26 Research on World Agricultural Economy | Volume 02 | Issue 02 | June 2021 Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v2i2.384 Research on World Agricultural Economy http://ojs.nassg.org/index.php/rwae Sustainability of the Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES): A Case Study of Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute Segun-Alalade A.F.1　Ibitoye O.M.2　Alalade O.A.3*　Adesina B.S.4　Elisha-Nissi D.O.3 1. Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 2. Finance and Supplies Department, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute (ARMTI), Ilorin, Nigeria. 3. Extension Management Division, Department of Rural Development and Gender Issues, Agricultural and Rural Man- agement Training Institute (ARMTI), Ilorin, Nigeria. 4. Enterprise Management Division, Department of Rural Development and Gender Issues, Agricultural and Rural Man- agement Training Institute (ARMTI), Ilorin, Nigeria. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history Received: 6 May 2021 Accepted: 28 May 2021 Published Online: 31 May 2021 The study examined the sustainability of youth empowerment scheme using ARMTI as a case study. A three-stage sampling technique was ad- opted in the selection of 112 respondents for the study using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse data. The result of the findings show that the mean age of the respondents was 34.5. The study revealed more male (63.4%) participation in the programme, with majority (72.3%) being single. Major benefit derived by respondents were skill acquisition, (98.2%), positive change in attitude towards agriculture (94.6%), and access to capital (90.2%). Inadequate fund or capital support by the government, poor post-empowerment support by the government, and uncertainty over the political environment to support continuity were the major constraints to sustainability of the scheme. There was signif- icant relationship between constraints (r = 0.462*) and perceived sus- tainability of the youth empowerment scheme. The study concluded that youth empowerment scheme was adjudged sustainable. Government, de- velopment experts and donor agencies must ensure that sustainability of the programme is taken into cognizance at every level of the programme and efforts must be put into incorporation of monitoring and evaluation from the beginning so as to prevent wastage of resources. Keywords: Sustainability ARMTI Agriculture YES 　 1. Introduction Agriculture has been described as the main stay of the Nigerian economy since independence in 1960, contrib- uting significantly to the gross domestic product of the country (Oyesola and Obabire 2011). Nigeria during this period emerged as one of the world’s major producers and exporters of cash crops such as cotton, palm kernel, co- coa, groundnut, hides and skin, and rubber (Afolayan and Ajibade 2012). However, the oil boom of the 1970s badly affected agricultural sector, with oil becoming the main stay of the nation’s economy previously dominated by agri- culture. (Olajide, Akinlabi and Tijani 2012). It is worthy of note that this economic shift to oil signalled the inception of the myriad of socio-economic challenges faced by Nigeria till date (Adesina, 2013). The challenge of increased youth unemployment could practically be traced to the neglect of agriculture and the over-dependence on oil (Adesina, 2013). The pathetic state of Nigeria’s economy has no doubt led to widespread poverty and youth unemployment becoming *Corresponding Author: Alalade O. A.; segunalalade@gmail.com 27 Research on World Agricultural Economy | Volume 02 | Issue 02 | June 2021 Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v2i2.384 the most daunting development challenges hindering the Nation from achieving sustainable development goals. Ev- idences abound to prove that this assumption is valid. For example, the works of Olajide, Akinlabi and Tijani (2012); Aiyedogbon and Ohwofasa, (2012); Adesina, (2013); and Oduwole, (2015), reported that poverty rate and youth un- employment are the key factors leading youths to robbery, drug and human trafficking, terrorism, cybercrime, kidnap- ping, pipeline vandalism, and other social vices thus halting socio-economic development in Nigeria. Thus, in order to get a lasting solution to the challenge of unemployment and poverty rate in Nigeria, the government must aggressively carry out youth empowerment schemes. This is because, youth empowerment programmes offer a good platform for engaging the youths in different vocational training and participation in diverse skill acquisition programmes that could ramify them from social vices while engaging them in meaningful socio-economic developmental and capacity building activities, and social bonding. Therefore, Nigeria grapples with the problem of unem- ployment among youths in the country (Abefe-Balogun, 2015), the Federal and State Governments have designed and implemented several empowerment programmes par- ticularly in agriculture to enhance the economic capacity of youths (Umeh and Odo, 2002). Such programmes include but not limited to the Youth Initiative for Sustainable Agri- culture (YISA), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP), Youth Integrated Training Farm (Kwara State), Graduate Farmers Scheme (Osun State), Youth Empower- ment Scheme (O-YES) Agricultural Youths Empowerment Scheme (AGRIC-YES), and youth empowerment scheme of Oyo state (YES-O). This study is principally focused on the Youth Empow- erment Scheme (YES), inaugurated by the Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute in conjunction with the Federal Government of Nigeria in 2013 with the aim of training and empowering unemployed youths in agricultur- al related business. YES is a federal government sponsored program designed to equip youths with agripreneurship skills which would prepare the beneficiaries with the tools to create job opportunities and become self-reliant after the empowerment cycle. Unfortunately, several studies show that the present empowerment schemes in Nigeria might not yield the expected results if the program content is not de- signed in a way that would enable the youths to participate effectively in resolving Nigeria’s protracted development challenges (Aiyedogbon and Ohwofasa, 2014). Further- more, experience has shown that government empower- ment programmes barely outlive the administration that initiated them. In addition, the nation is currently in a se- rious economic mess in the form of a dwindling economic fortune, brought about partly by the COVID-19 pandemic. The implication is that the sustainability of the programme could be greatly hampered as a result of the economic downturn. The resultant effects of the dwindling economic fortune is expected to negatively affect government’s agri- cultural empowerment Programmes (Ogunlela, 2015). One therefore begins to wonder how the government will cope with sustaining the programmes in the face of the current economic realities. The need therefore arises to determine whether the YES programme is insulated from other future unforeseen circumstances and unpredicted changes such as market dynamics, regime change, and instability in policies of government, which may occur upon the expiration of the incumbent administration. Evaluating the sustainability of the programme will offer guidance and help to ensure that the overall goal of bringing about a sustainable develop- ment in the agricultural sector through youth empowerment is achieved. Going by the foregoing, the study sought to achieve the following objectives; 1. identify the benefits derived from the youth empower- ment scheme by the respondents; 2. examine perceived sustainability of the programme and 3. determine constraints to the sustainability of the youth empowerment scheme. Hypothesis Ho1: There is no significant relationship between ben- efits, and constraints faced by beneficiaries of the scheme and perceived sustainability of the scheme. 2. Methodology The population for the study comprises all beneficiaries of the youth empowerment scheme from year 2015 through the year 2019. The determination of sampling frame was based on the information gathered from the desk officer of the programme at the Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, Ilorin. The table 1 below presents infor- mation on the sampling frame. Table 1. Selection of Respondents for the Study Year Sampling frame of beneficiaries Beneficiaries randomly selected at (50%) each Number of copies of questionnaires retrieved 2015 52 26 22 2016 48 24 24 2017 45 23 19 2018 53 27 25 2019 49 24 22 Total 247 124 112 Source: Field Survey, 2020 A three-stage sampling technique was used in the selec- 28 Research on World Agricultural Economy | Volume 02 | Issue 02 | June 2021 Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 tion of respondents for the study. The first stage involves the purposive selection of beneficiaries of the programme between the year 2015 and 2019. For the second stage, the list of beneficiaries of the programme was gotten from the desk officer of the programme. From the list, systematic random sampling technique was used to select 50% of the beneficiaries of the programme in each year under con- sideration. In all, a total of One Hundred and Twenty-four respondents were selected for the study. However, only One Hundred and Twelve Questionnaires were retrieved, indi- cating a response rate of 90%. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected through questionnaire administration. Sustainability was considered as perceived sustainabili- ty and measured by providing respondents with a set of 26 statements on sustainability in four main domains (economic, political, ownership and technical) using 5-point likert- type scale of strongly agree = 5, agree = 4, undecided = 3, dis- agree = 2 and strongly disagree = 1. Sustainability index was computed and the empowerment scheme was categorised as sustainable and unsustainable using mean (x̅ = 60.5) as benchmark. Constraints to sustainability were measured as either a constraint = 1 or not a constraint = 0. Mean was ob- tained and used to rank constraints according to severity. 3. Results and Discussion Results from table 2 reveals that the mean age of respon- dents was 34.5years, showing that the respondents were indeed in their youthful years, energetic, vibrant and an investment in them is worth it because youths are the future of every society. The result further shows that the pro- grammes in each state captured youths, who are the intend- ed beneficiaries especially within the context of prolonged youth age and postponed transition to adulthood. Youths are generally known for their activeness and energy to which Odubola (2009) asserted that it makes them more viable for agricultural activities. More males (63.4%) were involved in the empower- ment scheme than the female counterpart (36.6%). The result affirms the commonly held notion that agriculture is male dominated, owing to its energy demanding nature. This agrees with the finding of Oladele and Kareem (2003) that males are readily available for energy demanding jobs like agriculture. Majority of the respondents (64.3%) were graduates which is understandable considering that the pro- gramme was specifically designed to enhance the capacity of graduate youth. However, the inclusion of beneficiaries with secondary education shows that the programme does not discriminate based on someone’s educational status. This is also pointing to the fact that many criteria might have been used in the selection of the beneficiaries, with consideration given to some non-graduates Table 2. Distribution of Respondents’ Personal Characteris- tics (n = 112) Variable Frequency Percentage Age (years) 20 and below 4 3.60 21 – 30 46 41.1 31 – 40 53 47.3 Above 40 9 8.0 Mean Age 34.5 Sex Male 71 63.4 Female 41 36.6 Education Secondary 6 5.36 Tertiary 72 64.3 Postgraduate 34 30.3 Marital Status Single 81 72.3 Married 31 27.7 Membership of Association Yes 78 69.4 No 34 30.6 112 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2020 3.1 Benefits derived by respondents from the pro- grammes Table 3 shows that while 98.2% of the respondents in- dicated skill acquisition as one of the key benefits derived from the scheme. The result is not surprising considering that participants are taught requisite farming skills during the training exercises with relevant backup practicals through which they are empowered for self-sustenance. All agricultural activities inculcates practical training to the recipients, thus acquisition of skill in this programme will make respondents to be self-sufficient in all areas of life thus encouraging sustainability of the programme. The resultis consistent with Tijani (2018), who reported that training through skill acquisition and capacity building programmes will enhance the sustainability of the youths in different fields of endeavour. Agriculture is widely known to provide employment to people, to which 88.4% of the participants attested to. Employment opportunities generat- ed during the training programme will no doubt traslate to a means of alleviating poverty to which 79.5% of the respon- dents agrees with. Hence, agriculture is a field of study that prepare people for gainful employment and enables one to carry out successfully a socially “useful occupation. Table 3 also shows that 90.2% of the respondents indi- cated access to capital as one of the benefits of the scheme. This is understandable considering the fact that the scheme works in synergy with the Bank of Agriculture so as to help trained youths get access to loan with single digit interest rate after submitting a business plan carefully examined by DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v2i2.384 29 Research on World Agricultural Economy | Volume 02 | Issue 02 | June 2021 Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 facilitators in ARMTI. The government helps these youths open an account with the Bank of Agriculture, depositing Two Hundred Thousand Naira (#200,000.00) each into these accounts. These enables the beneficiaries to then ac- cess loan to the tune of Two Million Naira (#2,000,000.00). For some set however, the government simply gave out starter packs consisting of One Hundred Laying birds, feeds, drugs, and a cash of One Hundred Thousand Naira (#100,000.00). Other benefits from the scheme are linkage to market (70.5%) and linkage to input suppliers (81.2%). Table 3. Distribution of respondents accroding to benefits derived from the scheme Benefits Derived Frequency Percentage Poverty alleviation 89 79.5 Access to capital 101 90.2 Skill acquisition 110 98.2 Positive change in attitude towards agriculture 106 94.6 Provision of job opportunities 99 88.4 Boost self-esteem and confidence 84 75.0 Linkage to market 79 70.5 Linkage to input supplier 91 81.2 Multiple responses Source: Field survey, 2020 3.2 Perceived sustainability of the programme The result from table 4 reveals the beneficiaries’ percep- tion of the sustainability of youth empowerment scheme by ARMTI. As per economic sustainability, statement on access to factors of production such as land, capital and inputs had the highest mean (x̅ = 3.90) while the statement that some beneficiaries seem to be after the grants promised by the government rather than being trained to be self-reliant had the lowest mean (x̅ = 3.22). Such set of beneficiaries can be likened to free-riders who, according to Albert (2000), are usually the unintended beneficiaries of a socially provided public good. These people are usually seen channelling any grant received into other non-agricultural ventures. Table 4 also shows the result on the perception of bene- ficiaries on the political sustainability of the scheme. It was found that the statement that more relevant government policies need to be enacted to support the programme for its survival had the highest mean score (x̅ = 4.32). This result is in tandem with Odubola (2009) who pointed out uncer- tainty over the political environment to support programme continuity in the country, a trend that keeps recurring as a result of a systemic policy problem and continues to be a bane to effective agricultural development. As per ownership sustainability, table 4 reveals that the statement on beneficiaries benefitting more when there is a positive programme outcome had the highest mean score (x̅ = 3.90). This will no doubt give beneficiaries the impres- sion that they are major stakeholders in the scheme. This would in turn make them work tireless towards ensuring that the objectives of the scheme are achieved. Furthermore, table 4 shows the perception of respon- dents on the technical sustainability of the scheme. It was revealed that statements that the beneficiaries could take ad- vantage of cooperatives formed to access more government Table 4. Perceived Sustainability of the Youth Empower- ment Scheme Perceived Sustainability Mean Economic sustainability 1. Expansion for increased profitability may not be possible in my business enterprise without continuous help from government. 2. My enterprise may be incapable of meeting my needs if there is no further support from government. 3. Some beneficiaries seem to be after the grants promised by the government rather than being trained to be self-reliant. 4. Access to factors of production such as land, capital and inputs could be a challenge if government fails to provide them. Ownership sustainability 5. The government is willing to bear the loss in case of negative outcomes. 6. The programme appears to benefit all, despite party affiliations. 7. Beneficiaries benefit more when there is positive result. 8. It appears beneficiaries cannot make decision on the enterprise without approval from the government 9. The programme may be a sheer waste of time of beneficiaries as people view the programme as political campaign rather than to empower them Technical sustainability 10. There seems to be adequate resources to empower the beneficia- ries. 11. Infrastructures appear to be available to be used by beneficiaries. 12. There ought to be a special task force established to recommend areas requiring improvement in the programme. 13. The beneficiaries could take advantage of cooperatives formed to access more governmental support 14. The programme could have done better in equipping beneficia- ries with the skills to undertake agricultural projects. 15. The experience gathered looks insufficient to manage and main- tain a bigger farm enterprise 16. The programme may not achieve set objectives as it is a means to perpetrate corruption by the federal government 17. Beneficiaries seem capable to source market for produce if government fails to buy. 18. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) should get more involved in the programme. Political sustainability 19. There seem to be laws in place to ensure the continuity of the programme from one regime to another. 20. Government seems committed to building on the successes of the programme. 21. The government seems to be fulfilling all its promises, to ensure success of the programme. 22. The programme may be scrapped as soon as the incumbent government leaves office. 23. The programme might fail because many of the achievements claimed are untrue. 24. The programme is seen to be more of political propaganda; therefore, it may be discontinued by next government. 25. Constitutional amendment processes are required to scrap the programme 26. More relevant government policies need to be enacted to support the programme for its survival. 3.78 3.82 3.22 3.90 2.81 2.22 3.90 1.90 3.12 2.60 2.08 4.08 4.11 3.89 3.74 3.43 2.01 4.04 2.90 3.99 2.94 3.52 3.58 2.20 3.12 4.32 Source: Field survey, 2020 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v2i2.384 30 Research on World Agricultural Economy | Volume 02 | Issue 02 | June 2021 Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 support (x̅ = 4.11) had the highest mean, with statement that there ought to be a special task force established to recom- mend areas requiring improvement in the programme (x̅ = 4.08) and statement that non-governmental organisations (NGOs) should get more involved in the programme (x̅ = 4.04) ranking 2nd and 3rd respectively. Table 5. Categorisation of Perceived Sustainability of the Youth Empowerment Scheme Sustainability Percentage Minimum Maximum Mean Unsustainable (below mean) 36.6 47.0 88.5 64.5 Sustainable (mean and above) 63.4 Field survey, 2020 3.3 Constraints to the sustainability of the scheme Table 6 reveals inadequate funding/support by the government as the major constraint affecting the sustain- ability of the scheme. This is because fund is essential to the success of any project/activities without which the empowerment programme will drag, there will be lack of equipment or facilities to organise the training effectively, payment of trainers and money to support the trainees to take-off, put what was learnt into practice and this will greatly affect sustainability of the programme. Other ma- jor constraints are: poor post-empowerment support by the government; uncertainty over the political environment to support continuity; inadequate monitoring and evaluation of the beneficiaries; negative attitude of other beneficia- ries during training; and Favouritism in the process of se- lecting beneficiaries as they ranked 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th respectively. This result is consistent with the findings of Tijani (2018) who pointed out inadequate funding, uncer- tainty over the political environment to support continuity of programmes and regime change as major constraints militating against the sustainability of government pro- grammes. In Nigeria in particular, regime change implies non funding or scraping of programmes initiated by the previous government no matter how laudable they are thus, resulting in collapse of such programmes. Hence, lack of continuity in government programme(s) means unsustainability of the programme. These findings are quite germane as Salako and Badmus (2014) stated that most government’s empowerment programmes often fail to achieve the targeted goal due to inadequate funding. Relating to policy issue, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (2005) advanced that overtime policy instability, policy inconsistencies, narrow base of policy formulation, poor policy implementation and weak insti- tutional framework for policy coordination have remained constraints to effective agricultural development. All the constraints identified by the respondents revolved round the issue of funding such as monitoring and evaluation that involve cost of transportation, feeding and sometimes accommodation. In line with these, Tijani (2018) asserted that government does not usually give programme partic- ipants support such as grant or loan to establish their own enterprises and also fail to provide an enabling environ- ment after conclusion of programmes. Additionally, it is reported that government employment programmes do not always have adequate supervision (Akinremi and Sonaiya, 2009), which results in poor service delivery. 3.4 Test of hypothesis Table 7 shows that a significant relationship exist between constraints and perceived sustainability of the youth empowerment scheme. By implication, constraints such as insufficient funding, poor post-empowerment sup- port, uncertainty over the political environment to support continuity amongst others will threaten the sustainability of the programme. For instance, insufficient fund can af- fect acquisition of inputs, hiring of labour, transportation of output to the market thereby threatening involvement and or sustainable production. This is supported by the findings of Adekunle, Adefalu, Oladipo, Adisa and Fatoye (2009) that several constraints faced by the youths are responsible for their low level of involvement in agri- culture. Also, table 7 further shows that sustainability of Table 6. Constraints to the Sustainability of the Scheme Constraints Mean Rank Negative attitude of other beneficiaries during training 0.62 5th Inadequate fund or capital support by the government. 0.87 1st Programme is fraught with excessive bureaucracy 0.51 7th Inadequate monitoring and evaluation of the beneficiaries 0.66 4th Poor response of agricultural knowledge and information system to beneficiaries’ challenges 0.48 10th Inability to benefit from Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems 0.42 11th Uncertainty over the political environment to support continuity 0.72 3rd Poor post-empowerment support by the government 0.77 2nd Inadequate access to agricultural knowledge and information system 0.49 8th Lack of market for produce as envisaged 0.49 8th Favouritism in the process of selecting beneficiaries 0.58 6th Source: Field survey, 2020 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v2i2.384 31 Research on World Agricultural Economy | Volume 02 | Issue 02 | June 2021 Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 the scheme is dependent on the benefits derived by the respondents. Loan/credit to set up the business as well as ready market for the output can serve as incentives for continuous involvement in the programme. This is in line with Ogunleye et al (2014) that the benefit offered by any programme will determine its sustainability. Table 7. Relationship between benefits, and constraints faced by beneficiaries of the scheme and perceived sus- tainability of the programme. Variable r-value p-value Benefits 0.382* 0.000 Constraints 0.462* 0.002 *P≤ 0.05 4. Conclusion and Recommendations The study concluded that the youth empowerment scheme from ARMTI was not without its shortcomings as identified by the beneficiaries. However, majority of the beneficiaries of the scheme agreed the training programme was successful. The programme’s aim of imparting skill, changing of attitude of the youth to ag- riculture as a vocation was significantly achieved. The programme was laudable and impactful, and respondents found the Youth Empowerment Scheme to be sustainable based on economic, political, technical and ownership criteria of International Fund for Agricultural Develop- ment (IFAD 2007). In lieu of the foregoing, the following recommenda- tions were made: • Subsequent programme should be gender sensitive in order to balance male to female enrolment. • Government, development experts and donor agen- cies must ensure that sustainability of programme is tak- en into cognizance at every level of the programme and efforts must be put into incorporation of monitoring and evaluation from the beginning so as to prevent wastage of resources. • There is an urgent need to ensure appropriate legisla- tion so as to insulate the programme from political shocks that may come as a result of change in government. References [1] Adesina O.S (2013). Unemployment and security Challenges in Nigeria. 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