146 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

as a substitute for cinnamon. The sterile specimen of de Jussieu is exactly
like the type specimen of Laurus limbosa R. & P. (cf. Kostermans, I.e. 647)
which is Licaria limbosa (R. & P.) Kosterm. (Kostermans, I.e. 731).

Consequently I refer here Laurus quixos Lam. to Licaria as Licaria
quixos (Lam.) Kosterm., comb. nov.

R E I N W A R D T I A

Published by Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia
Volume 7, Part 2, p.p. 147—213

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS PARINARI Aubl.
(Rosaceae-Chrysobalanoideae) IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC REGION

A. J. G. H. KOSTERMANS *)

SUMMARY

1. In the area 20 species (one cultivated) are recognized; furthermore one
undescribed species is discussed.

2. The genera Cyelaiulrophora Hassk. and Mara/tithes Bl. are segregated from
Parinari proper.

3. The genus is subdivided into 2 sections: Parinari and Anareolala.
4. P. papuanum C.T. White and P. salomonense C.T. White are reduced to

synonymy of P. nonda F.v.M.; P. albidum Craib is considered to be conspecific with
P. anamense Hance; P. costata (Korth.) Bl. is considered to represent a proper species
and has been segregated again from P. sumatrana Miq.

5. Arbor nigra maculosa Rumphius, currently identified as a Parinari species,
is referred to Strychnos.

6. P. nitidum Hooker f. ( — Coccomelia nitida Ridley = Triohocarya nitida Miq.)
is referred to Licania as L. splendens (Korth.) Prance & Kosterm,, comb. nov.

7. P. petiolatum v. Malm is referred to Polyosma (Rutaceae).
8. P. punctatum Kurz represents perhaps P. polyneura Miq.
9. P. pliilippinense Elmer is referred to Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance &

Kosterm.
10. P. scabrum, var. lanceolatum Koorders represents Hiptage (Malpighiaceae).
11. The unnamed specimen, mentioned and described by Hooker f. (Fl. Brit.

India 2: 311. 1878)*, belongs perhaps to Tiliaceae.
12. Chrysobnlanus racemosus Roxb. is perhaps partly Cyclandrophora laurina

(A. Gray) Kosterm., comb. nov. (flowers) ; the fruit is not Rosaceous.
13. P. tontoutense Guill. and P. myrsinoides Schlecht. are referred to Licania

as Licania tontoutense (Guill.) Kosterm. and L. myrsinoides (Schlecht.) Kosterm.,
comb. nov.

14. P. gigantea Kosterm. is new to science.

INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Almost 6 years ago, I started revisional work on Asiatic and Pacific
Parinari. The task proved to be far from easy and the final draft of the
manuscript could be completed only, after I had had the opportunity to
examine the extensive material at Kew, thanks to a grant of the British
Council, to which I herewith express my feelings of profound gratitude.

*) D.Sc, Prof, of Botany, Bandung Institute of Technology and of the Faculty
of Physics & Mathematics, University of Indonesia, Bogor; Assistant-Director Forest
Research Institute, Bogor; Scientific honorary collaborator Herbarium Bogoriense.

— 147 —



148 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 7

At Kew I met Dr. Yan Prance (now at New York Bot. Garden), who
was engaged in a revision of the Chrysobalanoideae, mainly at the generic
level. A fruitfull cooperation developed and we both came to a similar
conclusion that the scope of Parinari was not tenable and that the genus
had to be split up. Well-defined groups like Maranthes Bl. and Cyclandro-
phora Hassk. could be segregated and the position of Parinari proper
became better founded.

Dr. Prance laid down his conclusion in a thesis (Oxford), which after
considerable delay, will be printed.

Meanwhile I myself proceeded with the revision on a specific level;
the results of which are represented here (the monographs of Maranthes
and Cyclandrophora will be published in Candollea; the MSS. has been
forwarded to Geneva in July 1965),

The genus Acioa Aublet, in which I have included some species, for-
merly considered to be Parinari, has been treated in this volume of Rein-
wardtia. Dr. Prance considers it a genus different from American and
African Acioa.

The revision of Parinari could never have been completed without
the much appreciated cooperation of the Directors of the "Botanical Survey
of India" who sent material and photographs, of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, who extended hospitality to me in his Institute and who sent numerous
photographs; of the Botanical Garden, Brisbane, who sent fragments of
type specimens, of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh (specimens), of the
Institutes in Paris, Geneva, Leiden and others and of Dr. Yan Prance
(specimens, photograph). To all of them I here extend my feelings of
indebtedness and gratefullness.

DISCUSSION

The genus Parinari represents a heterogeneous group of species and
the species inter se show differences of a greater magnitude than generic
differences of genera allied to Parinari. The only character tying all species
together is the ovary, which is attached laterally to the throat of the calyx
tube.

Bypassing de Candolle, we may accept that Bentham (in Hooker, Fl.
Nigrit. 335. 1849) established the first subdivision of Parinari, mainly
based on African species (although be included some Asiatic ones of which
several he had not seen). He recognized the following sections: Petrocarya
(Schreber) Bentham (Balantium Desv.), Sarcostegia Bth. (wherein wrongly
included Petrocarya excelsa Jack) and Neocarya (purely African).

1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 149

Miquel (Fl. Ind. bat. 1(1): 353. 1855) subdivided Parinari in: Petro-
carya Benth., Macrocarya Miquel, with the same scope as Cyclandrophora
Hassk. and Sarcostegia Benth., which covers Maranthes Bl. (Miquel recog-
nized 4 different species, which I have combined, but included also
Farinariwm jackiammi, which actually belongs in subgenus Macrocarya).

J.D. Hooker (Fl. Brit. India 2: 309. 1878) remarked that the Indian
Parinari species were probably referable to several genera, distinguishable
by their fruit more than by any floral characters. He divided the Indian
species in three subgenera (suggesting a fourth one for Petrocarya excelsa
Jack = Parinari jackianum Bth., accepting Jack's misleading description
of that species); he only named subgenus I (Grymania (Presl) Hooker),
which has the same scope as Petrocarya (Schreber) Benth. (or Eu-Parinari
of Haumann); subgenus II, unnamed, is monospecific and includes what
is now known as Angelesia s<plendens Korth. (referred by Prance and me
to Licania) ; whereas (unnamed) subgenus III covers the genus Cyclamdro-
phora Hassk.

Shortly afterwards Miers (J. l i n n . Soc. Bot. 17: 333. 1880) critisized
the scope of Parinari and again suggested to split this genus in segregates,
based upon fruit characteristics. As most of the fruit were unknown to him
and he accepted also Jack's misleading fruit description of Petrocarya ex-
celsa (which belongs in Cyclandrophora), his suggestions were not followed.

Haumann (Bull. Jard. bot. Bruxelles 2 1 : 184. 1951) discussed the
generic limits of Parinari. He recognized for the African species the follow-
ing subgenera: Sarcostegia, Bth. (our Cyclandrophora) and Pellegriniella
(purely African). Both these subgenera are characterized by leaves lacking
stomatal areoles on their lower surface and having often two glands at
the base of the leaf. The other two subgenera: Neocarya (monotypical,
African) and Euparinari Haumann have stomatal areoles and often glands
on the petioles.

In the Asiatic species of Pminari the characteristic of the stomatal
areoles does not hold true for Euparinari, as some species lack these (in
this paper these are included in a separate subgenus).

Characteristics of less importance, like the fleshy and almost symmetric
perianth in subgenus Sarcostegia as opposed to membranous, unequal
perianth in Euparinari holds true also for Asiatic species.

Recently Prance laid down his conclusions on a new classification of
Chrysobalanaceae in a thesis, which will be published soon. Prance accepts
Chrysobalanaceae as a separate family, herein following K. Fritsch (1880) *).

*) Bate-Smith (in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 58: 53. 1961) states, that except for the
Chrysobalanoideae and Potentilla anserina, the trihydroxy representatives of leuco-
anthocyanins and flavonols are missing in the Rosaceae.



1.50 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL.. 7

The philosophy underlying the classification is clear: species in a
genus like Parinari are often more different from each other than genera
of Chrysobalanoideae are differing from Parinari. Either all genera should
be combined under Chrysobalanus or genera like Parinari should be split
up in smaller genera. We choose the latter way and I believe that the
general trend in developing taxonomy is to give to those small entities
generic rank in preference to making huge genera to be sub-divided into
sub-genera. There is no argument for or against one of these procedures
as they both reflect phylogenetical views as far as they can be proved (and
they cannot be proved). I have the feeling that only the argument of consis-
tency (no genera with species which differ more amongst each other, than
do the genera amongst each other) should preponderate here, if not the
argument of practicability.

If swarms of species can be detected, characterized and separated
from other swarms, even by a single character and provided that there
are no intermediate cases for this single characteristic, i.e. the charac-
teristic is a "strong" one, then there is no reason not to treat these as
genera (which are certainly not less "natural" as "genera" based on more
than one characteristic in case the latter characteristic are not so "strong"
and more fluid).

Such a swarm of species is certainly Cyclandrophora, of which the fruit
is ultimately one-celled with ruminate cotyledons. The "strong" charac-
teristic is the ruminate cotyledons, not the one-celled fruit, as the fruit is
initially two-celled as in all other Parinari species.

Maranthes differs from Parinari sensu strictu, mainly by the construc-
tion and shape of its fruit, furthermore by the two distinct glands at the
base of the leaf blade. Furthermore it has fleshy perianth leaves. Malesian
Maranthes is exactly matched in generic characteristics by some African
species.

Parinari, Maranthes and Cyclandrophora may be differentiated as
follows.

Parinari Maranthes Cyclandrophora

Stipules: membranous, fuga-
ceous

stiff, early caducous stiff, carinate, subper-
sistent.

Branching flush drooping,
branching normal

flush not drooping, flush not drooping,
branching normal branching zig-zag. .

1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 151

1 Paninari

Leaves usually with stomatal
areolation on the
lower surface; glands
tiny, at the middle of
the petiole or lower
down; areoles with
grey cobweblike hairs.

Flowers petals thin; sepals
unequal; fertile sta-
mens 8-10; style as
long as the stamens.

Maranthes

no stomatal areolati-
on; glands distinct, at
the apex of the petiol-
es; leaves glabrous.

petals fleshy; sepals
equal; fertile stamens
25-30; style much
longer than the sta-
mens

Exocarp thin, fleshy;
mesocarp marmorate;
endocarp thin with a
dense layer of cotton-
wool like hairs. Fruit
2-celled, not dehiscent
during germination.
Fruit clubshaped; co-
tyledons not ruminate.

Cyclandrophora

no stomatal areolati-
on; inconspicuous,
amorphous glandular
tissue at the leaf
blade base, or none;
leaves glabrescent,
nerves rough, caused
by tiny holes with
jagged rim.

petals thin; sepals
unequal; fertile sta-
mens 10-20; style as
long or slightly lon-
ger than the stamens

Exocarp very thin,
fleshy; mesocarp of
radial fibres; endo-
carp very thin with
hardly conspicuous
hairs. During germi-
nation the fruit cracks
irregularly. Fruit el-
lipsoid to subglobose;
one-celled; cotyledons
ruminate.

Fruit Exocarp of hyaline
radial spindles; me-
socarp bony, marmo-
rate, outside irregu-
lar; endocarp thin, of
concentric fibres, in-
ner layer with cotton-
wool like hairs; fruit
2-celled; fruit not
dehiscent during ger-
mination. Fruit ellip-
soid, laterally flatten-
ed, cotyledons not
ruminate.

In a recent paper, the Old World species of Primus, subgen. Lauroce-
rasus (Thesis 1965), Kalkman combined Pygeum with Prunus. As I am
rather familiar in the field with Pygeum, I doubt, whether this lumping is
acceptable.

Here, like in Parinari, the flower characteristics give no clue, but
— according to me — not sufficient attention is paid to the fruit of Pygeum
s.s., which differ from that of Prunus.

It is hoped, that Prance will be able, in revising all genera of Rosaceae,
to bring more clarity here.

P A R I N A R I Aublet

PARINARI Aublet, Hist. PL Guiane fr. 1: 514. 1775; 4: t. 204—06. 1775; de
Jussieu, Gen. PI. 342. 1789; ed. Usteri 378. 1791 (Parhiarium) ; Schreber, Gen, 245.
1789 (as a syn. of Petroearya Schreber); Lamarck, Encycl. meth. bot. 5: 17. 1804;
Illustr. t. 429 (copied from Aublet); Suppl. 4: 301. 1816; St. Hilaire, Expos. Fam.
2: 194. 1804; Hedwig, Gen. 257. 1806; R. Brown in Tuckey, Narrat. Exped. Riv.
Zaire Cong. 433. 1818 et in Nees, R. Brown's vermischte bot. Schriften 1: 206 07.
1825; Steudel, Nom. bot. 591. 1821; ed. 2,2: 268. 1841; DC, Prodr. 2: 526. 1825;



152 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7 1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 158

Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 2: 167. 1825 (as a syn. of Petroearya Schreber); Poiret, Diet.
Sci. 37: 544. 1825; Reichenbach, Consp. 171. 1828; Nom. bot. 178. 1841; Bartling,
Ordin. nat. 406. 1830; G. Don, Gen. Syst. 2: 478. 1832; Guillemin & Perrottet, Tent.
PI. Senegal. 1: 272, t. 61—62. 1833; Spach, Hist. nat. Veg. phan. 1: 371. 1834;
Meissner, Gen. 102 (72). 1836—43; Bentham in Hooker's J. Bot. 2: 211—12 et 218—22.
1840; in Hooker, Niger Fl. 333. 1849; PI. Austral. 2: 426. 1864; in Bentham & Hooker
f., Gen. PI. 1: 607. 1865, p.p.; Endlicher, Gen. 1252,.no. 6411. 1840, p.p.; Enchir. bot.
664. 1841; Brogniart, Enum. Genres 126. 1843; Dietrich, Syn. 3: 36 et 46. 1843; Miiller
in Walp. Ann. 4: 644. 1857; in Flora 41(16): 255—56. 1858, p.p.; Miquel, Stirp.
Surinam, select, in Verhand. Holl. Mij. Wetensch., Ser. 2,7. 1850; Fl. Ind. bat. 1(1):
852. 1855 et 1084. 1858, p.p.: Suppil. Sumatra 306. 1860; Ann. Mus. bot. Lugd. bat.
3: 237. 1867, p.p.; Blume, Melanges bot. ined. 2 (Sept. 1855) ex Miiller in Walp. Ann.
4: 644. 1857, p.p.; Mus. bot. Lugd. bat. 2(6): 94. 1856, p.p.; Hooker f. in Martius,
PL Bras. 14(2): 49. 1867; PL Brit. India 2: 308. 1878, p.p.; Baillon, Hist. PI. 1: 435
et 482. 1869, p.p.; Diet. Bot. 3: 511. 1892; Pfeiffer, Nom. bot. 2(1): 590. 1874; Vidal,
Sinops. Gen. PL len. Pilip. texto 128. 1883 et Append. Identif.. Gen. descrit. Blanco
336. 1883; Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 1: 432. 1877 (characteristics p a r t l y w r o n g ) ;
Durand, Index 111, no. 2011. 1888 (in Index sphalm.: Parinaria) ; Fritsch in Ann.
K. & K. Hofmus. Wien 4: 33—60. 1889; Boerlage, Handl. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 1 : 421
et 424. 1890, p.p.; Kuntze, Revisio Gen. PL 1: 215. 1891 (as a syn. of Ferolia Barr.) ;
Pocke in Engier & P r a n t l , Nat. Pfl. fam. 3(2): 60. 1891, p.p.; King- in J. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal 66(2): 276. 1897, p.p.; Koorders & Valeton, Bijdr. Kennis Boomsoorten
J a v a 5 in Meded. 'sLands Pl.tuin Buitenzorg 3 3 : 332 et 333. 1900, p.p.; Bailey,
Queensl. PI. 524. 1900; de Dalla Torre & H a r m s , Gen. Siphon. 211, no. 3405. 1901;
Post & Kuntze, Lexikon 417. 1904 (Parinari, Parinaria, Parinarium) ; Brandis, Ind.
Trees 278. 1906, p.p.; Backer, Schoolfl. J a v a 1: 445. 1911; Juel in Arkiv. f. Bot.l4(7) :
12. 1915; Gamble, PL Madras, Pt. 3: 437. 1919; Gagnepain in Lecomte, Fl. gen.
Indoch. 2: 615. 1920; Ridley, Fl. Malay Pen. 1: 666. 1922, p.p.; Ducke in Arch. J a r d .
bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 264—69. 1922; Merrill, Enum. Philipp. flow. PL 2: 235. 1923;
den Berg'er in Meded. Boschbouwproeftsta., Buitenzorg 1 1 : 641—65. 1925; Craib,
Enum. PI. Siam. 1: 564. 1931; Lemee, Diet. Genres 5: 57. 1934; Corner, Wayside
Trees Malaya 1: 527. 1940; Meeuse & Adelbert in Backer, Fl. J a v a (emergency Ed.),
F a m . 116: 25. 1943; Haumann in Bull. J a r d . bot. Bruxelles 2 1 : 184. 1951; in Fl.
Congo beige & Ruanda Urundi 3: 52. 1952; Duvignaud in Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Beige
84: 87, figs. 3—4. 1951; Prance "in the press" .

Ferolia Barrere , Essaie France equinoct. 51. 1741; Aublet, Hist. PI.
Guiane fr., Suppl. 7, t. 372. 1775; de Jussieu, Gen. PL 342. 1789; ed. Usteri 378.
1791; Steudel, Nom., ed 2,1: 627. 1840; Bentham in Bentham & Hooker f., Gen. 1:
607. 1865; Pfeiffer, Nom. 2(1): 590. 1874; Kuntze, Revisio Gen. PL 1: 215. 1891;
de Dalla Torre & H a r m s , Gen. siph. 211. 1901; Post & Kuntze, Lexikon 235. 1904.

Dugortia Scopoli, Introd. 217. 1777; Necker, Elem. Bot. no. 297. 1791; D C ,
Prodr. 2: 526. 1825 (as a syn. of Parinari Aublet); G. Don, Gen. Syst. Bot. 2: 478.
1832; Steudel, Nom., ed. 2,1: 533. 1840; Endlicher, Gen. 1252. 1840; Enchir. 644.
1841; Mueller in Walp. Ann. 4: 644. 1857; Hooker f. in Martius, PL Bras., I.e. 49.
1867; Pfeiffer, Nom. 2(1): 590. 1874; Durand, Index 111. 1888; Kuntze, Ilevis. 1:
215. 1891 (as a syn. of Ferolia B a r r . ) ; de Dalla Torre & H a r m s , I.e. 211. 1901; Post
& Kuntze, Lexikon 188. 1904 (as a syn, of Ferolia B a r r . ) .

Petroearya Schreber, Gen. PL 245. no. 629. 1789; Willdenow, Spec. PL 2(1):
287. 1799 (Heptandria Monogynia) ; Persoon, Syn. 1: 403. 1805; Lamarck-Poiret,
EncycL, Suppl. 4: 301. 1816; Steudel, Nom. 591. 1821; ed. 2,2: 309. 1841; Dietrich, Syn.
2: 1225. 1840 et 3: 46. 1843; Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 2: 167. 1825; D C , Prodr. 2: 526.
1825 (as a syn. of Parinarium Aublet); G. Don, Gen. Syst. 2: 478. 1832; Endlicher,
Gen. 1252. 1840; Enchir. 644. 1841; Bentham in Hooker, Niger PL 334. 1849; in
Bentham & Hooker f., Gen. PL 1: 607. 1865; p.p.; Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1(1): 353.
1855, p.p.; Miiller in Walp. Ann. 4: 644. 1857; in Flora 16: 255. 1858; Hooker f. in
Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2): 49. 1867; Baillon, Hist. PI. 1: 435. 1869 (in adnot.) ; Miers
in J. Linn. Soc. 17: 336. 1879, p.p.; Durand, Index 111. 1888; Kuntze., Revisio 1:
216. 1891; de Dalla Torre & Harms, I.e. 211. 1901; Post & Kuntze, Lexikon 427.
1904.

Thelira Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madag. 21. 1806; D C , Prodr. 2: 527. 1825
(Thelyra); Meissner, Gen. 102. 1836—43 (Thelyra) ; Endlicher, Gen. 1252. 1840
(Thelyra); Steudel, Nom., ed 2,1: 678. 1841 (Thelyra); Miiller in Walp. Rep. 2: 7.
1843 (Thelyra) ; Benth. & Hooker f., Gen. PL, I.e. 607. 1865; Durand, Index 111. 1888
(as a syn. of Parinarium Aublet) ; de Dalla Torre & Harms, I.e. 211. 1901 (Thelira &
Thelyra) ; Post & Kuntze, Lexikon 556. 1904.

Balantium Desvaux (non Kaulfuss = Pilices) in Hamilton, Prodr. Fl. Ind. occ.
34. 1825; Meissner, Gen. 102 (72). 1836—43; Steudel, Nom., ed. 2,1: 181. 1840;
Endlicher, Gen. 1252. 1841 (as a syn. of Hirtella L.) ; Miquel, FL Ind. bat. 1(1) : 353.
1855; Miiller in Walp. Ann. 4: 644. 1857 (as a syn. of Parinarium Aublet) ; Bentham
in Bentham & Hooker 1, Gen. 1: 607. 1865; Hooker f. in Martius, I.e. 49. 1867;
Baillon, Hist. PL 1: 435. 1869 (in adnot.) ; Durand., Index 111. 1888 (as a syn. of
Parinarium Aublet); de Dalla Torre & Harms, I.e. 211. 1901; Post & Kuntze,
Lexikon 58. 1904 (as a syn. of Ferolia B a r r . ) .

Lepidocarpa Korthals in Nederl. Kruidk. Arch. 3; 385. 1855; Miquel, FL, I.e.
1855 (Lepidocarya) ; Miiller in Walp. Ann. 4: 644. 1857; in Flora 41(16): 255. 1858;
Boerlage, Handl., I.e. 1: 424. 1890; Koorders & Valeton, I.e. 333. 1900; de Dalla Torre
& Harms, I.e. 211. 1901; Post & Kuntze, Lexikon 323. 1904 (correct.: Lepidocarpus;
non Lepidocarpus Adans. 1763).

Lepidocarya ,,Korthals" Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1(1): 353. 1855; Bentham in Ben-
tham & Hooker f., Gen. PL 1: 607. 1865; Hooker f. in Martius, I.e. 49. 1867; Durand,
Index 111. 1888 (as a syn. of Parinarium J u s s . ) ; Boerlage, I.e. 1: 424. 1890; Koorders
& Valeton, I.e. 332. 1900; de Dalla Torre & H a r m s , I.e. 211. 1901; Post & Kuntze,
Lexikon 323. 1904.

Malpata Adanson ex de Jussieu, Gen. PL 342. 1789; ed. Usteri 378. 1891.
Mampata ,,Adanson" Steudel, Nom., ed. 2,2: 98. 1841.
Neou Adanson ex de Jussieu, Gen. PL 342. 1789; ed. Usteri 378. 1891; de Dalla

Torre & H a r m s , I.e. 211. 1901; Post & Kuntze, Lexikon 386. 1904.
Neon ,,Adans." Daydon Jackson, Index Kewensis 2: 426. 1895.

Trees usually with small or no buttresses; bark usually grey. Wood
reddish. Branchlets and new flush often drooping; the young leaves often
limp; branchlets with many, tiny, round, pale lenticels. Leaves entire,
spirally arranged, stipulate, chartaceous to stiffly coriaceous; upper sur-
face glabrous, glossy, lower one either glabrous and reticulate or with a
pronounced stomatal areolation, the areoles filled with a cobweblike felt of



154 RE I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

hairs; lower leaf surface at both sides of the petiole insertion often with
glands or glandular tissue. Petioles becoming corky, sometimes provided
with tiny round glands near the middle or lower down, in the same
specimen the glands may be present or absent. Stipules lateral to the
petiole or in the axils, thin, early caducous.

Panicles axillary or terminal or both, pilose, bearing raceme- or spike-
like ramifications. Flower and ramifications subtended by conspicuous
bracts, which as a rule drop at anthesis. Calyx tube short or long, gibbose,
slender or broad, pilose; lobes 5, pilose, shorter than the tube; petals 5,
small, glabrous, spathulate, thin, caducous in an early stage. Stamens on
a rim. at the throat of the calyx tube, consisting of 8 to 10 fertile ones and
(opposite the style) staminodial ones, which are represented by short teeth
on the rim.. Filaments well-developed, usually laterally compressed; anthers
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary lateral near the throat of the calyx
tube, adnate to the tube (which is here gibbose), densely hirsute. Style
at the base of the ovary with an inconspicuous capitellate or truncate
stigma; calyx tube below the ovary with a layer of inversely placed strigose
hairs; the lower part of the tube empty. Ovary 2-celled; each cell with one
ovule.

Fruit ellipsoid, globose, ovoid or obovoid, truncate, or rounded at apex,
base (at least in submature stage) with a short neck. Exocarp thin, consisting
of radial, translucent hyaline spindles; mesocarp of a marmorate (in cross
section) tissue; endocarp thin, membraneous; inside with a dense layer
of woolly rusty hairs, which fill the cavities.

Fruit initially 2-celled; development of seed retarded in comparison
with that of the fruit; often 2 seeds developing and the fruit permanently
2-celled (the hairs of the endocarp rusty cotton-wool like). Seed erect with
membranous testa and large cotyledons; radicle small, inferior.

TYPE SPECIES : Parinari campestre Aublet
DISTRIBUTION: Many species forming an important part of tropical

lowland rainforest up to 1300 m altitude; pantropical.
Bole. As far as indicated and of all the species which I could examine

in the field, the free bole is well-developed; buttresses are short or lacking;
they are thick and not forked. The bole has usually rings of protruding
conspicuous lenticels. The bark is grey or greybrown and usually sm3oth;
the living bark is red-brown.

Wood. The wood is reddish, hard, and has interlocked grain.
Branches. The flush is drooping, the branchlets are sub-angular and

have a dense indumentum of rather coarse glossy, sub-adpressed hairs,
there is often an underlaying layer of grey, cobweblike hairs; the branches
are glabrous, glossy, redbrown or purplish black when dried and have
numerous, tiny, pale lenticels.

Stipules. These are fugaceous, lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin in
texture (membranous when .dried) and well developed; the dorsal side is

1965] KOSTEEMANS : Genus Parinari 155

densely pilose; the inner side is glabrous. Glands were only observed in P.
nmida; they were very small, round and attached near the margin, only
a few were present.

Leaves. The leaves are entire and either chartaceous or stiffly cori-
aceous, which is a usefull specific characteristic. Their shape varies between
elliptic to lanceolate and ovate; subobovate leaves are rare, the base is
variable, in one species acutish, truncate and subcordate leaves may be
found; the apex is as a rule acuminate, the length of the acumen is a
usefull specific characteristic, if normally developed leaves are present;
leaves of specimens of poor and dry habitats have a shorter acumen or
the latter may be lacking. The nervation is very uniform in all species
and consists on the upper surface of a midrib, which is flat and slightly
sunken along its middle line, the base of the midrib has the shape of a
long triangle (its base near the petiole) and this part keeps its indumentum
longest. The lateral nerves are very slender on the upper surface and
show the same sunken midline in cured material; the secondary nerves are
very slender, parallel and prominulous after drying; they show the same
pattern as in Shorea species (Dipterocarpaceae) and hence Parinari in the
field is often confused with Shorea and boles of Parinari are found1 often
among the marketable Shorea timber. The lower surface, which in the
drooping flush state is densely covered with a white felt of cobweblike
hairs (also on the upper surface, but there more fugaceous), shows in
mature leaves a peculiar reticulation, consisting of very prominent, broad
veins, enclosing small areoles. They are called here stomatal areoles.
Duvignaud (in Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Beige 84: 87. 1951) gives an anatomical
description of these areoles. The nerves are glossy, broad and their upper
surface either rounded or flattened; the areoles contain often still the
remnant of the cobweblike hair felt. There are only two species (P. cana-
rioides, P. argenteo-sericea) where these stomatal areoles are missing. They
are otherwise a generic characteristic.

Along the midrib exeptionally a thickened nerve is present (P. poly-
neura), which represents the decurrent primary nerves. Glands were
found only in P. nonda near the margin. They are extremely small, round,
glossy brown (in sicco) and sunk in the middle. Sometimes and for unknown
reasons they develop into protruding, black (in sicco) tissue dots. I could
observe some fungus-growth at the border of these dots; they might repre-
sent fungus growth on the exudate of the glands. The base of the leaf at
both sides of the petiole may show some obscure glandular (swollen) tissue
on the lower leafsurface. The shape and dispersal of glands is in principle
not different from that of species of Prunoideae (cf. Prunus and Pygeum,



156 R E I N W A RD T I A [VOL. 7

Dorsey and Freeman Weiss in Bot. Gaz. 69: 391. 1920 and Kalkman in
Blumea 13: 15. 1965) and hence form an argument against the splitting
off of Chrysobalanoideae as a separate family.

The cylindrical petioles are always well-developed; in young leaves
they are densely pilose; they become later glabrous and corky with trans-
verse cracks. In a young stage glands are visible, which are very charac-
teristic for the entire genus. They are, however, not present on all petioles
of a specimen. They are round, protruding, glossy black and very tiny.
They are attached somewhat lateral at the upper side of the petiole, usually
near or at its middle or farther down at unequal distances; there are never
more than 2 glands.

Pilosity. The hairs are always simple. There are usually two layers
of hairs, the fugaceous cobweb-like, grey hairs on young leaves and branch-
lets and flowers (where they are persistent) and on top of that stiff, glossy,
more or less adpressed hairs. Typical are the white silky strigose hairs
at the base of the ovary, which are inversely placed.

Inflorescence. This represents a panicle, which is leafy. We many
consider the inflorescence to be terminal in almost all cases. The partial
panicles in the axils are short and usually very dense; they have a dense
indumentum of silky, rather coarse hairs. Before or even at anthesis the
buds are completely covered by large, deciduous bracts and bracteoles,
which are as a rule ovate, acute, strongly concave, densely hirsute outside
and glabrous inside. The base of the developing inflorescence is surrounded
by numerous bud scales of the same shape as the bracts.

The flowers are either sessile or very shortly pedicelled. The calyx
has a definite shape, which is a usefull specific characteristic; it is either
long and deep or shallow and cupshaped (P. nonda); at one side it shows

. a bulge (gibbose) near its throat, where the ovary is attached. The calyx
is densely pilose outside, glabrous inside, except below the throat. The
calyx lobes are pilose on both sides, they are explanate at anthesis. There
are usually 7—8 fertile stamens (rarely 10), of unequal length, inserted
on a short thin, stiff rim; the staminodes are represented by short teeth
en the rim. The glabrous filaments are slender and bear the anthers,
which dehisce longitudinally. The ovary is always hirsute and bears a
short style (not or only slightly exceeding the anthers), which is glabrous
or pilose in its lower part. The stigma is inconspicuous.

Fruit. The fruit are very characteristic and uniform in texture in the
entire genus. Their shape varies between globose to laterally compressed
ellipsoid or laterally compressed club-shaped; most common is the laterally
compressed ellipsoid form; the apex is rounded, truncate or even sulcate

1965] KOSTEBMANS: Genus Parinari 157

and usually unequal, sometimes there are a few obscure, thick, longitudinal
ribs and often the fruit is irregularly bumpy. The outer, rather thin layer
(of about 2—3 mm) consists of hyaline, radial spindles, which are soft
and sugary when the fruit is fully ripe, the spindles are aranged radially.
The outside of the fruit is covered with very thin, somewhat circular scurvy,
small, pale spots, sometimes called scales (which they are not); apparently
they develope from bases of the hairs, present on the ovary. The mesocarp
shows in cross-section a marmorate appearance; this is caused by very
coarse fibres and an intermediate layer of a more amorphous tissue. The
endocarp is again thin and consists of a layer of concentric fibres. There
are two cavities, each surounded by these concentric fibre-layers. The inside
of the endocarp has a very dense layer of cotton-wool like rusty brown
felt, which fills the cavity, except for the spindle-like lateraly flattened
seed with thin seed-coat. Usually only one seed developes. After falling,
the outer soft layer rots away or is eaten by animals, mostly insects,
although horn-bills are also after the fruit; the bony meso- and endocarp
remain intact. It is not known, how the germination starts.

The genus is divided here into two sections: § Parinari with stomatal
areoles and § Anareolata without these.

KEY TO THE SPECIES *)

la. Lower leaf surface glabrous, without stomatal areolation 2
b. Lower leaf surface with stomatal areolation, consisting of very broad, thickened,

glossy veinlets with small, deeply sunk areoles with a grey cobweb-like felt
of hairs in between 3

2a. Leaves elliptic to oblong or subobovate-elliptic, 4.5 X 9.5 to 7 X 20.5 cm; lateral
nerves 11—15 pairs. Panicles silvery silky, large 1. P. argenteo- sericea

b. Leaves ovate, 3 X 4 to 5 X 8 cm; lateral nerves 7—10 pairs. Panicles sub-
sericeous 2. P. canarioides

3a. Leaves with tiny glands along the margin of the lower surface. Calyx shallow,
cup-shaped 11. p. nonda

b. Leaves without glands. Calyx long, trumpet-shaped or subcylindrical 4
4a. Leaves with 23—33 pairs of lateral nerves, rigidly coriaceous, 5 X 15.5 to

9 X 20 cm. Panicles large, very robust, terminal, 10—22 cm long and 9—12 cm
wide. Petioles 10—17 mm long 8. P. oblongifolia

b. Leaves with up to 24 pairs of lateral nerves**). Leaves chartaceous to coria-
ceous, usually smaller. Panicles slender, shorter. Petioles up to 8 mm long
(except in P. metallica, where they are 12—20 mm long) 5

5a. Upper leaf surface with a metallic sheen. Petioles 12—20 mm long-
3. P. metallica

b. Upper surface without a metallic sheen. Petioles up to 8 mm long 6

*) Not included: P. walliehiana and P. gigantea
**) The lateral nerves in the acumen are not included.



158 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7 1965] KOSTEKMANS: Genus Parinari 159

6a. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate 7
b. Leaves ovate to elliptic or ovate-elliptic 8

7a. Panicles white-silvery, well-developed. The lateral nerves decurrent along the
midrid; leaves chartaceous 9. P. polyncura

b. Panicles short, rusty; the lateral nerves not decurrent; leaves rigid
10. P. rubiginosa

c. Panicles reduced to bracteate racemes, short; lateral nerves not deeurrent;
leaves chartaceous 4. P. elmeri

8a. Leaves chartaceous 5. P. parva
b. Leaves rigidly ehartaceous to rigidly coriaceous 9

9a. Leaves ovate with a long acumen 10
b. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-subovate with a short acumen 11

10a. Leaves rigidly coriaceous with 13—17 pairs of lateral nerves 7. P. ashtonii
b. Leaves stiffly chartaceous to coriaceous with 8—13 pairs of lateral nerves

18. P. insularum
l l a . Leaves large, 6 X 17.5 — 8.5 X 25 cm, rigidly coriaceous; branchlets grey-pilose

6. P. rigida
b. Leaves smaller, less stiff 12

12a. Leaves coriaceous; lower surface white. Inflorescences condensed
12. P. bicolor

b. Leaves rigid, inflorescences not condensed 13
13a. Inflorescences slender, large, terminal, open, pale brown rusty

13. P. anamsnse
b. Inflorescences axillary, small, grey 14

14a. Leaves with a long acumen, base subcordate 14. P. helferi
b. Leaves with a much shorter acumen, base rounded or acute 15

15a. Leaves with 12—15 pairs of lateral nerves. Stipules lanceolate or linear. Leaves
distinctly acuminate, 2 x 4 — 4.X 9 cm 17. P. costata

b . L e a v e s w i t h 9 — 1 1 p a i r s o f l a t e r a l n e r v e s ; v e r y s h o r t l y a c u m i n a t e . S t i p u l e s

o b l o n g t o o v a t e - o b l o n g . L e a v e s v e r y s h o r t l y a c u m i n a t e , 3 x 7 — 7 X 1 2 c m . . .

15. P. sumatrana

Sectio Anareolata Kosterm., sect. nov.

Foliis subtus glabris nee areolatis. Species 1—2.

1. PARINARI ARGENTEO-SERICEA Kosterm. — Fig. 1.
PARINARI ARGENTEO-SERICEA Kostermans in Reinwardtia 7: 47, fig. 1. 1965 — San

16175 (BO).

Tree 25—33 m tall and 25 cm and more in diam.; bark lenticellate,
brown; outer bark hard; inner bark red, hard, 1.2 mm thick; cork cambium
red; cambium yellow; branchlets dark purplish brown with numerous pale
tiny lenticells, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, chartaceous, elliptic to oblong
or subovate-elliptic, 4.5 x 9.5—7 x 20.5 cm, base rounded, apex shortly,
often obscurely acuminate; upper surface glossy, midrib impressed (except
for its basal 1—4 mm, which shows protruding tissue from the petiole),
lateral nerves filiformous, reticulation prominulous or inconspicuous; lower
leaf surface dull, paler, lateral nerves 11—15 pairs, erect-patent (the lower

ones patent), secondary nerves rather lax, prominulous; base of leaf below
near the petiole insertion rarely with glandular tissue. Stipules lateral,
lanceolate (base 2 mm wide), acute, adpressed strigose especially along
its midline outside, 8 mm long, early caducous. Petiole 5—9 mm, glandless.

Panicles terminal, up to 9—15 cm long, lax, densely white sericeous-
tomentellous (hairs more or less adpressed), except for peduncle and main
branches which are more white tomentellous; bracts ovate, acute, densely
white tomentellous outside, caducous. Pedicels 1—3 mm long; calyx in-
fundibuliformous, gibbose, rather slender, densely white tomentellous, 2—3
mm. long; lobes 1.5—3 mm long, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly triangular,
densely white tomentellous outside, inside densely pilose; petals spathulate,
2 mm long; fertile stamens 7—8, 1.5 mm long on a 0.5—1 mm high rim,
the sterile ones teethlike on an 1 mm high rim; style slightly shorter than
the stamens, apex (stigma) truncate, somewhat triangular; ovary with a
dense layer of long, white, glossy strigose hairs, which cover (in a reverse
direction) also the upper part of the inside of the tube.

DISTRIBUTION: N. Borneo.

The species is outstanding by its glabrous, lower leafsurface and the
terminal, silvery sericeous large panicles.

S a b a h (N. Borneo), Lahad Datu, Pangaruan Camp site, mile 6V2 on
Kennedy Bay Timber Co's Rd., 15 miles E.E.W. of Lahad Datu, alt. 40 m, March,
fl., Wood, San 16175 (A, BO, BRI, K, KEP, L, SING); Sandakan, Cpt. 17, Sepilok
For. Res., 15 miles W. of Sandakan, May, fl., Wood, San 16535 (A, BO. BRI, K, KEP,
L, SING) ; Sandakan, Jalan Kabili, boundary Sepilok For. Res., alt. 10 m, May,
post anthesis, Singh, San 21399 (BO, K) ; Pokul R. bank, alt. 7 m., March, buds, Mail,
B.N.B.F.D. 2875 (BO, K).

2. PARINARI CANARIOIDES Kosterm. — Fig. 2.

PARINARI CANARIOIEEB Kostermans, New and crit. Mai. PL (Forestry Dept.
Bureau of Planning, lndon.) 3: 25, t. 12. 1955. — Kostermans 7152 (BO).

Tree, up to 60 m high and 100 cm in diam. Crown elongate or
subglobose, dense. Buttresses 1.5—2.5 (—5) m high, extending 1—2 m
over the ground. Bark rather smooth, irregularly fissured and flaking,
pinkish grey to pale brown, pustular, 0.5 mm thick; living bark 10 mm.,
brown to orange brown, hard. Sapwood 1—6 cm, yellowish, merging into
the brownred heartwood. Branchlets sparsely, minutely pilose (hairs patent).
Stipules (only on the flush) linear, acute, slender, up to 5 mm long, hirsute,
lateral to the petiole. Branches brown, slender, smooth, lenticelled. Leaves
chartaceous to rigidly chartaceous or sub-coriaceous, glabrescent (in young
leaves midrib on both surfaces sparsely hirsute), ovate, 2 5 x 4 8 cm,
prominulously reticulate on both surfaces, base subcordate (in young leaves'
acute) or truncate, apex broadly acuminate with acute tip; midrib and
lateral nerves impressed on the upper, prominent on the lower surface,
the slender lateral nerves 7—10 pairs, somewhat arcuate. Petiole 3 5 mm,



160 K E I N W A K D T I A [VOL. 7 1965] KOSTEKMANS: Genus Parinari 161

hirsute, glabrescent, glandless or glands small, round, about the middle
of the petiole.

Panicles dense, axillary, up to 3 cm long, densely sub-sericeous. Bracts
numerous, persistent at anthesis. Calyx tube narrowly funnel shaped, 3
mm; lobes narrowly elliptic, concave, acute, 2 mm, outside glabrescent,
inside densely, minutely pilose. Petals elliptic, obtuse, tapering to the
base, 2 mm. Fertile stamens about 8. Fruit ellipsoid, usually flattened,
1.5—2 cm. in diam., up to 5 cm long, obscurely ribbed, smooth, partly or
completely covered with numerous pale scabs; exocarp 1 mm, soft; meso-
carp 5 mm, with marble-like spots and holes, endocarp thin; fruit with
2 cavities of which one contains a seed; cavities with a dense layer of
brown, woolly hairs.

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra, Borneo.

USE: The timber is of inferior quality, but was exported in great quan-
tities from S. Sumatra (Lampongs) to Java (Gusdorf) ; the seeds are edible.

The species is often mistaken for a Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) because
of its leaves and stipules. Hence it is mixed with meranti (Shorea timber),
but only in small quantities. It is outstanding by the lack of a stomatal
areolation on the lower leaf surface.

S u m a t r a : Kuantan Distr., Tjerintji, ster., 66. 25221 (A, BO, L) ; Djambi
Distr., Tebingtinggi, alt. 13 m, ster., bb, 13650 (BO) ; Lampong Distr., Tulangbawang,
Menggala, alt. 10 m, Jan., fr., 66. 77U (BO, K, L) ; ibid., Dec, fr., fl., Gusdorf 66
(BO) ; B o r n e o : Sarawak, Distr. Lundu, Mt. Gading, alt. 800 m, Oct., fr.,
Anderson c.s. 15386 (A, BO, K, L, SAN, S I N G ) ; Brunei: Ulu Supon, Tutong, ster.,
Ashton Brim. 854 (K) ; ibid., Kuala .Belalong, ster., Ashl.on Brim. 5669 (K) ;
W. K a l i m a n t a n (Indon. Borneo), Sambas Distr., Perigi Limus, Mt. Sedjudjuk,
alt. 200 m, ster., 66. 7056 (BO, L) ; "E. Kalimantan, Nunukan Isl., N. p a r t , sandy,
alt. 20 m, Oct., fl., Kostennans 861+6 (A, JBISH, BM, BO, Bill, CAL, K, L, NY, P,
P N H , S I N G ) ; W. Kutei, Sebulu, alt. 20 m, ster., 66. 1571)7 (BO, L ) ; ibid., Kelumpang,

, alt. 30 m, ster., 66. 16921 (BO, L) ; E. Kutei, Sangkulirang Distr., Rantaubahan, alt.
18 m, ster., 66. 15256 (BO) ; Samarinda Distr., Loa Djanan, alt. 60 m, ster., 66. 3231^9
(A, BO, L) ; ibid., Tandjong Bangko, Mouth of Mahakam R., sandy, June, fr.,
Kostennans 7152 (A, BISH, BO, B i l l , CAL, CANB, K, L, LAE, MEL, NY, P, P N H ,
SING) ; Balikpapan Distr., Mentawir R., alt. 20 m, July, young- fr., Kostermans 10759
(A, BO, K, L, S I N G ) ; ibid., Febr., fl., Koslermans 10017 (A, BISH, BM, BO, BRI,
CAL, CANB, K, K E P , L, LAE, NY, P, P N H , SING, SYD) ; Distr. Tanah Bumbu>
Kampong Baru, alt. 25 m, Jan., fr., 66. 13312 (BO).

Sectio II: PARINARI; lower leafsurface with stomatal areoles. *)

3. PARINARI METALLICA Kosterm. — Fig. 3.
PARINARI METALLICA Kostermans in Reinwardtia 7: 49, fig. 3. 1965 — Ashton,

Brun. 3267 (SAR).

*) P. elmeri does not show this areolation. In the material at hand only young
leaves are present.

Understory tree ca 16 m tall, 25 cm in diam., clear bole to 12 m;
bark smooth, purplish; crown broad lanceolate; branchlets stout, crooked,
dark, brown, lenticellate; the youngest ones adpressed strigose, soon glabr-
ous. Leaves rigidly chartaceous to coriaceous, elliptic, 3.5 x 8 to 9 x 17
cm, base rounded or shortly acute, apex very shortly acuminate, but usually
obtuse, upper surface very glossy with a grey metallic sheen, midrib flat,
lateral nerves filiform, prominulous, secondary nerves prominulous, but
usually inconspicuous; lower surface in young leaves with a dense layer
of woolly cobweblike, brown hairs, soon glabrous; in adult leaves a very
dense and intricate areolation present with flattopped veins and hardly any
interspace (which is pilose), midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves
10—13 pairs, erect-patent, straight (curved at margin), prominent. Petioles
12—20 mm long, glabrescent, becoming corky. Stipules ovate-lanceolate,
acute, densely brown pilose, ca 8 mm long, early caducous.

Panicles axillary, rather narrow, little branched, densely brown tomen-
tellous, 4—10 cm long; base surrounded by numerous bud scales; bracts
early caducous. Flowers cream; in dried condition rusty pubescent; calyx
gibbose, 2—3 mm long; lobes lanceolate, acute, 1 mm long; petals lance-
olate, glabrous, slightly longer than the calyx lobes; fertile stamens about
8; filaments ca 2 mm long; staminodial ones represented by short teeth;
rim short; ovary densely silky strigose; style glabrous, as long as the sta-
mens, stigma truncate.

DISTRIBUTION: Brunei.

Characteristic are the grey metallic upper surface, the long petioles,
the obtuse leaves with the extremely dense areolation and the short axillary
inflorescences.

The species falls within the alliance of P. sumatrana Bth.

B r u n e i " : Andulau For. Res., undulating hills, yellow sandy loam, alt.
50 m, July fl., Ashton Brun. 3267 (BO, K, L, SAR) ; Bukit Teraja, mile 21l/2, alt.
300 m, yellow, sandy clay, Sept., fl., Ashton Brun. 673 (BO).

4. PARINARI ELMERI Merr. — Fig. 4.

PARINARIUM ELMERI Merrill in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 92. 1929. — Elmer
20806 (UG).

Tree up to 10 m high and 20 cm in diam., without buttresses; crown
lanceolate; bark pale cream or grey and white mottled, roughened by pale
green excrescences; outer bark soft, thin, inner bark orange, hard, 2.5 mm
thick; sapwood white, thin, heartwood straw, hard. Branchlets slender,
brown, glossy, lenticels rather obscure; the youngest branchlets densely,
minutely, pale brown tomentellous or villous. Leaves chartaceous, lan-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5 x 5 to 7 x 18.5 cm, base contracted into
the petiole, apex acuminate with a sharp tip; upper surface rather dull,
scabrous to the touch, midrib slender, slightly impressed, pilose, glabres-



162 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7 1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 163

cent, veins very slender, rather obscure; lower surface covered with a
dense felt-like tomentum of very fine, adpressed hairs, midrib prominent
with strigose, adpressed hairs, lateral nerves 15—20 pairs, rather patent,
straight, prominent, arcuate at margin; secondary nerves parallel, perpen-
dicular to the lateral nerves, reticulation obscure. Petiole slender, pale
brown tomenteilous, 1.5—3 mm long, glandless. Stipules of the flush large,
lanceolate, very acute (aciculate), tomenteilous, up to 15 mm long, lateral.
Panicles reduced, racemelike, axillary, 1.5—3 cm long, densely rusty or
pale brown pubescent; bracts persistent, ovate, acute, pubescent, 2 mm
long. Pedicel slender, 0.5—2 m long, densely pubescent, without bracteoles.
Mowers densely yellowish brown pubescent; calyx funnel shaped, gibbose,
up to 3 mm long, like the ovate, acute, up to 2—3 mm long lobes outside
covered with a very dense intertwined very fine woolly indumentum; petals
white, oblong-obovate, 2—3 mm long, obtuse, narrowed towards the base;
fertile stamens 7—10, almost 2 mm long, inserted one-sided on a very low
rim; staminodes teeth-like; ovary densely villose; style glabrous, short, the
truncate top level with the anthers.

DISTRIBUTION: Brunei, N. and E. Borneo.

The species was not rare in the region around Teluk Bajur, although
only a few collections exsist in herbaria.

It is outstanding by its white felt-like tomentum of the lower leaf
surface without having the areolation, usually combined with such a to-
mentum.

The inflorescence are strongly reduced and may have only 2 flowers.
The indumentum of the calyx js easily observed when the tube is torn

apart in dissecting.

B r u n e i : Bukit Biang, Temburong, alt. 150 m, ster., Ashton Brim. 497
(BO, K, SAR) ; Sabah (N. Borneo) ; Tawao, Elphinstone Prov., fl., Elmer 20806 (BISH,

, BO, BR, C, DC, DS, F, GH, L, MO, P, S, UC) ;_ E. K a l i m a n t a n (Indon.
Borneo); Bersyi, near Teluk Bajur, alt. 30 m, ster., Kostermans s.n. (BO, K, L).

5. PARINARI PARVA Kosterm. — Fig, 5.

PARINARI PARVA Kostermans in Reinwardtia 7: 52, fig. 5. 1965. — Boden Kloss
IJ+676 ( K ) .

Tree, 8—10 m tall and 20 cm in diam. with dense, few-branched
crown; bark dark grey, grey-mottled, smooth; bole fluted; branchlets glossy,
dark purplish brown, lenticellate, the youngest branchlets densely rusty
tomenteilous. Leaves chartaceous, elliptic to oblong, 5.5 x 11 to 10 x 21
cm (to 11 x 30 cm), base rounded, apex shortly acuminate with sharp tip;
upper surface glabrous (pilosity on midrib often sub-persistent), midrib
flat, lateral nerves filiformous, reticulation obscure; lower surface promi-
nulously reticulate (veins not broad and not flattened above), areoles filled

with a mat of white, cobweb-like hairs, midrib prominent, adpressed pilose,
lateral nerves prominent, 11—21 pairs, widely spaced, erect-patent, straight
(except at margin), adpressed pilose. Petioles short, about 5—8 mm long,
densely pale brown pilose; glands not seen. Stipules lateral, ovate-lanceolate,
acute. 5—6 mm wide at base, 6—25 mm long, densely, shortly pilose and
ribbed outside.

Panicles short (up to 5 cm long), hardly and shortly branched, raceme-
like, densely pale brown tomenteilous; bracts present at an thesis, those
at the base of the ramifications ovate, acute, 5 mm long. Pedicels short,
densely tomenteilous, 1—1.5 mm long. Flowers dull pale-brown, calyx
tube 3 mm long, lobes slender, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1—1.5 mm long,
densely, shortly pilose. Petals white.

lnfructescence 1.5—4 cm long with a single fruit, pilose. Fruit ellipsoid,
rather slender, up to 2 x 4 cm, flattened laterally, sulcate, apex unequally
emarginate and truncate, completely covered by a grey brown, scab-like
substance.

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.

The species is close to P. sumatrana by the characteristics of the fruit
and stipules; it differs by the larger, chartaceous leaves, the number of
lateral nerves, the pilosity of the leaves, the smaller and more slender
fruit; the leaves are never ovate-elliptic as in P. sumatrana. The species
is also near P. elmeri by the shape and size of the inflorescence with the
persistent bracts, but the leaves are different.

M a l a y P e n i n s u l a : Pahang, Sg. Tahan, July, buds, Kiah S.F.N.
31720 (SING) ; "ibid., Aug., fr., Holttum S.F.N. 20065 (BO, E, SING) ; S u m a t r a :
Mentawai Isl., Sipora, vicinity of Sioban, Oct., fl., Iboet 368 (BO) ; ibid., Oct., fl.,
Boden Kloss U676 (BO, K) ; Palembang, Lematang Ulu, Oct., fr., Lambaeh 1229
(BO, K, L).

6. PARINARI RIGIDA Kosterm. — Fig. 6a, & b.

PARINARI RIGIDA Kostermans in Reinwardtia 7: 53, fig. 6. 1965. — S.F.N. 40773

(SING).

Tree; branchlets with a grey felt of cobweblike hairs. Leaves rigidly
coriaceous, elliptic or oblong, 6 x 17.5 — 8.5 x 25 cm; those near the
inflorescence diminishing to 3 x 9.5 cm, base rounded, apex shortly,
broadly acuminate with sharp tip; upper surface glossy, glabrous, some-
times obscurely bullate, midrib accompanied by two rows of small bumps
(in sicco), flat, lateral nerves filiformous; secondary nerves visible; lower
surface in young leaves rusty tomenteilous; in adult leaves with stomatal
areoles (not very deep) with a matting of white cobweblike hairs in the
areoles; veins flat-topped or rounded; midrib strongly prominent, densely,
minutely rusty pilose, glabrescent, lateral nerves prominent, rather spaced,
about 17 20 pairs, erect-patent, slightly curved (more at margin); in
young leaves obscure glandular tissue on the lower suface at both sides



164 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

of the midrib-base. Petioles stout, 5—8 mm long, bearing orbicular, tiny
glands, grey-pilose, glabrescent, becoming corky and cracked.

Panicles narrow, terminal, densely fulvous, up to 13 cm long, lateral
branches up to 2 cm long. Flowers densely villous, large, almost sessile;
calyx infundibuliformous, 5 mm long; lobes 2—2.5 mm, elongate-triangular
Petals slightly longer than the calyx lobes, spathulate. Fertile stamens 6—8
with slender filaments, as long as the petals. Ovary densely silvery strigose;
style slightly shorter than the stamens with swollen stigma.

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula.

The second collection is a flowering specimen. The leaves are some-
what smaller, but in other respects this specimen belongs certainly here.
The species may be recognized by the branchlets with their grey felt and
by the large flowers in narrow panicles and the short style.

M a l a y P e n i n s u l a : Kuantan, Pahang, July, fl., Mahwood For.
Dept. 8104 (SING); Trengganu, 34th m. Kuala Trengganu Besut Rd. (west side),
lowland, Sept., young tree, Sinclair & Kiak bin Salleh S.F.N. 40773 (SING).

7. PARINARI ASHTONII Kosterm. —• Fig. 7.

PARINARI ASHTONII Kostermans in Reinwardtia 7: 53, fig. 7. 1965 — Ashlon S.
17 281 (BO),

Tree 10—17 m tall, up to 20 cm in diam.; bark smooth, white mottled.
Branchlets glabrous, dark purplish brown with tiny rather obscure lenti-
cells, the youngest ones minutely 'adpressed pilose. Leaves rigidly coriaceous,
ovate-oblong, 3 x 9 to 6 X 13_cm, base contracted into the petiole, apex
gradually narrowed, acuminate,"tip sharp; upper surface glossy, glabrous,
midrib impressed (except near its base), lateral nerves filiform, impressed;
reticulation dense, slightly bullate; lower surface areolate, but the nerves
not flat, densely white cob-weblike, adpressed pilose (on the midrib ad-
pressed strigose), midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 13—17 pairs,
prominent, straight, erect-patent, curved at the margin; secondary nerves
filiform, prominent, parallel. Petiole rather stout, pubescent, glabrescent,
ca. 10 mm long, often with two small, dark round, slightly protruding
glands on the upper surface, about the middle of the petiole.

Inflorescence with 2 rows of bud-scales at its base. Sepals ovate-lance-
olate, 5 mm long; sterile stamens represented by broad, obtuse, almost 2
mm long, pubescent teeth, inserted on a thin, 1 mm high rim. Infructescence
up to 13 cm long. Fruit irregularly ellipsoid, obtuse, 5 cm long, 3.5 cm
in diam., with a pronounced basal neck; fruit more or less completely
covered by a pale brown scaly substance.

DISTRIBUTION: Heath forest in Sarawak.

The species is related to P. oblongifolia, from which it differs by its
leaf shape, the fewer lateral nerves and the different areolation of the

1965] KOSTEEMANS: Genus Parinari 165

lower leaf surface; the fruit are smaller and of a different shape. The two
known collection are from heath forest. . • ••

B o l1 n e o : Sarawak; Bako National Park, sandstone plateau ca. 70 m alt.,
white sandy soil, June, fr., Ashlon S. 17281 (A, BO, FHO, K, L, SAN, SING) ; 1 st.
Div. Sampadi For. Res, off Batang Kayan, kerangas (heath forest) ridge, Aug.,
ster., Sinclair & Kadim bin Tassim 10402 (BO, E, K, L, SAR, SING).

8. PARINARI OBLONGIFOLIA Hook. f. — Fig. 8.

PARINARIUM OBLONGIFOLII-M Hooker f.5 Fl. Brit. India 2: 309. 1878; King in
J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 66(2): 279. 1897; Ridley in J. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits Br. 30:
282. 1897; in Agr. Bull. Straits & Fed. Malay St. 1: 144. 1902; Mai. Timmerhout-
soorten in Bull, kolon. Mus. Haarlem 27: 58. 1903; Fl. Malay Pen. 1: 668. 1922;
Schneider in Bull. 14, Bureau For. Philipp. 114. 1916; Foxwortby in Malay. For.
Rec. 3: 175 et 176, tab. 1927; Heyne, Nuttige PI. Ned. Ind.; ed 2, 1: 698. 1927; ed.
3,1: 698. 1950; Burkill, Diet. econ. Prod. Malay Pen. 2: 1667. 1935; Corner, Wayside
Trees Malaya 1: 527. 1940. — Ferolia ohlovgifolia (Hk. f.) O. Kuntze, Revisio Gen.
PL 1: 216. 1891. — Griffith s.n. (K), holo-typus; Maingay Kew Distr. 623 (K),
paratypus.

Parinarium borneense Merrill in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 93. 1929. — Elmer
21396 (UC), holotypus; VUlamil 28 (UC), paratypus.

Tree, up to 35 m high and 50—100 cm in diam., buttresses 60 to
200 cm high, thick, out 50—150 cm; bark smooth, grey or pale brown,
paperthin, inside dirty white; living bark redbrown to brown, 6—12 mm
thick. Sapwood 3—5 "cm, white or pale yellow; heartwood reddish, hard.
Branchlets stout, densely, minutely rusty tomentellous; branches brown,
glossy with numerous pale, small, roundish lenticels. Leaves coriaceous
to rigidly coriaceous, elliptical to oblong, 5 x 15.5 cm to 9 x 20 cm (to
13 x 30 cm In sapling), base suocordate or rounded, apex shortly, broadly
acuminate; upper surface glossy, glabrous (except the long-persistent ad-
pressed hairs on the flat-topped midrib), midrib in the same plane as the
leaf surface, in dried specimen often sunken along the middle line, lateral
nerves filiform; secondary nerves rather inconspicuous; lower surface either
grey or green (living condition), in dried condition conspicuously areolate
with broad, flat-topped veins; the stomatal areoles with a dense, felt-like,
grey indumentum; midrib stout, prominent, glabrescent, lateral nerves 23—
33 pairs, rather erect, slender, straight, curved at margin only; secondary
nerves dense, parallel, prominulous, perpendicular to the lateral nerves;
no glands and no axillary membranes. Petiole stout, rusty tomentellous,
glabrescent, glandless, 1—1.7 cm long. Stipules ovate or lanceolate, acute,
2 4 cm long, inside glabrous, outside densely silky pilose, caducous in a
very early stage of leaf development.

Panicles terminal, yellowish green (fresh), densely grey-yellowish to-
mentellous, up to 10—22 cm long and 9—12 cm wide with a stout peduncle,
.at base surrounded by numerous ovate, acute, pubescent, 3 mm long bud



166 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

scales; few, stout, stiff ramifications; bracts and bracteoles caducous at
anthesis. Pedicel 1—3 mm long, slender, without bracteoles. Flowers white,
scented, densely silky yellowish grey pilose; calyx infundibuliformous,
somewhat gibbose, 3 mm long; lobes ovate, acute, unequal, 1.5—2 mm
long; petals white or pale blue, spathulate or lanceolate, about 2 mm long,
longer than the calyx lobes, glabrous, narrowed towards their base. Stamens
about 10, as long as the petals, about 1.5 mm long, unilateral, inserted on
a thin, short rim; the sterile stamens represented by short teeth; ovary
densely adpressed strigose; style glabrous, short (as long as the stamens);
stigma truncate, inconspicuous.

infructescence thick, consisting of the basal part of the inflorescence,
4—8 cm long, bearing only one or a few fruit. Fruit ellipsoid to broadly
ellipsoid, somewhat flattened lateral, 3.5 x 8 cm (or 4 x 5 cm in the broad
fruit), slightly tapered at base, apex rounded, slightly sunken along the
median line on the flattened surface; more or less completely covered by
small pinkish grey scale-like spots; 2-celled; exocarp leathery, .1.5—2 mm
thick; mesocarp coarsely fibrous, 7—10 mm thick; endocarp membraneous,
covered with a dense layer of woolly, rusty hairs; seeds narrowly ellipsoid.

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, from sealevel to
450 m altitude, scattered.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Mengkudu (East Indon. Borneo); merbatu (Malay
Peninsula).

The vernacular name of the Ridley specimen is indicated as balau;
balau, however, is the proper name of a Shorea species. As P. oblongifolia
is nowhere common, and apparently not used by natives, it is often mistaken
for a Shorea species. Hence all the vernacular names on the labels of the
Indonesian specimens are wrong.

The species is easily recognized by its large, stiff leaves with numerous
lateral nerves, the subcordate base, the flat midrib on the upper surface,
the lack of glands and by the stout branchlets and inflorescences.

M a l a y P e n i n s u l a : Pahang, 37.6 miles from Kuantan t o J e r a n t u t ,
low, Febr., fr., Wood, Kep. 76128 (BO, SING) ; ibid., Sg. Chenee, April, fr., Fox 5026
(SING) ; ibid., Kuala Lipis, Aug., fl., Phillips C.F. 660 (K, SING) ; ibid., Ulu Rompin,
May, fr., Foxworihy F.D. 3223 (K, SING) ; ibid... Sg. Sat, Ulu Tembiling, July, fr.,
Henderson 21976 (E, K, SING) ; Perak, Ulu Bubong, open bamboo jungle, July, fl.,
King's Coll. 10422 (BO, K, P, SING, US) et 10369 (LE, SING) ; Kelantan, Sg. Betis,
S. Nenggiri, July, fl., Henderson, S.F.N. 29670 (BO, GH, K, SING) ; ibid., South
end of Bukit Batu Papan, S. Lebir, low alt., July, fl., Henderson, S.F.N. 29619 (BO,
K, S I N G ) ; Malacca., Sg. Udang, fl., Ridley 933 (SING); ibid., fl., Griffith s.n. (BO),
distributed as Hopea; ibid., fl., Maingay Kew Distr. 623 (— 3307) (K) ; Jiohore, Sg.
Sedili, low, July, young fr., Ngadiman, S.F.N. 36910 (BO, GH, SING) ; Singapore,
Mandai Rd., ster., Kiah s.n. (SING) ; ibid., Stagsmount, star., Ridley s.n. (SING) ;
ibid., E. End of Seletar Reservoir, swampy, small tree, ster., Sinclair, S.F.N. iO635

1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari

(E, K, SING) (leaves 16 X 30 cm, petioles 13 mm long) ; S u m a t r a : E. Coast,
As'ahan, Huta Padang near the Continental Plant. Concess., Nov. D e c , young fr.,
Krukof'f 4324 (BO, BR, LE, MO, SING) ; Inderagiri, Muara Serangge, 40 alt., ster.,
66. 30132 (A, K, L) ; Tapanuli, Angkola & Sipirok, ster., 66. 3145 (BO, K, L) ;
N o r t h B o r n e o (Sabah), Elopura, Kabili Sepilok For. Res., Cpt. 15, alt. 20
m., July, buds, Enggoh B.N.B. F.D. 10U7 (BO, GH, K, L) et J u n e , fl., Engyoh B.N.B.
F.D. 72J,9 (SING) ; ibid., Cpt. 3, Subcpt. 2, Bombay-Burma T.C. Concess. Area,
Kalabakam, 30 miles W.N.W. of Tawao, May, fr... Wood, San A 31,60 (SING) ; Tawao,
fl., Elmer 21396 (BISH, BO, BR, C, DC, DD, F, GH, M, K, L, MO, P, S, SING, UC) ;
W. K a l i m a n t a n (Indon. Borneo) : Melawi, Tjatit, alt. 450 m, ster., 66. 25119
(A, BO, L) ; E. Kalimantan, Tidung, ster., 66. 17767 (BO, L) et 18325 (BO, L, SING) ;
ibid., Tataban, D e c , ster., 66. 18282 (BO, L) ; Bulungan, Salimbatu, S. Rumah, alt.
100 m., ster., 66. 11284 (BO, L) et 11278 (BO); Berau, Betemu Aer, ster., 66. 19076
(BO) et 19089 (BO, L) ; ibid., Domaring, alt. 150 m, ster., 66. 18855 (BO, L) ; ibid.,
Tdg. Redeb, periodically inundated, low, Nov., fl., Kostermans 21665 (A, BO, CANB,
G, K, L, P, SING, US) ; Sangkulirang Distr., K a r a n g a n R., N.W. of Sangkulirang,
alt. 20 m, Aug., young fr., Kostermans 13572 (A, BO, K. L, P, SING) ; W. Kutei,
Upper Mahakam R., Lirung pundung, alt. 50 m, Jan., ster., 66. 20630 (A, BO, K, L) ;
E. Kutei, Loa Djanan near Samarinda, sandy, alt. 30 m, April, young fr., Kostermans
65U (A, BO, BRI, K, L, LAE, NY, P, P N H , SING) ; ibid., April, young fr., Koster-
mans 6615 (SING) ; Balikpapan Distr., Sg. Tunan, alt. 30 m., ster., 66. 25591 (A,
BO, K, L, SING) ; ibid., Sg. Wain, N. of Balikpapan, alt. 40 m, sandy, ster., Koster-
mans 4491 (A, BO, K, L) ; ibid,, Pemaluan, alt. 70 m, ster., 66. 24730 (A, BO, L,
S I N G ) ; Tanah Bumbu, Kp. Baru, alt. 25 m, Jan., fl., 66. 13314 (BO, L).

9. PARINARI POLYNEURA Miq. — Fig. 9a. & b.

PARINARIUM POLYNEURUM • Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. Suppl. Sumatra 115. 1860 et 306.
1862; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 309. 1878; Filet, Plantk. Woordenb. Ned. Ind., ed 2:
95. 1888; King in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 60(2): 278. 1897; Koorders & Valeton, Bijdr.
Kennis Boomsoorten J a v a in Meded. 'sLands Pl.tuin Buitenzorg 3: 340. 1901; de
Clercq, Nieuw PI. Woordenb. Ned. Ind. 299. 1909. — Ferolia polyneura (Miq.) O.
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 1: 216. 1891. — Teijsmmm H.B. 4537 (U), Goenoeng Batin,
Lampong.

Parinarium costatum (non Bl.) King in J. As. Soc. Bengal, I.e. 278 (quoad
specim. King's Coll. 5227).

Tree, up to 30 m tall and 40 cm in diam. Buttresses small; free bole
up to 20 m long. Branchlets pale brown or black, glossy, with numerous
tiny, round, pale lenticels; young branchlets densely shortly puberulous.
Leaves rigidly chartaceous, oblong to lanceolate, rarely ovate, 1.5 x 4.5
to 4.5 x 12 (—16) cm, base contracted into the petiole, apex acuminate;
above glabrous, glossy, lateral nerves filiformous, somewhat prominulous,
reticulation rather obscure; lower surface with a dense stomatal areolation,
pilose within the areoles, glabrescent, midrib prominent, lateral nerves
erect-patent, straight (arcuate only near margin), 15—24 pairs, bases with
axillar membranes, which continue along the midrib as a narrow, thin
band (high magnification!); secondary nerves numerous, parallel, perpen-



168 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7 1965] KOSTERMANS : Genus Parinari 169

dicular to the lateral nerves, with a broad upper surface like the nerves;
margin of the leafbase near the petiole often with irregular, scanty glandular
tissue. Petioles short, 3—5 mm, without glands, densely puberulous,
glabrescent. Stipules not seen, apparently broad-based; caducous in an
extremely early stage.

Panicles terminal and axillary; densely grey, silky, adpressed pilose,
6—10 cm long; flower buds completely covered by ovate-acute silky pilose,
caducous bracts. Flowers almost sessile; calyx densely silky adpressed pilose,
about 4 mm long with infundibuliform, assymetric tube and about 1 mm
long ovate, acute lobes, which are silky on both surfaces; petals spathulate,
glabrous, longer than the calyx lobes, narrowed towards the base; stamens
about 10, .one-sided on a short rim; anthers L5—2 mm long with large
anthers; filaments shorter than the petals; ovary densely strigose-silky;
style glabrous, shorter than the stamens with a round disk like stigma.

Infructescence stout, bearing only a few fruit, up to 6 cm long. Fruit
pedicel 5 mm. long and 5 mm in, diam., covered with the same scaly sub-
stance as that of the fruit. Fruit oblong-, somewhat tap.ered towards the
base, compressed laterally, covered with a more less continuous layer of a
scaly grey substance; fruit with irregular wide furrows and bulges, apex
truncate or saddle-shaped. Fruit 2-celled, consisting of a dark glossy outer-
layer, 1—1.5 mm thick (green when alive) of which the inner % consists
of fibres perpendicular to the wall; mesocarp very coarse-fibred, 6—8 mm
thick; endocarp very thin with a dense layer of brown, long, woolly hairs;
fruit cells two; seed ellipsoid; seedcoat brown.

DISTRIBUTION: lowland of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.

M a l a y P e n i n s u l a : Perak, Gopeng, July, fl., King's Coll. 4624 (SING) ;
ibid., May, fr., King's Coll. 6087 (K, P) ; Larut, Nov., young- fr., King's Coll. 5227
(P) ; locality not indicated, buds, Griffith s.n. (BO, L) ; S u m a t r a : Inderagiri
Upper Lands, Keritang, alt. 40 m, ster., bb. 28645 et 28662 (BO, L) ; Belimbing, alt.
6 m, ster., 66. 28500, 285S9 et 28548 (A, BO, L) ; Palembang, Banjuasin & Kubu
regions near Bajunglintjir, alt. 15 m, March., fr., Thorenaar 45 T. IP. 58 (BO, L) ;
id., Febr., buds, 45 T. IP. 58 (BO); ibid., Aug., fr., 45 T. IP. 58 (BO); ibid., D e c ,
fr., Grashoff 898 (BO, L) ; Lampong Distr., Mt. Batin, ster., Tepsmann H.B. 4537
(BO, U ) .

The species is very close to P. rubiginosa, which has coriaceous leaves
with longer petioles with often 2 round giands near the apex and a different
indumentum of the inflorescences and flowers. P. rubiginosa may represent
only a mountain variety of P. polyneura.

10. PARINARI RUBIGINOSA Ridley — Fig. 10. '

PABINARIUM RUBIGINOSUM Ridley in 3. Asiat. Soc. .Straits Br. 75: 29. 1917; Fl.
Malay Pen. 1: 668. 1922; Foxworthy in Mai. For. Rec. 3: 175 et 176. 1927; Burkill,
Diet. econ. Prod. Mai. Pen. 2: 1667. 1935. — Parinarium, costatum BL, var. rubigi-
nosum Ridley in J. Feder. MalaySt. Mus. 6: 143. 1915 — Padang across Tehu, Ridley
(SING).

Tree up to 40 m high and 90 cm in diam.; free bole up to 25 m tall;
bark smooth, slightly cracked, grey, 0.5 mm; living bark 6 mm, pale reddish;
wood pale brown, darker towards centre; branchlets brownish or brownish
black with numerous tiny, pale lenticels; the youngest branchlets densely,
minutely yellowish brown tomentellous. Leaves coriaceous to stiffly cori-
aceous, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.5 x 5 to 4.5 x 12 cm, base acutish
or contracted into the petiole, apex acuminate or obscurely acuminate;
upper surface glossy, glabrous, lateral nerves filiformous, prominulous,
midrib flat or slightly impressed, minutely tomentellous, glabrescent; lower
surface yellowish or brownish grey, densely tomentellous; lateral nerves
12—20 pairs, slender, erect-patent, straight (at margin arcuate), axil-
membranes hardly developed, no membrane along the midrib, reticulation
(stomatal) dense; secondary nerves dense, parallel, filiformous. Petiole
6—8 mm long, densely tomentellous, often with 2 round, small glands on
the upper, flattened surface near the middle of the petiole. Panicles axillary
and terminal, densely, minutely yellowish or rusty tomentose (the hairs
not adpressed), up to 3—6 cm long; the large ovate, acute, concave bracts
enveloping the buds, caducous. Flowers densely rusty tomentellous; calyx
2.5 mm long, lobes 1.5—2 mm, ovate, acute, pilose on both surfaces, petals
spathulate, narrowed at base, shorter than the calyx lobes. Fertile stamens
10, about 1.5 mm, shorter than the petals; ovary villous; style short, villous
at base. Fruit pedicel thick, up to 7 mm in diam. at apex, 5 mm long. Fruit
ellipsoid, flattened laterally, up to 5 cm long, 3.8 cm wide and 2 cm thick,
smooth, glossy, with tiny non-confluent, pale scale-like dots; apex truncate
or rounded, a longitudinal depression in the middle of the flattened surface.

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula and Borneo in montane forest.
VERNAC. NAME : Mengkudur (Balikpapan).

Very close to P. polyneura from which it differs by the slightly longer
petioles (except in the specimen: Clemens 50081) with round glands and
especially by the reddish or yellow villous tomentum of branchlets and
inflorescences; the tomentum is silky and adpressed in P. polyneura.

The way Ridley keys out P. rubiginosa and P. polyneura is ridiculous:

Leaves 5 in. long, elliptic, wide P. polyneurum
Leaves stiffly coriaceous, 3 to 4 in long, thick, yellow woolly, panicles very

short P. rubiginosum.

In some specimens the apical inflorescences are stunted and form
together a kind of corymb.

Stipules could not be discovered in the material at hand; they drop
apparently in a very early stage, contrarily to those of P. costata and P.
mmatrana, which are also closely allied.

The species is also very close to P. bicolor, from which it differs by
the longer petioles, the shape of the leaf and the typical reticulation of



170 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 7

the lower leafsurface. The specimen Kostermans 7588 may as well belong
to P. gigantea.

M a l a y P e n i n s u l a : Pahang, Selangor Border, Fraser's Hill, Oct.,
buds, Raub 22548 (SING) ; ibid., 1300 m, Sept., fl., Moh. Nur 11301 (SING) ; ibid.,
Sg. Yet, alt. 1250 m, Sept., buds, Moh. Nur 11147 (BO, L, SING) ; Pahang, Cameron
Highlands, Boh Plantation, alt. 1300 m, ster., Moh. Nur 32665 (BO, GH, MO, L) ;
B o r n e o : Sabah (N. Borneo), Mt. Kinabalu, Penibukan Ridge, E. Dahobong R.,
alt. 1300 m, Nov., buds., Clemens 50081 (L, UC) ; Sandakan, Aug., young fr., Puasa
669 (SING); E. K a l i m a n t a n (Indon. Borneo), Peak of Balikpapan, alt.
900 m, July, buds, Kostermans 767 U (A, BO, BRI, CAL, K, L, LAE, NY, P, PNH,
SING) ; ibid., July, fr., Kostermans 7295 (BO, K, L) ; ibid., July, fr., Kostermans
7588 (BO, K, L, SING).

11. PARINARI NONDA F . V . M . ex Bth. — Fig. l l a . & b.

PARINARIUM NONDA F.V. Mueller ex Bentham, PI. Austral. -2: 426. 1S64; Banks
& Solander, Botany Cpt. Cook's Voyage 1: t. 92. 1900; Bailey, Queensl. Fl. 524. 1900;
Compreh. Catal. Queensl. PI. 167. 1909; Pulle in Nova Guinea 8(2), But. 367. 1910. —
Ferolia nonda (F.v.M. ex Bth.) O. Kuntze, Revisio Gen. PI. 1: 216. 1891. — F.v.
Mueller s.n. (K).

Parinari papuanum C.T. White in J. Arnold Arb. 31: 86. 1950 — Smith N.G.F.
lOOi, holotypus; N.G.F. 1019, fr., paratypus (BRI).

Parinari salomonevse C.T. White in J. Arnold Arb. 31: 87. 1950. — Walker
& White B.S.I.P. Hffa, holo-typus; H9, para-typus (BRI).

Parinari sp., C.T. White in J. Arnold Arb. 31: 87. 1950. — Smith N.G.F. 1193
(BRI)

Tree, 6 to 34 m tall and up to 55 cm in diam; stem of the savannah
(fire climax!) form often comparatively thick for the size of the tree.
Buttresses rounded, unbranched, up to 1 m high, but usually much smaller.
Bark grey or grey to yellowish brown, shallowly fissured (or deeply fissured
and corky in the savannah form), with prominent lenticels. Living bark
brown or redbrown; wood yellow-red or red, hard, with interlocked grain.
Branchlets drooping, somewhat angular, covered with a more or less dense
layer of coarse, somewhat adpressed, rather long hairs, upon a layer of
grey, cobweblike hairs; branches glabrous, purplish brown to black, glossy,
with numerous, tiny, pale lenticels. Stipules (bb. 31328) membranous,
fugaceous, lanceolate, acute, up to 2 cm long and 2—3 mm wide at base,
sometimes with a few, tiny, round glands along the margin of the upper,
silky pilose surface, inside glabrous. Leaves rigidly chartaceous to cori-
aceous, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, rarely lanceolate-elliptic, varying from 2 x
4 (or 1.5 x 6) to 7.5 X 15 cm, base rounded or acutish, rarely subcordate,
apex distinctly to obscurely acuminate; upper surface glossy, midrib flat or
sulcate in its upper part, pilose at base; lateral nerves very slender, secon-
dary nerves parallel, very slender, prominulous; lower surface (in young
leaves white) with stomatal areoles; reticulation prominent, rounded; midrib
strongly prominent, lateral nerves 16—20 (—27) pairs, rather patent,

1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 171

slender, straight, arcuate at margin; along the margin scattered tiny round
glands or protruding black (in sicco) small glandular tissue dots. Petiole
rather stout, densely pilose, glabrescent, 3—6 (—9) mm long, usually with
two small, black, glossy, protruding, round glands at the middle, or lower
down. Panicles slender, open, terminal and axillary, up to 6—10 cm long,
densely adpressed pilose and with long, less adpressed light brown, silky
hairs. Bracts and bracteoles caducous at anthesis. Flowers brownish yellow,
scented. Calyx shallow, cupshaped, broad, 1.5—2 mm high, densely serice-
ous; lobes triangular to lanceolate-triangular, 1—1.5 mm long, densely
pilose on both sides. Petals slightly longer than the calyx lobes, thin, spa-
thulate. Fertile stamens ca 8, unequal in length, about as long as the
petals; the sterile ones (6—10) tooth like, on an 1 mm high, stiff rim. Style
shorter than the longest stamen, glabrous, top (stigma) truncate. Pedicel
short, slender.

Fruit globose, ovoid or ellipsoid, often flattened laterally, up to 3 cm
long, rather bumpy and irregular, covered with a dense layer of pale scabs;
2-celled; cavities brown-woolly.

DISTRIBUTION: NW. Guinea, Solomon Islands, N. Australia, N. Queens-
land, from 6—1300 m altitude, occuring in the moist rainforest, but also
as a substage tree in savannahs.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Wobbreeka (Manikiong, near Oransbari); Mala
one (Kwara-ae, Solomon Isl.); Ranna (Morehead R-,); Wojinya (Cooktown);
Wiepa (Mabuiag Isl.).

With the formerly scanty material at hand, it was impossible to iden-
tify the numerous sterile sheets. Since then numerous specimens from
the Solomon Islands, collected by Whitmore and his Staff, could be studied.
The result is, that we combined P. nonda, papuanum and salomonense.
Although the variation in leaf size is such, that combination seems to be
not warranted, we have found all intermediate stages between the small-
leaved mountain form (Carr 14351) and the type specimen of P. papuanum
(Smith N.G.F. 1004) and the larged-leaved lowland specimens. C.T. White
himself hinted already to the large-leaved specimens being lowland forms
of P. papuanum. The savannah specimens lack an acumen, which is not
unusual in specimens of a dry and unfavourable habitat. The main reasons,
why we combined these species are: the constant number of lateral nerves;
the typical marginal leafglands, present in all specimens and the unusual
shallow, cuplike calyx. In sterile condition the specimens cannot be sepa-
rated from those of P. sumatrana, but for the leaf glands. From P. insularum,
its nearest relative, it may be distinguished by the leafshape.

N e w G u i n e a . W. Irian, Tamurik, near marsh, Aug., fl., Anta (Expedition
Wentholt) 233 (BO, L) ; Idenburg R., alt, 80 m., Apr., ft-., Brass & Versteegh 13541
(fruit bumpy subglobose; a frequent tree) (BO, GH, L); Ransiki Distr. (Manokwari),



172 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

Oransbari, ster., BW. 1141 et 1957 (BO, L) ; Hollandia, Pionnier Bivouac, ait. 30 m,
Oct., ster., bb. 31104. (stipules with glands) (BO, L) et bb. 31473 (A. BO, L) ; Nov.,
ster., bb. 31328 et 31381 (BO, L) ; Babo, alt. 15 m, ster., bb. 21822 (BO, L) ; South
Coast, Okaba near Ginu, Aug., fr., Branderhorst 15 (K, L) and buds, Pringyo 15
(BO) ; locality not indicated, fr., Jaheri s.n. (BO) ; Papua, Middle Fly R., lake Davi-
umbu, plenty in Banksia-Grevillea savannahs, Sept., Brass 7891 (A, BO, GH, L) ;
Western Div., Mabaduan, savannah forest, rarer substage tree, April, young fr.,
Brass 6571 (A, BO, GH, L) ; Dagwa, Oriomo R., March, young fr. and buds, Brass
5979 (BO, GH, K, L), this specimen has leaves with numerous glands; Kokoda, 300
m. fr., Carr 16479 (L) ; Boridi, 1300 m, buds, Carr 14351 (L) ; locality not indicated,
buds, Banks & Solander s.n. (P) ; Sudest Isl., Joe Landing, alt. 100 m, Aug., fl.. Brass
27725 (A, BO, K, L) ; ibid., Mt. Riu, W. slopes, alt. 300 m, Aug., fl., Brass 27920
(A, K, L) ; Solomon Isl., Vanganu Isl., near Kaikose R., lowland, Sept., buds, Walker
& White B.S.I.P. 149 (BRI, BO) ; Rendova Isl., New Georgia group, W. coast, 1 mile
behind Kenelo Plant., ridge top, alt. 30 m, Sept., young fr., Whitmore B.S.I.P. 1877
(L) ; Gizo Isl., secondary forest, alt. 70 m, April, buds, Whitmore's Collector B.S.I.P.
5633 (L) ; Gatukai Isl., Dec, buds, Whitmore B.S.I.P. 1250 (L) ; Baga Isl., Febr.,
fl., Whitmore B.S.I.P. 2904 (L) ; Sante Ysabel, Allardyce Harbour, Jan., fl., fr.,
Whitmore B.S.I.P. 3666 (L) ; E. Choiseul, W. of Taora Passage and N. of Roka R.,
alt. 30 m, March, fl., Whitmore's Collector B.S.I.P. 5280 (L) ; North Australia, Cape
York, Oct., fl., McGillavry 432 (K) ; Padine R., fl., Hill 138 (K) ; Gilbert R., fl., fr.,
without collector's name (GH) ; Prince of Wales Isl., ster.. Brown 6339 (K) ; Wednes-
day Isl., fl., Moseley s.n. (K) ; Albany Isl., Aug., fl., Mueller s.n. (GH, K) ; N. Queens-
land, Bloomfield, fl., Petrie 39 (GH) ; Mt. Glory, fl., Hooker s.n., anno 1850 (K).

12. PARINARI BICOLOR Merr. — Fig. 12.

PARINARIUM BICOLOR Merrill in Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 10: 309. 1915; Enum. Philipp.
flow. PI. 2: 235. 1923. — Razon, For\ Bur. 23022.

Tree, about 10 m high; branches brown, glossy, lenticellate; youngest
branchlets densely ferrugineously tomentellous. Leaves rigidly coriaceous,
ovate-elliptic, 4—7 x 2—3 cm, base rounded or subacute, apex shortly,
rather inconspicuously acuminate, tip broad; upper surface glabrous, except
the minutely pilose, impressed midrib, brown or black when dried, lateral
nerves filiformous; lower surface with a dense felt of whitish and rusty
hairs, midrib strongly prominent, rusty-tomemtellous, lateral nerves 11—15
pairs, straight, arcuate at margin, prominent; areolation dense, prominent,
veins not flat-topped. Petiole 3—5 mm long, stout, densely rusty tomen-
tellous. Stipules large, lateral, ovate-oblong, acuminate, up to 7 mm long,
inside glabrous, outside rusty tomentellous, only present on the (limp)
flush.

Panicles terminal (and axillary), dense, densely rusty tomentose, up
to 8 cm long, often corymb-like; bracts oblong-ovate, acuminate, pubescent,
concave, up to 4 mm long, covering the flowerbuds, caducous at anthesis.
Flowers yellowish brown, densely rusty villous; calyx about 3 mm, gibbose,
densely rusty villous; lobes oblong, acute, up to 2 mm long; petals oblong-
obovate, about 2—2.5 mm long, shorter than the calyx lobes. Fertile stamens

1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 173

10, about 2 mm long, on a short rim, sterile stamens tooth-like; ovary
densely pilose, style short, stigma discoid.

"Fruit hard, irregular, dark brown, somewhat ovoid, about 3 cm long
and 2.3 cm in diam.; apex rounded" (Merrill).

DISTRIBUTION: Philippines.

The species is closely related to P. rubiginosa Ridley, but differs in
leaf size, tomentum and stipules. Still it might be only a form of P. rubigi-
nosa.

The type specimen is cited by Merrill as Razon 28022; in the material
at hand it is, however, 23022.

Merrill did not mention the number of stamens, which is an important
characteristic in Parinari.

PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Prov. of Surigao, Genituan Isl., alt. 30 m., Oct., fl.,
Razon, For. Bur. 23022 (BO, GH, K) ; ibid., June, fl., Ramos & Pascassio 34721 (GH,
K) ; ibid., Febr., fl., Ponce 25075 (GH, K, US) ; Distr. of Davao, March, fl., Ceballos,
For. Bur. 26600 (K) ; Bucas Grande Isl., June, fl., Ramos & Pascassio, Bur. Sci. 35041
(BO, GHf, K, U S ) .

13. PARINARI ANAMENSE Hance — Fig. 13.

PARINARIUM ANAMENSE Hance in J. of Bot. 15: 333. 1877; Lanessan, PI. utiles
Col. fr. 284. 1886 (anamenae) ; Perrot & Hurrier, Mat. Med. et pharmac. sino -
annamite. 1907; Cardot in Lecomte, FL gen. Indoch. 2: 615, fig. 17. 1920; in Bull.
Mus. Hist. nat. Paris 28: 193. 1922; Menaut, Mat. medic. Cambodge in Bull. econ.
Indoch. 1929; Heim de Balzac et al. in Agence gen. Colon. 23: 310—21, 3 tab. 1930
(Ser. 3, 3: 66. 1930); Craib,. Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 563. 1931; J. Roi, Atlas Pl.med.
chin., Univ. Aurora. Chang-hai. 1946; Petelot, PI. med. Cambodge, etc. 1: 302. 1952;
Vidal in Adansonia, N.S, 4: 142. 1964 (anamensis). — Pierre s.n. (K).

Parinarium albidum Craib in Kew Bull. 1912: 152; Contr. Fl. Siam II in Aber-
deen Univ. Studies 57: 79. 1912; Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 563. 1931 (as a syn. of P.
anamense Hance) ; Cardot in Lecomte, I.e. 616 — Kerr 604.

Parinarium sumatranum (non Miq.) Kurz in J. As. Soc. Bengal 45(2) : 302.
1876; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum 1: 563. 1931. — Brandis s.n.

Tree, 6—30 m tall, with a short, plump bole of 3 m and less on poor
soils and a straight and slender bole, 30—70 cm in diam. and up to 10 m
long on better sites. Crown very dense; the young branchlets with limp
leaves, drooping. Bark grey; living bark yellowish. Pilosity of branchlets
as in P. sumatrana but more yellowish brown. Leaves exactly as those
of P. sumatrana, but with a tendency to be larger near the inflorescence
and with a more truncate or subcordate base; the number of lateral nerves
14—18 pairs; pilosity of lower leafsurface more yellowish brown. Stipules
slightly narrower than those of P. sumatrana. Leaves variable in shape from
broadly elliptical (6.5 x 9 to 7.5 x 13.5 cm) to oblong (3.5 x 9 to 5 x 12.5
cm); the flush has leaves with white lower surface, but intermingled with



74 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

the white are also yellow-brown hairs. Panicles as a rule terminal, without
leaves, densely yellow-brown pilose, longer than the leaves, 8—15 cm long,
pyramidal. Flowers smaller than in P. sumatrana with a wider, shorter tube,
2—2.5 mm long, gibbose; calyx lobes 1.5 mm long.

Fruit as a rule subglobose, compressed, 30 x 28 mm, rarely ellipsoid,
40 x 28 cm.

Other characteristics as in P. sumatrana.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Laos, S. Vietnam, up to 700 m. altitude.
VERNAC. NAMES: Maphawk, Karawk, Makmue Thalawk (Siam); Quelo

(Kmer); Cay Cam (Viet); Thlok (Cambodia); Phok (Laos); Enay (near Ban-
Me-Thuot) ; Bua Day or Ndi or Taldi (Moi).

USE: Very common in Cambodia and S. Vietnam, rarer in Central
Vietnam and Laos, absent in N. Vietnam. The thin outer pulp of the fruit
is rich in sugar and edible; it is used as food in poorer regions. The seed
is inedible but is rich in a drying oil, perhaps good for soap. The timber
is rather poor, but of trees with well-shaped boles it is much used.

The species is very close to P. sumatrana and if its distributional area
should be continuous with the former, it would be perhaps better to include
it in P. sumatrana as a subspecies.

But there are constant differences, li.ke the shape of the long terminal
panicle; the colour of the indumentum of inflorescence, branchlets and
lower leafsurface; the smaller flowers and the usually more rounded fruit.

I disagree with Vidal (1964), that Parinari and Parinarium are different
names and hence do not believe that the binomials of Parinari are new
combinations.

N o r t h S i a m : Doi Sutep, April, fl., Kerr 604 (K, US); W. Siam:
Kanburi, fl., Teijsmann s.n. (K) ; fl., fr., Teijsmann H.B. 6008 (BO. G, L, U) ; E. and
S.E. Siam: Chantabun. ster., Vesterdal s.n. (BO, C, SING); ibid., Nov., fl., fr., Lak-
sanakarna 483 (K) ; Chanburi, Makkam, Ban Ang, Nov., fl., Chit Nophakdi 146 (BKF) ;
Pitsanulok, Pamak, fl,, Kerr 8912 (P., UC) ; ibid., April, fl., Kerr 2559 (K) ; ibid.,
Febr., fr., Kerr 2309 (K) ; Trat, Huay Raeng, Dong- Maduca, young fr., Smitinand
1361 (= For. Dept. 7277) (BKF, BO) ; Prachinburi, Aran Prathet, Nawng Waeng,
Jan., fl., Put Phraimirind 45, very common (BKF) ; Chawn Bung, Ratburi, March,
fl., Kerr 10642 (K) ; Sriracha near Na Prow, April, fl.. Collins 874 (BISH, C, K,
L, US) ; ibid,. Febr., fl., Collins 331 (K, P, US) ; ibid., March, fl., Collins 970 (K, US) ;
Korat, Pak Tong- Chai, Dec, fr., Kerr 8103 (K) ; Surin, fl., Put 656 (K) ; Ubol, Bang
Boong, June, fl., fr., Lakmnakarna 891 (K) ; L a o s : Basin of R. Se-Moun, Dec,
fr., Harmand 1002 (P) ; C a m b o d i a : Kang Chon, Kang Soai, March, fl.,
Bejaud 396 (P) ; Chamcar-Ta-Man, Prov. of Kuang Chhuang, March, fl., Chevalier
36991 (BO,P) ; Kampong Thorn, Tonle Sap, fl., Service for. (P) ; Road of Trimbell,
Km 180, Aug., ster., Poilane in Herb. Chevalier 436 (BO, P) ; Pnom Penh, fl., Bejaud
746 (P) ; Siem Reap, Dengrek Mts., Nov., "fr., Poilane 13867 (P) ; Kampong Chuan,

«h, fl., Chevalier 31943 .(P) ; ibid., fl., fr.,' Cardot s.n. (K) ; ibid.,. For. Reserve

1965] KOSTEKMANS: Genus Parinari 175

Kranlanh, fl., Chevalier 31747 (P) ; Mt. Thral, Pierre s.n. (P) ; Praley Triek, Chhlong,
March, fl., Chevalier 40691 (L, P) ; locality not indicated, fr., Godefroy s.n. (P) ;
fl., Hahu s.n. (P) ; A n n a m : Prov. Tharang, Jan., fr., Poilane 9458 (P) ; ibid.,
Dec, ster., Poilane 9294 (P) ; ibid., Jan., fl., Poilane 9497 (P) ; Prov. Nhatrang, Hoa
Tan, June, young fr., Poilane in Herb. Chevalier 46 (BO, CANB, P) ; 41 (P), 39224
(BO, L, P) et 4094 (BO, P) ; ibid., For. Reserve Chuai-Cat, Sept., fr., Fleurtf in Herb.
Chevalier 39049 (BO, P) ; Prov. Phanrang, Ca- Na, March, fr., Poilane 5835 (P) ; E.
of Ca - Na, rocky, open, Nov., young fr., Evrard 2457 (P) ; ibid., alt., 700 m, March,
fr., Poilane 5727 (P), common; ibid., Ka - Rom, alt. 500 m, March, fr., Poilane 9912
(P) ; ibid., March, ster., Poilane 9909 (P) ; Isl. Phu- quoc, June, fl., Contest - Lacour
345, 346 (P) ; locality not indicated, fr., Robinson 1493 (P) ; fl., GOUT gaud s.n. (P) ;
C o c h i n : Cuang Tri, Jan., fr., Poilane 11874 ,(P) ; Prov. Thudanmot, For. Reserve
Chon Tanh, Jan., fr., Fleiny in Herb. Chevalier ,30011 (BO, P) ; id. 39357 (P) ; ibid.,
Tai-Tinh, Bien Hoa, fl., Thorel 1002 (BO, DC, GH, L, P) ; Bienhoa, Tan - Nhuani
Febr., fl., Vinot s.n. (P) ; Road of Baloah, Jan., fl., Lefevre 290 (P) ; Road Saigon-
Bienhoa, Sept., young fr., Lefevre 308 (P) ; Gia Ray near Bienhoa, Febr., fr., Poilane
in Herb. Chevalier 2561 (P) ; Trang- Bom, May, fr., Chevalier 40904 (BO, P) et Nov.,
fr., Chevalier 3922J, (BO, L, P) ; Gia Lau Me, Sept., fr., Pierre 339 (P) et s.n. ( C A N B '
DC, GH, K) ; Thu Due near Saigon, fr., Pierre 339 (BO, GH, K, L, P, US) ; Cay
Cong, April, fl., fr., Pierre s.n. (GH, P) ; Song Dlnh, For. Reserve of Gia Huynh,
fl., Chevalier 40923 (BO, P) ; Tay- Ninh, April., fl., Lefevre 360 (P) ; ibid., Febr.,
fr., Muller 901 (P) ; Khone, fr., Harmand 109 (L) ; Bot. Garden, Saigon fl., fr.,
Chevalier 36667 (P) ; Pulo Condor, Cook's Third Voyage, buds (P) ; ibid., sine coll., fr.,
(P) ; Ongbom, fr., Phung- Van Diem 90 (P).

14. PARINARI HELPERI Hook. f. —• Fig. 14.

PARINARIUM HELFERI Hooker f,. Fl. Brit. India 2: 311. 1878 (excl. cit. P. sumatra-
num Kurz) ; Brandis, Ind. Trees 278. 1906. — Heifer s.n. Tenasserim (K).

Large tree; branchlets densely pale brown pilose; branches glossy with
numerous tiny round, pale lenticels. Leaves stiffly chartaceous, elliptic to
subovate-elliptic, 4 X 9 to 6 x 15 cm, base rounded or truncate to sub-
cordate, apex conspicuously acuminate (acumen up to 15 mm long) ; upper
surface glossy, midrib flat, lateral nerves filiformous, prominulous, reti-
culation filiformous, dense, prominulous; lower surface with stomatal are-
oles, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 18—20 pairs, straight
(curved at margin); areoles with a white felt of thin hairs. Petioles 6—10
mm, densely fulvous, glabrescent, with two tiny round glands about the
middle (leafbase sometimes with glandular tissue near the petiole insertion).

Panicles terminal, leafy, up to 5 cm long, densely pale brown pilose;
bracts and bracteoles caducous at anthesis.

Flowers sessile, densely villous; calyx tube broadly cylindrical, sub-
campanulate, 3—4 mm long; calyx lobes 1.5 mm, narrowly ovate, acute,
somewhat unequal; petals 2 mm, membraneous, sub-spathulate, acutish.
Stamens 8, unequal, filaments up to 1.5 mm long. Ovary densely villous;
style 2 mm long, densely villous (except tip).



176 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

DISTRIBUTION: Lower Burma.
The species is closely related to P. anamense from which it differs by

its more elongate leaves with a long acumen.
Hooker added in synonymy P. sumatranum (non Miquel) Kurz, al-

though with doubt; this represents P. anamense Hance.
L o w e r B u r m a : Tenasserim R., March fl., Heifer s.n. (K) ; Myaungmya

Distr., Labwuta, March, fl., Lace 2983 (E).

The unnamed specimen, described by Hooker f. (p. 311 and 312, I.e.),
which he believed to be allied to P. helferi: Griffith 2048, Palor in Mergui
(K, P), is not Rosaceous, as the hairs on the petioles are stellate. Moreover,
the very young axillar inflorescences do not conform with those of Parinari.
It might he Tiliaceous.

15. PARINARI SUMATRANA (Jack) Benth. — Fig. 15a, b, c.

PARINARIUM SUMATRANUM (Jack) Bentham in Hooker, Niger Fl. 335. 1849; Miquel,
Fl. Ind. bat. 1(1): 353. 1855 et 1084. 1858; Suppl. Sumatra 115. 1860 et 306. 1862;
Blume, Mus. bot. Lugd. bat. 2: 97. 1856; Mueller in Walp. Ann. 4: 644. 1857; in
Flora 41(16): 255. 1858; Bentham & Hooker f., Gen. PL 1: 607. 1865; Hooker i.,
Fl. Brit. India 2: 309. 1878; Miers in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17: 336. 18791; Filet, Plantk.
Woordenb. Ned. Ind., ed. 2: 37. 1888; Koorders & Valeton., Bijdr. Kennis Boomsoorten
Java 5 in Meded. 's Lands PL tuin Buitenzorg 33: 340. 1900 (excl. syn.: P. costatum
Bl.) ; Koorders in Gedenkboek Junghuhn 169. 1910; Backer, Schoolfl. Java 1: 445.
1911 (as a syn. of P. costatum Bl) ; Heyne, Nuttige PI. Ned. Ind., ed. 2, 1: 697 1927;
ed. 3, 1: 697. 1950; Meeuse & Adelbert in Backer, Fl. Java (emergency Ed.), Fam.
116: 26. 1943; Merrill in J. Arnold Arb. 33: 239. 1952; Backer & Bakhuizen v.d. Brink
Jr., Fl. Java 1: 522. 1964 (excl. cit. spsc. P. costatum) —• Petroca.rya sumatrana Jack,
Malay Miscell. 2: 67, no. 7. 1822; reprint in Hooker's Compan. bot. Mag. 1: 221;
reprint in Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4: 165. 1843; reprint in Truebner Miscell. Papers
relating to Indochina 2, 2: 280. 1887; Mueller in Walp. Ann. 1: 271. 1848-49; 4: 644.
1857; in Flora 41(16): 255. 1858; Miquel, FL, I.e. 353. 1855; Hooker f., FL, I.e. 309;
Miers, I.e. 336; Koorders & Valeton, La. 340; B.urkill in J. Straits Br. Roy. Asiat.
Soc. 73: 200. 1916. — Ferolia sumatrana (Jack) O. Kuntze, Revisio Gen. PI. 1: 216.
1891. — Lectotypus: Teijsmanm. H.B. 4554 e Tarabangi, Palembang (U) ; para-lecto-
typus: Teijsmann H.B. 3795 e Derma Enim, Palembang (U).

Parinarium ovale (Korth.) Blume ex Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1(1) : 353. 1855 —
Lepidocarpa ovalis Korthals in Nederl. Kruldk. Arch. 3: 386. 1855; Blume, Mus. bot.
Lugd. bat. 2: 97. Febr. 1856; Mueller in Walp. Ann. 4: 644. 1857; .Miquel, Fl. I.e.
353 (Lepidocarya) et 1084 (Lepidocarpa); Koorders & Valeton, I.e. 340 (Lepidocarya).

Tree, up to 30 m high and 50 cm in diam. with cylindrical, hoopringed,
smooth, grey or brownish grey bole; lenticels in concentric rings; dead
bark 0.5 mm thick, white inside; living bark lightbrown, 5 mm; sapwood
dirty white. Buttresses none or small, up to 50 cm high and 60 cm out,
thick (40 cm) or thin. The flush limp and drooping. Branchlets densely
lightbrown tomentellous; branches glabrous, glossy, brown or black with

1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 177

numerous tiny, pale lenticels. Stipules (only in the flush) lateral to the
petiole, large, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, membraneous, longitudinally
ribbed, base truncate, outside densely pilose, glabrous inside, 5—12 mm
long, base 3—5 mm wide. Leaves rigidly chartaceous, elliptic or oblong
or ovate elliptic, 3 x 7 to 7 x 12 cm, apex obtuse to broadly, very shortly
acuminate; base obtuse to truncate, rarely subcordate; upper surface gla-
brous, midrib flat or slightly impressed (pilose at base), lateral nerves
filiformous, prominulous, secondary nerves parallel, prominulous; lower
surface with conspicuous stomatal areoles (the nerves not flattened, at
last more or less glabrous), the areoles with a felt of white-grey cobweb-
like hairs, midrib prominent, lateral nerves 9—14 pairs (usually ca 9—11),
erect-patent, straight, arcuate near the margin, prominent; secondary
nerves prominent. Petiole 4—7 mm long, glabrescent, usually with two
small, round, protruding, glossy glands slightly below the middle on the
upper surface.

Panicles axillary, shorter than the leaves, up to 5 cm long, densely
grey-brown pilose, ramifications few, up to 1.5 cm long, subtended by
bracts similar in size and shape to the stipules; bracts and bracteoles de-
ciduous at anthesis. Pedicel very short, subtended by a bract. Calyx tube
funnel-shaped, slender or rather broad, 3 mm long, densely pilose; lobes
elongate-triangular, narrow, 2 mm long, acute, pilose. Petals spathulate,
as long as the calyx lobes; fertile stamens 8, unequal, slightly shorter than
the calyx lobes; ovary densely pilose; style glabrous, as long as the stamens
with a small, truncate stigma. Sterile stamens represented by short teeth
on the staminal ring.

Fruit ellipsoid, laterally flattened, top obtuse or somewhat truncate,
up to 2.5 x 4 cm, completely covered by grey or brown-grey scabs; exocarp
3—4 mm., consisting of hyaline, soft narrow spindles, tapering and obtuse
at both ends, mesocarp marble spotted in cross-section, hard, 5 mm thick;
endocarp membraneous. Fruit with 2 cavities, seed only developing in one
of them; the cavity filled with lightbrown very fine, cottonwool-like, den-
sely packed hairs; cotyledons flat-convex, white, oily.

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra, W. Java.

There is no type specimen of P. sumatrana extant, but Jack's descrip-
tion is so elaborate that it is almost certain, that Miquel's interpretation
of the species was right. The species is one of the most common ones in
S. Sumatra where Jack collected his material. I therefore accept the speci-
mens enumerated and described by Miquel as the holo-, respectively the
paratypes (lectotypes).

The species is extremely close to P. anamense (cf. there). It is also
closely related to P. costata and has been usually confused with the latter
species, which shows, however, constant, although small differences.

As in all Parinari species the leaves differ enormously in size and
leaves of a sapling (10 x 21 cm, ovate with a rounded base or oblong,



178 R E I N W A R D T I A [ V O L . 7

5 x 12.5 cm, gradually acute, the top broadly acuminate) can hardly be
differentiated from those of P. parva and P. costata. Very young leaves
have a dense golden brown woolly tomentum on their upper surface, which
wears off very quickly.

Of the fruit I was able to study mature material. The exocarp, which
in dry condition is a black, amorphous mass, consists in fresh condition
of radial hyaline spindles, soft and juicy with a slightly sweetish taste;
the mesocarp consist of an amorphous mass, irregularly divided by fibrous
material and showing holes (marbled).

S u m a t r a : E. coast, Pakanbaru, Tenajan R., Aug., buds, Soepadmo 92 (BO);
Palembang Distr., Komering hilir, Kaju-Agung, o m, Jan., fl., bb. 13600 (BO, BZF) ;
Palembang, Derma Enim, fl., Teijsmann 3795 H.B. (BO, K, U) ; ibid., Ogan ulu, Tubuan,
young fr., Teysmann 3802 H.B. (BO, K) ; Lampong Districts, Siring Kebau (Kebouw),
fr., Teysmann 4U1 H.B. (BO, K, U) ; ibid., Tarabangi, • fr., Teijsmann U55U H.B.
(BO, K, L, U); S. W. J a v a : Udjungkulon Reserve, Peutjang Isl., alt. 20 m, coral
limestone, Febr., fl., Kostermans 23 A (A, BO, K, L, P) ; ibid., Nov., fl., Kostermans
(Unesco) U (A, BH, BISH, BKF, BM, BRI, CAL, CANB, G, K, L, LAE, NY, PNH,
SING, SYD, US) ; ibid., Aug., fr., Kostermans & Kuswata 57 (BO) ; ibid., mainland,
Tjibunar, alt. 50 m, Dec, fr., Wirawan 67 (A, BO, G, K, L, LAE) ; ibid, near lighthouse,
Dec, fl,, Kostermans 21859 (A, BO, G, K, L, LAE, P, PNH, SAR) et fr., Kostermans
21885 (A, BO1, G, K, L, LAE, P, PNH, SING, SAR) ; ibid., Bantam, foot of Mt.
Hondje, Dec, ster., Kostermans 19289 (A, BH, BO, C, CANB, G, K, L, P, US);
ibid., Tjemara Udjungkulon, Distr. Batuhideung near Menes, July, young fr., Koorders
8562 (BO, K) et ster., Koorders 8563 (BO), leaves 7.5 X 25 cm with up to 17 pairs
of lateral nerves; Djampang kulon, Tjiratjap, Distr. Sukabumi, Koorders 7966 (BO) ;
C e n t r a l J a v a : Isl. Nusakambangan, ster., Koorders 8563 (BO); ibid., June,
fr., Koorders 30270 (A, BO, K, L, ¥) ; ibid., Mt. Batu near Perdjana, June, fl., Koorders
30331 (BO, G, K, L) ; culta in Hort. Bogor. sub IV H 20, sapling (BO) ; sub IV H 19,
ster. (BO) (leaves ovate-oblong-, 5 X 12.5 cm, gradually acute) ; in Hertekamp Hort.
Bogor, fl., H.B. 2J+9U (A, BO, K, L).

16. PARINARI WALLICHIANA R. Br. — Fig. 16.

PARINARIUM WALLICHIANUM R. Brown in Wallich, Catal. no. 7520. 1832 et ex Hooker
f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 311. 1878. — Wallich Cat. 7520 (K).

This species is represented only by a sterile branch. In venation it
resembles P. oblongifolia Hk. f., but is has broader leaves, which are thinner,
but this branch is from a flush, where the leaves are always thinner. The
lower leaf surface is covered by a very dense white felt of cobweblike hairs.
The only other specimen (also sterile) which it resembles is Ridley 6774-.
Additional flush material of P. oblongifolia may prove eventually, whether
P. wallichiana, is conspecific with it. Another specimen, sterile (R.R.I. 6,
Selangor, Belata R. estate) has stipules like those of P. sumatrana (SING).

1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 179

17. PARINARI COSTATA (Korth.) Blume — Fig. 17a. & b.

PARINARIUM COSTATUM (Korthals) Blume (Melanges bot. ined., Sept., 1855) ex
Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1(1) : 354. 1855 et 1084. 1858; Suppl. Sumatra 115. 1860; Mueller
in Walp. Ann. 4: 644. 1857; in Flora 41(16) : 255. 1858; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 2:
309. 1878; Filet, Plantk. Woordenb. Ned. Ind., ed. 2: 286. 1888; King in J. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal 66(2) : 277. 1897; Ridley in Agr. Bull. Straits & Fed. Malay St. 1: 145. 1902
(quoad rcmen) ; Maleische Timmerhoutsoorten in Bull, kolon. Mus. Haarlem 27: 60.
1903; Fl. Malay Pen. 1: 666. 1922 (var. nibiginosum excepta) ; Brandis, Ind. Trees 278.
1906; Backer, Schoolfl. Java 1: 445. 1911 (as a syn. of P. sumatramim Benth.; quoad
nomen tantum) ; Moll & Janssonius, Mikrogr. Holz. Java 3: 229. 1914 .(quoad nomen
tantum) ; Burkill in J. Straits Br. Roy. As. Soc. 73: 200. 1916; Diet. econ. Prod.
Malay Pen. 2: 1667. 1935; Merrill in J. Straits Br. Roy. As. Soc. 76: 81 1917; Bibliogr.
Enum. Born. PL 290. 1921; Enum. Philipp. flow. PI. 2: 236. 1923; in J. Arnold Arb.
32: 200. 1951; Heyne, Nuttige PI. Ned. Ind., ed. 2, 1: 697 et ed. 3, 1: 697. 1950,
p.p. — Lepidocarpa costata Korthals in Nederl. Kruidk. Arch. 3: 387. 1855; Miquel,
Flora, I.e. 354 (Lepidocarya) et 1084 (Lepidocarpa) ; Mueller, I.e. 644 et 255. 1858. —•
Ferolia costata (Korth.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 216. 1891. — Korthals s.n. (L).

Tree, up to 60 m high and 90 cm in diam. Buttresses up to 2 m high.
Bark smooth or roughish, greyish or brown, cracked, up to 2 mm thick;
Jiving bark 10 mm, redbrown with pale spots. Wood brown. Branchlets very
slender, black, brown or redbrown, glossy, with tiny, round, pale lenticels;
the branchlets of the drooping flush with a dense tomentum of relatively
long, partly adpressed, partly erect or semi-erect hairs. Young leaves with
a dense goldenbrown woolly tomentum on the upper surface, the lower
surface with a felt of white cobweblike hairs. Stipules only present in the
flush, narrowly lanceolate, membraneous, curved and partly folded leng-
thwise, densely pilose outside, 3—7 mm long. Mature leaves coriaceous
or rigidly chartaceous, elliptic or subovate-elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, base
roundish or acutish; top conspicuously acuminate, 2 x 4 to 4 x 9 cm; upper
surface glossy, smooth, midrib, veins and reticulation slender, prominulous;
lower surface with a prominent midrib, (8—) 12—15 pairs (usually 12)
of slender, prominent, towards margin arcuate lateral nerves and a sto-
matal dense areolation; the lower leafsurface at last practically glabrous,
except the cobweblike hairs in the areoles; the nerves surrounding the
areoles stout, but not or hardly flattened. Petiole 3—8 mm long, slender,
usually glandless; glands (if present) small, round, protruding, about the
middle of the petiole.

Panicles axillary, narrow, up to 9 cm long, few- flowered, with the
same indumentum as that of the branchlets; flowers in few-flowered co-
rymbs. Pedicel hardly 1 mm long, tomentellous with two narrowly lanceo-
late, acute, pilose, 2 mm long bracts at different heights. Bracts and
bracteoles narrower than in P. sumatrana, deciduous. Bracts at the base
of the primary ramifications slender, up to 6 mm long. Calyx tube densely
grey-brown pilose, ventricose laterally, trumpet shaped, 3—3.5 mm long;
lobes 1.5—2 mm long, ovate, acute, outside densely pilose, inside more
sparsely, patent at anthesis; throat of tube at the ovary insertion with a



180 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

dense layer of silky, strigose, erect hairs. Petals white, spathulate or
elliptic-spathulate, membraneous, 1.5—2 mm long, early caducous. Fertile
stamens 7—8, slightly unequal, up to 1.75 mm long; filaments white, flatten-
ed, glabrous; sterile stamens inconspicuous. Ovary mottled; style glabrous,
slightly longer than the stamens, flat-topped (stigma).

Fruit ellipsoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, obscurely ribbed (dried), up to 2 x 3.5
cm (usually smaller), as a rule with scattered scabs, rarely completely
covered with scabs, flattened laterally, apex rounded, truncate or emar-
ginate (dried); outer layer 2 mm, fleshy; mesocarp marbled; endocarp thin;
fruit 2-celled, one cell usually empty; both cells with a dense mass of brown
cottonwool like hairs.

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, W. Borneo; Philipines (ex
Merrill).

The species is very close to P. sumatrana and has been more or less
consistently combined with it. Recent acquisitions made it possible to find
out the differences; the leaves are smaller and are distinctly acuminate;
the stipules are slender, lanceolate or linear; the number of lateral nerves
is 12—15 pairs; the fruit have as a rule a less dense layer of scabs.

Merrill's Bornean and Philippine specimens were not available for
examination.

The leaves of the sapling specimen Sinclair- S.F.N. 40208 are up to 5 X
15 cm, but in the same specimen leaves of only 2.5 x 5 cm are also present.

The specimen King's Coll, 5227 has a controversial statement on its
label, which reads: Penang and also Perak, Larut.

M a l a y P e n i n s u l a : Penang Isl., Penang Hill, Chalet, alt. 350 m , July,
fr., Moh. Nur 3788 (BO, SING) ; ibid., Tunnel Rd., alt. 750 m, May, fl., Henderson
S.F.N. 21431 (BO, S I N G ) ; ibid., W. Bungalow, Sept., fr., Curtis 2163 (SING); ibid.,
Batu Teringgi, fl., Ridley s.n. (SING) et fl., Curtis 259 (SING) ; ibid., Telok Bahang,
June, fl., Curtis 259 (SING) ; ibid., locality not indicated, fl., Curtis s.n. (SING)
(this specimen has one large leaf) ; fl., Forest Guard 12580 (SING) et young fr.,
Curtis 3152 (SING) ; Pahang, Temerloh, Sept., fl., Bonar F.D. 6340 (E, SING) ;
Selangor, lower p a r t of Bukit Kutu, June, fl., Ridley s.n. (SING) ; Belata River
E s t a t e , Aug., ster., R.R.I. 8 (SING) ; Kemaman, Bukit Kajang, alt. 150 m, Nov.,
ster., Corner s.n. (SING) (some leaves only 1 x 2.5 cm) ; Johore, Sg. Sedili, low,
July, fr., Ngadiman S.F.N. 36915 (BO, SING) ; ibid., Febr., ster., Corner S.F.N. 34674
(SING) ; 6th Mile Mawai Rd., low, April, ster., Corner s.n. (SING) ; ibid., 13% Mile
Mawai-Jemaluang Rd., Sept., fl., Corner s.n. (SING) ; Mawai, Jan., fr., Ngadiman
S.F.N. 34765 (SING); ibid., 11 1/2Miles Mandai Rd., Febr., ster., Sinclair S.F.N.
40,208 (BO, L., SING) ; Malacca, Sg. Udang, ster., Cant ley's Coll. (Alvins) 13 (SING) ;
ibid,, fl., fr., Maingay 621/2 (L) ; Singapore Isl., West End Selatar Reservoir, Upper
Mandai, Aug., ster., Sinclair S.F.N. 39700 (BO, L, SING) ; Chan Chun Kang, fr.,
Ridley 3901 (SING) ; S u m a t r a : E a s t Coast, Upper Langkat, Batang Lembosa,
40 m. alt., ster., bb.9152 (BO) ; Pakanbaru, Tenajan R., Aug., fr., Soepadmo 206 (BO,

1965] KoSTERMANS: Genus Parinari lit.

L) et Aug., fl., Soepadmo 84 (BO) ; Palembang Distr., Mulah hulu, April., Grashoff
298 (BO, K, L) ; Tandjong Neng, R. Bliti, alt. 200 m, young fr., Forbes 2837 (= 123)
(BO, L ) ; Sumatra's West Coast, Painan, fr., S.W.K. 1-31, (A, BO, K, L) ; locality not
indicated, ster., Korthals s.n. (L) ; Bangka: Djebus, ster., sine coll. (BO, L) ; B o r n e o :
Sarawak, Rambangan, hills, Sept., fl., Omar 171 ( = F. 00117) (SAR) ; Brunei: Bukit
Teraja, alt. 250 m, May, fl., Ashton S. 7889 (L).

The following specimens are difficult to assign either to P. costatw,
P. polyneura or P. sumatrana: Sumatra: Indragiri Upper Lands, Keritang,
ster., bb. 28662 (BO) with broad stipules like those of P. sumatrana, but the
leaves are acuminate, are 5 x 1 0 cm and have 14 pairs of nerves; Palembang
Distr., Belimbing, ster., bb. 28548 (BO) with large, acuminate leaves and
12 pairs of nerves and ibid., bb. 28500 (A, BO, L, SING) with acuminate
leaves, 14 pairs of nerves and stipules as in P. costata. Do they represent
hybrids? Or are they youth forms? I have included them in P. potyneura,

18. PARINARI INSULARUM A. Gray. — Fig. 18.
PARINARIUM INSULARUM A. Gray, Bot. Cpt. Wilkes United St. Explor. Exped. 1:

488. 1854; Atlas 1: t. 54. 1857; Burkill in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 35: 36. 1901 (var.) ;
Ridley, Dispersal PI. World 208. 1930; Wilder in Bishop Mus. Bull. 184: 40. 1945. —
Cpt. Wilkes, Feejee Isl., fr. (K).

Tree ca 10—20 m. high; branchlets densely rusty tomentellous; bran-
ches glabrous, black or brown, lenticellate. Leaves stiffly chartaceous to
coriaceous, ovate, 2.5 X 7 to 6.5—14 cm or lanceolate, 2.5 X 9 cm, base
rounded or rarely sub-cordate, apex gradually acute with sharp tip; upper
surface glabrous, the flattened midrib with a long-persistent pilosity,
lateral nerves very slender, hardly raised; lower surface densely stomatal-
areolate, the areoles covered with pale brown to grey cobweb-like woolly
hairs, midrib prominent, minutely, densely pilose, lateral nerves 8—13
pairs, slender, prominulous, erect patent, straight or slightly arcuate
(arcuate at margin). Petiole short, 2—8 mm long, densely tomentellous,
glabrescent, deeply sulcate above with two tiny, protruding round glands
about the middle on the upper surface (or the glands lacking). Stipules
thin, lanceolate, up to 8 mm long, at base 2.5 mm wide, tomentellous,
caducous.

Panicles terminal (and lateral), densely rusty tomentellous,up to 9
cm long, the lateral ramifications subracemiformous. Bracts ovate, acute,
concave, 4 mm long, densely tomentellous, caducous at anthesis. Calyx
broadly funnelshaped, 2—2.5 mm, lobes 1.5 mm, ovate-triangular, acute,
inside shortly pilose. Petals white, spathulate, shorter than the calyx lobes.
Fertile stamens 8, unequal in length, slightly exceeding the petals; sterile
ones teeth-like. Style glabrous, about as long as the stamens, stigma minute,
truncate.

Fruit ellipsoid, bumpy and irregularly, broadly, longitudinally ribbed,
smooth, black with numerous pale, tiny spots, up to 2.5 x 5 cm, olive
coloured (fresh).



182 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

DISTRIBUTION: Fiji, Samoa, Tonga.
VERNAC. NAME: Sa, Seera or Seea (Fiji).

F I J I : Kandavu, above Namalata and Ngaloa Bays, alt. 200—400 m, Oct., fl.,
Smith 196 (BISH, BO, GH, K, P, S, UC) ; vicinity of Wairiki, Taviuni, ster., Gillespie
4369 (BISH, GH) ; near Nasimu, 9 miles from Suva, alt. 100 m., ster., Gillespie 3580
(BISH, UC) ; ibid., Oct., fr., Gillespie 3619 (BISH, D, K, UC) ; Suva, Central Rd.,
Toihill 8S (K), Chaillelia vitiensis- Seemann) ; Macuata Prov., July, fl., Sykes 70
(K) ; Nandarivatu, valley of the Singatoka R., Nov., fr., Gillespie 3885 (BISH, BO) ;
ibid., March, fr., Mead 1992 (K) ; Vanua Levu, slopes of Mt. Numbuiloa, open forest,
Oct., fr., Smith 6U31 (BISH, GH, K, LE, S), fruit flattened, 1.8 X 1.4 inch, bumpy
with brown spots on black field; Vanue Levu, Mathuata, Seanggangga, Nov., fl.,
Smith 6655 (BISH, BO, GH, K, LE, S) ; Viti Levu, May, fr., Parks 20.136 (BISH, UC) ;
Viti Levu, Tailevu, fl., Parham 2674 (GH) ; Takaundrove, Savu-Savu Bay region,
Jan., fr., Degener & Ordonez 14049 (BISH, GH, K) ; Suva, Lamy Mts, ster., Meebold
17045 (BISH, K) ; Viti Levu, Rewa Prov., Korombambu Mts., Kasi, alt. 300—400 m,
May, fl., Smith 1824 (BISH, BO, GH, K, P, S, UC) ; locality not indicated, fl., See-
mann s.n. (K) et fr., Seemann H6 (K) ; fr., Cpt. Wilkes s.n. (K, P) ; fr., Home 1062
(GH, MO) ; fl., Home 92 (K) ; fl., Home 1069 (BO, K, LE) ; June, fl., fr., Storck s.n.
(GH, K, LE) ; March, fl., Tothill 534 (K) ; Samoa: Pago-Pago, Dec, fr., Garbler s.n.
(K.) ; Safai, Oct., fl., Vaupel 484 (K) ; Upulo Isl., ster., Luerssen 1353 et 1557 (K);
Upolo, Vailele Mts., Aug., fr., Christophersen F.N. 351 (= 2211) (BISH) ; Uvea,
15 m, Nov., fl., Burrows 1&2U (BISH); locality not indicated: Aug., fl., Whitmee 19
(K) ; fl., Powell 218 (K) ; fr., Mckee 2928 (K) ; fr., Daniels HI (K) ; fr., Greenwood
520 A et B et 520 (K) ; Tonga Isl., Vavau, fl., Crosby 226 et 227 (K) ; Eua Isl., fr.,
Parks 16339 (K).

19. Parinari gigantea Kosterm., spec. nov. — Fig. 19.

Arbor alta ramulis jerrugineis lenticellatis foliis coriaceis ellipticis
basi rotundatis apice obscure acuminatis nervis lateralibus 20—28 paribus,
fades inferioribus perdense areolatis glabrescentibus; infructescentiis parvis
fructibus magnis.

Tree 35—40 m tall, free bole 21—27 m long and 60 cm in diam. Bark
dirty grey, smooth, 0.5 mm thick, lenticellate. Living bark 10—20 mm
thick, red-brown. Wood pale redbrown, alternating with paler parts. Bran-
ches glossy redbrown with numerous, tiny lenticels; branch! e.ts with a
closely adpressed dense matting of long hairs. Stipules lanceolate to linear,
up to 2.5 cm long, 3 mm wide at base, acute, membranous, inside glabrous,
outside with a dense layer of tiny, adpressed hairs. Leaves coriaceous,
elliptical, 5 x 9 to 8 x 17 cm, base rounded, top obscurely acuminate;
above glabrous, midrib flat (sulcate in its upper part), lateral nerves promi-
nulous, secondary veins dense, parallel, slightly prominulous; lower surface
with a dense stomatal areolation, midrib prominent, pilose, glabrescent;
lateral nerves 20—28 pairs, erect-patent, parallel, straight, the veins not
very broadened. Petiole stout, 5—7 mm, pilose, glabrescent; glands small,
round, at the middle.

1.965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari

Infructescence lateral, 3—5 cm long, glabrous. Fruit dull brown to
grey, smooth, large, irregularly ellipsoid, usually tapered towards base,
lateraly flattened and somewhat bumpy, up to 4 x 6.5 cm; exocarp juicy,
of hyaline spindles, outside with tiny scabs; mesocarp bony, strongly,
irregularly ribbed; cells two, with brown, woolly hairs.

Typus: Kostermans 10396 (BO).

The species is related to P. ashtonii, but has differently shaped leaves
with more lateral nerves; it is also related to P. oblongifolia but differs by
the less numerous lateral nerves and the shorter infructescences, which
are lateral; the indumentum is also different. It comes also near P. rubi-
ginosa.

The fruit and infruotescence exactly match those of the specimens of
P. rubiginosa from the Balikpapan Peak, but the latter have narrow leaves.
It is possible that the two represent varieties of the same species and that
P. gigantea is a lowland variety of P. rubiginosa.

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesian E. Borneo.

E. KALIMANTAN, Belajan R. near Long Bleh, sandy loam, low, rather rare, April,
fr., Kostermans 10306 (A, BO, K, L) ; E. Kutei, Menubar R. region, alt. 60 m., June,
ster., Kostermans 54.02 (A, BO, K, L, LAE, P, PNH, SING) ; ibid., June, ster., Kos-
termans bb. 34697 (BO, K, L).

20. PARINARI EXCELSA Sabine.

PARINARI EXCELSA Sabine in Trans. Hort. Soc. 5: 451. 1824; Perrottet & Richard,
Fl. Seneg. Tent. t. 62. 1830—33; G. Don, Gen. Syst. 2: 479. 1831; Graham, Cat. PI.
Bombay 66. 1839 (,,MalomIa") ; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 312. 1878; Dalzell & Gibson,
Bombay FL, Suppl. 32. 1861; Lisboa in Gazetteer Bombay Pres. Bot. 25: 154. 1886;
Hutchinson & Dalziel, Fl. West trop. Afr. 1: 317. 1928.

Introduced in Goa by the Jezuites from Mozambique (according to
Sir Royen das Feria).

: A specimen, collected by Roberty, no 5012 (G), and identified by him
as a new variety of P. indicum Bedd., might represent P. excelsa Sabine.

21. PARINARI, spec. nov. 1.

Tree, 25 m high; bark grey, pustular. Branchlets with fine cobweblike
hairs. Young leaves with adpressed, cobweblike hairs on the lower surface
and adpressed, strigose, thin hairs on the leafbase and on basal part of the
midrib of the lower surface. Leaves chartaceous, obovate-oblong or narrow-
ly oblong, 3 x 13 to 8 x 21 cm, base rounded to subcordate, apex shortly,
broadly acuminate; upper surface glabrous, midrib impressed (pilose at
base), lateral nerves filiformous, prominulous; reticulation prominulous;
lower leaf surface glabrous, prominulously reticulate without stomatal are-



184 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

oles, midrib prominent, lateral nerves 13—20 pairs, slender, arcuate at
the margin, prominent. Petiole densely lightbrown hirsute, glabrescent,
stout, 5 mm long.

SINGAPORE ISL. : S. side of MacRitchie Reservoir, 22 Febr. 1957, ster., Sinclair
8918 (BO, L).

The species is related to P. canarioides Kosterm. by its glabrous, non
areolate leaves; it has, however, obovate oblong, large leaves with more
lateral nerves.

On the Bogor specimen a loose stipule was found, which belongs pro-
bably to this species; it is oblong-rectangular, obtuse, almost 2 cm long and
8 mm wide, with a truncate base, pilose outside.

SPECIES EXCLUDENDAE

1. Parinarium dillenifolium R. Brown in. Wallich, Catal. no 7520. 1832;
Hooker f., FL, Brit. India 2: 312. 1878. — Petrocarya dillenifolia Steudel,
Nomencl. bot., ed. 2,2: 309. 1841 = Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer.

2. P. coccineum Elmer, Pygeum coccineum (Elmer) Elmer = Primus
fragrans (Elmer) Kalkman.

3. P. fragile Teijsmann & Binnendijk, Catal. Hort. Bogor. 253. 1866
(nomen) = Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance & Kosterm., comb. nov.
(basionym: Angelesia splendens Korthals); type specimen in herbarium
Firenze from a specimen, cultivated in the Bogor botanic Garden.

4. P. nitidum Hooker f., Coccow.elia nitida Ridley, Trichocarya nitida
Miq., Ferolia nitida 0. Ktze. = Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance & Kosterm.

5. P. petiolatum von Malm (in Notizblatt Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 630.
1932; in Fedde, Rep. 34: 276. 1934), Rensch U, Mbudju, Flores (not Mboe-
djae, as von Malm misspellt it; in his article he, more or less consistently,
misspellt oe as ae; the Dutch oe is the aequivalent of the german u; the
Sumbawanese village Batudulang is misspellt Batoedaelang) is lost. The
description is very poor and salient characters, characteristic for Parinari
are missing. The specimen certainly does not belong in Parinari because of
the serrate leaves and long petiole. It represents perhaps Polyosma (Ruta-
ceae), which has leaves, exactly like those as v. Malm describes, the young
leaves of Polyosma are somewhat warty (tuberculate) when dried. It might
also repsesent Eriobotrya bengalensis, which sometimes has racemelike
inflorescences. Also Helicia is not exluded. Several other identifications in
v. Malm's article are dubious or wrong!

6. P. philippinensis Elmer, Leaflets Philipp. Bot. 10: 3809. 1939 =
Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance & Kosterm.

1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 185

7. P. punctatum Kurz, based on Elaeocarpus punctatus Wallich, Catal.
2676, represent perhaps Parinari polyneura Miq.

8. P. scabrum, var. lanceolatum Koorders in Gedenkboek Junghuhn
169. 1910; Hallier in Beih. bot. Centr. Bl. 39(2) : 161. 1921 = Hiptage (Mal-
pighiaceae).

9. Chrysobalanus racemosus Roxb. is inadaequately described and uni-
dentifiable without specimen. The description fits Cyclandrophora Iaurina
(A. Gray) Kosterm., comb. nov. (basionym: Parinarium laurinum A. Gray),
but the fruit (drupe with a 5-furrowed, 5-valved nut) does not fit in
Parinari.

10. A specimen, collected by Roberty in the Ghats W. of Poona, no
5012 (G) and considered and named by him as a new variety of P. indicum
Bedd., probably represents Parinari excelsa Sabine. The specimen consist of
a few, loose leaves and a detached inflorescence in bud.

11. Parinarium species, allied to P. helferi Hk. f., Fl. Brit. India 2:
311. 1878. The type specimen, collected near Palor, Mergui (K, P) does
not belong to Rosaceae; the petioles have stellate hairs. Perhaps Tiliaceous?

12. Arbor nigra maculosa Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 3: 12, t. 4, fig.l,
1741; Merrill, Interpret. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 227. 1917; Heyne, Nuttige
PI. Nederl. Ind., ed. 2,1: 697. 1927, currently interpreted as representing
Parinari, belongs, perhaps to Strychnos.

13. Parinarium myrsinoides Schlechter in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 39: 133.
1906 = Licania myrsinoides (Schl.) Kosterm., comb. nov.

14. Parinarium tontoutense Guillaumin in Mem. Mus. Hist. nat.
Paris, Ser. Bot. 8: 139. 1959 = Licania tontoutense (Guill.) Kosterm.,
comb* nov

L I S T OF COLLECTOR'S NUMBERS

Alvins 13: 17; Anderson c.s. 15386: 2; Anta 233: 11; Ashton Brun. 497: 4;

673: 3; 854: 2; 3267: 3; 5669: 2; Ashton S. 7889: 17; S. 17281: 7.

Banks & Solander s.n.: 11; bb. 3145: 8; 7056: 2; 7714: 2; 9152: 17; 11278: 8;
11284: 8; 13312: 2; 13314: 8; 13600: 15; 13650: 2; 15256: 2; 15797: 2; 16921: 2;
17767: 8; 18282: 8; 18325: 8; 18855: 8; 19076: 8; 19089: 8; 20630: 8; 21822: 11;
24730: 8; 25119: 8; 25221: 2; 25591: 8; 28500: 9; 28539: 9; 28548: 9; 28645: 9;
28662: 9; 28932: 22; 30132: 8; 31104: 11; 31328: 11; 31331: 11; 31473: 11; 32349:
2; 34697: 19; Bejaud 396: 13; 746: 13; Boden Kloss 14676: 5; Bonar F.D. 6340: 17;
Branderhorst 15: 11; Brass 5979, 6571, 7891, 27725 et 27920: 11; Brass & Versteegh
13541: 11; Brown 6339: 11; Burrows 1824: 18; B.W. 1141: 11; 1957: 11.

Cantley's Coll. 13: 17; Cardot s.n.: 13; Carr 14351: 11; 16479: 11; Ceballos
F.B. 26600: 12; Chevalier 31747, 31943, 36667, 36991, 39224, 40691, 40904'et 40923:
13; Chit Nophakdi 146: 13; Christophersen F.N. 351 (= 2211): 18; Clemens 50081;



186 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7 1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 187

10; Collins 331: 13; 874: 13; 970: 13; Contest-Lacoui- 345 et 346: 13; Corner s.n.:
17; Corner S.F.N. 34674: 17; Crosby 226 et 227: 18; Curtis 259; 2163, 3152 et s.n.: 17.

Daniels 141: 18; Degener & Ordonez 14049: 18.
Elmer 20806: 4; 21396: 8; Bngoh B.N.B.F.D. 7249: 8; 10447: 8; Evrard

2457: 13.

Fleury in Herb. Chevalier 30011, 39049 et 39357: 13; Forbes 2837 (= 123) : 17;
Forest Guard 12580: 17; Fox 5026: 8; Foxworthy F.D. 3223: 8.

Garbler s.n.: 18; Gillespie 3580, 3619, 3885 et 4369: 18; Godefroy s.n.: 13;
Gourgaud s.n.: 13; Grashoff 298: 17; 898: 9; Greenwood 520 A et B: 8; Griffith
204: Tiliaceae; s.n.: 8; s.n.: 9; Gusdorf 66: 2.

Hahn s.n.: 13; Harmand 109 et 1002: 13; H.B. 2494: 15; Heifer s.n.: 14-
Henderson S.F.N. 21431: 17; 21976, 29619 et 29670: 8; Hill 138: 11; Holttum S.F.N.
20065: 5; Hooker s.n.: 11; Home 92 et 1069: 18.

Iboet 368: 5.
Jaheri s.n.: 11.

Kerr 604, 2309, 2559, 8103, 8912 et 10642: 13; Kiah S.F.N. 31720: 5; s.n.: 8;
King's Coll. 4624, 5227 et 6087: 9; 10369 et 10422: 8; Koorders 7966, 8562, 8563,
30270 et 30331: 15; Korthals s.n.: 15; s.n.: 17; Kostermans 23 A: 15; 44: 15; 4491:
8; 5402: 19; 6544: 8; 6615: 8; 7152: 2; 7295: 10; 7674: 10; 7588: 10; 8646: 2;
10017: 2; 10396: 19; 10759: 2; 13572: 8; 19289: 15; 21665: 8; 21859: 15; 21885: 15;
s.n.: 4; Kostermans & Kuswata 57: 15; Krukoff 4324: 8.

Lace 2983: 14; Laksanakarna 483 et 891: 13; Lambach 1229: 5; Lefevre 290,
308 et 360: 13; Luerssen 1353 et 1557: 18.

Mahwood F.D. 8104: 6; Mail B.N.B.F.D. 2875: 1; Maingay Kew Distr. 623
(= 3307): 8; 621/2: 17; McGillavry 432: 11; Mckee 2928: 18; Mead 1992: 18;
Meebold 17045: 18; Moh. Nur 3788: 17; 11301, 11147 et 32665: 10; Moseley s.n.:
11; v. Mueller s.n.: 11; Mueller 901: 13.

Ngadiman S.F.N. 34765: 17; 36910: 8; 36915: 17.
Omar 171 (= F. 00117)x: 17. ,

Parham 2674: 18; Parks 16339 et 20436: 18; Petrie 39: 11; Phillips C.F. 660: 8;
Phung-Van-Diem 90: 13; Pierre 339 et s.n.: 13; Poilane 41, 46, 436, 2561, 4094, 5727,
5836, 9294, 9458, 9497, 9909, 9912, 11874, 13867 et 39224: 13; Ponce 25075: 12;
Powell 218: IS; Pringgo 15: 11; Puasa 689: 10.; Put Praisurind 45 et 656: 13.

Ramos & Pascassio 34721 et 35041: 12; Raub 22548: 10; Razon F.B. 23022:
12; Rensch 4 ='! Polyosma; Ridley 933: 8; 3901: 17; 6774: 16; s.n.: 8; s.n.:. 10; s.n.:
17; Roberty 5012 =? Dipterocarpaceae; Robinson 1493: 13; R.R.I. 6: 16; 8: 17.

Seemann 146: 18; s.n.: 18; S.F.N. 40773: 6; Sinclair 18918: 21; Sinclair S.F.N.
39700 et 40208: 17; 40635: 8; Sinclair & Kadim bin Tassin 10402: 7; Sinclair &
Kiah S.F.N. 40773: 6; Singh San 21399: 1; Smith 196, 1824; 6431 et 6655: 18;
Smith N.G.F. 1004 et 1019: 11; Smitinand 1361 (F.D. 7277): 13; Soepadmo 84 et
206: 17; 92: 15; Storck s.n.: 18; Sykes 70: 18; S.W.K. 1-34: 17.

Teijsmann H.B. 3795, 3«02 & 4441: 15; 4537: 9; 4545: 15; 6008: 13; s.n.: 13;
Thorel 1002: 13; Thorenaar 45 T IP 58: 9; Tothill 68 et 534: 18. .

Vaupel 484: 18; Vesterdal s.n.: 13; Vinot s.n.: 13.
Walker & White B.S.I.P. 149 et a: 11; Wallich Cat. 7520: 16; Whitmee 19: IS;

Whitmore B.S.I.P. 1250, 1877, 2904, 3666, 5280 et 5633: 11; Wilkes s.n.: 18; Wirawan
67: 15; Wood Kep. 76128: 8; Wood San 16175 et 16535: 1; Wood San A 3460: 8.

I N D E X

New species, combinations and sections are printed bold face, synonyms are in
italics.

Acioa Aublet 148
§ Anareolata Kosterm 157, 158
Angelesia splendens Korth 149, 184
Arbor nigra maculosa Rumph 185
Balantium Desv 148, 153
Chailletia vitiensis Seem 182
Chrysobalanus 150
Chr. racemosus Roxb 185
Coccomelia, nitida Ridley 184
Cyclandrophora Hassk. ... 148, 149, 150
Cyclandrophora laurina (A. Gray)

Kosterm. 185
Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer 184
Dugortia Scop 1521

Eriobotrya bengalensis 185
§ Eu-Parinari Haum 149
Ferolia Barr 152
F. eostata (Korth.) O.K 179, 181
F. nitida O.K 184
F. nonda (F.v.M. ex Bth'.) O.K 170
F. oblongifolia (Hk. f.) O.K 165
F. polyneura (Miq.) O.K 167
F. sumatrana (Bth.) O.K 176
§ Grymania (Presl) Hk. f 149

Helicia 185
Hiptage 185
Hirtella L. ". 153
Lepidocarpa (us) Korth 153
L. eostata Korth 179
L. ovalis Korth 176
Lepidocaiya ,,Korth." Miq 153
Licania myrsinoides (Schl.) Kosterm. 185
L. splendens (Korth.) Prance &

Kosterm. . . 184, 185
L. tontoutense (Guill.) Kosterm. ... 185
§ Macroearya Miq 149
Malpata Adans. ex de Jussieu 153
Mampata Adans 153
Maranthes Bl. 148, 149, 150
§ Neocarya Bth 148, 149
Neon ,,Adans." D. Jackson 153
Neou Adans. ex de Juss 153
Parinari Aublet 150, 151

Parinaria, Parinarium 152
P. albida (urn) Craib 173
P. anamense (sis) Hance ... 173, 176, 177
P. argenteo-sericea Kosterm. ... 155, 158
P. ashtonii Kosterm 164, 183
P. bicolor Merr 169, 172
P. borneense Merr 165
P. campestre Aublet 154
P. canarioides Kosterm. ... 155, 159, 184
P. coccineitm Elm 184
P. eostata (Korth.) Bl. 169, 176, 177,

178, 179
P. costatum (non Bl.) King 167
P. costatum, var. rubiginosum Ridley

168, 179
P. dillenifolium R.Br 184
P. elmeri Merr 161, 163
P. excelsa Sabine 183
P. fragile T. & B 184
P. gigantea Kosterm 170, 182, 183
P. helferi Hk. f 1.75, 176
P. indicum Bedd 185
P. insularum A. Gray 181
P. jaekianum Bth 149
P. laurinum A. Gray 185
P. metallica Kosterm 160
P. myrsinoides Schl 185
P. nitidum Hk. f 184
P. nonda F.v.M 155, 156, 170, 171
P. oblongifolia (urn) Hk. f. . 164, 165,

178, 183
P. ovale (Korth.) Bl 176
P. papuanum C.T. White 170, 171
P. parva Kosterm 162, 178
P. petiolatum v. Malm 185
P. philippinensis Elmer 185
P. polyneura (urn) Miq. . 155, 167,

168, 169, 181
P. punctatum Kurz 185
P. rigida Kosterm 163
P. rubiginosa (um) Ridley . . 168,

169, 173, 183
P. salomonense C.T. White ... 170, 171



188 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 7 1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 189

P. scabrum, var. lanceolatum Kds. ... 185
P. sumatranum (non Miq.) Kurz 173,

175, 176
P. sumatrana (um) (Jack) Bl
163, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179,

180, 181
P. tontoutense Guill 185
P. wallichiana (um) R. Br 178
P. species, C.T. White 170
P. species, Hook, f 185
P. species 1 183
§ Parinari 157, 160
Petrocarya Schreber 151, 152, 153
§ Petrocarya. (Schr.) Benth. ... 148, 149
P. dillenifolia Steudel 184

P. excelsa Jack 148, 149
P. sumatrana Jack 176
§ Pellegriniella Haum 149
Polyosma 185
Potentilla anserina 149
Prunus 151, 155
P. fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm 184
Prunus, subgen. Laurocerasus 151
Pygeum 151, 155
P. coceineum (Elmer) Elmer 184
§ Sarcostegia Bth 148, 149
Shorea 155, 160, 166
Strychnos 185
Thelira (Thelyra) Thouars 153
Trichocarya nitida Miq 184

Pig. 1. Parinari argenteo-sericea Kosterm.



190 R E I N W A It D T I A [VOL. 7

\

2. Parinari canarioides Kosterm.; after Kostermans 10017 (BO).

1965] KOSTEKMANS : Genus Parinari 191

Fig. 3. Parinari metallica Kosterm.; holo-typus.



192 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7 1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 193

Fig. 5. Parinari parva Kosterm.; after Lambach 1229 (BO).

Fig. 4. Parinari elmeri Merr.; after Elmer 20806 (BO)



194 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

F i g . 6a. Parinari rigida Kosterm.; holo-typus.

1065] KOSTERMANS : Genus Parinari 195

Fig. 6b. Parinari rigida Kosterm.; after Mahwood 8104 (SING).



196 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7 1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 197

Fig. 7. Parinari ashtonii Kosterm.; liolo-typus. Fig. 8. Parinari oblongifolia Hk. f.; after Elmer 21396 (BO).



198 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 7

Fig-. 9a. Parinari poly neura Miq.; after King's Coll. 4624 (BO).

1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 199

Fig. 9b. Parinari polyncura Miq.



200 R E I N W A R D T I A
[VOL. 7

Fig. 10. Parinari ruhiginosa Ridley; after Nur 11147 (BO).

1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 201

Fig. l l a . Parinari nonda F.v.M.; after Brass 7891 (BO).



202 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7

Fig. l i b . Parinari novda P.v.M.; Iso-type of P. salomonense C. T. White.

1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari

Fig. 12. Parinari bicolor Merr.; after Ramos & Pascassio B.Sc. 35041 (BO).



R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL, 7 1965] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 205

Fig. 13. Parinari anamense Hanee; after Lecomte & Finet s.n. (P).

Fig. 14. Parinari helferi Hk. f.; after Lace 2983 (E).



206 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 7

Fig. lBa. Parinari sumatrana (Jack) Benth.

•1965 ] KOSTERMANS: Genus Parinari 207

Fig. 15b. Parinari sumatrana Benth.; after Kostermans & Kuswata 57 (BO).



208 R E I N W A K D T I A
[VOL? 7 1965] KOSTEEMANS: Genus Parinari

Fig 15c. Parinari sumatrana (Jack) Bth.; young flush, after Kostermans, Unesco
44 (BO). Fig. 16. Parinari wallichiana R. Br.; holo-typus.



R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL.- 7

17a. Parinari costata BL; after Soepadmo 84 (BO).

1965] KOSTERMANS : Genus Parinari

Fig. 17b. Parinari costata BL; holo-typus.



.212 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL.

Pig. 18. Parinari insidarum A. Gray; after A. C. Smith 196 (BO).

1965] KOSTERMANS : Genus Parinari 213

Fig. 19- Parinari gigantea Kosterm.; holo-typus.


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