Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 513 Impact of Re-Enactment Based Crime Shows of Pakistani Private Channels on Youth a Muhammad Ahsan Bhatti, b Urwah Iftikhar, c Tahir Mahmood a Department Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan. Email: muhammadahsan@bzu.edu.pk b Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University(LCWU), Lahore, Pakistan Email arwah.iftikhar@hotmail.com c Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan. Email: tahirmahmood@bzu.edu.pk ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT History: Accepted 04 March 2020 Available Online 15 March 2020 This is a survey based study that investigates the impact of reenactment based crime shows on youth. The study is conducted in educational institutions of South Punjab (Pakistan). a sample of 100 respondent was collected through distribution of the questionnaire and their response was analyzed. The results were analyzed by using five variables namely: Violence, Language, Seduction, Instigation and Fear. It was interesting to find that many of the youth consider some sort of violence and foul language justified in the given situation of the reenactment show. A significant number of youth found the use of alcohol and smoking inappropriate and use of lie in given situation unacceptable. There was a significant number of youth respondents who found the display of love, romance, flirt, prostitution, physical relations and rape seducing, in different scenes of reenactment crime shows. There were some youth viewers who felt the society unsafe for them or others after watching violence and crimes in the reenactment shows. © 2020 The authors. Published by SPCRD Global Publishing. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 Keywords: Crime, Violence, Television, Re- Enactment shows, Impact on Youth, Seduction on TV. JEL Classification: K14, K19 DOI: 10.47067/reads.v6i2.228 Corresponding author’s email address: tahirmahmood@bzu.edu.pk 1. Introduction Gerbner (1994) forwarded the “cultivation hypothesis,” asserting that heavy television viewing engenders fear, mistrust, and perceptions that the world is a dangerous place. Similarly, Smith and Donnerstein (1998) found that the report of National Institute of Mental Health is in conformity with the findings of surgeon general’s study. Literature is evident that exposure to television violence contributes to aggressive behavior in children. Apparently, based upon prior studies violence shown on media contributes to aggression, desensitization, and fear among the viewers. Seddon (2006) and Young (2003) found that media presents the threat of crime with exaggeration and then advocate the need of policing to counter the threat. Media depicts that only Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 514 punishment of the criminal is the solution. On the other hand media do not highlight the need to tackle poverty, unemployment and marginalization to reduce the crime. Reiner (2007) observed that news channels use to feature the crime and violence in very disproportionately manner. The channels focus on crime as the product of individual choice and ‘free- floating evil’, and they divert the attention from any link of this crime and violence to culture or society. Valier (2004) and Wardle (2007) found that news channels emphasis is on ‘evil others’ & sex crimes and on strangers who carry them out. Heath & Gilbert (1996) observed that Recent developments in mass media, such as the rise in popularity of crime reenactment television programs has increased the exposure to violence and in the real-world increase in the occurrence of stranger crimes. This increasing number of crimes by strangers can be because of the prevalence of random or random-appearing crimes reported by the media. Clifford (1976) observed that for the prevention of violence there have to be a long term planning and all the stakeholders have to be synchronized. Beullens, Roe & Bulck (2012) conducted research relating to alcohol consumption in music videos. The research revealed that high exposure to music videos develops an unrealistic perception of alcohol consumption. Musicians in these videos endorse alcohol in their songs and create a false reality about alcohol and its effects. Netzley (2010) found that the sexual activities were more high than the number of gays that appeared on the television. Gerbner and Gross (1076) stated that television exposure has more effect on people`s judgement,attitudes, thoughts and perception about the world than on their behavior in the society. People see what they believe and people believe what they see. The content that media is exposing leads the youth towards destruction. Pakistan is in a very critical situation regarding politics, social and economics. The bad economic condition has leaded the nation towards unemployment for youth. From this exposure from TV (only source of entertainment for youth members), they find new and short ways to earn money and satisfies their needs. Mass Media Oxford English Dictionary Online (2008) defines the mass media are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large number of audiences by mass communication. The communication technologies includes print media and electronic media as Newspapers, pamphlets, book or comic, radio, recorded music, films and TV. It also includes both mobile and internet. Electronic Media Xie-Connell (2015) defined electronic media are media that uses electronics to access the content. These electronics include radio, TV, computers, mobiles and likes. I've selected TV channel that is News Channels for my study. Significance of the study The reenactment program narrates the whole story with real life situations and locations.. The cast, makeover, plots, sound effects makes these crime shows attractive and instigating. Lippman (1946) found that Media has the power to influence the viewer and opinion of viewer. It can bring significant change in the society that can develop and demolish the society. The reenactment shows are consist of display of cruelty, intolerance, revenge, lust, vulgarity, abusive language and violence. Gregoriou (2011) said "Crime news is always Prime News". What is observed in these tales of the Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 515 program was astonishing for me that what they really want to show to the people? Are these programs to aware our generation or leading towards destruction? There are many intolerable telecasted in the prime time television shows that have very serious and damaging impact on the society. Raza et al (2019) found that television content can persuade the audience of television. Jamhouri & Winiarz (2009) observed that the people are influenced by the TV channels and these channels cultivate their perception. The only entertainment left in this world is TV but media giants are using it badly. It changes the very perceptions of the viewer and leads them to act like shown in these tales. Gerbner and Gross (1976) explained cultivation theory as the use of television to cultivate thoughts of people, over time. They pointed out that a viewer`s perception can be cultivated and molded by the television exposure. It has the power to build up certain behaviors in the society. Objectives The objectives of the study are as follows:  To know the reason behind watching the reenactment crime shows.  To know the role of the reenactment crime shows in developing criminal ideas.  To know about the contents of the reenactment crime shows.  To know about the influence of the reenactment crime shows to get involved in crime or criminal activities.  To know about the psychological effects of the reenactment crime shows on society. 2. Literature Review Yasmin, Sohail & Mangrio (2015) analyzes that during the last two or three years the electronic media in Pakistan has gone far away to expose explicit coverage and presentation of crime and sex in both fiction and reporting formats including graphic, even suggestive enactments. The media thus expected viewership to suddenly increase when such programs were aired. Their expectations were justified as advertisers began to sponsor during these broadcast of these programs and big money began to be raked in. Pan (2003) stated that media works for its profit only. In this way, it projects only entertainment through its shows. Sometimes, violent shows are displayed vividly on television. These types of negative portrayal also have a negative impact on its viewers but some people in media industry claimed that such programs do not affect people at all. Raza, Bakar & Mohamad (2018) found that television contents including programs and advertising have persuasive impact on the viewers. Coffin & Tuchman (1972) found that The Network Television Association issued some standards against the display of violence. According to those standards, violence against children and the use of weapons against them could not be displayed on the television. However, these standard laws were made but if we look at the present situation of media industry, it is evident that there is little or no implementation. American Academy of Pediatrics (2001) described violence, projected through media in the form of movies, dramas, programs and games, as a harmful effect on children and adults. The research was carried out in detail and the results were devastating. It was proved that violence on television can cause aggressive behavior, unnecessary fear and nightmares during sleep. Hence, the effects are on the Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 516 health of whole human body and mind. Watkins et al (1980) found that presentation of children’s program are bot up to the standard and they are not properly labeled. Laplante & Phenicie (2010) elaborated that media portrays the truth because it earns them profit. Since,violence is the bitter truth so, we can not blame media at the same time, it is not their responsibility to display only the wishes of consumers. Media should be aware of the fact that power to mold the behavior of society is itself. This task is not only different and difficult in nature but least profitable as well. Raza et al (2020) found that media has the television viewers watch TV as if they are consumer and content of the media are product. Cavender, Maupin & Jurik (1999) concluded in their research that the non-fictional programs were similar to crime dramas in their over dramatization of crime and their exaggeration of uncertainty and lack of safety. The nonfictional documentary style crime programming facilitated people to gather more information about crime. These programs made the distant issues more proximal towards the viewer. The use of dramatic reenactments, such shows intertwines factual reports with “rumor and speculation,” blurring the distinction between news and entertainment, what some call “infotainment”. They generally elaborate one or two stories because they go in depth the very story for 30-60 minutes. Some docudramas leave a question for the viewer or leave the viewer to draw conclusion their selves. Gruber & Grube (2000) reviewed that there is growing concern about young people's exposure to sexual content through television and other electronic media and about its potential effects on their sexual attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Researchers have documented the growing prevalence of sexual talk and portrayals of sexual behavior in televised media, as well as associations between adolescent viewing patterns and their sexual activities. Masi et al (2003) indicates that decreased from the 1990s, violence continues to be a major cause of death and disability for American children. Exposure to television violence is an important and virtually ubiquitous risk factor for youth violence. Pediatric care providers and parents can work together to decrease the exposure of children to media violence (primary prevention) and, if exposed, to mitigate the effects (secondary prevention). Huesmann & Taylor (2006) elaborated that media violence posse a great threat towards public health inasmuch as it leads towards aggression and violence within them. Study shows that fictional television and film violence contribute in increasing aggression and violence among the viewer. Television news violence also contribute in increasing violence in the form of imitate suicide and act of aggression. The relationship between the media violence and world violence is based on the content of the media exposed to the individuals. But the results and its effects have concluded that media violence is a threat to public health. Ward & Friedman (2006) states that numerous studies have demonstrated the effects of media on various behaviors, including violence and aggression, social stereotyping, and pro-social behaviors, the systematic process of examining sexual content on television and its impact on adolescent sexual behaviors is in its infancy. This study have demonstrated clearly that sexual content is pervasive in TV programming, movies, music videos, and magazines; however, much less is known about sexual content on the radio (including remarks by presenters) and the sexual content of video and computer games. Studies on the effects of television on teenagers’ sexual behavior have found that prime-time programs and music videos, focusing on sex outside marriage, promote more justifiable attitudes about premarital sex. Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 517 Reuband (1996) discusses about the fact, that what the media report about crime does not necessarily reflect the reality of crime. Trends in crime might go in quite a different direction. The average crime is much less violent than the media like to portray it. What kind of consequences this situation has for the media’s audience is an open question. One has to take into consideration the respective media, their content and perceived trustworthiness, as well as one 1has to take into consideration the readers and viewers, their social backgrounds and orientation. Huesmann (2007) studies concluded that exposure to media violence immediately increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior for children and adults in the short run. The most important underlying process for this effect is probably priming though mimicry and increased arousal also play important roles. The evidence from longitudinal field studies is also compelling that children’s exposure to violent electronic media including violent games leads to long-term increases in their risk for behaving aggressively and violently. These long-term effects are a consequence of the powerful observational learning and desensitization processes that neuro-scientists and psychologists now understand occur automatically in the human child. Goranson (1970) studied on media violence and aggressive behavior. He limited his study on the basic issues such as effects of learning, emotional effects, the question of catharsis and effects of aggressive behavior. His issue of concern was that young people may learn new techniques, way or strategies of aggressive behavior through violent media content or exposure. This adoption of aggressive behavior can be done through learning and retention of aggressive acts of the media exposure. Frequent exposure to media violence can not actually engage someone in aggressive behavior but can be increased gradually and continuously. His hypothesis of catharsis through aggressive behavior was not proven tenably. Observed violence of media serves as expression of aggression. This media violence heightens the intensity of aggressive attacks on the very person targeted. Hypothesis H1: It is more likely that crime re-enactment shows can motivate the youth towards violent activities. H2: It is more likely that youth is using abusive and slang language after watching crime re-enactment shows. H3: It is more likely that content of re-enactment programs instigate the youth to participate in antisocial activities. H4: It is more likely that content of re-enactment programs promote seductive behavior among youth. H5: It is more likely that crime re-enactment shows are not spreading fear among viewers. 3. Methodology Survey method was adopted for this study to get response from the youth. A questionnaire was devised in accordance with the objectives of the study. University and college students from the educational institutions of South Punjab, were accessed for survey. Likert scale was used in questionnaire to get the appropriate response from the respondents. 3.1 Sampling Technique Purposive sampling technique was used for the survey. Only those young students and teachers were taken as sample, who used to watch crime based re-enactment shows, to give response on the topic. 3.2 Sample size 100 youth members were distributed this questionnaire including girls, boys and young teachers Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 518 from age group of 17 to 28. 3.3 Variables The following variables are evaluated in the light of following categories. 1. Violence 2. Language 3. Seduction 4. Instigation 5. Fear 3.3.1 Violence The behavior involving physical force intended to hurt damage or kill something or someone. For my study, every act of slap, punch, push backs, fight and verbal violence is termed as violence. 3.3.2 Language Abusive language contains impolite and offensive words. If slang, vulgar or street language is used in selected programs for study will fall in the category of abusive language. 3.3.3 Seduction The act of attraction through sexual exposure results in arousal of one's emotions. 3.3.4 Instigation Incite someone to do something especially bad. e.g. lie, smoking, late night calls, date, physical relation, extra marital relationships, hidden marriages, public place meetings, money, suicide, deceiving etc w.r.t this study. 3.3.5 Fear That content which deals with emotions of people as fear or threat towards their lives. 4. Results 4.1 Voilence 4.1.1 Display of "slap" in re-enactment crime shows is acceptable. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 519 Graph 1: Shows the response of slap scenes in crime re-enactment shows 41% strongly disagreed on this and 27% disagreed for its acceptance. These shows contain violent content especially "slap" that is on the women as wife or sisters in these tales and it is portrayed as a solution of any problem which is against our norms. They show weaker sex to be the target of the violence by men. 8% of the respondents answered as strongly agreed that the slap is acceptable and 9% just agreed, 15% were neutral on this question. 4.1.2 Fighting scenes of crime shows are more violent w.r.t our society. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 2: Shows the response of violent scenes in crime re-enactment shows 29% of the respondents were strongly agreed that the fighting scenes are violent in these shows and 27% just agreed on it. Our norms of the society based on the teachings of Islam and Islam is a peaceful religion and fighting is not acceptable in any society. These shows contain fighting as gunshots, murders, punching, encounter, poison killing and all the new techniques of killing and hurting. 24% remain neutral on this. 13% disagreed that the scenes are violent and 7% answered as strongly disagreed that it does not contain any violent content. 4.1.3 Language of re-enactment shows contains abusive words. 8 9 15 27 41 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Display od Slap Scenes 29 27 24 13 7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Fight Scenes in Crime Shows Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 520 a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 3: shows the response on abusive words in language of crime re-enactment shows 28% of the respondents were strongly agreed that the content contains abusive words and 32% were agreed that it contains abusive words. These words contain all the slang and vulgar words. The perpetrator use abusive in these episodes in extent. Only 9% were of neutral perception about the abusive language, 15% disagreed on it and 16% strongly disagreed that it did not contain abusive words. 4.1.4 Violent scenes and abusive language are justified in the given situation. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 4: Shows the response of omitted words by beep in scenes of crime re-enactment shows Most of the respondents (27% )strongly agreed that use of violence and abusive language is justified in re-enacted situation, and 26% were agreed that the use is justified. 16% of the respondents were neutral about the use of violence or foul language. 15% disagreed and 6% strongly disagreed that use of violence and foul language is justifiable. 4.2 Language 4.2.1 Language of these crime shows can be considered as slang, vulgar or foul. 28 32 9 15 16 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Use of Abusive Language 26 27 16 15 6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Violence and Abusive language is justified? Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 521 a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 5: shows the response of slang language in scenes of crime re-enactment shows 34% respondents answered to be strongly agreed that the language is slang and 31% agreed on it. As these are crime tales they expose abusive language of the criminals. The language is slang and loose because our society has rejected this language and termed those who use these words as "tramps". Every episode of these tales contains loose language and it is now spreading in youth. 9% were neutral on this question. 13% disagreed that it is not slang or loose language whereas 13% strongly disagreed. 4.3 Seduction 4.3.1 Scenes of crime shows that use touching or molesting are bearable. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 6: shows the response of physical connection scenes in crime re-enactment shows 33% of the respondents were strongly agreed that the touching scenes are unbearable and 27% were agreed. Because it provokes ones emotion and the material becomes seductive for the viewer. They said that these scenes arouses their emotions and want to have one. 13% were having neutral perception. 14% disagreed with the statement and 13% strongly disagreed. 34 34 9 13 13 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Use of Slang and Foul Language 33 27 13 14 13 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Touching and Molesting Scenes are Bearable? Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 522 4.3.2 Rape scenes of these re-enactment crime shows attract the attention of viewer. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 7: shows the response of rape scenes in crime re-enactment shows 31% respondents from youth strongly agreed on the rape scene attraction in these tales and 28% were agreed that it attracts the viewer. The media has distracted the audience towards lust and desires. Every young one is searching for this sort of program which shows seduction and such bold scenes. The "PG" sign indicates that it has to be viewed under parents' guidance or can not be watched by underage. But the youth considered its obligation to watch it. So these rape scenes attract the viewer very much. 16% remain neutral whereas 12% answered with disagree and 13% strongly disagreed. 4.3.3 Scenes of prostitution shown in these crime shows attract the youth. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 8: shows response of prostitution scenes in crime re-enactment shows 31% respondents from youth strongly agreed that the prostitution attracts them and 22% agreed on it. The western world showed sexual activities path to the youth of Asian countries. So the viewer attracts towards the prostitution of these tales. And they used to enjoy these tales at that late hour. 20% chose to be neutral. 16% disagreed with this and 11% strongly disagreed with this statement. 4.3.4 Successful "love scenes" are seducing. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree 31 28 16 12 12 0 10 20 30 40 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Rape scenes Attracts the Viewers 31 22 20 16 11 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Scenes of Prostitution are attractive Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 523 Graph 9: shows response of successful love scenes in crime re-enactment shows 25% strongly agreed that the successful love stories and love scenes seduce them and 28% just agreed on this fact. Presently, our media only exposes one thing on the screen i.e. "the relation of girlfriend & boyfriend". Our advertisements are on the same track. The youth in collages and universities make relations and admire the successful love stories from these programs. But when they fail in doing so, they follow the same situation shown in these tales as suicide or path of sins. 21% were of neutral perception. 14% disagreed on it and 12% strongly disagreed. 4.4 Instigation 4.4.1 Use of lies shown in re-enactment programs justify the situation. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 10: shows response on use of lies in crime re-enactment shows 38% of the youth were strongly disagreed that the lies in these programs does not justifies the situation and 22% disagreed on this. The lies are the actual crime of any bad activity it never justifies the situation but rather pollute the situation. 23% remain neutral. 16% agreed on this statement and 1% strongly disagreed. 4.4.2 Smoking and drinking scenes of crime shows acceptable. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree 25 28 21 14 12 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Love Scenes are Seducing 1 16 23 38 22 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Use of Lie in Re-enactment programs Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 524 Graph 11: shows response of smoking & drinking scenes in crime re-enactment shows 28% answered to be strongly disagreed that the smoking and drinking scenes are acceptable and 23% disagreed on it. These scenes instigate the audience to try the very act. It is not acceptable as these tales are viewed by the whole society specially youth members, they are easy target for instigation. 21% were neutral. 19% agreed on this statement and 11% strongly agreed. 4.4.3 Scenes of late night calls in crime re-enactment shows are instigating. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 12: shows response of late night calls scenes in crime re-enactment shows 28% agreed that late night calls instigate them and 19% strongly agreed that it instigates them to do so. These programs encourages the viewer that it is the art of society one should also do it because majority is doing it. So it instigates the youth members. 17% were neutral. 19% disagreed on this statement and 17% strongly disagreed. 4.4.4 Scenes of physical relation in crime shows are seducing. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree 11 19 23 21 28 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Display of Smoking and Drinking is Acceptable 19 28 17 19 17 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Display of Late Night Calls is Instigating Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 525 Graph 13: shows response of physical relations scenes in crime re-enactment shows 32% respondents from youth strongly agreed that the physical relation shown in these programs instigates them to have one and 21% agreed on it. The media opened up the path way of lust, sex and desires. It not only exposes it but make these materials accessible. The youth members are amused by these tales and want to have physical relationships. 19% remain neutral. 20% disagreed on this statement and 8% strongly disagreed. 4.4.5 Extramarital affairs shown in the re-enactment programs are seductive. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 14: shows response of extramarital relation scenes in crime re-enactment shows 34% agreed that the extra marital relation justifies the situation in these crime tales and 19% strongly agreed on it. The media has detracted these members as much that they don't feel ashamed of saying or thinking that extramarital relations are right. They consider these affairs to justify the situation as shown in these tales. 26% were neutral. 6% disagreed on this and 15% strongly disagreed. 4.4.6 Scenes showing suicides are justified according to situation. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree 32 21 19 20 8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Show of Physical Relation is Seducing 19 34 26 6 15 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Show of Extramerital Affairs id seductive Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 526 Graph 15: shows response on suicide justification scenes in crime re-enactment shows 29% disagreed on the justification of these suicides and 24% strongly disagreed. It does not justify the situation because death is not the solution of any problem. 17% were of neutral perception. 13%agreed that it justifies the story and 17% strongly disagreed. 4.4.7 Scenes showing flirting or cheating are instigating. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 16: shows instigation to cheat or flirt by crime re-enactment shows 34% respondents from youth answered to be agreed that these shows instigates them to cheat or flirt as well whereas 27% strongly agreed on it. Yes, it instigates youth towards cheating and flirting from parents and peers. It encourages them to dodge their parents, play with girls and innocent lives, put themselves in danger satisfies their desires. 18% remain neutral. 8% disagree on this statement and 13% strongly disagree. 4.5 Fear 17 13 17 29 24 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Display of Suicide is Justified 17 13 17 29 24 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Scenes of Flirt or Cheating are Instigating Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 527 4.5.1 Crime and violence shown in re-enactment shows spread fear and insecurity among viewers. a. Strongly Agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly Disagree Graph 17: shows feeling of insecurity after watching crime re-enactment shows 34% respondents from youth answered to be strongly agreed that they feel unsecure in their environment after watching these shows and 19% just agreed. These shows have made the environment insecure for everybody because they show criminal activities are being done within ourselves and our surroundings. 9% remain neutral. 21% disagree with this statement and 17% strongly disagree. 5. Conclusion and Discussion 5.1 Test of Hypothesis H1: It is more likely that crime re-enactment shows can motivate the youth towards violent activities. It was found that the viewers of re-enactment shows are being exposed to violence and abusive language.The important phenomenon is that they consider the use of violence and abusive language justified in many situations. Total of 53% respondents consider it justified (See Graph 1 & 4). Only 21% percent respondents consider the criminal activities and violence not justified. They members of youth who have responded that violent scenes are "OK" to watch or they are violent at all contain violent behavior. They are desensitized towards violence and this exposure will lead them towards aggression and violent behavior. Hence the hypothesis H1 is proved. H2: It is more likely that crime re-enactment shows are promoting abusive and slang language among youth. The youth members can understand the words of the re-enactment crime based programs which are eliminated by a sound called "beep". If they understand those abusive words than for sure they can use it. As 60% respondents have mentioned that they found the use of abusive language in the re- enactment shows (See Graph 6) and 53% of respondents have declared the use of abusive language justified in given situation (See graph 4). Hence the hypothesis H2 is proved. H3: It is more likely that content of re-enactment programs instigate the youth to participate in antisocial activities. The youth has responded that by watching these crime based tales they want to experience the very situation as they watch on TV. They want to drink, dance, take drugs, to have extra marital relations and even commit suicide when they are in problem (see graph 10-16). 51 % of the respondents have not considered the smoking and use of alcohol as a justified content for the re-enactment shows (see graph 34 19 9 24 17 0 10 20 30 40 Strogly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Crime and Violence in Crime Shows Spread Insecurity Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 528 11). use of lie in was not approved by 60% of the respondents (See graph 10). on the other hand 61% respondent found the display of flirting and cheating as instigating (See graph 16). In case of show of suicide, 53% respondents consider it not justifiable (See graph 15). Sum of 53% respondents believed that show of extramarital affair or physical relation are seducing in nature (See graph 13 & 14). Hence the hypothesis H3 is proved. H4: It is more likely that content of re-enactment programs promote seductive behavior among youth. 53% respondents believed that show of extramarital affair or physical relation are seducing in nature (See graph 13 & 14). 60% of the respondents believed that scenes of these crime shows that use touching or molesting are unbearable (See graph 6). Total of 59% respondents found that rape scenes of these re-enactment crime shows attract the attention of viewer (See graph 7). From the respondents 53% consider the scenes of prostitution and love are seducing in nature (See graph 8 & 9). the results clearly show that re-enactment shows are promoting seductive behaviors among the viewers, hence the hypothesis H4 is proved. H5: It is more likely that crime re-enactment shows are not spreading fear among viewers. It was found that different crimes, antisocial activities and violent behaviors shown in the crime shows create different fears among the viewers. Sum of 53% respondents agreed that they have developed fear after watching the shows. On the other hand 38% respondents revealed that these re-enactment shows have not developed the fears in them (See graph 17). The result shows that the exposure of violence and crime develops some fear among the young viewers. Hence the hypothesis is not proved and it is a null hypothesis. 5.2 Discussion The study found that these shows are being watched by every age at the late hours i.e. 11p.m or so. Youth members used to watch different crime based tales not only on regular hours but on repeat hours also. These programs expose the viewers from violence, bad language, vulgarity, boldness, seduction and instigation towards crime and fear or emotional appeal for the attraction. These programs have create uncertainty in the society and everybody feels insecure and threaten towards their peers and even family. They are destroying our family values and respect for relations. There is a feeling of insecurity within the youth members that they are scared to be a victim or victimizer. Moreover, these programs have left a psychological effect on the viewer that they should not trust any relation whether parents, marital relation, and sibling and likes because they have exposed in the very tales that these relations always betrayed, deceives and break trust. So only trust yourself and fulfill your all desires by force. The language of the program is too bold and vulgar. It contains such abusive and slang words that are excluded by "beep". Is it necessary to say those words in the scenes which are to be omitted? The youth members can understand the very abusive words and the makers of the programs are continuously reinforcing this content. What will happen through this reinforcement that youth will adopt the language? And in my opinion, the makers of the program have succeeded above average. The tales contain such exposures which have illicit scenes in it that includes physical relation or extra marital relation, rape scenes, seduction, prostitution, sexual harassment, drinking, drugs and likes. These scenes are vulgar and bold with respect to our very society. The channel warn the viewers through "PG or 18+" sign which indicates that it contains material which is to be watched under parental guidance or not to be watched. But the "curiosity" lead them watch it and the young ones are Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 529 affected by the content. These effects are of short term and long term depends on the time of exposure consumed by them. They are seduced and instigated by the exposure of these crime tales and are currently involved in the very crimes. The youth members have leisure time and mind. They are instigated towards the crime or unethical activities. These type of exposure lead the youth towards destruction that they forget their studies or aims to be a good guy but rather they are instigation towards crime. The stories contains criminal acts and performance and they telecast that how a crime can be done by perfection. They give precautions that through this the one can be caught. They give fresh criminal ideas to do any crime or unethical act with precautions. It gives a save passage for the one going to commit crime or unethical act. The crime shows contains violence and violent act through which the youth is becoming violent and impatient. Their tolerance level is decreasing day by day. The programs exposes that street crime i.e. violently snatch money, cell phones and likes are easy and give money. They show the criminals as "hero" that they get everything by stepping into the crime world. The programs have made the surrounding of the society insecure and uncertain that anyone can be a victim of crime at any time by his family or peers. This fear appeal is the main cause of the rating of the programs in 30+ people. The emotional touch in these shows made them attractive and exclusive. References American Academy of Pediatrics. (2001). Media violence. Pediatrics, 108(5), 1222-1226. Beullens, K., Roe, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2012). Music video viewing as a marker of driving after the consumption of alcohol. Substance Use & Misuse, 47(2), 155-165. Coffin, T. E., & Tuchman, S. (1972). Rating television programs for violence: A comparison of five surveys. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 17(1), 3-20. Cavender, G., Bond-Maupin, L., & Jurik, N. C. (1999). The construction of gender in reality crime TV. Gender & Society, 13(5), 643-663. Clifford, W. (1976) Planning crime prevention. Toronto: D.C. Heath. Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorielli, N., & Shanahan, J. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. Media effects: Advances in theory and research, 2, 43-67. Gruber, E., & Grube, J. W. (2000). Adolescent sexuality and the media: A review of current knowledge and implications. Western Journal of Medicine, 172(3), 210. Gregoriou, C. (2011). Language, ideology and identity in serial killer narratives (Vol. 2). Routledge. Gerbner, G. and Gross, L. 1976. Living with television: The violence profile.. Journal of Communication, 26(2): 173–199. Goranson, R. E. (1970). Media violence and aggressive behavior: A review of experimental research. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 1-31). Academic Press. Heath, L., & Gilbert, K. (1996). Mass media and fear of crime. American Behavioral Scientist, 39(4), 379-386. Jamhouri, O., & Winiarz, M. L. (2009). The enduring influence of TV advertising and communications clout patterns in the global marketplace. Journal of Advertising Research, 49(2), 227-235. Laplante, L. J., & Phenicie, K. (2010). Media, Trials and Truth Commissions:‘Mediating’Reconciliation in Peru's Transitional Justice Process. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 4(2), 207-229. Lippmann, W. (1946). Public opinion (Vol. 1). Transaction Publishers. Masi, C. M., Hawkley, L. C., Piotrowski, Z. H., & Pickett, K. E. (2007). Neighborhood economic disadvantage, violent crime, group density, and pregnancy outcomes in a diverse, Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 6 (2) 2020, 513-530 530 urban population. Social science & medicine, 65(12), 2440-2457. Netzley, S. B. (2010). Visibility that demystifies: Gays, gender, and sex on television. Journal of homosexuality, 57(8), 968-986. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 2008 Oxford University Press. 23, Jan 2008. Pan, L. C. (2003). A Literature Review on the Portrayal of Television Violence* in the US Programs and Its Impact on Viewers. 復興崗學報, (78), 333-359. Raza, S.H., Abu Bakar, H. and Mohamad, B. (2019), "The effects of advertising appeals on consumers’ behavioural intention towards global brands: The mediating role of attitude and the moderating role of uncertainty avoidance", Journal of Islamic Marketing, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 440-460. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2017-0134 Raza, S. H., Iftikhar, M., Mohamad, B., Pembecioğlu, N., & Altaf, M. (2020). Precautionary Behavior Toward Dengue Virus Through Public Service Advertisement: Mediation of the Individual’s Attention, Information Surveillance, and Elaboration. SAGE Open. 10(2),1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020929301 Raza, S. H., Bakar, H. A., & Mohamad, B. (2018). Advertising appeals and Malaysian culture norms: Scale content validation. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 28(1), 61-82. Reuband, Karl-Heinz (1992). Objektive und subjektive Bedrohung durch Kriminalität. Ein Vergleich der Kriminalitätsfurcht in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und den USA 1965-1990. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 44, 1992, p. 341–353 Rowell L. Huesmann and Laramie D. Taylor (2006). The Role of Media Violence in Violent Behavior, 408-410.doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144640 Richard, E. Goranson. (1995) Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior: A Review of Experimental Research. Doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60088-X Seddon, T. (2006). Drugs, crime and social exclusion: Social context and social theory in British drugs – crime research. British Journal of Criminology, 46(4), 680 –703. Smith, S. L., & Donnerstein, E. (1998). Harmful effects of exposure to media violence: Learning of aggression, emotional desensitization, and fear. In Human aggression (pp. 167-202). Academic Press. Ward, L. M., & Friedman, K. (2006). Using TV as a guide: Associations between television viewing and adolescents' sexual attitudes and behavior. Journal of research on adolescence, 16(1), 133-156. Watkins BA, Calvert SL, Huston-Stein A, Wright JC. (1980). Children’s recall of television material: Effects of presentation mode and adult labeling. Developmental Psychology. 1980; 16:672–674. Xie-Connell, C (2015).What is Electronic media? Retrived on 27 June 2020 from https://www.skillmaker.edu.au/ autho r/carl-xie-connell/ Yasmin, M., Sohail, A., & Mangrio, R. A. (2015). Myths broken or sustained: Representation of women victims in Pakistani media. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 3(07), 209. Young, J. (1971). The role of the police as amplifiers of deviancy. In S. Cohen (Ed.), Images of deviance (pp. 27 –61). Harmondsworth: Penguin. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020929301 https://www.skillmaker.edu.au/what-is-electronic-media/ https://www.skillmaker.edu.au/