REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education) ISSN 2460-6995 REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education), 3(2), 2017, 174-182 Available online at: http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/reid Research Article Quartet cards as the media of career exploration for lower-grade primary school students * 1 Yulia Ayriza; 2 Farida Agus Setiawati; 3 Agus Triyanto; 4 Nanang Erma Gunawan; 5 Moh Khoerul Anwar; 6 Nugraheni Dwi Budiarti *Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Jl. Colombo No. 1, Karangmalang, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Email: yulia_ayriza@uny.ac.id Submitted: 16 January 2018 | Revised: 20 February 2018 | Accepted: 26 February 2018 Abstract A career developed through the optimization of one’s potentials will irrevocably play a role in the development of self-identity as well as the psychological well-being of the individual. When child- ren are introduced and allowed to explore as many career options as possible during their devel- opmental stage, they are more likely to have a fruitful career development in the future. The preceding study showed that the career interests and knowledge of lower-grade primary students fit the Holland Career Categories: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and con- ventional (RIASEC). It was also found that the students’ career interest and knowledge levels varied, with most in the low level. This second-year study aims to expand the results of the pre- vious study by developing the use of Quartet cards as the media of career exploration for lower- grade primary students. By using the research and development method, this study develops Quartet Career Cards into three difficulty levels: low, medium, and high. The Quartet cards me- dia have undergone feasibility tests conducted by experts in theory and media, as well as a series of field testing consisting of preliminary, main, and operational stages among a total of 266 pri- mary students of grades 1, 2, and 3. A revision was made on several components including the images, information, colors, font sizes, illustration styles, and card sizes. The findings show that Quartet Career Cards meet the feasibility standards for the media of career exploration. Keywords: career exploration, Quartet Career Cards, lower-grade primary school students How to cite item: Ayriza, Y., Setyawati, F., Triyanto, A., Gunawan, N., Anwar, M., & Budiarti, N. (2018). Quartet cards as the media of career exploration for lower-grade primary students. REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education), 3(2), 174-182. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/reid.v3i2.17993 Introduction Working, or having a career, is one of the major life tasks that affect the psycholo- gical wellness of an individual (Sweeney, 2009, p. 17). In relation to the development of psy- chological wellness studies, Myers, Sweeney, and Witmer (2000) mention that work is one of the factors that determine the well-being of one’s mental health. They also imply that al- though statistically there is no direct correla- tion between them, the factor analysis result shows that career or having a job is funda- mental to the acquisition of self-confidence in an individual. It is important that one can feel competent, esteemed, and belong to a positive identity in exploring his or her career options (Nauta, 2010, p. 12; Sweeney, 2009, p. 17). Both career development and mental health play a role in helping an individual to achieve a more effective quality of life. Nauta (2010, p. 12), based on the Holland (1997) theory, states that an individual with a good understanding of his/her sense of self will http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/reid.v3i2.17993 REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education) 175 − REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education), 3(2), 2017 possess a crystalized vocational identity that allows him/her to explore his/her career op- tions without difficulty. Such an individual will eventually be able to have a career that is sustained by competence, in addition to life satisfaction and an effective personality in his/her social life. This notion explains that a well-developed career relies on a good under- standing of self-identity (in the context of re- alistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterpris- ing, and conventional/RIASEC personality types), by which an individual will be able to determine his/her career direction. For this reason, it can be understood that the knowl- edge acquisition on career options in the early development stage is imperative to the im- provement of quality of life during adulthood. However, in reality, making a career de- cision can be a challenge. In addition to the limited jobs available in the market, compe- tence, qualification, and interest also play an important role in what career a person may have. A survey conducted by the Organiza- tion for Economic Cooperation and Develop- ment (OECD & Asian Development Bank, 2015) shows that 6.2% of Indonesian popula- tion is unemployed. Although the number is slightly below the world’s average unemploy- ment (6.7%), it is relatively high when com- pared to other countries like Japan, the coun- try with the lowest unemployment rate, where the number is twice less than Indonesia with 3.4%. Following Japan, the second, third, and fourth place are India, South Korea, and also China, respectively. These are the countries with rapid economic growth dominating the global market, and therefore, are able to cre- ate more jobs. Career introduction is one of the fac- tors affecting unemployment rates. On the other hand, job suitability and level of interest can also determine how long a person can last in his/her job. Oftenly, a person would quit a job in which they did well because the job does not fit his/her interest. In some in- stances, the lack of interest in the job could discourage workers to do their best. If this problem can be overcome, the number of people who quit or have no job can be re- duced, resulting in a lower unemployment rate. Funded by the Islamic Development Bank, the first, second, and third authors con- ducted a study in 2015 on the career devel- opment among lowergrade primary students as an effort to nurture career development among individuals from the early age. The first-year study was a preliminary research aimed at examining whether the lower-grade primary students in the Daerah Istimewa Yogya- karta (DIY), had acquired the adequate levels of knowledge and interest on various types of occupations. The six Holland’s career catego- ries comprising Realistic, Investigative, Artis- tic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC) were used as a reference in mea- suring the levels of knowledge and interest among the subjects as they had been proven to possess a high reliability level in numerous settings (Nauta, 2010, pp. 17–18). The study found that the knowledge and interest levels of the students were in accordance with the theory of career interest by Holland, although they were varied from high to low. It was then concluded that the students needed additional support to explore and learn as many career options as possible. As a follow-up of the pre- vious study, this second-year research focuses on the development of learning aid or media that aims to improve the lower-grade primary students’ knowledge of various types of occu- pations. One of the challenges in the previous study was how to make the students interest- ed in the learning activities aimed at stimu- lating their knowledge acquisition of career options, especially as there were several jobs that they were not familiar with, which were understandably more difficult to comprehend due to the more complex nature of the jobs. Therefore, it is important that an appropriate and suitable media for lower-grade primary students be created to improve their career knowledge acquisition in a broader scale, at least within the proximal development zone. Nowadays, the options for learning me- dia development are endless, especially with the rapid development of technology. The op- portunity to develop online-based media by using smartphone application is widely open and oftenly preferable, as it offers a quick and affordable access, allowing children to inde- REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education) Quartet cards as the media of career exploration... - 176 Yulia Ayriza, Farida A. Setiawati, Agus Triyanto, Nanang E. Gunawan, Moh K. Anwar, & Nugraheni D. Budiarti pendently use it at any time, in any place. Both computer and smartphone applications are fun and easy to use and produce. Never- theless, it needs to be pointed out that ad- vanced technology does not always have a good impact on children, especially when it comes to social interaction with their peers. Interaction is one of the most important ele- ments in the cognitive, affective, and psycho- motor development in children. According to a number of theorists, the interaction and re- lationship among children and their peers are just as crucial as those between children and their parents, in spite of the difference in qua- lity and values (Piaget, 1965, in Sigelman and Rider, 2006, p. 408). While parents act as the authoritative figures in a child’s life, children can learn to learn, respect each other, negoti- ate, and practice cooperative team-work with their peers as they have equal position and power. Piaget further emphasizes that peers have a distinct contribution to children devel- opment that parents cannot provide. Based on the two points above, it must be acknowledged that there is a direct need for a learning media hardware that stimulates children’s social interaction with their peers. One convenient example is the playing cards Quartets. Quartet is a game originated from the Netherlands used by children to learn words. However, in its development, the game has been greatly modified for numerous purposes. In the same vein, this study devel- ops the Quartet playing cards to improve chil- dren’s knowledge of career options. Thus, this study aims to (1) develop and (2) examine the feasibility of the Quartet playing cards as the media for improving the career knowledge acquisition of lower-grade primary students. Career introduction and awareness in the early age are incredibly crucial for future career development. Knight (2015) states that introducing career options and information on tertiary education earlier in primary school can help students realize the important con- nection between education and vocational success for their future. This means that in- troducing career knowledge to primary stu- dents as early as they are at the lower grades would contribute to their success in the fu- ture. The deliberate decision to use a game of playing cards as learning media was made to address the research subjects, i.e. early pri- mary students who are still in the playing pe- riod. Among other educational toys for chil- dren such as puzzles, crossword puzzles, cards, pictures, movies and videos, and also interactive CDs, Quartet playing cards were chosen for several reasons. The game is programmed to be played repeatedly and to engage children in a fun learning activity through the use of pictures to show various occupation types in the cards. This mechanism is designed in order to ad- dress the instrumental conditioning learning theory on how repeated activities can form a strong stimuli-response (S-R) connection, es- pecially those involving emotion or happy feeling, where the stimuli tend to transform into a long-term memory (Santrock, 2008). This is supported by Garris, Ahlers, and Driskell (2002) who state that using toys or involving an element of fantasy in the learning activities allows students to feel more excited in the class. Method The activities in this second-year study involved developing a research product and conducting feasibility tests on the product. The process of developing the Quartet play- ing cards as the media of career exploration referred to ten-step research and development method proposed by Borg and Gall (1983), consisting of (1) research and information collection; (2) planning; (3) preliminary pro- duct form development; (4) preliminary field testing; (5) main product revision; (6) main field testing; (7) operational product revision; (8) operational field testing; (9) final product revision; and (10) dissemination and imple- mentation. This second-year study adopted only the second to ninth steps, as the first step had been completed in the preceding study, while the final step is planned to be conducted in the third year. The research instrument for data col- lection was a test resulted from the previous year’s study (Ayriza, Setiawati, & Triyanto, 2016). The test was constructed according to the six Holland’s Career Categories, i.e. realis- REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education) 177 − REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education), 3(2), 2017 tic, social, enterprising, and also conventional (RIASEC). There were a total of 60 items with each dimension containing 10 items. Subsequently, the instrument under- went expert and construct validation. Two experts were involved in this study: an expert who has an extensive research experience in career development study; and an expert in primary school education. The expert on ca- reer development suggested that there were more varied alternative answer options for the test items, and to avoid similar answer alter- natives/options for different statements. On the other hand, the expert on primary educa- tion found no significant problem except for the use of some technical terms. Once the test was revised based on the validators’ advice, a construct validation was conducted by ana- lyzing the six dimensions individually using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The result shows that all test items in the dimen- sions refer to one factor. Each dimension was considered valid or significant if it had the Chi square probability of (χ 2 > 0.05), as well as Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) or the average size of the expected difference per degree of freedom (df) in the population of less than 0.08. The result of CFA is presented in Table 1. According to the table, each dimension of RIASEC corresponds to each latent variable and leans to one factor, meaning that it fulfills the requirement for construct validity. Mean- while, instrument’s realibility was tested using Alpha Cronbach formula and the result of reliability coefficient is 0.891. Subjects The population of this study was the lower-grade students of primary schools in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (Special Regions of Yogyakarta), which consist of four regen- cies and one municipality. The cluster random sampling technique was used to establish the sample. Cluster referred to the regencies or municipality which have different character- istics, and random reffered to the technique used in selecting both the schools from the selected regencies and municipality, and the classes of the selected schools. The research subjects were 266 primary school students of grade 1, 2, and 3. The numbers of students undergoing preliminary field testing, main field testing, and operation- al field testing were 12, 83, and 171 students, respectively. Details of the number and classi- fication of the subjects are presented in Table 2. Table 1. The result of the confirmatory factor analysis Statistics Dimensions R I A S E C χ2 34.03 35.30 16.04 41.49 34.97 39.44 df 26 26 15 29 27 32 significance (p) 0.13436 0.10535 0.26074 0.06235 0.13960 0.17136 RMSEA 0.023 0.025 0.019 0.027 0.023 0.020 Result Fit Fit Fit Fit Fit Fit Table 2. The number of subjects in each field testing Preliminary field testing Primary school SDN Samirono (Kota) Grade Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Total 4 4 4 Main field testing Primary school SDN Karangmojo II (Gunungkidul) Grade Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Total 27 30 26 Operational field testing Primary school SDN Kotagede (Kota) SDN Sonosewu (Bantul) SDIT Tunas Mulya (Gunungkidul) Grade Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 1 Grade 3 Total 29 27 30 23 30 32 REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education) Quartet cards as the media of career exploration... - 178 Yulia Ayriza, Farida A. Setiawati, Agus Triyanto, Nanang E. Gunawan, Moh K. Anwar, & Nugraheni D. Budiarti Data Analysis Technique The descriptive quantitative analysis technique was employed in this study. In addition, feedback and suggestions from the teachers and research assistants who were in charge of guiding and monitoring the field testing were compiled as a part of the qualita- tive data used as additional references to im- prove the research product. Findings and Discussion Findings This section illustrates the findings of the current study which are based on the se- cond to ninth step of Borg and Gall’s ten-step R and D method. A brief summary of the finding of the first-year study is provided to give a comprehensive depiction of the study. The first stage, research and informa- tion collection, shows that the career knowl- edge and interest of the subjects fit Holland’s RIASEC construct theory. The second-year research is a follow-up of the previous study’s findings. The planning stage is manifested in de- veloping the concept of Quartet playing cards based on Holland’s RIASEC theory. At the top of the card, the word for the type of oc- cupation is made bigger and bolder, while a description of the occupation is provided at the bottom. The cards are grouped into three volumes based on the difficulty levels (low, medium, and high), and four categories, i.e. task, tool, workplace/product/service, and working attire or attribute. The stage of developing prelimary pro- duct form involves creating the product pro- totype as designed in the previous stage, and conducting feasibility test on it. Validity tests were performed by a professor with an exten- sive research on career development, and a Ph.D scholar on primary education, with the following results: (a) Several adjustments were made on the pictures, the size of the cards to fit the size of a child’s palm, and on the thick- ness of the material to ensure the cards’ dura- bility; (b) adjusments were made on the mea- surement of the career knowledge instrument. The next stage is the preliminary field testing. In this stage, four students of SDN Samirono (Yogyakarta) were randomly select- ed from each grade, making a total of 12 sub- jects. The result of the limited field testing is presented in Table 3. Table 3 reveals that most of the first graders (75%) are able to play the game, find it easy to play, and will play it at home, while all second and third graders (100%) have no problem and respond positively to all of the test items. All subjects from the three grades (100%) agree that the playing card helps them learn many types of occupationss and enjoys playing the game. However, about 25% of the first graders still have difficulty in playing the game, find it hard to play, and will not consi- der playing it at home. In addition, the minor- ity also does not find it easy to learn the char- acteristics of the occupations. Unlike the se- cond and third graders, the first graders show more enthusiam for obtaining the goal of the Quartet Career Cards as learning media. Addi- tionally, during the limited field testing, the re- search team received feedback and sugges- tions from the teachers and research assis- tants, including to make the font size bigger, the colors brighter, as well as adjustment on the pictures to reflect the geographical condi- tion of where the students live. Table 3. The result of limited field testing Primary school SDN Samirono Mean Grade Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Subjects 4 students 4 students 4 students Able to play the game 75% 100% 100% 92% Find the game easy to play 75% 100% 100% 92% Will play at home 75% 100% 100% 92% Learn many types of occupationss 100% 100% 100% 92% Learn the characteristics of the occupations 75% 100% 100% 92% Enjoy the game 100% 75% 100% 92% REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education) 179 − REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education), 3(2), 2017 In the next stage, the research team conducted revision to the main product based on the recommendation and feedback from the students and teachers in stage four. The result of the revision was the final draft of main product that was ready for the main field testing. The main field testing was conducted in the same mechanism as the preliminary field testing in stage four, but with larger subjects. There were 27 grade 1 students, 30 grade 2 students, and 26 grade 3 students of SDN Karangmojo Gunungkidul. The data are pres- ented in Table 4. As illustrated in Table 4, the results of extended main field testing are varied among students of grade 1, 2, and 3. Nearly all of the students (90%) are able to play the Quartet Career Cards game and find it easy to play. About the same number (94%) of students will play the game at home, and manage to learn the types (92%) and also characteristics (94%) of the occupations from playing it. On average, there are 99% of students who enjoy playing the game. Overall, 93% of the stu- dents achieve the goal of playing the game, as targeted by the research team. In the next stage, operational product revision was made according to the feedback and suggestions of the subjects during the ex- tended main field testing, particularly on the colors in the type of occupation and the an- swer choice. Moreover, the colors in the low, medium, and high levels were changed into red, blue, and green, respectively. Once the revision was made, it was concluded that the developed learning media was ready for op- erational field testing. The operational field testing was done in one primary school in the municipality of Yogyakarta, and two other schools in the DIY regencies. They were SD Kotagede (Munici- pality of Yogyakarta) with 29 first graders and 27 second graders; SD Sonosewu (Bantul Re- gency) with 30 second graders and 23 third graders; and SDIT Tunas Mulia (Gunungkidul Regency) with 30 first graders and 32 third graders. The result is presented in Table 5. Table 5 shows that the data obtained from operational field testing are varied. In general, the first grade students of the three schools are able to play the game (90%), find the game easy to play (91.5%), will play the game at home (91.5%), learn many types (83%) and characteristics (76.5%) of the occu- pations, and enjoy the game (95%). On the other hand, 85% second graders are able to play the game and find the game easy to play, Table 4. The result of extended main field testing Primary school SDN Karangmojo II Mean Grade Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Subjects 27 students 30 students 26 students Able to play the game 89% 90% 92% 90% Find the game easy to play 89% 90% 92% 90% Will play at home 100% 87% 96% 94% Learn many types of occupationss 100% 77% 100% 92% Learn the characteristics of the occupations 100% 87% 96% 94% Enjoy the game 100% 97% 100% 99% Table 5. The result of operational field testing Primary school SDN Kotagede 1 SDN Sonosewu SDIT Tunas Mulia Mean Subjects 29 27 30 23 30 32 Grade 1 2 2 3 1 3 Able to play the game 83% 89% 81% 100% 97% 91% 90% Find the game easy to play 86% 89% 81% 100% 97% 91% 91% Will play at home 90% 100% 97% 100% 93% 97% 96% Learn many types of occupations 86% 96% 100% 100% 80% 97% 93% Learn the characteristics of the occupations 83% 93% 97% 100% 70% 100% 91% Enjoy the game 90% 93% 100% 100% 100% 100% 97% REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education) Quartet cards as the media of career exploration... - 180 Yulia Ayriza, Farida A. Setiawati, Agus Triyanto, Nanang E. Gunawan, Moh K. Anwar, & Nugraheni D. Budiarti 99% will play the game at home, 98% learn many types of occupations, 95% learn the characteristics, and 97% enjoy the game. Fi- nally, among grade 3 students, 95.5% stu- dents are able to play the game and find it easy to play, 98.5% will play it at home and learn about many types of occupations, while 100% students both learn the characteristics and enjoy the game. The operational field testing reveals that grade 3 students have the highest achievement of the research goal (98%), followed by the second graders (93%), and the first graders (88%). On average, there are 93% lower-grade primary school students who achieve the goal of Quartet Card Careers as targeted by the re- search team. The ninth and final stage in this re- search was final product revision. This stage resulted in a suitable final product of career exploration for children aimed at improving their career knowledge. Discussion This study is a follow up of the first- year study on the exploration of career inter- est and knowledge construct using quantita- tive analysis. The first-year study shows that both the career interest and knowledge of the lower-grade primary students in Daerah Istime- wa Yogyakarta are society-oriented, and that they correspond well to Holland’s theory of six career categories (RIASEC). The fact that students’ career knowledge is society-oriented implies that their career interests are limited to the social scope, as well. As a result, children’s career develop- ment may be disrupted, especially when there is no intervention. Therefore, the second-year study was aimed at improving children’s ca- reer knowledge based on Holland’s RIASEC theory through Quartet Career Cards as the learning media specifically developed for that purpose. The decision to conduct intervention on the lack of career knowledge among lower- grade primary students is based on the re- search by Xu, Hou, and Tracey (2014, p. 654) in China, which revealed that the lack of self- exploration and environment exploration was caused by the lack of information or knowl- edge of exploring career options, as well as the lack of efforts or supporting facilities in the career exploration process. In that case, intervention is imperative to make improve- ments on the children’s career knowledge. The final product of the developed learning media in this study is modified Quar- tet cards containing pictures and information aimed at lower-grade primary students’ career development. It is expected that students can acquire wider knowledge and develop their career interests, so that they are well-informed and ready to make a decision on their voca- tional preference when they grow up. In addi- tion, the game is also intended to increase the players’ interpersonal relationships and give them pleasure and enjoyment when playing it. The notion is in line with the study of Garris et al. (2002) who state that games can be used as a part of learning activities to make students enjoy the learning process more due to the element of fantasy. Moreover, Parker and Lepper (1992) find that learning in an environment which involves an element of fantasy is more beneficial to students than one conducted in other conditions. All field testing, whether preliminary, main, or operational, shows that more than 90% students are able to play Quartet Career Cards, find it easy to play, enjoy the game, and will play it again at home. The learning as- pect of the game is aimed at helping students improve their career knowledge. This is evi- dent in how students manage to learn more types of occupations, what the jobs entail, and the relevant tools, setting, attire or attributes required for particular jobs. For instance, they children learn that caping (a traditional wide cone-shaped hat made from bamboo) is an at- tribute associated with Indonesian farmers as they do not have special attires for their job. On the other hand, the discussion on career exploration as early as primary school was in accordance with the study conducted by Magnuson and Starr (2000). They argue that making simple decisions during early childhood such as choosing what food to eat, toys to play, clothes to wear, or things to do in their daily lives will help the children have personal preferences. In the future, the pre- ferences will manifest in the formation of in- REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education) 181 − REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education), 3(2), 2017 dividual autonomy that helps them to make decisions and life choices, including in deter- mining what career they would have as an adult. Based on Piaget’s cognitive develop- ment theory, the lower-grade primary stu- dents are in the concrete operational stage, which is marked by how they are not domi- nated by perception and rely on experience to guide them, in addition to the extraordinary cognitive development and formative stage in the formal education setting (Schunk, 2012). The concrete operational stage includes the ability to classify, combine, and compare. In this stage, children are also able to understand the connection and to make sense of a series of events (Hill, 2012). The theory implies that as educators, teachers should be able to pro- vide the appropriate learning style and envi- ronment according to the students’ cognitive development so that students are encouraged to explore and actively participate in social interaction. In relation to learning environ- ment, teachers are also responsible for giving new stimuli for students’ cognitive construct to stimulate their development through assi- milation and accommodation. As learning media, the Quartet Career Cards allow the lower-grade primary students to explore a variety of possible career options for their future, as well as to engage in an active participation by interacting with their peers. As a result, the game acts as a stimulus for the environment that simultaneously con- structs the children’s cognitive structure with career knowledge. Taveira, Silva, Rodriguez, and Maia (1998, p. 90) emphasize the signifi- cance of early career exploration for children at the primary school age to support and fos- ter the children’s proper development. Based on the research development, field testing, findings, discussion, relevant the- ories and previous studies, it can be con- cluded that the Quartet Career Card game is a contributing factor in children’s career explo- ration process, as it can help improve the ca- reer knowledge of lower-grade primary stu- dents. This implies that Quartet Career Card can be recommended as media in career guid- ance activities to expand and enhance chil- dren’s career knowledge. Conclusion The developing of the Quartet Career Cards game is aimed at supporting children’s future career development by improving their knowledge on possible career options. While the product development process is based on Borg and Gall's (1983) ten-step model, the concept of the cards itself relies on Holland’s theory of the six Career Categories, involving realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enter- prising, and conventional. The Quartet Career Cards consist of a picture and information on the types of occu- pations and each of their tasks, tools, work- place, products or services, as well as the attri- butes and work attires. There are three levels of difficulty ranging from high, medium, to low. The cards are proven suitable and fea- sible to be used by lower-grade primary stu- dents, based on a series of field testing, as well as validity tests conducted by theory and me- dia experts. Acknowledgment The authors express gratitude to the Islamic Development Bank and Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta for the financial support in conducting this research, under the grant of Penelitian Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi Tahun Ang- garan 2017 No. 19/Penel./ P.UPT/UN34.21/ 2017. References Ayriza, Y., Setiawati, F. A., & Triyanto, A. (2016). Career interest and knowledge of lower grade students of primary school. In International Conference of Computer, Environment, Social Science, Engineering and Technology (ICEST 2016) (p. May 23-25th). Medan, Indonesia. Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (1983). Educational research: An introduction (4th ed.). New York, NY: Longman. Garris, R., Ahlers, R., & Driskell, J. E. (2002). Games, motivation, and learning: A research and practice model. Simulation & Gaming, 33(4), 441–467. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1046878102238607 REiD (Research and Evaluation in Education) Quartet cards as the media of career exploration... - 182 Yulia Ayriza, Farida A. 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