Review of Economics and Development Studies Vol. 5, No 2, June 2019

253

Volume and Issues Obtainable at Center for Sustainability Research and Consultancy

Review of Economics and Development Studies
ISSN:2519-9692 ISSN (E): 2519-9706

Volume 5: No. 2, June 2019

Journal homepage: www.publishing.globalcsrc.org/reads

Space of Green Politics in South Asia: Myth or Reality?

1
Altaf Majeed,

2
Mussawar Hussain Bukhari,

3
Ali Shan Shah,

4
Mian Muhammad Azhar

1
MPhil Scholar, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University

Faisalabad, Pakistan, altafgill2027@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan,

mussawarbukhari@gmail.com
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science & IR Government College University Faisalabad,

alishanshah@gcuf.edu.pk
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University

Faisalabad, Pakistan, muhammad.azhar@gcuf.edu.pk

ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT

History

Revised format: May 2019

Available Online: June 2019

Green politics is a political ideology comprises social progress through

sustainable development, peace, social justice, and grass-root democracy.

Green politics is an evolving trend in world politics emerged in 1970s and

revolutionized the political scenarios after the mid-80s with the discovery

of „Ozone Hole‟ in 1984. Currently, green or eco political parties are

popular in many advance countries such as Germany, France, UK,

Netherland, and Spain etc. Regions which present a bleak picture on eco-

politics are backward in environmental sustainability, and same is the case

with South Asia. Environment is considered a secondary thing in South

Asia; because region is already tackling the primary goals of life such as

food, shelter, inflation, health, and education etc. Until achieving these

goals; eco-politics will remain an illusion in South Asia despite facing

many environmental related challenges. Hence, environmental slogans are

not Asian political parties. Yet, there are some conservation and

reforestation projects such as a billion-tree project in KPK of Pakistan or

KFCC (Kerala forest conservation campaign) etc. South Asia is prone to

climate change and global warming; Karachi, Mumbai, and Maldives are

in the immediate threat to be drowned till 2050 if the sea level keeps

rising due to the melting of glaciers. Hence, the need is to focus on more

environmental oriented political programs before it is too latepopular in

the region. There is a nominal finding about environment in the

manifestoes of South.

NonCommercial 4.0

Keywords

Environment, Green Politics,

Education, Development, South

Asia

JEL Classification:

D70, N35

Corresponding author‟s email address: muhammad.azhar@gcuf.edu.pk

Recommended citation: Majeed, A., Bukhari, M. H., Shah, A. S. and Azhar, M. M. (2019). Space of Green

Politics in South Asia: Myth or Reality? Review of Economics and Development Studies, 5 (2), 253-260

DOI: 10.26710/reads.v5i2.595

1. Introduction
Green politics is an emerging trend in world politics stressing upon socio-economic progress through sustainable

development, peace, social justice, and grass-root democracy. Green politics is an evolving trend in world politics:

the culture of sustainability and green politics started taking place in the world particularly in Europe in early

1970s; when a group called „German Greens‟ propagated a social movement focusing on environmentalism in

http://www.publishing.globalcsrc.org/reads

Review of Economics and Development Studies Vol. 5, No 2, June 2019

254

Germany (Zubrin, 2012), later revolutionized the political scenarios after the mid-80s with the discovery of „Ozone

Hole‟ in 1984 in Southern hemisphere. Montreal summit (1987) and Kyoto Protocol (1997) were the building

blocks towards environmental sustainability and development; which set many targets and standards for

environment. Green politics started with the emergence of environmental issues and reached its zenith in 90s to that

extent that American presidential elections of 2000 were contested on the slogan of „climate change‟. Since then

„environmentalism‟ has been an essential part of international agendas and state‟s policy making.

The early proponents of green politics such as Gandhi, Uexcull, and Spinoza etc. considered it much more than a

mere political ideology; as they also share many other ideas like conservation, peace movements, feminism, and

grass-root democracy etc. Conservation of Environment and its non-renewable natural resources were the basic

goal of green politics at that time. Gandhi once said; „Earth has enough to satisfy human needs but not human

greed‟. (Michael and Mckinney 2007) Later in late 20th century, some ingredients of liberalism such as feminism

were also incorporated in the green politics. Now, according to a British green activist „Dirik Wall‟ there is four

pillars of green politics: (Wall, 2010)

i. Ecological Wisdom
ii. Grass-root democracy

iii. Social Justice
iv. Non-violence

In 2001, „Global Green Movement‟ organized by 800 delegates from 72 countries in Canberra, Australia

promulgated a „Global Green Charter‟ envisaging six guiding principles, (GGC 2001) which are:

i. Ecological Wisdom
ii. Social Justice

iii. Participatory Democracy
iv. Non-Violence
v. Sustainability

vi. Respect for Diversity

Since its inception, green politics is vehement supporter of grass-root democracy. They have an opinion that people

should be involved in local or grass-root political activities to play a direct role in decision making which is going

to influence the people lives and their environment. Besides, Green ideology seeks to eliminate nuclear weapons

completely from the world and espouse „world Federation‟ where the chance of any war would be minimum. Last

but not least, social justice is an integral part of green politics; Social justice encompasses the economic justice,

consumer justice; need and responsibilities being a member of community. Capitalism leads toward competition

and competition leads toward waste of resources; hence, green ideology is a bit inclined towards socialism.

Green politics also inspires taking actions on individual level; such as individual decision of ethical consumerism.

For instance, buying and consuming things that are eco-friendly, such as using paper bags instead of plastic bags

for daily usage due to its recyclability and disposability.

Green ideology is an issue-oriented ideology; emerged with the emergence of environmental issues and proliferated

with the proliferation of those issues such as global warming, ozone depletion, glaciers melting, water depreciation,

desertification, depletion of non-renewable resources etc. There are many countries including Pakistan which are

highly affected with those issues, and usually such countries are the most palatable grounds for the popularity of

green politics. But it is the general observation that the countries which are most prone to climate change are least

aware and consequently least interested in green politics. The basic needs for the survival of human beings are

food, clothes and shelter. It is really difficult for the people to divert their main intentions towards environment

other than basic needs for survival. The simple question raised in the mind first is, a person who is surviving by

leaps and bounds and is worried from where the food will come tomorrow, can divert his attention to the question

of environment.

2. Hypothesis
Economic backwardness, unawareness, and subtle democratic norms are few of the many reason behind the

unpopularity of green politics in developing South Asia.

Review of Economics and Development Studies Vol. 5, No 2, June 2019

255

3. Literature Review
Thomas Poguntke evaluated the comparative role of green political parties in Europe. According to him, Green

Parties in Europe hold no or limited power; hence, ineffective of implementing their green agendas into reality.

Besides, wherever they are in power, they are in coalition government, hence cannot dictate their demands or

agendas. Although, green party in the recent polls have shown exceptionally in Finland but they have equally

sabotaged badly in Germany. Hence, the picture of green politics is bleak in Europe (Poguntke, 2001).

Christine Dann reviewed the history of global green political parties. First, he described what green politics is.

Green Politics consists of four elements; ecological wisdom, non-violence, democracy, and social justice. The

origin of Green politics dates back to the time when man started taking interest in his environment and it started

taking boom with the discoveries of ecological issues such as ozone depletion, desertification, deforestation, and

global warming etc. According to Chritine, future belongs to environment and consequently, environmental politics

would be more appealing than any issue because of its sensitivities as the survival of human depends on it. (Dann,

1999)

Ahmed discussed the Stockholm conference on resilience which held from 21st August to 23rd August, 2017 in

which more than 100 researchers participated. The agenda of the conference was to find the ways for the

conservation on coral reefs, stop deforestation, and urbanization with healthier environment. He also discussed the

status of Environmental Laws in Pakistan. Pakistan has devised environmental laws but lags behind in their

implementation. For instance, Article 11 of PEPA (Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997) prohibits

excessive emission of polluted waste of any sort: solid, air, or noise etc. but have little implementation. Article 11

of PEPA (1997) requires IEE (Initial Environmental Examination) and EIA (Environment Impact Assessment)

reports for projects more than 50 million worth. These reports are unknown to most contractors in Pakistan. PEPA

(1997) also promulgates the zero or minimum noise pollution in the vicinity of educational institutions, but with no

application. KPK has taken an initiative to restore the environment in the form of „Billion „Tree Tsunami‟.

Pakistan is in acute needs of taking steps towards environmental restoration and conservation. According to

German‟s watch climate risk index of 2016: Pakistan lost more than 2 billion dollars due to climate change related

events. (Ahmed, 2017)

Waqar M. (2014) criticized Pakistan‟s politicians and political parties for neglecting environmental or climate

change issue in their electoral campaigns. Besides, they invested a little to tackle climate change which has affected

Pakistan adversely. Human rights commission of Pakistan in her annual report of 2013 said: “Environmental issues

cannot be sidelined as secondary matters of public policy” (Ahmed, Pakistan's politicians fail to protect

environment, 2014) but in case of Pakistan it is not an issue, not even a secondary one. According to World Bank

report, Pakistan loses about 6% of GDP annually due to ecological or environmental degradation. Despite the

recent flooding from 2010 onward due to extreme weather conditions, no major political party of Pakistan has focus

much on environment in their election campaigns or manifestoes. They added the word environment in their

manifestoes just nominally without much regard except Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf Pakistan. PTI in 2013 manifesto

stressed on “green economy” based on reforestation, eco-tourism, small scale farming, and effective water

management. „Billion Tree Tsunami‟ is an offshoot of these visions. Most of the other political parties look at these

projects with much suspicion; but the fact is, even if these projects materialized only 10% into reality, it will change

the land-scape of KPK from environmental deteriorated to environmental friendly province.

4. Green Politics and the Contemporary World
South Asia is the region with enormous environmental issues ranging; from Mangroves loss, water scarcity,

deforestation, and desertification to rapidly melting of glaciers resulting into floods every year, rise of sea level rise,

and changes in climate patterns. According to Global Risk Index 2017, Pakistan and India are included in „Bottom

10‟ (Bottom 10 is the 10 countries most affected by climate change). Pakistan ranked 7th most prone to climate

changes (Kreft, 2017). Major Environmental issues in South Asia are: Climate change is the result of Green House

effect, and greenhouse effect complements by climate change. Once this chain starts, it keeps on running with

positive energy through climate feed-back mechanism.

Siachan are the 2nd largest glaciers in the world lies in South Asia at the northern borders of Pakistan and India; it

is also the source of almost all the rivers in both countries, some of them such as Indus, Gangas, and Brahmaputra

etc. are few of biggest in the world. Climate change results in melting of glaciers very fast and exposing new

surfaces to absorb more energy, which in turn result in more melting of glaciers. The ultimate consequence is the

Review of Economics and Development Studies Vol. 5, No 2, June 2019

256

floods, partially due to water mismanagement, as witnessed in recent years in Pakistan from 2010 onward. Beside,

melting of glaciers also results in depleting of fresh water sources. South Asia hosts the one fifth population of the

world with depleting water resources, making it a water stressed region. Scarcity of fresh water is the major issue of

Pakistan and India and climate change is the main reason behind it. As for as Pakistan is concerned, scarcity of

clean drinking water in major issue. For the irrigation of agricultural territory in Punjab and Sindh, the fresh water

is supplied by the only one river of Indus, the major river in Pakistan, while the other areas in the country remained

deprived of fresh water. The shortage in the supply of fresh water has been posed severe threats for the economic

survival of Pakistan and for people living in Pakistan.

Figure 1

Source: (Heyne, 2015)

The situation has further become worsened because of polluted water in the Pakistan. The main causes of polluted

water include excessive use of fertilizers, disposing the wastage of industry into rivers and lakes, the sewage from

urban areas remains untreated and finally dumped into the ocean and the use of contaminated pipelines for the

transportation of water. The main cause of spread of diseases in Pakistan is usage of filthy water because the fresh

drinking water is contaminated. As a result, the main cause of reported diseases and health issues in Pakistan are

resulted by polluted water, directly or indirectly (Sabir, 2012). 45% of infant deaths are due to diarrhea and 60% to

overall waterborne diseases (PCRWR, 2015).

India retains 24% forest cover of her total land which is close to international standard, 25% of total land. But

circumstances are worse in case of Pakistan as she retained between 2 and 5 percent only of its original forest cover

leads to erosion and hits the soil‟s ability to retain water, further compounding the problems of water scarcity and

flooding (Gopinathan, 2014). Deforestation occurs due to the weak energy infrastructure. Most of the forest cutting,

apart from commercial purpose, occurs for household need; for cooking and heating. Despite alarming situation of

forest cover, Pakistan has no solid policy to tackle the situation. There are various bio-diversity and ecological

issues related to forestry. Government of Pakistan announced her policy against forest cutting in 1992 which proved

to be ineffective due to various economic and political issues. The need of the hour is to initiate the programs

regarding reforestation and sustainable harvesting which could fulfill the energy needs of local people while

conserving the forests for future generation as well. “Carbon Financing” may be the best strategy in this regard. It is

an innovative idea where trees are given the value as they absorb carbon dioxide from the environment. Developed

countries give the finances in this regard as environment is considered a global entity. The role of government is to

ensure the finances come in and trees are considered an environmental commodity, not just a wood for fuel

(Hussain, 2012).

Every country in South Asia including Pakistan needs to develop a strategy and attract investment to come to

Pakistan on climate change issue. This initiative can be taken at the SAARC stage. The industries should also be

involved; if one actually invests in projects and get carbon credit that is going to be credited on commodity

exchange. It is the first environmental commodity of the world and the predictions of the World Bank are that this

market is going to be somewhere in the range of 5 to 10 billion dollars a year on exchange on this carbon emission.

Not surprisingly, climate change is compounding these stresses and causing new problems of its own. Pakistan

ranks among the worst-hit nations by climate change due to water scarcity and floods. The country relies on the

Indus River for irrigation, which is fed by glaciers in Tibet and the Himalayas. However, the melting of glaciers

due to global warming, despite leading to short-term higher flows, will eventually lead to reduced flows outside of

the monsoon season, compounding the water stress.

Review of Economics and Development Studies Vol. 5, No 2, June 2019

257

India is the biggest state in South Asia as more than 1.3 billion people dwell there. There are more than 1300

working political organizations in India but not even one is green party. (Nautiyal, 2012) Apart from socio-

economic crisis, India is saturated with environmental issues; ranging from water shortage to population explosion,

noise pollution, air pollution, deforestation, desertification, sea level rise, and solid waste etc. According to „World

Economic Forum‟ report 2018: Six out of ten world‟s most polluted cities of the world belong to India including

Gwalior, Allahabad, Raipur, Dehli, Ludhiana, and Khanna. (WEF, 2018) For such a crisis ridden country, it is

unfounded to have no green party. There are working green or environmental groups in India such as Sadhana

forests, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Save silent valley, Meri Dilli Meri Yamuna, Clean Dilli, Green Dilli etc.

(Untouched, 2014) The only problem is that these green groups have no political backing. People of India

considered these environmental organizations as activists without any political agenda. This is where the green

activists in South Asia lag behind developed world as they don‟t organize them politically. The need of time for

Green activists is to compose and regulate their energies for political organization. In this way, they can put

pressure on national parties for regulating environmental policies at the very least.

Maldives is a tourist hub of South Asia. It is a smallest country of the region located in Indian Ocean encompassing

about 1200 islands. The average ground level of this country is 4 feet above the sea level, which makes it the

World‟s lowest country. (Musili, 2017) Maldives is one of the most endangered countries in the world due to the

rising sea level. According to the Maldivian Government reports, if carbon emission remained in current pace and

sea level kept rising, Maldives will be under water by 2020. Government of Maldives is even planning to purchase

land in India, Sri Lanka or Australia to relocate their population in case of such emergency. (Musili, 2017) Other

environmental issues in this country are decreasing fresh water supply, lowering of water table, deforestation, and

rapid increase in population which is putting pressure on other natural resources. (Karthikheyan, 2012) Besides,

Maldives is prone to frequent Tsunamis which affect the countries‟ economic and social stature enormously. Hence,

there is dire need of propagating green politics in this country but the suit in not being followed.

Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are other notable countries of South Asian region. Both are small geographically but

enormous in population. Both are facing almost similar environmental related problems ranging from deforestation,

ground water contamination, air pollution, floods, sea water contamination, and urbanization etc. (Molla, 2016)

Social discrimination is widespread in both Bangladesh and Sri Lanka on politico ethnic grounds. Politics is being

done on hatred in these states rather than political agendas. There is no party in Sri Lanka or Bangladesh which

keeps environment a primary agenda of their politics despite of the fact that both countries lose billions of dollars in

flooding and other environmental related issues every year. Rapid Urbanization is another prevailing issue which is

a breeding ground for other environmental crisis such as Air Pollution, water contamination, noise pollution, and

lowering of water table ect. Dhaka, and Colombo are among the biggest cities of this region with no proper

management. (Alam, 2010)

Other environment related issues in South Asia are, Mangroves exploitation near Karachi, desertification due to

water scarcity, uncontrolled urbanization, running of old automobiles which are economical but a source of high air

pollution etc. So, from the above explanation, it is clearly understood that South Asia in saturated with

environmental issues; still there is no clear eco-politics or environmental agendas in the manifestoes of political

parties. The disapproval of eco-politics in South Asia is inherent in socio-economic issues of this region. People of

South Asia are so deprived of even the primary needs of life that environment is considered a luxury here. Real

issues of this region are food, shelter, clothes, education, and health; environment is always secondary to these

primary needs of life. Hence, the game of politics in South Asia is played on these primary yardsticks rather than

environment. That is the primary reason for the un-popularity of eco-politics in South Asia; as the political leaders

are aware of the fact that economic settings define social behavior, which in turn encompass each and every aspect

of life. According to Karl Marx:

Our society is like a tree and stem of that tree is economic structure and big

branches that originate from these stem are our laws and legislations, which are

necessary to govern the society. And small branches, bushes, and leaves are our

living styles, religion, social philosophies, norms, and customs etc. Hence,

whatever we do with in a society, all depends upon our economic structure just

like the whole tree depends upon the stem for its survival.

(Karl Marx: Das Capital, 1867)

Review of Economics and Development Studies Vol. 5, No 2, June 2019

258

Western societies have overcome their primary glitches long ago; hence environment, women rights, gay rights etc.

have become their main stream issues. Most of the European countries particularly Germany, Netherland,

Luxemburg, Austria, France, Spain, and Italy have Green Political Parties with large Legislature shares. But in case

of Pakistan, economic conditions are so fragile and primary issues are so prevalent that no one, masses or political

class, care about secondary issues; hence in spite of environmental challenges in Pakistan, there is a little which is

being done and propagated.

Education is the motor of every social engine; it keeps the society moving fast towards the positive and more

progressive direction. Awareness is the essence of educations and goals of education can only be fulfilled with

strong economy. It is a matter of education that we choose facilities around keeping in mind our environment like

bicycle or vehicle. But in the mindset in the countries like Pakistan won‟t allow us to use bicycle because it is

considered as transportation means for the poor and source of humiliation while it is environment friendly. It is all

about materialistic mindset, the world top economies use bicycles more than any developing country like Pakistan.

For instance, in Netherland out of 15 million population 14.59 use bicycles, about 99% of the population use

bicycle and it is one of the world top economies. Secondly, 80% of population in Denmark use bicycle daily. Out of

5.5 million people 4.46 use bicycle. (T10H, 2011) These countries are top in the world economy index but people

are aware and concerned with the issues related to safe environment and economy.

So, the economy and education of Pakistan is lagged as compared to other economies and have very poor

environmental awareness. The serious issues of lack in education and economic awareness lead to the very

miserable conditions of politics related to ecology in Pakistan. Only the educated societies have worth to

understand the links between human beings and environment and to act accordingly for the protection of our eco-

system.

5. Conclusion
Political leaders play a major role in setting the course for their nations. Unfortunately, political leadership of South

Asia is so oblivious that they consider environment a redundant object enforced on poor nations like Pakistan by

Western authorities. Politics is done on the basis of giving jobs, raising wages and salaries, tax cut, prioritizing

education and health sectors and so on. No political leader has given a due attention to the environment in spite of

having environmental laws. For instance, Pakistan in the signatory of Kyoto Protocol 1997 hence created

Environmental Protection Agencies in each province and center with no effective functions. Laws and Policies are

there, the real issue is enforcement; which people take very lightly. Enforcement is guaranteed only through using

authority; and using authority to implement environmental laws is not in the best political interest of our political

leadership. Hence, it is also a big reason for miserable condition of environmental politics in Pakistan because the

politics on environment can only be done when there are concerns with environment and in matter of Pakistan the

case is just opposite.

The awareness is needed for our society to make them aware of their surroundings and this is only possible with

education. To make contribution to our environment, it is necessary to strengthen the quality of our education and

education. The real misery is that the literacy rate of Pakistan is only 58% and we are ranked at 113th number out

of 120th countries according to global literacy report. (Khwaja, 2018) There were the best chances to propagate

eco-politics in Pakistan after earth-quake of 2005, floods from 2010-13, and most importantly after facing the water

scarcity in various regions of Pakistan. Millions on people were affected with these ecological challenges; and if

propagated effectively eco-politics could have become a main stream political agenda in Pakistan with large

backing of masses particularly those who were affected by it. Besides, major cities of India like Mumbai, Kolkata,

Surat, and Chennai are among the top 20 most prone cities to be drawn due to the rise of sea level (Ghose, 2013);

and sea level is rising due to rapid melting of glaciers which is a direct impact of global warming. But lack of

political will abrogated all those cashing instances and the region still stays far from ecological related politics in

spite of abundant ecological challenges.

References
Ahmed (2017). Saving Pakistan‟s environment. The Nations. August 31, 2017.

Alam G. M. (2010). Environmental Pollution of Bangladesh- Its effect and Control. Dhaka

Dann (1999). Global Green Party history - 'Time, Space and the Greens. From Earth's last islands. The global

origins of Green politics'. Lincoln University, New Zealand

Review of Economics and Development Studies Vol. 5, No 2, June 2019

259

Derek Wall (2010). The No-nonsense Guide to Green Politics. New Internationalist. P. 12. ISBN 978-1-906523-39-

EU (2014). Environmental working in India. Earth Untouched. http://earthuntouched.com/top-ngos-working-

environment-conservation-writing/.

GGC (2001). Global Green Charter. https://www.globalgreens.org/globalcharter. Retrieved: 06-11-18

Ghose, T. (2013). The 20 Cities Most Vulnerable to Flooding. Live Science. Retrieved: 12-07-18

Karthikheyan (2012). Environmental Challenges for Maldives. SAGE Journal.

https://doi.org/10.1177/097152311201700210. P. 52-62

Khwaja, Rizwan (2018). Literacy rate in Pakistan. The Nation. 18-01-18

Poguntke, T. (2001). Green Parties in National Governments: From Protest to Acquiescence. KEPRU. P-3. ISBN 1-

899488-34-0

Sabir, Ismat (2012). "Water is Becoming Scarce". Pakistan Observer.

Michael, Mckinney (2007). Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions. Yonavjak. Logan. P: 286.

Molla (2016). Environment and Climate Change in Bangladesh: Challenges and the Role of Public Administration.

Resources and Environment. P. 1-8

Musili (2017). Who Will Be Most Affected By Rising Sea Levels. Worldatlas.

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/15-countries-most-prone-to-rising-sea-levels.html. Retrieved: 28-11-

Narayan, G. (2014). Pakistan‟s Infrastructural and Environmental challenges. BERC (Berkely Energy and Resource

Collaborative). http://berc.berkeley.edu/pakistans-infrastructural-environmental-challenges

Nautiyal, S. (2012). Yes, there is a future for Green politics in India. India Greens. New Dehli.

PCRW. "Satellite Based Monitoring of Groundwater Storage Variations Over Indus Basin" . www.pcrwr.gov.pk.

Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resource, Ministry of Science & Technology.

Sönke, K. and Eckstein, D. (2017). Global Climate Risk Index 2017. German Watch. P: 6

Tahir, H. (2012). Environmental Issues of Pakistan. http://envirocivil.com/environment/top-10-environmental-

issues-in-pakistan

PCRW. Satellite Based Monitoring of Groundwater Storage Variations Over Indus Basin. www.pcrwr.gov.pk.

Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resource, Ministry of Science & Technology.

T10H (2011). Top 10 Countries with Most Bicycles per Capita. Top 10 Hell. http://top10hell.com/top-10-countries-

with-most-bicycles-per-capita/. Retrieved: 10-11-18

Thomas, K. (2016). Making the links between carbon markets in a post-Paris world. World Bank.

http://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/making-links-between-carbon-markets-post-paris-world.

Retrieved: 02-09-18

Waqar, M. (2014). Pakistan‟s Politicians fail to protect environment. Thomson Reuters Foundation.

WEF (2018). These are the world's most polluted cities. World Economic Forum. Cologny.

Wolfgang, R. (2001). Electoral Effects of Green Government Participation. Global Greens, University of

Strathclyde, Glasgow.

Zubrin (2012). Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of

Antihumanism. New Atlantis Books. ISBN 978-1-59403-476-3.

http://earthuntouched.com/top-ngos-working-environment-conservation-writing/
http://earthuntouched.com/top-ngos-working-environment-conservation-writing/
https://www.globalgreens.org/globalcharter
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097152311201700210
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/15-countries-most-prone-to-rising-sea-levels.html
http://berc.berkeley.edu/pakistans-infrastructural-environmental-challenges
http://envirocivil.com/environment/top-10-environmental-issues-in-pakistan
http://envirocivil.com/environment/top-10-environmental-issues-in-pakistan
http://top10hell.com/top-10-countries-with-most-bicycles-per-capita/
http://top10hell.com/top-10-countries-with-most-bicycles-per-capita/
http://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/making-links-between-carbon-markets-post-paris-world