RJHS 11(2).cdr Fast food consumption habits among young people in south western Nigeria 1 2 3 4,5 6 Mukoru, I.L. , *Adebayo, O. , Oyabambi, O.A. , Kanmodi, K , Ojo, O.F. , 7 8 9 10 11 Oiwoh, S.O. , Agbogidi, J.M. , Williams, A. , Ibiyo, M.J. , Samuel A. , 12 13 Ogunsuji, O. , Ogunjimi, L. Abstract Objective: The study assessed the profile and factors associated with fast food consumption among young people in tertiary educational institutions in Ibadan, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 300 eligible undergraduates in four campuses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Socio-demographic characteristics and information on fast food consumption and other relevant data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Statistically significant p-value was set at <0.05. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age was 21.6 ± 3.7 years and females constituted 66% of the participants. Nine out of ten participants had never married, majority were fulltime students and holiday jobs were noted in less than a third. About three out of five participants consumed fast food, which was usually flour-based. The commonest pattern of fast food consumption was lunch, with the commonest frequencies of once a day and thrice a week. The strongest reasons for consumption include being considered nutritious, being readily available, claiming it provides value for money, and being accessible. Conclusion: Fast food consumption was high in this study and this potentially has serious implications on the cardiovascular health of the participants. There is need for concerted efforts by the relevant stakeholders in stemming this tide by encouraging health education for healthy eating among young persons. Keywords: Factors, fast food, young people, Ibadan, unhealthy diet *Dr Mukoru I.L. and Dr Adebayo O. shared first authorship. *Corresponding Author Dr Adebayo O. Email: doctorladi@yahoo.com 1 Staff Medical Services, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria 2 Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria 3 Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 4 School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom 5 Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria 6 Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria 7 Department of Internal Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria 8 Department of DTI Service Improvement University Hospital Southampton, United Kingdom 9 Department of Family Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria I0 Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria 11 Fifa Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia 12 Department of Periodontology & Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Received: January 14, 2023 Accepted: May 9, 2023 Published: June 30, 2023 Original Article Research Journal of Health Sciences Res. J. Health Sci. Vol 11(2), June 2023 77 Research Journal of Health Sciences subscribed to terms and conditions of Open Access publication. Articles are distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/4.0). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v11i2.1 Habitudes de consommation de restauration rapide chez les jeunes du sud-ouest du Nigéria 1 2 3 4,5 6 Mukoru, I.L. , *Adebayo, O. , Oyabambi, O.A. , Kanmodi, K , Ojo, O.F. , 7 8 9 10 11 Oiwoh, S.O. , Agbogidi, J.M. , Williams, A. , Ibiyo, M.J. , Samuel A. , 12 13 Ogunsuji, O. , Ogunjimi, L. Résumé Objectif de l'étude : L'étude a évalué le profil et les facteurs associés à la consommation de restauration rapide chez les jeunes des établissements d'enseignement supérieur à Ibadan, au Nigeria. Matériels et méthode de l'étude : Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale menée auprès de 300 étudiants de premier cycle éligibles dans quatre campus à Ibadan, au Nigeria. Les caractéristiques socio- démographiques et les informations sur la consommation de restauration rapide et d'autres données pertinentes ont été recueillies à l'aide d'un questionnaire auto-administré. La valeur p statistiquement significative a été fixée à <0,05. SPSS version 23 a été utilisé pour l'analyse des données. Résultat de l'étude ; L'âge moyen ± écart type ( ET) était de 21,6 ± 3,7 ans et les femmes constituaient 66 % des participants. Neuf participants sur dix ne s'étaient jamais mariés, la majorité étaient des étudiants à temps plein et des emplois de vacances ont été notés dans moins d'un tiers. Environ trois participants sur cinq consommaient de la restauration rapide, généralement à base de farine. Le modèle le plus courant de consommation de restauration rapide était le déjeuner, avec les fréquences les plus courantes d'une fois par jour et trois fois par semaine. Les principales raisons de la consommation incluent le fait d'être considéré comme nutritif, d'être facilement disponible, d'affirmer qu'il offre un bon rapport qualité-prix et d'être accessible. Conclusion: La consommation courante de restauration rapide était élevée dans cette étude, ce qui a potentiellement de graves conséquences sur la santé cardiovasculaire des participants. Il est nécessaire que les acteurs concernés déploient des efforts concertés pour endiguer cette marée en encourageant l'éducation à la santé pour une alimentation saine chez les jeunes. Mots clés : facteurs, restauration rapide, jeunes, Ibadan, mauvaise alimentation *Dr Mukoru, I.L. and Dr Adebayo, O. shared first authorship. *Corresponding Author Dr Adebayo, O. Email: doctorladi@yahoo.com 1 Staff Medical Services, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria 2 Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria 3 Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 4 School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom 5 Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria 6 Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria 7 Department of Internal Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria 8 Department of DTI Service Improvement University Hospital Southampton, United Kingdom 9 Department of Family Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria I0 Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria 11 Fifa Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia 12 Department of Periodontology & Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Received: January 14, 2023 Accepted: May 9, 2023 Published: June 30, 2023 Article Original Research Journal of Health Sciences Res. J. Health Sci. Vol 11(2), June 2023 78 Research Journal of Health Sciences subscribed to terms and conditions of Open Access publication. Articles are distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/4.0). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v11i2.1 government, private organizations, or individuals in Ibadan, the state capital of Oyo State, Nigeria. The following educational institutions were included: College of Nursing and Midwifery, Federal School of Statistics, Oyo State College of Health Science and Technology, and The Polytechnic. Students enrolled in diploma, undergraduate, or postgraduate programs at any of these four campuses who were between the ages of 16 and 35 were included. Those who opted out were excluded. Study Instrument A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information from the participants and was administered by two trained research assistants. Socio-demographic characteristics captured in the questionnaire were gender, age, marital status, current academic status, level of study, employment status, involvement in holiday jobs and monthly income. Questions on fast food were: intake of fast food; regular fast food intake, type of fast food eaten, average intake in a day and week, respectively, average amount spent on fast food and reasons for fast food consumption. The participants were asked to rate their reasons for fast food intake on Likert scale style (1–5). Ten reasons were assessed: “nutritiousness”, “participant can't cook”, “leisure/socializing”, “due to advertisement”, “availability”, “no reason”, “provision of value f o r m o n e y ” , “ h y g i e n e / f r e e d o m f r o m contamination”, “accessibility” and “aesthetics” (Cronbach's alpha test=0.825) Weight was measured with a standard scale and recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg, while height was measured by a standard standiometer and recorded to the nearest 0.1 centimetre. Body Mass Index(BMI) was calculated using the weight of the patient to the square of height. In order to measure the waist circumference, a non-stretchable measuring tape is placed in a horizontal plane around the abdomen at the level of the iliac crest. Before reading the tape measure, effort was made such that the tape is snug, but does not compress the skin, and is parallel to the floor. The Reece figure rating scale (RFRS), a psychometric measurement with two sets of 9 silhouettes ranging from thin to extremely obese, was used to assess the participant's perception of their weight. Each participant was asked to self- select the silhouette that best indicates his or her current body size and the silhouette that reflects his or her ideal body size. The RFRS score picked for the figure that best fit INTRODUCTION Fast food has gained popularity globally with all ages and races patronizing the industry (1-5). It is simply defined as any quickly prepared and served food which can be eaten at the point of purchase or packaged and taken away (6). There is increasing appetite for fast food and that has led to more providers springing up to meet these needs. Such high demands have not only been noted in developed countries such as the United States and South Korea but also in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive (7, 8). Few available studies are mostly single institutional setting study in Nigeria and have reported fast food consumption across all age groups including young people (9,10). A prevalence as high as 60-100% of fast food consumption have been reported among young people in Nigeria (10,11). A study in Ogbomosho in Oyo State in South Western Nigeria, documented a 90% prevalence of fast food intake among young people and 72% of them were students (11). Imbalance in the nutritional content of fast food has been reported as such consumptions have been found to be dense in calorie but deficient in micronutrients (9,10). This increases the risk of malnutrition and non- communicable diseases with the later reported among young people who consume high amounts of fast foods (12). Young people despite having a good knowledge of the health risks of fast foods still highly patronize the industry (12). Understanding the profile, pattern and drivers of fast food consumption among young persons in various setting would aid policy formulation in stemming the tide of the burgeoning obesity epidemic and high burden of other cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. This study was aimed at determining the profile and factors associated with fast food consumption among young people on tertiary educational campuses in Ibadan, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of study Study Design It was a cross-sectional study that was carried out in four selected tertiary institutions in Ibadan between May to Nov 2021. A study protocol has been published (13). Study Population and area A total of 300 young people attending four selected institutions in Ibadan were included for this study. There are 21 tertiary institutions owned by the federal government, Oyo State Res. J. Health Sci. Vol 11(2), June 2023 79 Fast food consumption in Nigeria Mukoru et al. the current size of the participant was subtracted from the score picked for the ideal size assessed by the participant and was used to assess participant's weight perception. It was considered a negative perception if the value of the ideal was higher than what was scored for the current best fit. Data management and analysis Data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23 and stored in a secure location to ensure confidentiality. Continuous quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, while categorical variables were reported as proportions and frequencies. The continuous variables were subjected to the normality test using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Continuous variables were compared using the Student t-test while categorical variables were compared using chi square/Fisher exact test. The Likert like scale was analysed as mean and standard deviation and expressed as chart. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the adjusted and associated factors for fast food consumption and frequency of fast food consumption. Adjustment were made for selected factors identified from literature review and empirical evidence based on significant associations found in our initial bivariate analyses. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in our models were estimated. For all tests, p-value of <0.05 were considered to be significant. Ethical Considerations Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee, Oyo State, Ministry of Health in accordance with the National Code of Health Research Ethics Committee (NHREC) (AD 13/479/1776B) before the commencement of the study. Also institutional approval was gotten from each of the participating schools before commencement of study. Finally, informed written consent was obtained from the participants. Confidentiality of participants and their information was ensured by omitting their names in the questionnaire and by pass-wording the computer with their data, granting access only to the investigators. It was ensured old participants were not recruited again by obtaining a verbal report of prior non-participation in the study. They were notified that their involvement in the study was voluntary and they could withdraw at any stage of the study without any consequence. RESULTS T a b l e 1 s h o w s t h e b a s e l i n e characteristics of participants. There were more females, and nine out of ten participants had never married. The majority were full time students, four out of five participants earned ≥ 20,000 naira, and holiday jobs in less than a third of participants. Four out of every five participants consumed fast food, which was usually flour-based (Table 2). The commonest pattern of consumption was lunch, breakfast, and dinner in descending order, with the commonest frequencies were once a day and thrice a week (Table 2). The strongest reasons for consumption include being considered nutritious, being readily available, claiming it provides value for money, and being accessible (Figure 1). The bivariate analysis of the fast food consumption results is shown in table 3. No factor was significant at a p value less than 0.05 although at 0.100 having holiday job was significant and was included in the multivariate model analysis with gender, monthly income classification (≤ 20,000 vs >20,000 naira), body mass index(BMI), married (Yes vs No), year of study (≤ 2 years vs > 2 years), partaking in holiday job (yes vs no). The bivariate analysis of the frequency of fast food consumption results are shown in table 4. Age classification (≤ 22 years > 22 years) and year of study (≤ 2 years' vs > 2 years), partaking in holiday job (yes vs no) were significant at a p value less than 0.05. No independent predictor was identified at p value of <0.05(Table 5). However, years of study and doing holiday job were independent predictors of weekly frequency of fast food consumption (Table 6). DISCUSSION Fast food consumption is very common in this study with flour-based and lunch being the commonest timings for such meal consumption. Previous reports in Nigeria have also identified that high proportion of undergraduates consume fast food.(7, 14) High burden of fast food consumption appears to be a global phenomenon with many reports globally suggesting such.(1-5) This is not unconnected to increasing possibility of young person to be attracted to fast food in addition to displacement from usual family system, lack of time, availability of fast food and Res. J. Health Sci. Vol 11(2), June 2023 80 Fast food consumption in Nigeria Mukoru et al. availability of expendable income (5,15). Fast food industry are also supported with heavy advertisement and significant investment on aesthetic appeal which are likely to draw many young customers and consumers (11,16). In some cities, fast food outlets have been noted to cluster around schools and targeting young customers are one of the marketing tactics (17). This high consumption has serious health consequences. This observation should inform policies to control neighborhood availability of fast food restaurants as a means to reduce or prevent obesity (17,18). There was high burden of fast food consumption similar to finding from a single tertiary centre also in Ibadan Nigeria where 80.5% of the respondents consume fast foods weekly (14). The weekly frequency pattern in our study may not suggest mere cultural faddism rather than it is possible meeting a feeding need, considering three out of five participants tend to take such during lunch time. Timing for lunch is the time they are likely to be away from where they can get home-made meals or self-prepared meals and such period form the peak of their daily academic activities (3). Clear timing of intake found in this study was not available in another study in a nearby city in South Western Nigeria although another study in South Eastern Nigeria found more of breakfast (9, 10). Most consumed types of fast food in this study are flour-based similar to previous reports (14). This has the potential of providing more energy density with risk of obesity (9). This pattern of consumption is interesting considering the innovative way the fast food industry in Nigeria have made attempt at blending their menus with African cuisines like jollof rice, pounded yam, among others (16). The implication of this finding is most of the participants are patronizing the less nutritious, energy dense, low fibre, high dietary cholesterol and more refined sugar with unhealthy c o n s e q u e n c e s e s p e c i a l l y r i s k s f o r non–communicable diseases including diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases (19,20). Unfortunately, many of our participants erroneously considered fast food to be nutritious. T h i s i s a n i d e n t i f i a b l e p u b l i c h e a l t h interventional gap that needs to be addressed with appropriate health educational policy by the relevant stakeholders. They also commonly considered it to provide them value for money, accessible food item and readily available. We believe these are drivers of the behaviors for the high consumption pattern. These factors have previously been identified among college students (4). Having holiday job was an independent predictor found in this study which is not unconnected to possible availability of disposable income, suggest some level of independence and increased likelihood to spend more time away from home or hostel (21). Similarly, the earlier years of the study was found to predict frequent fast food consumption. This is not surprising given that the early years of school are associated with difficulty adjusting to the school environment. While this study provides a multi-centre report of fast food consumption in Ibadan the study is limited by the quantitative data collection of the study. A qualitative approach would provide additional and unique insights into specific contexts or social situations of fast food consumption among young persons in this environment. CONCLUSION Fast food consumption is common among students in this study and this has serious implications on the cardiovascular health of the participants. There is need for concerted efforts by the relevant stakeholders in stemming this tide by encouraging health education for healthy eating among young persons. Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s : We w o u l d l i k e t o acknowledge the contribution of Mr Miracle Adeshina and Dr Francis Fagbule during planning of this study. Also Miss Iyanuoluwa Adufe, for clerical duties during the initial conceptualization of study in addition to the role of Frank Iseghohimen and Blessing during data collection stage. REFERENCES 1. Shori AB, Albaik M, Bokhari FM. Fast food consumption and increased body mass index as risk factors for weight gain and obesity in Saudi Arabia. Obesity Medicine. 2017;8:1-5. 2. Banik R, Naher S, Pervez S, Hossain MM. Fast food consumption and obesity among urban college going adolescents in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Obesity Medicine. 2 0 2 0 ; 1 7 : 1 0 0 1 6 1 . d o i : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100161. 3. Jayasinghe J, De Silva L. Fast food consumption and health status of Students of a University in Sri Lanka. Journal of Food and Agriculture. 2014;7(1):38-50. 4. Sequeira A, Sowmya A, Thomas B, Mahajan C, Kumar C. A study on junk food consumption Res. J. Health Sci. Vol 11(2), June 2023 81 Fast food consumption in Nigeria Mukoru et al. b e h a v i o r a m o n g c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s . Developmental psychology ejournal. 2014. 5. Agarwal VV, Makhija PA. A study on junk food consumption behavior among college students. Inte Rese J of Engi and Tech. 2019;6(3):4185- 92. 6. Mustapha AM, Fakokunde TO, Awolusi OD. The quick service restaurant business in Nigeria: Exploring the emerging opportunity for entrepreneurial development and growth. Global Journal of Commerce and Management Perspective. 2014;3(3):8-14. 7. Bakare K, Olumakaiye M. Fast food consumption pattern and body weight status among students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2016;16(4):11185-98. 8. Ham S, Hwang JH, Kim WG. Household profiles affecting food-away-from-home expenditures: a comparison of Korean and US households. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2004;23(4):363-79. 9. Afolabi W, Towobola S, Oguntona C, Olayiwola I. Pattern of fast food consumption and contribution to nutrient intakes of Nigerian University students. Int J Educ Res. 2013;1(5):1- 10. 10. U k e g b u P, U w a e g b u t e A , U s o n k a V. Contribution of snacks to energy and nutrient intake of undergraduates in a Nigerian university. Malaysian J Nutr. 2015;21(1):15-23. 11. Laudia Titilola O, Adenike Adebusola A, Funke Iyabo O, Oluseyi Yewande A. Fast Food Consumption Pattern among Youth in Ogbomoso Metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria. 2013;3(3):159-65. 12. Smith K, Blizzard L, McNaughton S, Gall S, Dwyer T, Venn A. Takeaway food consumption and cardio-metabolic risk factors in young adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012;66(5):577-84. 13. Adebayo O, Kanmodi K, Agbogidi JM, Oseghae OS, Williams A, Ibiyo MJ, et al. The profile of anthRopometry and psychosocial issues on campus (TERRACE) study: A study protocol and preliminary results. Dialogues in Health. 2022:100054. 14. Arulogun OS, Owolabi MO. Fast food consumption pattern among undergraduates of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria: implications for nutrition education. 2011. 15. Pendergast F. Examining the eating patterns of young adults: Deakin University; 2017. 16. Ojo O, Irefin I. Franchising and organizational performance: Empirical investigation of selected fast food restaurants in Nigeria. Volume 4-Number 2-July 2011-Semiannual Publication. 2011;4(2):320. 17. Austin SB, Melly SJ, Sanchez BN, Patel A, Buka S, Gortmaker SL. Clustering of fast-food restaurants around schools: a novel application of spatial statistics to the study of food environments. American journal of public health. 2005;95(9):1575-81. 18. Sturm R. Disparities in the food environment surrounding US middle and high schools. Public health. 2008;122(7):681-90. 19. Sholeye OO, Animasahun VJ, Salako AA, Oduwole AD. Snacking and sweetened beverage consumption among adolescents in Sagamu, Southwest Nigeria. Nutrition & Food Science. 2018. 20. Chinaza UP, Omotayo OA, Banji AF, Ololade AA, Olaoluwa JD, Adewale OA, et al. Nutritional investigation of three commonly consumed fast foods in two major fast food restaurants in Lagos State, Nigeria. Chemistry International. 2019;5(1):81-6. 21. Ayo SA, Bonabana-Wabbi J, Sserunkuuma D. Determinants of fast food consumption in Kampala, Uganda. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2012;12(5):6567-81. Res. J. Health Sci. Vol 11(2), June 2023 82 Fast food consumption in Nigeria Mukoru et al. Res. J. Health Sci. Vol 11(2), June 2023 83 Table 1: Baseline characteristics of participants Variables Age mean ± SD years 21.6 ± 3.7 Gender (n=300) n (%) Male 102 (34.0) Female 198 (66.0) Level or year of study (n=300) n (%) First year 166 (55.3) Second year 114 (38.0) Third year 15 (5.0) Fourth year 5 (1.7) Course of study (n=300) n (%) Accounting 25 (8.3) Basic Nursing 21 (7.0) Business administration management 25 (8.3) Community midwifery 22 (7.3) Community Nursing 15 (5.0) Computer science 25 (8.3) Electrical engineering 25 (8.3) Environmental health technology 26 (8.7) Health information management 23 (7.7) Mass communication 25 (8.3) Medical laboratory technician 1 (0.3) Microbiology 25 (8.3) Midwifery 17 (5.7) Pharmacy technician 25 (8.3) Marital status (n=298) n (%) Never married 279 (93.6) Currently married 19 (6.4) Current academic status (n=297) n (%) Student (full-time) 293 (98.7) Part time student 4 (1.3) Monthly income (n=151) n (%) 0-10,000 naira 90 (59.6) 11,000-20,000 naira 37 (24.5) 21,000-30,000 naira 9 (6.0) 31,000 and above 15 (9.9) Holiday job (n=254) n (%) Yes 74 (29.1) No 180 (70.9) Weight mean ± SD kg 57.2 ± 11.3 Height mean ± SD m 1.7 ± 0.1 BMI mean ± SD kg/m2 20.9 ± 3.8 Waist circumference mean ± SD cm 75.1 ± 8.4 Hip circumference mean ± SD cm 88.6 ± 9.1 Fast food consumption in Nigeria Mukoru et al. Res. J. Health Sci. Vol 11(2), June 2023 84 Fast food consumption in Nigeria Mukoru et al. Table 2: Profile related to fast food consumption among participants Consumption of fast food (n=300) n (%) Yes 258 (86.0) No 42 (14.0) Usual fast food meal n=260) n (%) Breakfast 62 (23.8) Lunch 89 (34.2) Dinner 15 (5.8) All 51 (19.6) Can’t say 43 (16.5) Frequency of fast food in a day(n=253) n (%) 1 114 (45.1) 2 82 (32.4) 3 38 (15.0) 4 11 (4.3) >5 43 (17.0) Frequency of fast food in a week(n=251) n (%) 1 29 (11.6) 2 40 (15.9) 3 53 (21.1) 4 41 (16.3) 5 38 (15.1) 6 18 (7.2) 7 20 (8.0) >8 12 (4.8) Usual fast-food items consumed (n=258) n (%) Flour-based 160 (62.0) Meat-based 29 (11.2) Dairy products 31 (12.0) Fruit juices/malted sweetened drinks 38 (14.7) Average amount you spend on fast-food per outing(n=260) n (%) 260 <500 naira 141 (54.2) 501-1000 naira 62 (23.8) 1001-1500 naira 30 (11.5) 1501-2000 naira 18 (6.9) >2000 naira 9 (3.5) Res. J. Health Sci. Vol 11(2), June 2023 85 Fast food consumption in Nigeria Mukoru et al. Table 3: Table comparing fast food consumption among participants Variables Do you eat in fast food P-value All Yes No Gender (n=300) n (%) 0.631 Male 102 (34.0) 86 (33.5) 16 (37.2) Female 198 (66.0) 171 (66.5) 27 (62.8) Age (n=291) n (%) 0.630 = 22 years 201 (69.1) 174 (69.6) 27 (65.9) > 22 years 90 (30.9) 76 (30.4) 14 (34.1) Year of study (n=300) n (%) 0.749 = 2 years 280 (93.3) 239 (93.0) 41 (95.3) > 2 years 20 (6.7) 18 (7.0) 2 (4.7) Married (n=300) n (%) Yes 19 (6.3) 14 (5.4) 5 (11.6) 0.166 No 281 (93.7) 243 (94.6) 38 (88.4) Current academic status (n=297) n (%) 0.467 Student (full-time) 293 (98.7) 251 (98.8) 42 (97.7) Part-time student 4 (1.3) 3 (1.2) 1 (2.3) Do you co holiday job (n=254) n (%) 0.050 Yes 74 (29.1) 68 (35.1) 6 (15.8) No 180 (70.9) 148 (68.5) 32 (84.2) Monthly income in naira (n=151) n (%) = 20,000 127 (84.1) 108 (83.7) 19 (86.4) 1.000 > 20,000 24 (15.9) 21(16.3) 3(13.6) Weight mean ± SD kg 57.2 ± 11.3 57.3 ± 11.6 56.8 ± 9.0 0.791 Height mean ± SD m 1.7 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.1 0.875 BMI mean ± SD kg/m2 20.9 ± 3.8 20.9 ± 3.9 20.7 ± 3.2 0.761 Waist circumference mean ± SD cm 75.1 ± 8.4 75.1 ± 8.4 75.3 ± 8.3 0.899 Hip circumference mean ± SD cm 88.6 ± 9.1 88.5 ± 9.4 89.4 ± 7.2 0.625 < < < Res. 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Vol 11(2), June 2023 86 Table 4: Table comparing frequency of fast food consumption among participants Variables Frequency of Fast Food per Week P-value All = 3/week < 3/week Gender (n=251) n (%) 0.537 Male 85 (33.9) 39 (32.0) 46 (35.7) Female 166 (66.1) 83 (68.0) 83 (64.3) Age (n=244) n (%) 0.011 = 22 years 171 (70.1) 75 (62.5) 96 (77.4) > 22 years 73 (29.9) 45 (37.5) 28 (22.6) Year of study (n=251) n (%) 0.001 = 2 years 235 (93.6) 108 (88.5) 127 (98.4) > 2 years 16 (6.4) 14 (11.5) 2 (1.6) Married (n=251) n (%) 0.227 Yes 14 (5.6) 9 (7.4) 5 (3.9) No 237 (94.4) 113 (92.6) 124 (96.1) Monthly income (n=297) n (%) 0.800 = 20,000 107 (42.6) 53 (43.4) 54 (41.9) < 20,000 144 (57.4) 69 (56.6) 75 (58.1) Current academic status (n=248) n (%) 1.000 Student (Full-time) 246 (99.2) 119 (99.2) 127 (99.2) Part time student 2 (0.8) 1 (0.8) 1 (0.8) Do you co holiday job (n=212) n (%) 0.061 Yes 65 (30.7) 25 (24.5) 40 (36.4) No 147 (69.3) 77 (75.5) 70 (63.6) Weight mean ± SD(n=300) kg 57.2± 11.3 57.4 ± 12.2 57.0 ± 11.2 0.824 Height mean ± SD(n=300) metre 1.7 ± 0.7 1.6 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.1 0.221 Waist circumference mean ± SD(n=300) cm 75.1 ±8.4 75.5 ± 9.4 74.8 ± 7.5 0.563 Hip circumference mean ± SD (n=300)cm 88.6±9.1 89.3 ± 8.6 87.5 ± 10.1 0.139 BMI mean ± SD (n=300) kg/m2 20.9±3.8 21.1 ± 4.2 20.7 ± 3.8 0.391 Table 5: Factors associated with fast food consumption Variables B S.E. Wald Exp(B) 95% C.I. for EXP(B) P-value Lower Upper Gender(male) -.100 .515 0.038 0.904 0.330 2.480 0.845 Income(=20,000naira) .441 .729 .366 1.554 0.373 6.482 0.545 Married(Yes) 1.724 .985 3.063 5.606 0.813 38.642 0.080 Year of Study(= 2 years) .244 1.127 0.047 1.276 0.140 11.614 0.829 Holiday job(Yes) 1.405 .612 5.279 4.076 1.229 13.517 0.022 Body mass index -.060 .076 0.625 0.941 0.810 1.093 0.429 Constant -2.134 2.168 0.969 0.118 0.325 Fast food consumption in Nigeria Mukoru et al. < < < > < < Res. J. Health Sci. Vol 11(2), June 2023 87 Figure 1: Response on Likert scale to reasons for fast food consumption Table 6: Factors associated with weekly fast food consumption Variables B S.E. Wald Exp(B) 95% C.I.for EXP(B) p-value Lower Upper Age -.048 .052 .857 .953 .861 1.055 0.355 Year of Study(= 2 years) 1.904 .811 5.507 6.710 1.368 32.898 0.019 Monthly income (=20,000naira) -.281 .304 .853 .755 .416 1.370 0.356 Married (Yes) -.112 .805 .019 .894 .185 4.329 0.889 gender(male) -.056 .306 .034 .945 .519 1.723 0.854 Body mass index -.049 .039 1.543 .952 .882 1.029 0.214 Holiday job(Yes) .758 .341 4.928 2.133 1.093 4.165 0.026 Constant .247 1.491 .027 1.280 0.868 Fast food consumption in Nigeria Mukoru et al. < <