542 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 A B S T R A C T The use of treated effluents rich in nutrients and organic matter has intensified in agricultural crops, contributing to the demand for water and fertilizers. The goal of this work was to assess the effects of fertigation with treated dairy cattle wastewater, for the cultivation of carrot (Daucus carota) when applied in four different doses, under field conditions, on nutrient accumulation, productivity, and health quality in the carrot (D. carota). Wastewater from treated cattle (WTC) was treated in a pilot treatment unit (PTU). Cultivation was carried out in two beds, and the WTC applied by drippers. Nitrogen (N) was considered the base element for the dose calculation, and a 100% N dose was equivalent to 150 kg ha−1. WTC doses of 0, 100, 200, and 300% N were evaluated. Productivity was evaluated at 70 and 120 days after sowing, in the aerial part (fresh and dry mass and accumulation of nutrients), in the main roots (fresh and dry mass, accumulation of nutrients, diameter, length, and sanitary quality), and as the total productivity of the two organs. As a result, an increase in productivity was observed for all treatments with WTC and accumulation of Ca and Mg. The roots did not present contamination; therefore, the carrots were fit for human consumption. It was concluded that the application of WTC in organic cultivation of carrots is a viable alternative means of plant fertilization, providing higher root productivity than the national average, reaching 72.6 t ha−1 for a dose of 100% N, without compromising on sanitary quality and is suitable for human and animal consumption. Keywords: agricultural waste; Daucus carota L.; final disposition of effluent; nitrogen fertilization; agricultural reuse. R E S U M O A utilização de efluentes tratados, ricos em nutrientes e matéria orgânica, tem se intensificado nas culturas agrícolas, contribuindo para a demanda por água e fertilizantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da fertirrigação com água residuária de gado leiteiro tratada para o cultivo da cenoura (Daucus carota), quando aplicada em quatro doses diferentes, em condições de campo, no acúmulo de nutrientes, produtividade e qualidade sanitária. As águas residuárias de bovinocultura (ARB) foram tratadas em uma unidade piloto de tratamento (UPT). O cultivo foi realizado em dois canteiros, sendo a ARB aplicada por gotejadores. O nitrogênio (N) foi considerado o elemento base para o cálculo da dose, e uma dose de 100% de N foi equivalente a 150 kg ha-1. Doses da ARB de 0, 100, 200 e 300% de N foram avaliadas. A produtividade foi aferida aos 70 e 120 dias após a semeadura, na parte aérea (massa fresca e seca e acúmulo de nutrientes), nas raízes principais (massa fresca e seca, acúmulo de nutrientes, diâmetro, comprimento e qualidade sanitária) e nas duas partes (produtividade total). Como resultado, observou-se aumento na produtividade para todos os tratamentos com ARB e acúmulo de N, Ca e Mg. As raízes não apresentaram contaminação, portanto as cenouras eram próprias para consumo humano. Concluiu-se que a aplicação da ARB no cultivo orgânico de cenoura é uma alternativa viável de adubação das plantas. Proporciona produtividade de raízes superior à média nacional, chegando a 72,6 t ha-1 para uma dose de 100% N, sem comprometer a qualidade sanitária do produto, que é adequado para consumo humano e animal. Keywords: resíduos agrícolas; Daucus carota L.; disposição final do efluente; fertilização nitrogenada; reúso agrícola. Potential use of treated wastewater from a cattle operation in the fertigation of organic carrots Potencial uso de efluentes tratados da bovinocultura para a fertirrigação de cenoura orgânica Marcos Filgueiras Jorge1 , Leonardo Duarte Batista da Silva1 , Cristina Moll Hüther2 , Daiane Cecchin2 , Antonio Carlos Farias de Melo1 , João Paulo Francisco3 , Alexandre Lioi Nascentes1 , Dinara Grasiela Alves1 , José Guilherme Marinho Guerra4 1Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. 2Universidade Federal Fluminense – Niterói (RJ), Brazil. 3Universidade Estadual de Maringá – Maringá (PR), Brazil. 4Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, National Center for Research in Agrobiology, Solos Laboratory – Seropédica (RJ), Brazil. Correspondence address: Cristina Moll Hüther – Rua Mário Viana, 523 – Santa Rosa – CEP: 24241-000 – Niterói (RJ), Brazil. E-mail: cristinahuther@gmail.com Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Funding: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – finance code 001. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – Agrobiologia (EMBRAPA) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ). Received on: 06/10/2022. Accepted on: 09/28/2022 https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94781385 Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais Brazilian Journal of Environmental Sciences Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais Brazilian Journal of Environmental Sciences ISSN 2176-9478 Volume 56, Number 1, March 2021 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6048-2134 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9082-7965 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-5966 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6098-1846 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1857-3128 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7173-4461 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-5969 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5852-7778 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3532-9661 mailto:cristinahuther@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94781385 http://www.rbciamb.com.br http://abes-dn.org.br/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Potential use of treated wastewater from a cattle operation in the fertigation of organic carrots 543 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 Introduction Water use is projected to rise at a rate of up to twice that of global population growth, with estimates reaching an increase of up to 50% by 2025 in developing countries and 18% in developed ones (Bates et al., 2008; Wang et  al., 2021). Within this range, agriculture ranks high among the sectors that consume the most water in Brazil and around the world (Naspolini et  al., 2020; Severo Santos and Naval, 2020), as about 70% of all available drinking water on the planet is used for the irrigation of agricultural crops (Toumi et al., 2016). Therefore, irrigated agriculture is one of the sectors most severely affected by water scarcity (Rosa et  al., 2020). However, as food pro- duction must continue to increase, irrigation plays a fundamental role in agricultural production, laying the burden of responsibility on re- searchers and technicians to conduct research and identify alternatives to the growing pressure on water use (Hamilton et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2021). Parallel to the problem of the water and nutrient demand for ag- ricultural activity, the search for techniques for the treatment of efflu- ents rich in nutrients and organic material has escalated (Moussaoui et al., 2019; Silva et al., 2021). Various alternative solutions can be im- plemented to bridge the gap between water demand and water supply (WS) for agricultural use, such as wastewater reuse (Moussaoui et al., 2019), which offers the advantage of supplying water and fertilizer. Through the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the United Nations is also advocating the worldwide adoption of desalination and reuse technologies, as an essential tool to achieve its Sustainable Devel- opment Goals (Ricart and Rico, 2019; Seifollahi-Aghmiuni et al., 2019; Tortajada, 2020). Many countries are already forced to explore wastewater reuse (Aleisa and Al-Zubari, 2017; Moussaoui et al., 2019) because water re- sources are extremely scarce. However, this practice, in terms of its use in agriculture, is accompanied by advantages, such as water conserva- tion (Chen et  al., 2021), as well as the opportunity to apply nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium via fertigation (Hu et al., 2021; Garg et al., 2022). Furthermore, organic fertilization can totally replace mineral fertilization, but the amount to be used depends on the quality of the available fertilizer and on local conditions, such as soil, climate, and management (EMBRAPA, 2013b). The increased demand for “organic” food, along with health concerns due to the application of chemical fertilizers, has generated the need to apply organic fertilizer in order to meet the increasing requirements of growing plants. Despite the benefits of wastewater, the nutrients present in excess in reused waters can induce excessive vegetative growth and, with re- spect to the environment, contaminate surface water and groundwater, if wastewater management is not carried out in a controlled manner (Díaz et al., 2013). Therefore, it becomes crucial to adopt control and investigation instruments and regulations to determine the presence of pollutants and control the quantity of wastewater disposed in the soil (Tripathi et al., 2019; Fleite et al., 2020). Reused water can sometimes possess a high pathogenic load, which can cause diseases in humans and animals that come into contact with it (Moussaoui et  al., 2019; Tripathi et al., 2019). Therefore, it is important to ensure that the ag- ricultural crops to be marketed after having received reused water are not contaminated with any pathogenic microorganisms. In the literature, a high degree of disagreement prevails in terms of the health risks caused by the use of wastewater from animal husband- ry in agriculture (Fleite et  al., 2020; Janeiro et  al., 2020; Kumar et  al., 2021). Hussar et al. (2003) recorded higher productivity after utilizing treated swine wastewater in carrot fertigation than with the use of a traditional cultivation system (chemical fertilization plus irrigation). Mendes et al. (2016) evaluated the use of treated sanitary effluents in radish cultivation and reported higher contamination levels than stip- ulated by the established current legislation (Brasil, 2001), considering that both the WS and treated effluent used revealed the same contam- ination levels in terms of total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Dantas et  al. (2014) in their study on the feasibility of using treated sanitary effluents in radish cultivation recorded that the harvested product re- vealed no Salmonella sp. contamination and a thermotolerant coliform count below the permissible maximum. Cattle excreta has been in use as an organic fertilizer for a long time, especially for agricultural crops such as vegetables, many of which are consumed raw (Almeida et  al., 2020; Bosch-Serra et  al., 2020; Fleite et  al., 2020). Thus, natural fertilizers for sustainable productivity and the desired quality of carrot roots are increasingly requested and inves- tigated (Ahmad et al., 2016). These authors further emphasize that an appropriate combination of synthetic and natural fertilizers is a possi- ble way forward to achieve reasonable yield and quality, as balancing the amounts of organic and mineral fertilizers is of great importance toward the improvement of soil fertility status, carrot productivity, and sweetness, as well as the contents of alpha- and beta-carotene (Ahmad et al., 2016); moreover, the production of quality seeds is an essential prerequisite to achieve a good yield of a future crop (Noor et al., 2020). The goal of this work was to assess the effects of fertigation with treated dairy cattle wastewater (DCW), for the cultivation of carrot (Daucus carota) when applied in four different doses, under field con- ditions, on nutrient accumulation, productivity, and health quality in the carrot (D. carota). Materials and Methods Characterization and treatment of dairy cattle wastewater and experiment location In this work, wastewater from treated cattle (WTC) from a pilot treatment unit (PTU) was used with subsequent final disposal, via fertigation, into the soil used to cultivate carrots (D. carota L.) of the cultivar “Brasília.” The PTU was composed of the following steps (called in this work P): a dung pit (P1), already in place, with a volume of 7.8 m³; a septic tank Jorge, M. F. et al. 544 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 (P2) with a hydraulic detention time (HDT) of 6.67 days; a set of anaero- bic biological filters (P3) consisting of an upflow filter composed by col- umn of filter media with 0.60 m of crushed stone #1 (P3.1) with 2 days of HDT and another with downward flow (P3.2) filled with chopped con- duit and 0.18 days of HDT. From the filter set, the dairy cattle wastewater (DCW) was submitted to the constructed wetland (CW) of horizontal subsurface flow on two parallel routes (1 and 2) by means of a flow rate divider box: on route 1 passing through CW 1 cultivated with cattail (Ty- pha domingensis) and on route 2 passing through CW 2 cultivated with Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) (Figure 1). The CWs were submitted to the same amount of effluent daily, with 2.14 days of HDT. After each CW, a 1.0-m³ reservoir was installed for the purpose of collecting and quantifying the effluent volume, since among the PTU stages, this is the only one that displays variation be- tween inlet and outlet volumes due to evapotranspiration of the cul- tivated beds. The PTU, conceived through the association of comple- mentary structures for the treatment, allows satisfactory stabilization of DCW for incorporation into crops as biofertilizer. More specific details about the PTU are recorded in the study by Jorge (2018). The PTU was installed in the area of the Integrated System of Agroecological Production (SIPA), also known as “Fazendinha Agro- ecológica km 47” (EMBRAPA, 2013a), with the geographical coordi- nates 22º46′ S latitude and 43º41′ W longitude at 33 m altitude. The climate, according to the Köppen classification, is Aw (tropical climate with dry winter), with concentrated rainfall from November to March, an average annual rainfall of 1213 mm, and an average annual tem- perature of 24.5°C (Peel et al., 2007). The study area was characterized by the Planossolo type of soil (EMBRAPA, 2013a) of a sandy texture (Oliveira et  al., 2009). Carrot cultivation was conducted in uncovered beds, with 32 m long, 1.0 m wide, and 0.30 m high. Neither soil correction nor fertilization was performed at the time of sowing, took place in June. After sowing and seedling emergence, thinning was performed to achieve 0.25×0.04 m spacing between the rows and between the plants, respectively. During the carrot cultivation cycle, two manual sessions of weeding were per- formed, at 15 and 30 days after sowing (DAS). The physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of the DCW used in the fertigation of carrots, characterized according to the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) NBR: 1986 method, are shown in Table 1. Overall, 38 samples were collected at each point of the PTU during the experimental period. In fertigation, the nitrogen (N) was selected as the reference nutri- ent, and the application layers were calculated as described by Matos (2006). The WTC slides were calculated as a function of the N doses, in which 150 kg ha−1 was used as the reference 100% N). The amount of N established was in accordance with the results presented by Mubashir et al. (2010); when evaluating the nitrogen fertilization of irrigated car- rots and okra, the ideal N dose was 150 kg ha−1, which the authors associate with greater photosynthetic activity and vegetative growth. Similarly, Moniruzzaman et al. (2013) evaluated the effect of varying N doses on the growth and yield of carrots and obtained the maximum production of shoot fresh mass for a dose of 130 kg ha−1, which was the maximum tested. The blades necessary for the application of the different doses of nitrogen (N) recommended to the cultures, supplied through the ferti- gation with the effluent generated by the pilot unit (PTU), were calcu- lated adapting the method described by Matos (2006), Brazilian Soci- ety of Soil Science (SBCS, 2004), and EMBRAPA (2013b) according to Equation 1, seeking out to replicate the conditions outlined by Erthal et al. (2010) and Hamacher et al. (2019, 2021) with respect to the final volume applied, 70% water without chlorine was mixed with 30% fresh manure to prepare the WTC used in the experiment. WTC: wastewater from treated cattle. Figure 1 – Flowchart of the stages of the PTU: P1 – dung; P2 – septic tank; P3.1 – upward flow filter; P3.2 – downward flow filter; and CWs – beds grown with cattail (Typha domingensis) and Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides). Table 1 – Characterization of the physical-chemical and biological parameters, in median values, of the DCW applied to carrot cultivation. Parameters Median Parameters Median BOD (mg L−1) 238.92 P-PO4 3− (mg L−1) 112.74 COD (mg L−1) 622.89 P2O5 (mg L −1) 83.09 COD/BOD 2.67 N-NH4 + (mg L−1) 80.06 TSS (mg L−1) 23.20 N-NO3 − (mg L−1) 2.30 DO (mg L−1) 0.60 N-NO2 − (mg L−1) 0.13 Turbidity (FTU) 85.56 TNK (mg L−1) 69.03 Color (PtCo) 2,119 K (mg L−1) 107.17 pH 7.00 Ca (mg L−1) 37.41 EC (dS m−1) 2.36 Mg (mg L−1) 28.25 AS [(mmolc L −1)1/2] 0.51 Na (mg L−1) 16.88 O&G (mg L−1) 18.00 Salm (P/A. 100 mL−1) B V.O. (mg L−1) 8.63 T.C. [(log) NMP 100 mL−1] 5.27 A.F. (mg L−1) 10.70 E. coli [(log) NMP 100 mL−1] 5.02 EC: electric conductivity; COD: chemical oxygen demand; BOD: biochemical oxygen demand; T.C.: thermotolerant coliforms; A.F.: animal fat; N-NH4 +: am- moniacal nitrogen; N-NO2 − : nitrogen nitrite; N-NO3 −: nitrogen nitrate; TNK: total nitrogen Kjeldahl; O&G: oils and greases; V.O.: vegetable oil; DO: dissolved oxygen; P2O5: phosphorus pentoxide; P-PO4 3−: orthophosphate; TSS: total sus- pended solids; B: being; AS: adsorption of sodium. Potential use of treated wastewater from a cattle operation in the fertigation of organic carrots 545 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 Prezados, boa tarde! Seguem abaixo as respostas aos comentários e quanto as demais alterações realizadas, estamos de acordo, referente ao manuscrito “Potential use of treated wastewater from a cattle operation in the fertigation of organic carrots”. Obrigada! Att., Cristina Huther Autor correspondente Comentado [A1]: Prezado autor, favor apontar o vínculo institucional do autor Resposta: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, National Center for Research in Agrobiology, Solos Laboratory, 23891-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. guilherme.guerra@embrapa.br ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3532-9661 Comentado [MGB13]: Prezado autor, favor enviar as equações em formato editável Resposta: favor trocar a fórmula por essa abaixo, que está editável. TAAR=1000 �Nabs- �Tm1 MO ρs p 10 7 0,05 n12�� �Tm2 Norg+(Namoniacal+Nnitrato) TR� Comentado [MGB31]: Prezado autor, favor citar a referência no seu artigo Resposta: favor retirar da lista de referências. Ahmad, T.; Amjad, M.; Nawaz, A.; Iqbal, Q.; Iqbal, J., 2012. Socio-economic study of carrot cultivation at farm level in the Punjab province of Pakistan. African Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 7, (6), 867-875. Comentado [MGB2]: Prezado autor, favor inserir a publicação nas referências até comentário Comentado [MGB30]: Prezado autor, favor inserir a publicação nas referências Resposta: seguem as referências solicitadas para serem adicionadas na lista de referências: EMBRAPA, 2013b EMBRAPA (2013b). Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos: Rio de Janeiro, 20. Díaz et al., 2013 Díaz, F. J., Tejedor, M., Jiménez, C., Grattan, S. R., Dorta, M., & Hernández, J. M. (2013). The imprint of desalinated seawater on recycled wastewater: Consequences for irrigation in Lanzarote Island, Spain. Agricultural Water Management, 116, 62–72. doi: 10.1016/J.AGWAT.2012.10.011 (1) Where: TAAR: annual application rate, m 3 ha−1; Nabs: nitrogen absorption by the cultivation to obtain the desired pro- ductivity, kg ha−1; Tm1: annual rate of organic matter mineralization previously existing in the soil, kg kg−1; MO: soil organic matter content, kg kg−1; ρ: soil specific mass, t m−3; n: number of months of cultivation; Tm2: annual rate of organic nitrogen mineralization, kg kg −1 year−1; Norg: organic nitrogen available by the applied residue, mg L −1; Namoniacal: ammoniacal nitrogen available by the applied residue, mg L −1; Nnitrato: nitric nitrogen available by the applied residue, mg L −1; TR: recovery rate of mineral nitrogen by the cultivation, kg kg−1 year−1. No correction of soil characteristics nor fertilization for planting was carried out. The soil in the study area was classified as Planossolo with sandy texture (Oliveira et  al., 2009) and with adequate fertility. The soil was a crop rotation area. Crops prior to carrots were bertalha and lettuce. Irrigation and fertigation management The first of the treatment applications occurred at 45 DAS, after which the total WTC calculated for application during the entire 120- day cultivation cycle was divided into 60 applications, the last one be- ing performed 15 days prior to harvest. In irrigation management, we adopted a fixed irrigation shift equivalent to half a day. On rainy days, irrigation was not performed. The WTC was applied to the beds using 150 kg ha−1 of N as the reference dose, and doses of 0, 100, 200, and 300% of the reference, applied by means of a fertigation system composed of drippers, were evaluated, at rates of 4, 8, and 12 L h−1, as previously discussed, distrib- uted in two 16-mm hoses under each bed, with the respective blades or wastewater levels of treated WTC (0, 294, 589, and 883 mm), applied along the cultivation cycle (Table 2). Table 2 shows the WTC levels or wastewater levels, based on the concentration of nitrogen present, applied in 60 days, their respec- tive compensations in WS; the blade or the total evapotranspirated level during the carrot growing period, determined by estimate and replenished via irrigation; and the total amount of water applied throughout the experimental cycle, which is the sum of WTC, WS, and ETpc. Due to this form of parceling, application was avoided before the culture presented a root system capable of exploring the applied WTC, fertigation started at 45 DAS, and the slides or daily levels approached the slide or wastewater levels for the treatment. For reference, the dose of 100% N was used as required by the culture, and treatments 200 and 300% of N were more than double and triple, respectively. Variables evaluated At 70 DAS, three plants were harvested from each experimen- tal plot for evaluation of the aerial part (PA) and the main root (R): green and dry matter, nutrient accumulation, and root diameter and length. The productivity of the two organs was estimated from green mass data. With this, carrot productivity was evaluated in relation to the root system so that it was possible to analyze the market potential of the product, including on the possibility of consuming the roots in an in natura way. The carrots were packed in a plastic bag for the fresh mass and in the kraft paper bags for drying in an oven until constant mass. Root length and diameter measurements were evaluated using a digital caliper, and weighing of the material was carried out on an analytical balance with a precision of 0.01 g to determine the green mass and dry mass. These assessments were conducted in the SIPA agricultural products processing room. Samples of dry mass of PA and R were sent for the determination of the levels of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg); analyses were carried out in the plant tissue analysis laboratory, Department of Soils of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, following the methodology of EM- BRAPA (1999). For sending the carrot samples, they were dried and crushed. Similarly, at 120 DAS, 20 plants were harvested per plot for the same analyses. The health aspects of the plants were evaluated using thermotol- erant coliforms and Salmonella sp.; for this purpose, at the time of Table 2 – Total slides or wastewater levels (mm) of water (IW), fertigation (WTC) treated at PTU, and water supply (WS), applied to the soil cultivated with carrots, to provide doses of N (0, 100, 200, and 300%) and on rainy days, irrigation was not performed. Treatments Doses of N (%) Blades or wastewater levels with WTC+WS applied (mm) Drippers for water application (L h−1) Drippers for WTC application (L h−1) Blade or total wastewater levels evapotranspiration (mm) (ETpc) Total water applied (WTC + WS + IW) T1 0 0 + 883 12 - 210.32 1,093.32 T2 100 294 + 589 8 4 T3 200 589 + 294 4 8 T4 300 883 + 0 - 12 Jorge, M. F. et al. 546 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 harvest, five plants were harvested and sent to the Food and Beverage Analytical Laboratory, where the PA and R were separated and washed superficially with running water to remove the soil from the cultiva- tion beds. The standards and criteria for analysis of the sanitary aspect followed the current technical legislation on microbiological standards for food: regulation RDC No. 12 of 2001 (Parameters of the National Health Surveillance Agency — ANVISA) (Brasil, 2001). Food quality analyses were performed at the Food and Beverage Analytical Labora- tory of the Food Technology Department of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Experimental design and data analysis The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replicates per treatment. For each treatment evaluated, four experimental plots of area 4 m² were planted, in which, via the spacing employed (0.25×0.04 m), the plants of the two central lines in each plot were used for the evaluations, for a total of 640 useful plants per treatment (Carvalho et al., 2021). The results were then submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA; p ≤ 0.05), and when significant effects were observed, testing was per- formed using polynomial regression models. The models were selected according to the statistical significance (F test), adjustment of the coef- ficient of determination (R2), and biological significance of the model. The analyses were performed using the SISVAR version 5.6 software (Ferreira, 2011). The variability of the data was assessed through ANOVA (p < 0.05), and when significant, adjustments to the response models were tested as a function of the applied WTC doses. Results and Discussion With the increase in population demand for food, whether of animal or plant origin, the need for the adoption of environmentally appropriate techniques about the optimization of inputs for produc- tion increases, ranging from the identification of alternatives to supply nutrients to crops, sources for WS for irrigation, and incorporation of organic material into the soil in agroecological production systems. Faced with this issue, the growing practice of integrated environments that adds plant production to animal husbandry can provide solutions, both for the purification of the increasing volumes of liquid waste from livestock confinement and the production of natural fertilizers. Thus, the focus of this work was on the use of wastewater from cattle farming for food production. Exogenous application of nitrogen is an efficient means of enhanc- ing plant stress tolerance through modulation of a number of physio- biochemical processes, such as upregulation of the oxidative defense system (Razzaq et al., 2017), and beyond that, the yield potential of the cultivar may influence nutrient demand and should be known when planning for fertilization application (Aquino et  al., 2015), because carrots are a highly nutritious vegetable root. Like other plant species, carrot roots absorb minerals from the substrate to meet their nutrition- al needs and thus the soil requires continuous input of minerals from external sources for continuous plant growth, ideal yield, and desired quality (Ahmad et al., 2016). Accumulation of green matter and dry matter in the shoot and at the root Growth of the PA was superior in all treatments applying WTC. Comparing the data of 70 and 120 DAS, it was observed that for the doses tested, the accumulation of mass at 120 DAS was higher than that at 70 DAS. For dry mass of the PA at 120 DAS, the same behavior was noted, with only a smaller variation between dose 0% N and the others, in which the maximum difference did not reach 5 g plant−1 (Table 3). This variation, depending on the doses of N applied, was similar for the accumulation of dry mass at 70 DAS. On this day, plants treated with the 100% dose were the heaviest, followed by those treated with 200 and 300% doses, whereas at 120 DAS, there was no difference in plant dry mass between doses. The greatest accumulation of fresh mass of carrot root occurred in the WTC application treatments, and the effect was time dependent. This was reflected in greater productivity, which also increased over time after the start of the application of WTC, and the doses most suit- able in this regard were those of 200 and 300%. This is in accordance with reports in the literature for carrot cultivation with nitrogen fertil- ization in irrigated cultivation, with the ideal dose of N ranging from 130 to 150 kg ha−1 (Mubashir et al., 2010; Moniruzzaman et al., 2013). Productivity of the aerial part and root The shoot and root productivity was positively influenced by the application of WTC (Figure 2). In the PA at 70 and 120 DAS, the treat- ment with 100% N did not differ from the other treatments with WTC (Figure 2A). The reduction in productivity at 70 and 120 DAS when comparing the treatment with 100% of the N dose in relation to the control was 57 and 67%, respectively, in the period analyzed. The pro- ductivity of the control treatment increased by 3 t ha−1 from one period to the other, which was very different from the 100% N dose treatment showing an increase of 20 t ha−1. The yield of the main root showed no difference between treat- ments at 70 DAS. However, at 120 DAS, the application of WTC showed greater productivity gain per hectare (Figure 2B). The reduc- tion in productivity, in a comparison of mean values, was 32 and 46% for 70 and 120 DAS, respectively, in the treatments of 0 and 100% of N for 70 DAS and 0 and 200% for 120 DAS. Thus, the increase was 13 and 38 t ha−1 in these same treatments due to the application of WTC. Regression analysis was performed to assess the effect of dose on productivity, and the adjusted model for this period was quadratic. The results indicated that an application of 214.71% of N via WTC would be required to obtain maximum productivity (83.0 t ha−1). These data can be found in Supplemental files. Potential use of treated wastewater from a cattle operation in the fertigation of organic carrots 547 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 The higher final fresh weight of the roots in the treatment with 300% N, when compared with 100% N, demonstrates that root weight was influenced by the greater accumulation of water, possibly due to the excess of nutrients supplied, in which it supplanted the need and capacity of assimilation by plants. This is in line with the results sug- gested by Hochmuth et al. (1999), who emphasized that increased ni- trogen fertilization can reduce the accumulation of dry matter, which is an important factor in deciding the choice of a dosage for carrot cul- tivation and the harvest period, as the root is the commercial part of greatest interest, since the supply of fertilizers at the correct time and in the appropriate doses is important to obtain satisfactory productiv- ity (Colombari et al., 2018). With higher production, it should also be considered that dose above 100% of the plant’s requirement can result in losses and environmental contamination. In addition, the disposal of treated effluent on the ground is beneficial as it minimizes impacts on surface water courses. Therefore, adjusting the highest dosage (so that the surplus does not need to be disposed in the watercourse) that has the highest production, with less soil and groundwater contamina- tion, is essential. It is, therefore, important to note that, although the effect of the treatments on the carrot root yield was not significant, according to the ANOVA at 70 DAS, the maximum occurred for the 100% N dose, a result similar to that obtained by analyzing the estimated productivity for the PA of the carrot, whose maximum productivity at 70 DAS was obtained for the 100% N dose applied, via WTC (data not shown). Table 3 – Growth parameters measured 70 and 120 days after carrot planting under different N dose conditions, obtained with the WTC fertigation treated at the PTU, to supply 0, 100, 200, and 300% doses of N, and ANOVA results (Fc, Pr > Fc, and CV). Doses of N (%) Aerial part Root Fresh matter (g plant−1) Dry matter (g plant−1) Fresh matter (g plant−1) Dry matter (g plant−1) --------------------------------------------------- Periods 70 DAS -------------------------------------------------- 0 19.37 b* 5.02 a 36.04 a 1.35 b 100% 45.04 a 8.01 a 52.93 a 3.32 a 200% 41.23 a 8.57 a 52.18 a 3.16 a 300% 39.14 ab 7.46 a 42.07 a 2.74 ab Fc 5.819 0.361 1.719 5.084 Pr > Fc 0.0108 0.7823 0.2162 0.0168 CV (%) 26.30 18.87 27.23 30.10 --------------------------------------------------- Periods 120 DAS -------------------------------------------------- 0 23.18 b 5.01 b 55.33 b 5.50 a 100% 71.09 a 9.18 a 90.74 ab 7.81 a 200% 70.27 a 8.99 a 102.78 a 8.02 a 300% 67.96 a 8.03 ab 96.38 a 7.48 a Fc 15.015 5.551 6.286 1.971 Pr > Fc 0.0002 0.0126 0.0083 0.1721 CV (%) 20.72 20.92 19.62 22.91 *Average followed by the same letter does not differ by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05) in the same column of the day. Values represent the means; n = 4; DAS: days after sowing. Figure 2 – Standard error bar of productivity (t ha−1) of the aerial part (A) and root (B) of carrot at 70 and 120 DAS. Average followed by the same letter in the day’s column does not differ by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). n = 4 (number of repetitions). 70 DAS (days after sowing) 70 DAS (days after sowing) 0 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 90 120 DAS (days after sowing) 120 DAS (days after sowing) R oo t p ro du ct iv ity (t h a- 1 ) A er ia l p ar t p ro du ct iv ity (t h a- 1 ) 100 Jorge, M. F. et al. 548 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 Salgado et  al. (2006) reported that data on the root yield of car- rot cv. Brasília produced 43.5 and 44.5 t ha−1 and 35.9 and 36.8 t ha−1, respectively; when the cultivation was intercropped with curly and smooth lettuce and in the crop singles, the root yield was 42.3 and 42 t ha−1 and 42.1 and 45.9 t ha−1, respectively. In a study by Santos et al. (2011), also at SIPA, comparing the different mulches in the organic cultivation of cv. Brasília, productivity of 29.48–36.64 t ha−1 on average was reached. From the above results in the present study, the control yields were equivalent; however, following application of the effluent, an increase of almost 40 t ha−1 in the yield of commercial roots was ob- served. This result may be related to the amount of nutrients supplied to the plants or the provision of nutrients at intervals, which would have increased assimilation. In relation to the control treatment, the lack of fertilization in the control may have led to this reduction in pro- ductivity, because possibly if it had received conventional fertilization, the production would be equivalent to T2. In a test of different levels of water deficit using drip replacement in the cultivation of cv. Brasília installed at SIPA, which was fertilized using only bovine manure (3 t·ha−1), the total productivity was 30.7– 62.7 t·ha−1 (Carvalho et  al., 2016), similar to that obtained by Santos et al. (2011), which was in the range of 31.7–62.8 t·ha−1. Carvalho et al. (2005), in a comparison of the productivity of different carrot culti- vars conducted following organic and conventional management sys- tems, obtained yields of 12.45–16.61 t·ha−1 and 14.25–23.78 t·ha−1 for Brasília-DF and cv. Brasília, respectively. Resende and Braga (2014), in their research on the productivity of cultivars and carrot populations in the organic cultivation system, un- der the sub-medium conditions of the São Francisco Valley in Petroli- na/PE, obtained total and commercial root productivity for cv. Brasília of 96.3 and 81.7 t ha−1, respectively. In an experiment under similar conditions, Resende et  al. (2016b) also tested the performance of cv. Brasília, in organic management; however, this was performed during a period of high temperatures, and under these conditions, the total and commercial yields of roots ranged between 53.5 and 58.6 t ha−1. In the present work, the experimental period occurred in winter-spring (July to October), with moderately cold winters and hot summers, with an average temperature of 22.5°C. Main root diameter and length The diameter of the main root of the carrot was influenced only at 120 DAS, presenting a larger diameter in the WTC application treat- ments (Figure 3A). There was no difference between treatments in root length, regardless of the period analyzed (Figure 3B). Moniruzzaman et al. (2013), who tested the increasing doses of N (0–130 kg ha−1), observed that the value of root width and root diam- eter increased with increasing of doses, although the root diameter at the maximum dose showed a decrease. The authors concluded that the ideal dose of N used in the cultivation of carrot, cv. New Coroda, for cultivation under Bangladeshi conditions was 100 kg ha−1. Different types of fertilizers affect the yield and nutritional quality of carrots. The material and biochemical structure of the soil is reinforced by the application of fertilizers. The growth of the plant, the carrying capacity of the soil, and the material condition of the soil were increased by the use of poultry manure. However, N is an important nutrient for the production of different crops and a good source of organic fertilizers (Ahmad et al., 2016). Nutrient accumulation in the aerial part and root The increase in the N content increased with the increase in the percent- age of N in the doses applied. However, this increase was not time dependent of the period analyzed, since the highest accumulation was at 70 DAS, unlike the P that had greater accumulation at 120 DAS (Table 4). Table 4 shows the results of the regression analysis, adjusted for the effect of the different doses N (%), applied via sheets of ARB, when the ANOVA was significant. Regarding the N levels (dag·kg−1) accumulated in the roots, it is clear that these increased from 70 to 120 DAS, whereas in the control treat- ment, this increase from the first collection to the second was in media 33%, and in the treatment with the 300% dose of N, it was 37% (Table 5). Figure 3 – Standard error bar of main root diameter (A) and length (cm) (A) of carrot at 70 and 120 DAS. Average followed by the same letter in the day’s column does not differ by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). n = 4 (number of repetitions). Potential use of treated wastewater from a cattle operation in the fertigation of organic carrots 549 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 Table 4 – Average values of the N, P, K, Ca, and Mg levels (dag kg−1) in the aerial part of the carrot and dry matter of the carrot, at 70 and 120 DAS, obtained from the WTC fertigation, treated at the PTU, to supply 0, 100, 200, and 300% doses of N, and ANOVA results (Fc, Pr>Fc, and CV). Doses of N (%) Nutrient accumulation in the aerial part N P K Ca Mg (dag kg−1) ------------------------------------------------- Periods 70 DAS ------------------------------------------------- 0 2.632 b** 0.401 a 1.986 a 2.672 a 0.325 a 100 3.049 ab 0.470 a 2.255 a 2.635 a 0.311 a 200 3.122 ab 0.429 a 1.948 a 2.513 a 0.316 a 300 3.339 a 0.443 a 2.120 a 2.375 a 0.339 a Fc 4.107 0.607 0.285 0.946 0.577 Pr>Fc 0.0321 0.6232 0.8357 0.4489 0.6412 CV (%) 9.62 17.13 25.24 10.84 9.73 -------------------------------------------------- Periods 120 DAS------------------------------------------------ 0 1.814 b 0.359 b 2.200 a 2.997 a 0.340 a 100 2.071 ab 0.474 ab 2.607 a 2.821 a 0.352 a 200 2.249 ab 0.471 ab 2.825 a 2.495 a 0.318 a 300 2.566 a 0.503 a 3.635 a 2.404 a 0.351 a Fc 3.604 4.376 2.509 0.368 1.038 Pr > Fc 0.046 0.0267 0.1083 0.7777 0.4107 CV (%) 26.08 23.95 38.46 32.01 27.95 DAS: days after sowing; **average followed by the same letter does not differ by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05) in the same column of the day. Values represent the means. n = 4. Table 5 – Average values of the N, P, K, Ca, and Mg levels (dag kg−1) in the root dry matter of the carrot, at 70 and 120 DAS, obtained from the WTC fertigation, treated at the PTU, to supply 0, 100, 200, and 300% doses of N and ANOVA results (Fc, Pr > Fc, and CV) Doses of N (%) Nutrient accumulation in the roots N P K Ca Mg (dag kg−1) ------------------------------------------------- Periods 70 DAS ------------------------------------------------- 0 0.757 b** 0.279 b 1.738 a 0.354 a 0.128 a 100 1.264 a 0.407 a 2.248 a 0.401 a 0.150 a 200 1.341 a 0.423 a 2.173 a 0.393 a 0.137 a 300 1.538 a 0.434 a 2.383 a 0.407 a 0.163 a Fc 9.207 14.076 1.089 2.389 2.412 Pr > Fc 0.0019 0.0003 0.3911 0.1198 0.1175 CV (%) 17.87 9.76 25.03 7.35 13.99 -------------------------------------------------- Periods 120 DAS------------------------------------------------ 0 1.005 b 0.381 c 2.451 a 0.392 a 0.151 b 100 1.615 ab 0.526 b 2.068 a 0.431 a 0.166 ab 200 1.716 ab 0.604 ab 1.941 a 0.452 a 0.166 ab 300 2.110 a 0.643 a 3.283 a 0.461 a 0.188 a Fc 6.946 4.376 1.579 22.725 3.177 Pr > Fc 0.0058 0.0267 0.2458 0.0000 0.0634 CV (%) 21.54 23.95 39.54 9.00 10.08 DAS: days after sowing; **average followed by the same letter does not differ by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05) in the same column of the day. Values represent the means. n = 4. Jorge, M. F. et al. 550 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 Among the nutrients N, P, K, Ca, and Mg (dag kg−1), in the car- rot root dry matter, cultivated under different layers of WTC, K was the most responsive to the WTC doses applied with its concentration in the roots, increasing with the doses both at 70 and 120 DAS, this dose-dependent increase in WTC representing an increase in media of 37 and 38%, respectively (Table 5). On analyzing the P, Ca, and Mg contents (dag kg−1) in the root dry matter, we could verify a rise in the levels between 70 and 120 DAS, with an increase in media of 48, 13, and 15%, respectively, for the high- est dose of N. Regarding the levels of P accumulated in the carrot root at 70 and 120 DAS, it was observed that for WTC doses equivalent to 100 and 300% of N, the increase in the contents was more pronounced at 120 DAS than at 70 DAS, representing 22 and 7%, respectively; from the models adjusted for P at 70 and 120 DAS, the maximum estimated levels corresponded to the 223.33 and 275.0% doses of N applied via WTC (Supplemental Files). For average levels of Ca and Mg accumulated at 120 DAS, despite being significant, when the adjustments of the linear regression model by ANOVA (Supplemental Files) were evaluated, in relation to Ca, the difference between the content obtained with the minimum dose (0% N) and maximum dose (300% N) via WTC was 0.069 dag kg−1, while for Mg, it was 0.037 dag kg−1. For the cultivar Forto, carrots have a more accentuated accumula- tion of nutrients and dry matter in the PA up to 88 DAS, and from that point, there is a tendency for greater accumulation to occur in the roots (Cecílio Filho and Peixoto, 2013); however, the crop season and culti- var influenced the yield, nutrient content in the leaves and roots, and extraction and export of nutrients by the carrot crop (Aquino et  al., 2015; Resende et al., 2016a; Razzaq et al., 2017; Olsson et al., 2018). The use of WTC complemented by phosphate fertilizer on the plantation and the potassium split into two applications has been rec- ommended for other crops, for example, in the cultivation of sugar- cane, as some WTC, such as that used in this work, may have lower nutrient concentrations (Mendonça et  al., 2016). Studies in relation to other nutrients do not present the relationship of the doses and functional capacity, but other conditions may require supplementa- tion, especially to P and K. In other studies, with DCW, however, with- out water treatment, the supply of different doses of N (100, 200, 300, and 400%) promoted; for all treatments, there was an improvement in the total performance of the electron transport chain in citronella plants, demonstrating that the photosynthetic efficiency of the plant increased as the nitrogen dose provided by DCW increased (Hamach- er et al., 2019). However, in this work, the greater supply of N did not have a syner- gistic effect on productivity, which stood out from the other treatments, mainly at doses of 200 and 300%, as there was also more sodium in the WTC, which had an antagonistic effect on the promotion of growth. Note that the pH is in the neutral range, the electrical conductivity and the adsorption of sodium do not represent a risk of soil sodification, although it should be used judiciously due to the sodium content. This low electrical conductivity (2.36), when compared with that in untreat- ed DCW (14.00), was high when used by Hamacher et al. (2021) in cit- ronella cultivation. These authors also found a difference in the amount of sodium, in contrast to this study, comprising, respectively, 1.18 and 16.88 mg L−1. Although sodium, drug adsorption ratio, and electrical conductiv- ity are within acceptable criteria for application, the continued applica- tion of wastewater can lead to an increase in sodium levels in the soil, especially with lower water depth and low precipitation; however, as the experiment was carried out in an open field, precipitation occurred during the cultivation period. Depending on the source, when the volume of DCW is calculated correctly, there is the possibility of not depending on external inputs (mineral fertilizer) to maintain productivity in these cultivation con- ditions. The association of irrigation with the supply of N doses in- creased the accumulation of dry biomass in plants of Tithonia diversifo- lia, where the largest accumulation of dry biomass was obtained when 100% of the water was replaced by ETc (evapotranspiration of the crop) and nitrogen fertilization was applied at 150 kg ha−1 (Silva et al., 2021). For citronella, the use of DCW produced the same biomass gains as inorganic fertilization; however, the use of DCW did not interfere in the production of citronella essential oil (Hamacher et al., 2019). When analyzing the levels of K, it is noted that this is among those that presented higher concentration in the tissue of the PA of the car- rot, being that at 70 DAS the value maximum was obtained at a dose of 200% N, while at 120 DAS the accumulation increased and maxi- mum at 300%. For P, the data presented with increasing volumes as a function of the increase in N doses (%) applied; however, based on the model for the accumulation response as a function of the application of the WTC, the maximum P content in the shoot was estimated at 120 DAS of 0.529 dag kg−1 for the dose of 248.75% from WTC. Thus, in these experimental conditions, the different treatments provided adequate mineral nutrition, in relation to the analyzed ele- ment (N), as the soil must have adequate chemical and physical prop- erties (Farhangi-Abriz and Ghassemi-Golezani, 2019) and the higher N rate of the dairy cattle slurry (DCS) proved useful for the circular nutrient economy, while improving the physical and chemical quality of the soil and the sustainability of the agricultural system as a whole (Bosch-Serra et al., 2020); however, depending on the type of treatment used, organic nitrogen can only be partially removed (~70%), and the ammonia nitrogen remained mainly in the liquid (Fleite et al., 2020). Still, temperate pasture species constitute a source of protein for dairy cattle (Almeida et  al., 2020), and the presence of these compounds may explain how some substances may be more present in DCW than in others, due to the lower capacity to remove some processes, all of which influence the composition of the DCW. This greater maintenance of nutrients may have contributed to the increase in the N content in the roots between the periods of 70 and 120 Potential use of treated wastewater from a cattle operation in the fertigation of organic carrots 551 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 DAS and may have been because this period is the one in which nutrients are most accumulated in the roots (Cecílio Filho and Peixoto, 2013); thus, this differentiation was rising and became amplified as the doses increased. A work conducted in the same experimental area as the present study evaluated the performance of the cultivar Brasília under organic management using different dead vegetation coverings and verified that the nutrient contents in the carrot roots varied from 1.28 to 2.16 dag·kg−1 for N, 0.266 to 0.28 dag·kg−1 for P, 3.095 to 3.72 dag·kg−1 for K, 0.343 to 0.444 dag·kg−1 for Ca, and 0.159 to 0.165 dag·kg−1 for Mg (Santos et al., 2011). According to Aquino et al. (2015), the average nutrient content in winter carrot cultivars could be around 1.36, 0.43, 4.69, 0.078, and 0.109 dag·kg−1 for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. Assunção et al. (2016) ob- tained, on average N, P, and K levels of 1.15, 0.37, and 4.61 dag·kg−1, re- spectively, for the summer carrot cultivar and 1.5, 0.5, and 6.66 dag·kg−1, respectively, in winter. It is noted that, from among the values presented, the K contents in the summer and winter cultivars were higher than that obtained in the present study. Dube et al. (2018) observed that increasing sludge water concentration increased yield and uptake of nutrients with- out accumulating pollutants in the tissues to phytotoxic levels in both soils for Brachiaria and the sandy loam soil for lucerne. Droppings are commonly recycled as fertilizers, although at- tention should be paid to the environmental impacts of this practice (Bosch-Serra et al., 2020). It is also possible to observe that this DCW contains organic material, and with the mineralization of the organic material, alkaline earth acids (such as K, Na, Ca, and Mg) and oth- er ions become available in the medium (Matos, 2014). However, it should be noted that the excess of nutrients can provide a so-called toxicity zone for the vegetable (Baldi et al., 2018). Sanitary quality of carrots The standards and quality analysis for food from the sanitary aspect followed the current legislation of technical regulation on the microbi- ological standards 2001 (Brazil, 2001) and they were evaluated of foods and elaborated Analytical Laboratory of Foods, Department of Food Technology at the university where the study was carried out. The stan- dards and criteria for the analysis of the health aspect of the carrot root produced in all the treatments complied with the current legislation re- garding technical regulations on the microbiological standards for food, RDC Nº 12 of 2001 (Brasil, 2001); for the thermotolerant coliforms, the maximum count limit is up to 3 (log) NMP g−1, while for Salmonella sp., it must be nil or absent in 25 g of the analyzed sample (Brasil, 2001), thus representing no risk of contamination of consumers of the product in natura (Table 6). The carrot roots produced in all the treatments com- plied with the current technical legislation on microbiological standards for food, regulation RDC Nº 12 of 2001 (Brasil, 2001). This result may be related to the closing period of fertigation, 15 days prior to harvest, as well as the basic washing procedure, performed immediately post-har- vest, to remove the excess soil, as recommended by Baumgartner et al. (2007), Lima Junior et al. (2012), and Dantas et al. (2014). The acceptable quality of wastewater for irrigation depends on the crop to be irrigated, soil conditions, and the water distribution sys- tem adopted (FAO, 1985; Dube et  al., 2018). Conama legislation Nº 503/2021 also deals with some agro-industrial effluents for use in fer- tigation (Brasil, 2021). As there is no specific from Rio de Janeiro regulation related to the reuse of effluents from dairy farming, the maximum permissible values (MPV) were considered for the release of effluent into the receiving body (without changing its class), based on the Resolution of the Na- tional Council for the Environment-CONAMA 357/2005 amended by 430/2011 (Brasil, 2011), at the federal level, and in the State Standard of Rio de Janeiro NT-202.R-10 (FEEMA, 1986), at the state level. This was verified, even though the WTC used showed a concentra- tion of microbiological contamination indicators above that allowed by legislation, being the presence of Salmonella sp. 5.27 log thermotol- erant coliforms (NMP 100 mL−1) and 5.02 E. coli log (NMP 100 mL−1). Thus, with these parameters above legislation, the use of this WTC re- quires attention, as it does not meet the standards for application as a fertilizer in organic production systems. It is expected that, when a grace period is provided between the last application of the effluent and the harvest, the environment/soil will be able to control the microorganism populations, thus preventing contamination of the food (Fonseca et al., 2000). Mendes et al. (2016) evaluated the use of treated sanitary effluent in radish cultivation and found that contamination levels in the roots exceeded the norms es- tablished by the current legislation (RDC: No. 12/2001 — ANVISA). However, from the results presented, both the supply water and the treated effluent used contained the same total levels of coliforms and E. coli. For the authors, the presence of these contaminants in the waters used encouraged the rapid growth of these microorganisms in the soil, which led to root contamination. A study on the feasibility of using treated sanitary effluent in the Rosa Elze Sewage Treatment Plant (WWTP) in radish cultivation con- ducted in the municipality of São Cristóvão — SE showed that the harvested product did not reveal Salmonella sp. contamination and that the count of thermotolerant coliforms was below the permissible maximum (≤ 3 NMP g−1), concluding that the employment of this ef- fluent was a viable option for radish cultivation under those conditions (Dantas et al., 2014). In a similar study, Dantas et al. (2020) evaluated the use of the treated effluent in the same WWTP, in carrot and beet cultivations, where, for these cultivars as well as for the radish, no tuber contamination was verified. Sou et al. (2011) presented the preliminary Table 6 – Parameters of the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) – RDC Nº 12 of 2001, which regulates microbiological standards for food treated with WTC fertigation Analysis Legislation standards Samples Thermotolerant coliforms < 3 NMP g−1 Absent Salmonella sp. Absence in 25 g of the sample Absent Jorge, M. F. et al. 552 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 results of research involving the use of treated domestic effluent in the irrigation of vegetables and observed the presence of E. coli in the PAs of lettuce, but no contamination of eggplant and carrot roots. Conclusions The use of DCW may already be indicated for some crops; however, it is necessary to use accessible treatment technologies and appropriate post-harvest strategies to reduce current health risks to acceptable levels. There is an urgent need for economical technologies to treat wastewater at desirable levels as wastewater contains a large amount of organic matter, nutrients (mainly K, N, and P), and salts; minor constituents such as metals (Cu, Zn, and Fe); and organic compounds (antibiotics, hormones, and oth- er ionophores), in addition to harboring pathogens (Giardia, E. coli). The application WTC (based on N) in carrot cultivation is ef- fective for supplying adequate nutritional quality. The supply of nu- trition through organic residues has been increasingly important, not only from the environmental aspects but also from the need for alternative sources of fertilization, in view of the need to replace mineral fertilization. No contaminating residues for E. coli and Salmonella sp. were found in the carrot and thus the produce has sufficient sanitary quality for human consumption in this aspect. It is also important to give a destination for this waste, which is often underutilized, to reduce envi- ronmental risks and reduce the costs related to family-run agricultural operations, which will reduce poverty and unemployment in rural ar- eas and involve young people in the production of vegetables. Contribution of authors: JORGE, M.F.: Project Administration; Data Curation; Formal Analysis; Methodology; Writing – Original Draft; Writing – Review & Editing; SILVA, L.D.B.: Project Administration; Data Curation; Formal Analysis; Methodology; Writing – Original Draft; Writing – Review & Editing; Supervision; HÜTHER, C.M.: Project Administration; Writing – Review & Editing; CECCHIN, D.: Project Administration; Writing – Review & Editing; ALVES, D.G.: Data Curation; Formal Analysis; Methodology; Writing – Original Draft; GUERRA, J.P.F.: Formal Analysis; MELO, A.C.F.: Formal Analysis; NASCENTES, A.L.: Formal Analysis. References Ahmad, T.; Mazhar, M.S.; Ali, H.; Batool, A.; Ahmad, W., 2016. Efficacy of nutrient management on carrot productivity and quality: a review. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, v. 7, 62-67. Aleisa, E.; Al-Zubari, W., 2017. Wastewater reuse in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): the lost opportunity. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661- 017-6269-8. Almeida, J.G.R.; Dall-Orsoletta, A.C.; Oziemblowski, M.M.; Michelon, G.M.; Bayer, C.; Edouard, N.; Ribeiro-Filho, H.M.N., 2020. Carbohydrate- rich supplements can improve nitrogen use efficiency and mitigate nitrogenous gas emissions from the excreta of dairy cows grazing temperate grass. Animal, v. 14, (6), 1184-1195. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S1751731119003057. Aquino, R.F.B.A.; Assunção, N.S.; Aquino, L.A.; Aquino, P.M.; Oliveira, G.A.; Carvalho, A.M.X., 2015. Nutrient demand by the carrot crop is influenced by the cultivar. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 39, (2), 541-552. https:// doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140591. Assunção, N.S.; Clemente, J.; Aquino, L.A.; Dezordi, L.R.; Santos, L.P.D., 2016. Carrot yield and recovery efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Revista Caatinga, v. 29, (4), 859-865. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983- 21252016v29n410rc. Baldi, E.; Miotto, A.; Ceretta, C.A.; Quartieri, M.; Sorrenti, G.; Brunetto, G.; Toselli, M., 2018. Soil-applied phosphorous is an effective tool to mitigate the toxicity of copper excess on grapevine grown in rhizobox. Scientia Horticulturae, v. 227, 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scienta.2017.09.010. Bates, B.C.; Kundzewicz, Z.W.; Wu, S.; Palutikof, J.P., 2008. Climate change and water. In: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Ed). Climate change and water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 210 pp. Baumgartner, D.; Sampaio, S.C.; Silva, T.R.; Teo, C.R.P.A.; Vilas Boas, M.A., 2007. Reúso de águas residuárias da piscicultura e da suinocultura na irrigação da cultura da alface. Engenharia Agricola, v. 27, (1), 152-163. https://doi. org/10.1590/S0100-69162007000100009. Bosch-Serra, A.D.; Yagüe, M.R.; Valdez, A.S.; Domingo-Olivé, F., 2020. Dairy cattle slurry fertilization management in an intensive Mediterranean agricultural system to sustain soil quality while enhancing rapeseed nutritional value. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 273, 111092. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111092. Brasil, 2001. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Resolução RDC nº 12, de 2 de janeiro de 2001- Regulamento Técnico sobre padrões microbiológicos para alimentos. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília. Brasil, 2011. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Resolução CONAMA nº 430. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília. Brasil, 2021. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Resolução CONAMA nº 503. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília. Carvalho, A.; Junqueira, A.M.R.; Vieira, J.V.; Reis, A.; Silva, J.B.C., 2005. Produtividade, florescimento prematuro e queima-das-folhas em cenoura cultivada em sistema orgânico e convencional. Horticultura Brasileira, v. 23, (2), 250-254. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362005000200017. Carvalho, A.D.F.; Silva, G.O.; Ragassi, C.F.; Pereira, G.E.; Lourenço Junior, V.; Lopes, C.A.; Pinheiro, J.B.; Reis, A.; Pilon, L., 2021. Cenoura: Daucus carota L. Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília, 74 pp. Carvalho, D.F.; Oliveira Neto, D.H.; Felix, L.F.; Guerra, J.G.M.; Salvador, C.A., 2016. Yield, water use efficiency, and yield response factor in carrot crop under different irrigation depths. Ciência Rural, v. 46, (7), 1145-1150. https://doi. org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6269-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6269-8 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119003057 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119003057 https://doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140591 https://doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140591 https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n410rc https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n410rc https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.09.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.09.010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69162007000100009 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69162007000100009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111092 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111092 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362005000200017 https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150363 https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150363 Potential use of treated wastewater from a cattle operation in the fertigation of organic carrots 553 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 Cecílio Filho, A.B.; Peixoto, F.C., 2013. Acúmulo e exportação de nutrientes em cenoura ‘Forto’. Revista Caatinga, v. 26, (1), 64-70. Chen, C.-Y.; Wang, S.-W.; Kim, H.; Pan, S.-Y.; Fan, C.; Lin, Y.-J., 2021. Non- conventional water reuse in agriculture: A circular water economy. Water Research, v. 199, 117193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117193. Colombari, L.F.; Lanna, N.B.L.; Guimarães, L.R.P.; Cardoso, A.I.I., 2018. Production and quality of carrot in function of split application of nitrogen doses in top dressing. Horticultura Brasileira, v. 36, (3), 306-312. https://doi. org/10.1590/S0102-053620180304. Dantas, I.L.A.; Faccioli, G.G.; Mendonça, L.C.; Nunes, T.P.; Viegas, P.R.A.; Santana, L.O.G. 2014. Viabilidade do uso de água residuária tratada na irrigação da cultura do rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.). Revista Ambiente & Água, v. 9, (1), 109. https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1220. Dantas, I.L.A.; Faccioli, G.G.; Santos, A.R.R.; Araújo, L.R.S., 2020. Análise microbiológica de cenoura e beterraba irrigadas com águas residuárias domésticas tratadas. In: Sousa, I.F.; Monteiro, A.S.C.; Santana, N.R.F. (Ed.). Olhar dos recursos e do meio ambiente do Estado de Sergipe. Belo Horizonte: Poisson. Díaz, F.J.; Tejedor, M.; Jiménez, C.; Grattan, S.R.; Dorta, M.; Hernández, J.M., 2013. The imprint of desalinated seawater on recycled wastewater: Consequences for irrigation in Lanzarote Island, Spain. Agricultural Water Management, v. 116, 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGWAT.2012.10.011. Dube, S.; Muchaonyerwa, P.; Mapanda, F.; Hughes, J., 2018. Effects of sludge water from a water treatment works on soil properties and the yield and elemental uptake of Brachiaria decumbens and lucerne (Medicago sativa). Agricultural Water Management, v. 208, 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. agwat.2018.06.015. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), 1999. Embrapa Informática Agropecuária. Manual de análises químicas de solos, plantas e fertilizantes. Brasília: Embrapa Comunicação para Transferência de Tecnologia, 370 p. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), 2013a. Manual de calagem e adubação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Seropédica: Editora Universidade Rural, 430 p. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), 2013b. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. Rio de Janeiro: Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos. Erthal, V.J.; Ferreira, P.A.; Pereira, O.G.; Matos, A.D. 2010. Características fisiológicas, nutricionais e rendimento de forrageiras fertigadas com água residuária de bovinocultura. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, v. 14, (5), 458-466. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415- 43662010000500002. Farhangi-Abriz, S.; Ghassemi-Golezani, K., 2019. Jasmonates: Mechanisms and functions in abiotic stress tolerance of plants. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 20, 101210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101210. Fonseca, S.P.P.; Soares, A.A.; Matos, A.T., 2000. Remoção de coliformes totais e fecais – Escherichia coli no tratamento de esgoto pelo método do escoamento superficial. convênio DEA/UFV e DVDT/COPASA MG. In: Seminário Nacional de Microbiologia Aplicada ao Saneamento, Vitória, ES. Anais. Vitória. Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio Ambiente (FEEMA), 1986. NT- 202.R-10. Diário Oficial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Ferreira, D.F. 2011. Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v. 35, (6), 1039-1042. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413- 70542011000600001. Fleite, S.N.; García, A.R.; Santos, C.; Missoni, L.L.; Torres, R.; Lagorio, M.G.; Cassanello, M., 2020. Simulation and optimization of a lamella settler for cattle feedlot wastewater treatment and nutrients recovery. Experimental validation in the field, Heliyon, v. 6, (12), e05840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. heliyon.2020.e05840. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), 1985. Water Quality for Irrigation for Agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 29 Revision 1, 1-130. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Garg, O.P.N.; Thaman, C.S.; Sharma, V.; Singh, H.; Vashistha, K.S.M.; Sharda, S.R.; Dhaliwal, M.S., 2022. Effects of irrigation water quality and NPK- fertigation levels on plant growth, yield and tuber size of potatoes in a sandy loam alluvial soil of semi-arid region of Indian Punjab. Agricultural Water Management, v. 266, 107604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107604. Hamacher, L.S.; Hüther C.M.; Silva, L.D.B.; Carmo, D.F.; Coutada, J.M.; Schtruk, T.G.; Pereira, C.R.; Cecchin, D.; Machado, T.B.; Pinho, C.F., 2019. Wastewater from dairy cattle in citronella cultivation: Effects on photochemical activity and biomass. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais, (53), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-947820190482. Hamacher, L.S.; Hüther, C.M.; Silva, L.D.B.; Cecchin, D.; Carmo, D.F.; Oliveira, E.; Santos, C.M.P.P.; Machado, T.B.; Pereira, C.R.; Silva, F.C. 2021. Soil fertility and essential oil production in citronella cultivation irrigated with dairy cattle wastewater (DCW). Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, v. 24, (2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.3478. Hamilton, G.J.; Akbar, G.; Raine, S.; McHugh, A., 2020. Deep blade loosening and two-dimensional infiltration theory make furrow irrigation predictable, simpler and more efficient. Agricultural Water Management, v. 239, 106241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106241. Hochmuth, G.J.; Brecht, J.K.; Bassett, M.J., 1999. Nitrogen fertilization to maximize carrot yield and quality on a sandy soil. HortScience, v. 34, (4), 641- 645. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.34.4.641. Hu, J.; Gettel, G.; Fan, Z.; Lv, H.; Zhao, Y.; Yu, Y.; Wang, J.; Butterbach-Bahl, K.; Li, G.; Lin. S. 2021. Drip fertigation promotes water and nitrogen use efficiency and yield stability through improved root growth for tomatoes in plastic greenhouse production. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, v. 313, 107379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107379. Hussar, G.J.; Paradela, A.L.; Bastos, M.C.; Reis, T.K.B.; Jonas, T.C.; Serra, W.; Gomes, J.P., 2003. Efeito do uso do efluente de reator anaeróbio compartimentado na fertirrigação da cenoura. Ecossistema, v. 28, (1), 9-15. Janeiro, C.N.; Arsénio, A.M.; Brito, R.M.C.L.; Van Lier, J.B., 2020. Use of (partially) treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture; potentials and constraints for sub-Saharan Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, v. 118-199, 102906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2020.102906. Jorge, M.F., 2018. Tratamento e disposição final de águas residuárias de bovinocultura em solos sob manejo orgânico de produção de olerícolas. Thesis Doctoral, Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação Agropecuária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica. Retrieved 2021-13-04, from https:// sucupira.capes.gov.br/sucupira/public/consultas/coleta/trabalhoConclusao/ viewTrabalhoConclusao.xhtml?popup=true&id_trabalho=6325279. Kumar, P.; Kumar, V.; Goala, M.; Singh, J.; Kumar, P., 2021. Integrated use of treated dairy wastewater and agro-residue for Agaricus bisporus mushroom cultivation: Experimental and kinetics studies. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, v. 32, 101940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101940. Lima Junior, J.A.; Pereira, G.M.; Geisenhoff, L.O.; Silva, W.G.; Vilas Boas, R.C.; Souza, R.J., 2012. Desempenho de cultivares de cenoura em função da água no solo. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, v. 16, (5), 514- 520. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662012000500007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117193 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180304 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180304 https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1220 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGWAT.2012.10.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.015 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662010000500002 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662010000500002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101210 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542011000600001 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542011000600001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05840 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05840 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107604 https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-947820190482 https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.3478 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106241 https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.34.4.641 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107379 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2020.102906 https://sucupira.capes.gov.br/sucupira/public/consultas/coleta/trabalhoConclusao/viewTrabalhoConclusao.xhtml?popup=true&id_trabalho=6325279 https://sucupira.capes.gov.br/sucupira/public/consultas/coleta/trabalhoConclusao/viewTrabalhoConclusao.xhtml?popup=true&id_trabalho=6325279 https://sucupira.capes.gov.br/sucupira/public/consultas/coleta/trabalhoConclusao/viewTrabalhoConclusao.xhtml?popup=true&id_trabalho=6325279 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101940 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662012000500007 Jorge, M. F. et al. 554 RBCIAMB | v.57 | n.4 | Dez 2022 | 542-554 - ISSN 2176-9478 Matos, A.T., 2006. Disposição de águas residuárias no solo. Caderno Didático, n. 38. AEAGRI, Viçosa, 142 p. Matos, A.T., 2014. Tratamento e aproveitamento agrícola de resíduos sólidos. Ed. UFV, Viçosa, 241 pp. Mendes, P.E.F.; Bastos, R.G.; Souza, C.F., 2016. Efluente tratado na agricultura: aspectos agronômicos e sanitários no cultivo do rabanete. Revista Brasileira de Agricultura Irrigada, v. 10, (1), 428-438. Mendonça, H.V.; Ometto, J.P.H.B.; Rocha, W.S.D.; Martins, C.E.; Otenio, M.H.; Borges, C.A.V. 2016. Crescimento de Cana-de-Açúcar sob Aplicação de Biofertilizante da Bovinocultura e Ureia. Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente, v. 9, (4), 973-987. https://doi.org/10.17765/2176- 9168.2016v9n4p973-987. Moniruzzaman, M.; Akand, M.H.; Hossain, M.I.; Sarkar, M.D.; Ullah, A., 2013. Effect of Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Carrot (Daucus carota L.). The Agriculturists, v. 11, (1), 76-81. https://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i1.15246. Moussaoui, T.E.; Wahbi, S.; Mandi, L.; Masi, S.; Ouazzani N., 2019. Reuse study of sustainable wastewater in agroforestry domain of Marrakesh city. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, v. 18, (3), 288-293. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.08.004. Mubashir, M.; Malik, S.A.; Khan, A.A.; Ansari, T.M.; Wright, S.; Brown, M.V.; Islam, K.R., 2010. Growth, yield and nitrate accumulation of irrigated carrot and okra in response to nitrogen fertilization. Pakistan Journal of Botany, v. 42, (4), 2513-2521. Naspolini, G.F.; Ciasca, B.S.; La Rovere, E.L.; Pereira Jr., A.O., 2020. Brazilian Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water: A structural decomposition analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 265, 110508. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110508. Noor, A.; Ziaf, K.; Amjad, M.; Ahmad, I., 2020. Synthetic auxins concentration and application time modulates seed yield and quality of carrot by altering the umbel order. Scientia Horticulturae, v. 262, 109066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scienta.2019.109066. Oliveira, D.M.; Soares, A.K.M.; Martins, C.C.; Moreira, L.B., 2009. Caracterização Morfológica e Agronômica de Variedades de Arroz Vermelho em Sistema de Produção Agroecológica. Revista Brasileira de Agroecologia, v. 4, (2), 2137-2139. Olsson, M.E.; Gustavsson, K.E, Svensson, S.E.; Hansson, D., 2018. Different types of organic pop-up fertilizers in carrot cultivation: Effects on the concentrations of polyacetylenes and sugars. Scientia Horticulturae, v. 230, 126-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.10.010. Peel, M.C.; Finlayson, B.L.; McMahon, T.A., 2007. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 11, (5), 1633-1644. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Razzaq, M.; Akram, N.; Ashraf, M.; Naz, H.; Al-Qurainy, F., 2017. Interactive effect of drought and nitrogen on growth, some key physiological attributes and oxidative defense system in carrot (Daucus carota L.) plants. Scientia Horticulturae, v. 225, 373-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.06.055. Resende, G.M.; Braga, M.B., 2014. Produtividade de cultivares e populações de cenoura em sistema orgânico de cultivo. Horticultura Brasileira, v. 32, (1), 102-106. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362014000100017. Resende, G.M.; Yuri, J.E.; Costa, N.D., 2016a. Planting times and spacing of carrot crops in the São Francisco Valley, Pernambuco State, Brazil. Revista Caatinga, v. 29, (3), 587-593. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n308rc. Resende, G.M.; Yuri, J.E.; Costa, N.D.; Mota, J.H., 2016b. Adaptação de cultivares de cenoura em sistema orgânico de cultivo em condições de temperaturas elevadas. Horticultura Brasileira, v. 34, (1), 121-125. https://doi. org/10.1590/S0102-053620160000100018. Ricart, S.; Rico, A.M., 2019. Assessing technical and social driving factors of water reuse in agriculture: A review on risks, regulation and the yuck factor. Agricultural Water Management, v. 217, 426-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. agwat.2019.03.017. Rosa, L.; Chiarelli, D.D.; Rulli, M.C.; Dell’Angelo, J.; D’Odorico, P., 2020. Global agricultural economic water scarcity. Science Advances, v. 6, (18), eaaz6031. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6031. Salgado, A.S.; Guerra, J.G.M.; Almeida, D.L., Ribeiro, R.L.D.; Espindola, J.A.A.; Salgado, J.A.A., 2006. Consórcios alface-cenoura e alface-rabanete sob manejo orgânico. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, v. 41, (7), 1141-1147. https://doi. org/10.1590/S0100-204X2006000700010. Santos, C.A.B.; Zandoná, S.R.; Espindola, J.A.A.; Guerra, J.G.M.; Ribeiro, R.L.D., 2011. Efeito de coberturas mortas vegetais sobre o desempenho da cenoura em cultivo orgânico. Horticultura Brasileira, v. 29, (1), 103-107. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362011000100017 Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, S.; Nockrach, M.; Kalantari, Z., 2019. The Potential of Wetlands in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. Water, v. 11, (3), 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030609 Severo Santos, J.F.; Naval, L.P., 2020. Spatial and temporal Dynamics of Water Footprint For Soybean Production In Areas of Recent Agricultural Expansion of The Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado). Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 251, 119482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119482. Silva, A.M.S.; Santos, M.V.; Silva, L.D.; Santos, J.B.; Ferreira, E.A.; Santos, L.D.T., 2021. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization rates on yield, agronomic efficiency and morphophysiology in Tithonia diversifolia. Agricultural Water Management, v. 248, 106782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. agwat.2021.106782. Silva, J.L.B; Moura, G.B.A.; Silva, M.V.; Lopes, P.M.O.; Guedes, R.V.S.; Silva, Ê.F.F.; Ortiz, P.F.S.; Rodrigues, J.A.M., 2020. Changes in the water resources, soil use and spatial dynamics of Caatinga vegetation cover over semiarid region of the Brazilian Northeast. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, v. 20, 100372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100372. Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo (SBCS), 2004. Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo. Manual de adubação e de calagem para os Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina. 10. ed. Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo. Sou, M.; Yacouba, H.; Mermoud, A., 2011. Fertilizing value and health risk assessment related to wastewater reuse in irrigation Case study in a Soudano- Sahelian city: Ouagadougou. Journees Scientifiques, v. E, 1-4. Tortajada, C., 2020. Contributions of recycled wastewater to clean water and sanitation Sustainable Development Goals. npj Clean Water, v. 3, 22. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-0069-3. Toumi, J.; Er-Raki, S.; Ezzahar, J.; Khabba, S.; Jarlan, L.; Chehbouni, A., 2016. Performance assessment of AquaCrop model for estimating evapotranspiration, soil water content and grain yield of winter wheat in Tensift Al Haouz (Morocco): Application to irrigation management. Agricultural Water Management, v. 163, 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.09.007. Tripathi, V.K.; Rajput, T.B.S.; Patel, N.; Nain, L., 2019. Impact of municipal wastewater reuse through micro-irrigation system on the incidence of coliforms in selected vegetable crops. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 251, 109532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109532. Wang, F.; Li, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, F.; Tan, R.R.; Ren, J.; Jia, X., 2021. Integrated Graphical Approach for Selecting Industrial Water Conservation Projects. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 287, 125503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2020.125503. https://doi.org/10.17765/2176-9168.2016v9n4p973-987 https://doi.org/10.17765/2176-9168.2016v9n4p973-987 https://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i1.15246 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.08.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.08.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110508 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110508 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109066 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109066 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.10.010 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.06.055 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362014000100017 https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n308rc https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620160000100018 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620160000100018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.03.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.03.017 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6031 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2006000700010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2006000700010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362011000100017 https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030609 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119482 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106782 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106782 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100372 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-0069-3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-0069-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.09.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109532 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125503 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125503