface of eostae and costules confined to apices of pinnules 13. C. tenggerensis 13. Costae arid costules beneath almost glabrous at maturity; scales never bullate; from low country to 1500 m. 14. C. contaminans 11. Ferns of shady forest; pinnules lobed 1/2—2/3 towards costa; veins 6—9 pairs, basal basiscopic vein always attached to costa below base of costule. . . . 15. C. squamulata DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES WITHIN AND OUTSIDE JAVA 1. C. JAVANICA Bl. — In forest, or by shady river-banks, 250—1500 m; West Java, Sumatra. 2. C. ORIENTALIS (Kze.) Moore — In forest, 1000—1800 m; through- out Java, eastwards to Flores. 3. C. CRENULATA Bl. — In forest, 1700—2700 m, throughout Java, eastwards to Flores. 4. C. OINOPS Hassk. — In forest, 2000—2500 m, throughout Java; also Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Islands (to Flores) and S.W. Celebes. Careful inspection shows that the indusium in this species is hood-shaped, not cup- shaped (as often reported), being open on the side towards the edge of the leaflet. 5. C. RACIBORSKII Copel. (Hemitelia, crenulata Mett.) —• In forest, 1200—1600 m; West Java and S. Sumatra. Very abundant in the forest just above Tjibodas garden. 6. C. JUNGHUHNIANA (Kze.) Copel. — In forest, 1000—2000 m; West Java, South and Central Sumatra. Abundant with C. raciborskii above Tji- bodas, and always distinct. R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7 7. C. LURIDA (Bl.) Copel. — Apart from the original collection, I have seen only one other, from West Java. In Sumatra and the Malay Pe- ninsula this species is found in ridge forest (not in exposed places) at 1250—1800 m. 8. C. GIGANTEA (Wall, ex Hook.) Holttum — In Java at low elevations, in the West only. This species' is very widely distributed, occurring in Ceylon and South India, from N.E. India to Burma, Thailand and Indochina to Penang and Kedah, also in central Sumatra. It grows in more open places than C. glabra. 9. C. GLABRA (Bl.) Copel. — In forest, to 1650 m, West Java; very few collections, and now apparently rare. In Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula this species occurs in wet lowland forest, and in mountain forest to about 1500 m. 10. C. TRIPINNATA Copel. — Only two collections known from West Java, from forest at 700 m. This species occurs at altitudes of 250—1700 m throughout the Philippines, also in N. Borneo and Ambon; one collection has been made on Pulau Tioman, off the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. 11. C. TOMENTOSA (Bl.) Zoll. & Mar. — At 2200 m and above, in ridge forest and in open swampy places in gullies, on mountains from West Java to Flores. 12. C. PERSQUAMULIFERA (v.A.v.R.) Domin — On mountains, 1500— 2500 m, apparently in open places, few times collected; also in Central Sumatra. 13. C. TENGGERENSIS (Rosenst.) Domin — In open places at 1500— 2300 m; East Java to Flores and in S. Celebes. Locally abundant on Mt Tengger. 14. C. CONTAMINANS (Wall, ex Hook.) Copel. — In clearings and open places in forest, especially near streams, throughout Java, 200—1600 m, the commonest tree-fern; also throughout Malesia and northwards to Mergui. 15. C. SQUAMULATA (Bl.) Copel. — A small tree-fern of forest in lowlands and to 1500 m, West Java; also in Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sulu Archipelago. R E I N W A R D T I A Published by Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Volume 7, Part 1, pp. 9 - 18 (1965) THE GENUS ACIOA Aublet (Rosaceae - Chrysobalanoideae) IN MALESIA by A . J . G . H . KOSTERMANS *) SUMMARY . 1. The first record of Aciov, Aublet from S.E. Asia. 2. Three species are described: Acioa heteropetala (Scortechini ex King) Kosterm., based on Parinarium heteropetalum Scortechini ex King and the new species: Acioa malayana Kosterm. and A. percoriacea Kosterm. 3. Parinwrium kunstleri King and P. myriandrum Merr. are reduced to synonymy of Acioa heteropetala Kosterm. ACIOA Aublet ACIOA Aublet, Hist. PL Guiane fr. 2: 698, t. 280. 1775; Scopoli, Introd. 291. 1777; Lamarck, Encycl. meth. Bot. 2: 146. 1786; de Jussieu, Gen. PL 342. 1789 (ed. Usteri 378. 1791); Gmelin, Syst. 1028. 1791 (Acioja) ; Schreber, Gen. 458. 1791; Willdenow, Spec. PL 3(1): 717. 1800 (as a syn. of Ada- Schreber); Batsch, Syn., tab. p.4. 1802; St. Hilaire, Expos. Fam. 2: 194. 1805 (Ada Schr.); Hedwig, Gen, 25. 1806; Persoon, Enchir. 2: 238. 1807; Poiret, Diet. Sciences 11: 222. 1818 (Coupi); Steudel, Norn. 9. 1821; ed. 2, 1: 17. 1840; DC, Prodr. 2: 526. 1825; Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 3: 84. 1826 (sub Ada Schr.); Gen. 2: 552. 1831; Martius, Nova Gen. & Sp. PL 2: 79. 1826 (as a syn. of Moquilea Mart. & Zucc.); Reichenbach, Consp. 171. 1828; Bartling, Ordin. nat. 406. 1830; G. Don, Gen. Syst. 2: 478. 1832; Spach, Hist. nat. Veg. phan. 1: 371. 1834; Meissner, Gen. 102 (72). 1836— 43 (section of Moquilea); Zuccarini in Flora 15(2): 87—93. 1832; Endlicher, Gen. PL 1252, no 6410. 1840 (sub Moquilea Mart, et Zucc.) ; Benth'am in Bentham & Hooker F., Gen. PI. 1: 608. 1865 (as a syn. of Couepia, Aublet); Dietrich, Syn. 4: 811. 1847 (Avioa); Blume, Mus. bot. Lugd. bat. 2: 92. 1856 (subgenus of Moquilea M. & Z.) ; Miiller in Walp. Ann. 4: 643. 1857 (subgenus of Moquilea M. & Z.) ; Hooker in Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2): 40. 1867 (as a syn. of Couepia Aublet); Baillon in Adansonia 7: 222. 1867; Hist. PL 1: 437 et 482. 1869; Diet. Bot. 1: 31. 1876; Oliver, Fl. trop. Afr. 2: 371. 1871 (sub Griff onia Hk. f); Pfeiffer, Norn. bot. 1: 24. 1873; Durand, Index 111. 1888 (sub Couepia Aublet) ; K. Fritsch in Ann. K.K. naturh. Hofmus. Wien 4: 36, 37, 38. 1889; Focke in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. fam. 3(2): 60. 1891; de Dalla Torre & Harms, Gen. siph. 211. 1901; Post & Kuntze, Lexikon 5. 1904; de Willdeman in Bull. Jard. bot. Etat Bruxelles 7: 188—190. 1920; Cardot in Mem. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris 191—93. 1922; Lemee, Diet. Genres 1: 38. 1929; Hauman in Fl. Congo beige et Ruanda Urundi (Spermatoph.) 3: 44. 1952. *) D. Sc, Professor of Botany, Bandung Institute of Technology and Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Indonesia, Bogor; Assistant-Director Forest Research Institute, Bogor; Scientific collaborator Herbarium. Bogoriense. Rein.Vol.7,Part 1,pp.1-90_Page_08 Rein.Vol.7,Part 1,pp.1-90_Page_09 Rein.Vol.7,Part 1,pp.1-90_Page_10