Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2016 - ISSN 2356-8569 http://dx.doi.org/10.21622/RESD.2016.02.2.091 91 Smart Seaports Logistics Roadmap KHALED EL-SAKTY College of International Transport and Logistics, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Cairo, Egypt. khaled.sakty@aast.edu Abstract - In the digital world, a smart concept became an essential feature for port organizations to serve as intelligent hubs in the world transport networks. Smart ports are the trend for the future long-term strategies. Henceforth, ports aims at contributing to sustainable growth by establishing the appropriate conditions for the adoption of new management energy models based on low environmental impact and triggering innovation of both technologies and processes. The scope of this paper is to examine three main issues of smart ports; smart port arctic logistics roadmap, smart port challenges and obstacles in arctic port areas, and the criteria and Key Performance Indicators (KPI) guiding the assessment of ports against this concept. The main purpose is to develop a smart arctic logistics roadmap for the future. Keywords - Arctic logistics, smart port, logistics roadmap, smart intelligence. I. INTRODUCTION The importance of the smart port concept is strategically increasing in the last years as a future trend in the maritime industry. The new trend of smart port will lead to rely on the new management energy models, which are based on low environmental impacts and prompting the innovations of both processes and technologies. Consequently, smart ports will contribute to sustainable growth. Nowadays, most of the countries and unions, such as the European Union, have released new transport infrastructure policies. The purpose is to enhance the transport networks around the world, remove bottlenecks and technical barriers, and reachi remote markets in less times. All these trends rely on investing in the new technologies (Hamalainen, 2015). The investment in the new technologies will lead to a greener and smarter transport systems, globally. Thus, the future trend for governments is to conduct ‘technology platforms’ that contributes to defining the future transport strategies, including integration of the supply chains and providing the needed innovation. On the other hand, the Green Corridors have become an important feature for denoting the smart transport corridors, where advanced technology and co- modality are used to achieve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact. The characteristics of a green corridor include, for example:  Sustainable logistics solutions  High safety  High quality  Integrated logistics concepts  Optimal utilization of all transport modes  Harmonized regulations with openness for all actors  A concentration of national and international freight traffic  Efficient and strategically placed trans-shipment points  Supportive infrastructure  Innovative logistics solutions, including information systems Those green corridors will lead to smart corridors where intelligent transport services can be provided. Ports are considered the main members within those smart corridors. In other words, smart corridors including a maritime transport leg require smart ports. The aim is to improve the commuter services, enhance the traffic safety and make the traffic flow smoother, especially at the borders. II. RESEARCH PROBLEM This paper aims to address the following problem:  What is the logistics roadmap for the future smart seaports? This requires discussing those criteria that affect the transformation of seaports to be smart in the future. In turn, the paper will explain the challenges and obstacles facing smart ports. Also, smart port and the 2050 visions will be illuminated in order to highlight the required roadmap for both the authorities and stakeholders. http://dx.doi.org/10.21622/RESD.2016.02.2.091 Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2016 - ISSN 2356-8569 92 Smart Port Criteria Environment Management System Berth Productivity Infrastructure productivity Capacity Technology Intermodality Energy consumption Energy management Use of renewable Lines callings Security Safety Quality Waste Management III. METHODOLOGY The objective of the SMART ARCTIC logistics roadmap in seaports is to formulate a future vision and discuss the required roadmap for the ports. Hence, the approach of this paper is including the arctic context; including arctic competence and policy making, environmental informatics and mobile technology, and smart logistics and transport. Explanatory methodology will be applied in this paper and the philosophy is objectivist ontology. It aims to discuss the nature of reality, where the objectivist ontology deals with what is physically real, with no regard to the social objects, and where the results are based on the facts of the findings derived from real investigation (Maylor and Blackmon, 2005). IV. THE SMART PORT CONCEPT The smart port concept can be displayed as the port where the environmental impacts, operations, and the energy consumption are addressed. The main concern for the future maritime industry is to transform ports into Smart Sustainable Cities (SSC) in the global supply chains. ITU (2015, p. 8) defined the SSC as “ is an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects”. This concept can be applied to seaports with certain criteria. V. SMART PORT KPIS AND CRITERIA Med (2015) has discussed 23 criteria and 68 key performance indicators (KPIs) against the smart port concept in relative to the environmental impacts, operations, and the energy consumption dimensions. Figure 1 displays most of the key criteria in relation to the smart port concept. Fig .1. Scheme of some criteria in the different topics defined in the smart-port concept Source: Med (2015) O p e ra tio n E n v iro n m e n t Energy Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2016 - ISSN 2356-8569 http://dx.doi.org/10.21622/RESD.2016.02.2.091 93 In ports operations, measuring productivity is the most common performance criteria (Cullinane et al., 2004). It includes sub measures such as berth productivity , berth efficiency and others which can be used to measure the productivity of the smart ports. The infrastructure productivity is another criterion where it ensures the cost-effective yard operations. Also, the combined capacity of infrastructure and equipment is important in order to accommodate an increase of the ships’ sizes. Its availability helps enhance the ports’ competitiveness. From the operational point of view, the reliable, accurate and secure flow of information is essential in order to provide quick, reliable services and operations at seaports. For the intermodality criteria, it helps to speed up the flow of goods within the logistics chains, reduces cargo handling and prevents damage or loss of the handled cargoes at ports (Matajic, 2010). In terms of energy, the energy consumption presents an important criterion for improving the smart port performance, enhancing the ports’ sustainability and strengthening the competitiveness (CISCO, 2003). Energy efficiency and savings can take place in ports at the various operations, buildings, equipment and warehouses. Hence, renewable energy technologies can be applied to ports such as wind, photovoltaic and marine technologies. In other environmental contexts, different maritime and port activities can lead to pollutions. Hence, different environmental performance indicators can be particularly useful for both the authority and a wide range of stakeholders in providing evidence of progress and the achievement of environmental objectives. Those indicators include, for example, soil waste, air pollution and water contamination (Puig M., 2012). Waste management is a highly required philosophy by the new trend of smart ports in the future (and more particularly in the case of recycling processes). Smart ports have to adopt their strategies to provide such services that raise the service quality provided at ports, such as repair, replacement and repositioning the equipment at different terminals. Also, an attraction towards the investment in port is a mandatory requirement in smart ports, where the investment in research innovation and development will incur an updated the security systems (Piniella 2009; Trelleborg 2010). VI. CHALLENGES FACING SMART PORTS Applying the smart port concept is facing a number of challenges as the concept has to contribute to the sustainable development of sea and waterways activities, which is known as “blue growth”. This can be achieved by improving the performance levels of navigation and harbour calls, within a transport chain between the sea/waterway and the land and spatial planning between all those activities within the port boundaries. These challenges are:  The first challenge is to enhance the competitiveness of the maritime industry as it involves numerous stakeholders in a wide range of activities such as shipbuilding, equipment, repair, and transformation of ships, offshore technology and the new on-going sector of renewable marine energies. It increases renowned knowledge in complex high-tech ships. This industry must be capable, in an international competitive environment, of remaining competitive in order to meet the demands of various users such as ship owners, importers, exporters, freight forwarders and shipping lines. Being a smart port leads to provide safe, secure, environmentally friendly and economic operations.  One additional challenge involves the skills acquired by operators of the sea based (or related) industry. In order to maintain the sea industry attractive, it needs to rely on high-performance staff.  The challenge facing the intermodality and associated cost of transferring goods between different means of transport raises a need for technological improvements on ships and at the port terminals.  The highest challenge is to eliminate the global CO2 emissions originating from sea transport.  Ship energy efficiency is another challenge due to a future context of rarefaction of oil and power.  Smart ports play an indispensable role in providing damage control, security control, and illicit acts control such as theft, piracy, immigration and terrorism. http://dx.doi.org/10.21622/RESD.2016.02.2.091 Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2016 - ISSN 2356-8569 94 VII. SMART PORTS PARAMETERS There are a number of parameters that should be considered in determining the smart ports roadmap. These parameters are:  The ship use; new generations of ships are released in the maritime industry according to the economic, technological, environmental and regulatory developments.  Re-structuring the main world economic centers and the new sources of growth will affect the role of the transshipment ports.  New kind of goods, such as drinking water, hydrogen, captured CO2, carried by sea requires developing new specific urban logistics at seaports.  A new need for modular ship is highly required in order to reduce the total operating costs. Those modular ships can be used for several purposes such as fishing and scientific usage.  Structuring of industrial stakeholders within the maritime industry operating in the same or neighboring port areas.  Fragmented and globalized value chains of logistic / supply chain operators, service providers and users.  The industrial ecosystem. VIII. SMART PORTS AND THE 2050 VISIONS For the ports' future, the 2050 visions have been developed to presume long term economic contexts primarily defined by the type and size of ships. In vision 1, ship owners replace orders to build ships with latest innovation and quality and accommodate high capacity. This requires the shipyards to deploy low-labor cost and / to run fast production cycles. This will lead the shipyards to look for countries where they can get lower labor cost, optimized services, and modular maintenance. In turn, this vision explains the optimization of costs and the global fragmentation of the value chains. In vision 2, the ship owners will demand their ships to perform new uses. The purpose is to minimize the purchasing costs and to provide competitive operations.Similarly, the switching signals of the lower switches (S2, S4, and S6) can be determined. Table 1. The Smart Ports and the 2050 Visions Future Uses Current Uses New Uses Worldwide Vision 1 Optimizing costs Vision 2 New standardized market niches A local-level industrial ecosystem Vision 3 High-tech specialization Vision 4 Complexity and customization Source: ADEME, 2015 In vision 3, industrialists in the maritime industry aim to utilize renewable energies for the ships’ designs. They aim to reduce the materials costs and operating expenditures, especially when ordering mega ships. Extended engine life, energy savings and new energies such as green ships are examples of this vision, which implies new requirements from ports. In vision 4, the maritime transport will move towards global integration. This will lead to improve the quality and performance levels of the ships. Sharing port facilities will result in achieving optimal utilization of the available facilities at ports. IX. OBSTACLES FACING TRANSFORMATION INTO SMART SEAPORTS ADEME (2015) discussed a number of obstacles facing the future maritime transport in two main groups as follows: A. Lack of technological solutions  to reduce the consumption of fossil energies  to reduce the environmental impacts of the ships  to resolve the safety/security challenges faced by ships, their crews, passengers and goods  lack of permanent monitoring and adaptive maintenance technologies  lack of efficient production methods to increase competitiveness B. Socio-economic, organizational and regulatory  loss of national skills in certain key/strategic fields  lack of guarantee funds to support the risk taken by the ship owner  lack of research and testing capacities dedicated to sea transport  restrictions connected to port infrastructures  social acceptability of the new ship uses Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2016 - ISSN 2356-8569 http://dx.doi.org/10.21622/RESD.2016.02.2.091 95  adoption of innovations by crews X. CONCLUSION This paper aims to contribute to the development of a logistics roadmap to identify future priority opportunities and capability needs for the ports to be smart in the future. It starts with discussing the most important criteria in relation to smart ports as a roadmap template. The most important challenges and obstacles facing the smart ports were then highlighted, based on the previous defined criteria as adapted to new and future contexts. In conclusion, there is a strong emphasis on a move towards integrated intermodal transport systems, reducing emissions, implementation of track & trace solutions, and focusing on more automation and integration of data. XI. RECOMMENDATIONS In reviewing the required KPIs for smart ports as a roadmap and discussing the challenges and obstacles facing the transformation of ports to be smartic logistics nodes, it is recommended for both the stakeholders and the authorities at seaports to:  Promote quality jobs and working conditions  Encourage investment in technology  Secure transport  Apply a ‘One-stop-shop’ concept  Spread over the tracking and tracing technologies  Adopt the legislation themes in the maritime industry  Enhance the capacity and quality of the infrastructure  Improve the environmental and waste management systems  Adopt the corridor management strategies  Develop and implement Sustainable Energy Action Plans REFERENCES [1] ADEME, French Environment and Energy Management Agency, Ships of the Future: Strategic Roadmap, pp. 6-22, Available: http://www.ademe.fr/en/ships-of-the-future- strategic-roadmap, December, 2015. [2] Barometer Reports, The Smart Ship: The Future of Maritime Intelligenc,Available:https://www.porttechnology. org/technical_papers/the_smart_ship_the_future _of_maritime_intelligenc, 2010. [3] M. Puig, Identification and Selection of Environmental Performance Indicators (epis) for Use in the Management of European Seaports, Thesis in School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, 2012. [4] CISCO, Seaport of the Future- Optimizing and Securing Cargo Movement Using Network Technology, White paper, Available: http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/docs/trans/Se aportsWP120203.pdf, 2003. [5] M. Matajič, , Combined Transport Development Study in the Republic of Slovenia. Prometni institut Ljubljana. Slovenia, 2010. [6] 6. K. Cullinane, , D.-W.Song, and T.-F. Wang, “An application of DEA windows analysis to Container port production efficiency”. Review of Network Economics, Vol. 3 (2), 2004. [7] Med, Action Plan towards the SMART PORT Concept in the Mediterranean Area SMART- PORT, European Union, 2015. [8] E. Peris-Mora, J.M Diez., A Subirats,. And P. Alvarez, Development of a system of indicators for sustainable port management. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, pp. 1649-1660, 2005. [9] E. Hamalainen, EU Transport Policies and Infrastructure, Aalto University, 2015. [10] ITU, Smart Sustainable Cities, ITU Academy, 2015. "New direct-SVM method for MC with main input power factor compensation" in Proc. of the 34th Annual Conference of Industrial Electronics, IECON 2008, Orlando, FL, pp. 1281-1286, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21622/RESD.2016.02.2.091