Revista  Brasileira  de  Ciências  Ambientais  –  Número  22   –  dezembro  de  2011                                                                          ISSN  Impresso  1808-­‐4524  /  ISSN  Eletrônico:  2176-­‐9478 60 Quantification  of  greenhouse  gases  emission  from  sugarcane  burnings:  a  study  case   in  savanna  areas  of  Brazil             ABSTRACT    In  Brazil,  the  cultivation  of  sugar  cane  is  regarded  as  emitting  greenhouse   gases  (GHGs)  when  associated  with  the  use  of  burnings  in  the  pre-­‐harvest,   depending   also   on   the   physiognomy   of   native   vegetation   converted   to   its   installation  (i.e.  in  the  format  of  grass,  bushes  or  trees).  This  study  aims  at   estimating  GHG  emissions  in  areas  of  sugarcane  cultivation  in  the  State  of   Goiás,  core  area  of  the  Cerrado  biome,  between  2005  and  2009.  Thus,  it  was   considered   the   hypothetical   use   of   pre-­‐harvest   burning   and   its   gradual   reduction.  The  areas  with  sugarcane  fields  and  where  fire  is  used  were  also   identified,  providing  actual  data  for  the  recalculation  of  GHC  emissions.  The   maps  show  a  concentration  of  sugarcane  cultivation  in  the  southern,  central   and  southwestern  areas  of  Goiás.  Assuming  all  that  sugarcane  production  is   exposed  to  fire  (during  the  reference  period),  it  was  observed  the  emission   of   four   greenhouse   gases   (methane,   nitrous   oxide,   carbon   monoxide   and   nitrogen  oxide).  The  Federal  Law  helps  restrain  the  use  of  fire,  allowing  the   replacement  of  this  technology.  In  Goiás,  the  extent  of  areas  with  burning   cane   fields   are   fragmented   and   small,   emitting   105.95   Gg   C-­‐CO2e   in   the   period  studied  (14.75%  of  total  area  for  planting  of  the  sugarcane),  making   production   relatively   clean.                                                                                                                                                     KEYWORDS:  Savanna  environment,  Cerrado,  Sugarcane,  Greenhouse  gases   emission,  Burnings.     RESUMO   No   Brasil,   a   cultura   da   cana-­‐de-­‐açúcar   é   considerada   como   emissora   de   gases  de  efeito  estufa  (GEEs)  quando  associada  ao  uso  de  queimadas  na  pré-­‐ colheita,  dependendo  também  da  fisionomia  da  vegetação  nativa  convertida   para  sua  instalação  (i.e.  graminosa,  arbustiva  ou  arbórea).  Este  trabalho  visa   estimar  as  emissões  de  GEE  em  áreas  de  cultivo  de  cana  no  Estado  de  Goiás,   área  core  do  bioma  do  Cerrado,  entre  2005  e  2009.  Assim,  considerou-­‐se  o   uso   hipotético   da   queima   na   pré-­‐colheita   e   a   sua   redução   gradativa.   Também   mapeou-­‐se   as   áreas   com   canaviais   e   que   utilizam   o   fogo,   fornecendo  os  dados  reais  para  o  recálculo  das  emissões  de  GEE.  Os  mapas   mostram   uma   concentração   do   cultivo   da   cana   na   regiões   sul,  central   e   sudoeste  de  Goiás.  Assumindo  que  toda  essa  produção  de  cana  seja  exposta   ao   fogo   (durante   o   período   considerado),   observou   a   emissão   de   quatro   GEEs  (metano,  óxido  nitroso,  monóxido  de  carbono  e  óxido  de  nitrogênio).  A   Lei  Federal  auxilia  a  coibir  o  uso  do  fogo,  permitindo  a  substituição  desta   tecnologia.   Em   Goiás   a   extensão   das   áreas   de   canaviais   com   queima   são   fragmentadas  e  pequenas,  emitindo  105,95  Gg  C-­‐CO2e  em  todo  o  período   estudado   (4,87%   da   área   total   destinada   ao   plantio   da   cana-­‐de-­‐açúcar),   tornando  a  produção  relativamente  limpa.       PALAVRAS-­‐CHAVE:  Ambiente  savanna,  Cerrado,  Cana-­‐de-­‐açúcar,  Emissão  de   gases  com  efeito  de  estufa,  Queimadas.                 Alcione  Borges   Economist.   Doctorate   Student   in   Environmental   Sciences   Program   /   Federal   University   of  Goiás   (scholarship  from  CAPES)     Email:  agroeconomic@gmail.com   Manuel  Eduardo  Ferreira   Geographer,   Doctor   in   Environmental   Sciences   (Federal   University   of   Goiás).   Professor   at   the   Federal   University   of   Goiás   in   Cartography   and   Geographic   Information   System   (Socio-­‐ Environmental   Studies   Institute),   and   associate   researcher   at   the   Image   Processing  and  GIS  Lab.  (LAPIG)   Marlon  Nemayer   DTI-­‐CNPq   Scholarship   Researcher,   Image  Processing  and  GIS  Lab.  (LAPIG)  /   Federal  University  of  Goiás.   Fausto  Miziara   Sociologist.  Doctor  in  Sociology   (University  of  Brasília).  Professor  at  the   Federal   University   of   Goiás   (School   of   Agronomy)   Francis  Lee  Ribeiro   Economist.   Doctor   in   Applied   Economics   (Federal   University   of   Viçosa).   Professor   at   the   Federal   University   of   Goiás   (School   of   Agronomy)   61 Revista  Brasileira  de  Ciências  Ambientais  –  Número  22   –  dezembro  de  2011                                                                          ISSN  Impresso  1808-­‐4524  /  ISSN  Eletrônico:  2176-­‐9478 61   INTRODUCTION   Despite   considered   one   of   the   hotspots   of   biodiversity   on   the   Earth   (Myers   et   al.   2000),   the   Savanna   environment   in   Brazil,   locally   known   as   Cerrado,   has   become   in   the   recent   years   a   very   attractive   region   for   the   development   of   biofuels,   among   which   the   production   of   ethanol   from   sugarcane   (FERREIRA   et   al.   2007;   ALMEIDA,   2003).   The   good   efficiency  of  ethanol  from  sugarcane   face   other   biofuels   and   fossil   fuels,   such  as  gasoline  and  diesel,  provides   a  positive  reflection  for  the  Brazilian   sugarcane  industry,  among  which  the   significant   expansion   of   sugarcane   plantations   in   this   biome   (MENDONÇA,   2010;   GIBBS   et   al.   2008).   However,   the   common   practice  of  burnings  in  the  sugarcane   pre-­‐harvest   phase   threatens   the   environmental   sustainability   of   this   cultivation   due   essentially   to   the   emission  of  greenhouse  gases.     The   agricultural   frontier   for   ethanol   activity   in   Brazil   has   been   now   concentrated   in   the   Midwest   region   of   the   country,   more   specifically   in   the   savanna   environment   (locally   known   as   Cerrado),   already   heading   other   important   biomes   like   Pantanal   and   Amazonia,   and   making   this   activity   essential   to   the   economic   and   environmental   monitoring   (ALVES   AND   WANDER,   2010;   RIBEIRO   et   al.   2009).  In  the  specific  case  of  Goiás,  a   state  located  in  the  core  area  of  the   Cerrado   (central   area   in   Brazil),   the   production   of   sugarcane   ethanol   is   intensified   since   2000,   becoming   coexistent   with   the   already   established   production   of   grains   (soybeans),  cotton,  rice  and  livestock   (dairy  and  cut)  (CASTRO  et  al.  2010),   and   an   attractive   region   for   the   production   of   this   renewable   fuel   (ALVES  AND  WANDER,  2010).     However   the   disorganized   growth   of   sugarcane   cultivation   in   Goiás,   based   on   the   expansion   of   cultivated   area   rather   than   on   the   increase   of   productivity   gains   (CASTRO  et  al.  2010),  is  mentioned  as   a   serious   environmental   problem,   especially  for  the  occupation  of  areas   of   native   vegetation   (forests   and   savannas)  and  for  the  use  of  burning   in   the   pre-­‐harvest   phase   of   this   cultivation   (OMETTO   et   al.   2005;   BORJA,   2007).   Thus   it   is   emitted   a   large   amount   of   greenhouse   gases   (direct   and   indirectly)   to   the   atmosphere,   causing   several   social   and  environmental  damage.   Concerned   about   the   levels   of   atmospheric   concentration   of   greenhouse   gases   (GHG)   resulting   from   this   agricultural   practice,   in   1998   the   Brazilian   government   met   the   requirements   of   the   United   Nations   Framework   Convention   on   Climate   Change,   by   determining   the   gradual   reduction   of   burning   use   at   the   mechanized   areas   by   2020   (in   some   regions,   this   period   was   reduced   to   2014).   Within   this   analytical   perspective,   this   article   aims   at   estimating   the   GHG   emissions   at   sugarcane   plantation   areas  in  Goiás  from  2005  to  2009.  In   order   to   meet   this   result   the   possibility  of  the  use  of  two  different   and   substitutes   technologies   will   be   considered:  with  and  without  the  use   of   burnings.   Following   that   the   sugarcane   expansion   areas   fields   with   burning   scars   will   be   identified   by   means   of   geo-­‐referencing,   providing   actual   data   for   the   recalculation  of  GHG  emissions.   METHODOLOGY     Study  area       This   research   is   restricted   to   the   State   of   Goiás,   central   area   of   Cerrado   biome,   due   to   its   natural   features,   agricultural   development   (the   second   largest   producer   of   ethanol   in   Brazil   since   2009)   and   government   incentives,   factors   that   helped   the   establishment   and   expansion  of  sugarcane  cultivation  in   the  region  (Fig.  1).     Fig.  1  -­‐  Study  area,  with  the  limits  of  the  Brazil,  Cerrado  biome  and  the  State  of  Goiás.   62 Revista  Brasileira  de  Ciências  Ambientais  –  Número  22   –  dezembro  de  2011                                                                          ISSN  Impresso  1808-­‐4524  /  ISSN  Eletrônico:  2176-­‐9478 62   Database  and  processing  stages   Based   on   the   methodology   of   international   policies   on   climate   change   and   on   the   information   in   relation   to   Greenhouse   Gas   (GHG)   emitted   as   a   result   of   inadequate   management   with   the   use   of   fire   in   sugarcane   pre-­‐harvest   (Saccharum   spp.),  in  this  case  the  state  of  Goiás  -­‐   period  from  2005  to  2009,  this  article   follows   the   calculations   guidelines   used   in   the   first   Greenhouse   Gas   Anthropogenic   Emissions   Inventory   (MCT   2002),   which   adapted   the   methodology  presented  in  the  Fourth   Module   of   the   Intergovernmental   Panel  on  Climate  Change  -­‐  Reference   Manual  (IPCC,  1997).   Attending   to   the   last   guideline   suggested   by   the   manual,   which  proposes  the  inclusion  of  a  law   to  reduce  GHGs,  here  follows  Borja’s   (BORJA,   2007)   proposal,   which   considers   the   Decree   Law   No.   2.661/1998,   paragraph   IV   which   regulates   the   gradual   reduction   of   fire   use   in   a   quarter   (minimum)   of   the   mechanized   agricultural   area,   every  5  years,  not  exceeding  the  limit   of   2020.   With   such   methodological   grounds,   all   the   sugarcane   production   in  Goiás   is  considered  to   be   done   in   mechanized   areas   and   due   to   this   two   different   scenarios   are   proposed:   1)   with   100%   use   of   fire  and  with  gradual  reduction  (from   2005   to   2009   -­‐   study   period   -­‐   with   50%  reduction).   Finally,  it  is  also  analyzed  the   data   from   CANASAT   Project   (2010)   sugarcane   plantations,   based   on   satellite   data   (Landsat-­‐TM),   to   identify   and   track   the   spatial   distribution  of  sugarcane  plantations   in   the   State   of   Goiás   from   2005   to   2009.   This   data   was   analyzed   together   with   images   of   fire   scars,   generated  WIST  NASA  (2010)  by  the   MODIS   (Product   MCD451A)   sensor,   pointing  out  the  burning  areas  in  the   sugarcane   plantations   in   Goiás   between   2005   to   2009.   From   this   data   it   was   recalculated   the   actual   emission   of   anthropogenic   gases   based  on  the  Inventory  Methodology   (BORJA,  2007;  MCT,  2002).   RESULTS  AND  DISCUSSION     The   current   warming   in   the   international   demand   for   ethanol   from   sugarcane   was   motivated   by   replacing  fossil  fuels  (from  the  Kyoto   Protocol)  and  too  by  the  increase  in   sale   of   flex   fuel   cars   (ie.   biofuels).   This   scenario   has   leveraged   the   sugarcane  sector   in  Goiás,  making   it   one   of   the   most   promising   activities   of  the  agribusiness  in  the  region.   Over  the  past  five  years  the   production  of  sugarcane  in  the  state   of   Goiás   has   nearly   tripled,   going   from   15.642.125   tons   in   2005   to   44.064.470   tons   in   2009   (CANASAT,   2010).  Despite  the  good  productivity   (   average   of   80   tons   /   ha   –   2006   to   2009),   the   productive   expansion   basis  in  this  period  happened  due  to   the  increase  by  260%  in  the  planted   areas,   going   from   200   thousand   hectares   in   2005   to   over   520   thousand   hectares   in   2009   (SEPLAN/SEPLIN,   2010).   With   this   productive  supply,  Goiás  became  the   fourth  largest  sugarcane  producer  in   Brazil  and  the  second  largest  ethanol   producer   in   the   country   (SIFAEG,   2010).   Considering   this   productive   scenario   and   assuming   this   total   sugarcane   production   disposition   at   fire   in   the   pre-­‐harvest,   the   emission   annual   average   (BORJA,   2007;   MCT,     2002)  is  estimated,  in  Gig  gram  (Gg  =   109),  of  methane  (CH4),  nitrous  oxide   (N2O),   carbon   monoxide   (CO)   and   nitrogen   oxides   (NOx)   from   2005   to   2009   in,   respectively,   11.97,   251.47,   0.59   and   21.42.   According   to   this   Box & Whisker Plot: C-Coeq Mean Mean±SE Mean±1,96*SE Uso of fire Reduction in the use of fire Type 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 C -C oe q   Fig.  2  -­‐  Carbon  dioxide  equivalent  emission  in  accordance  with  the  use  of  burnings  during  the  pre-­‐harvest  and  with  the  reduction  of  burnings. 63 Revista  Brasileira  de  Ciências  Ambientais  –  Número  22   –  dezembro  de  2011                                                                          ISSN  Impresso  1808-­‐4524  /  ISSN  Eletrônico:  2176-­‐9478 63   data,  the  sugarcane   burning  emits  a   smaller   quantity   of   direct   GHGs,   i.e.   CH4  and  N2O,  both    being  authorized   to   receive   carbon   credits   by   the   agricultural   projects   about   Clean   Development   Mechanism   (CDM)   activities.  The  gases  not  listed  in  the   Kyoto   Protocol   (CO   and   NOx)   had   higher   emissions,   making   the   CO   emission   worrying,   once   it   can   indirectly   interfere   in   the   CH4   concentration  in  the  atmosphere.   Moreover,   the   gases   CH4   and  N2O  can  be  transformed  into  one   single   international   unit   of   measurement   that   expresses   the   quantity  of  these  gases  in  equivalent   terms  of  carbon  dioxide  (CO2),  called   equivalent   carbon   dioxide   (C-­‐CO2e).   In  this  sense  the  emitted  quantity  of     CH4   and   N2O   is   multiplied   by   its   respective  Global  Warming  Potential   (GWP),   i.e.   by   21   and   310   (UNFCCC   2006),   respectively,   resulting   in   an   annual   average   equivalent   gases   emission  of  251.37  and  182.90  Gg  C-­‐ CO2e,   or   in   an   annual   emission   total   of   434.27   Gg   C-­‐CO2e   (with   the   complete  burning  of  the  sugarcane).   Even   as   a   facilitator   for   the   management   of   sugar   cane,   the   use   of  fire  in  the  pre-­‐harvest  is  an  issuing   agent  of  greenhouse  gases,  especially   of   direct   gases   (ie.   CH4   and   N2O),   which   are   considered   more   harmful   to   the   global   warming   among   the   analyzed  gases  (MCT,  2002;  UNFCCC,   2006).   Therefore   the   possibility   of   reduction   in   the   use   of   fire   in   the   sugarcane   pre-­‐harvest,   through   the   application   of   Decree   Law   2.661   (1998),  favors  the  reduction  of  these   gases   emissions   by   50%   between   2005  and  2009  (Fig.  2)   As   a   comparison   to   an   actual   scenario,   the   sugarcane   expansion  in  the  region  of  Goiás  was   also   analyzed   through   CANASAT   (2010)  data  and  with  the  respective   burnt  area  -­‐  based  on  MODIS  sensor   -­‐   MCD451A   product   (WIST   NASA   2010),   to   detect   the   planted   area   growth   and   its   possible   negative   effects   generated   by   the   use   of   burning  as  pre-­‐harvest  technology  in   five   consecutive   periods:   2005/2006;   2006/2007;   2007/2008;   2008/2009  (Fig.  3)   The   establishment   and   expansion   of   sugarcane   cultivation   are  recent  in  the  state  of  Goiás.  Data   from  CANASAT  (Fig.  3a)  indicates  that   the   real   expansion   of   the   sugarcane   sector  in  the  region  of  Goiás  is  highly   fragmented   (average   of   4185.80   polygons)   and   scattered   throughout   the   state,   focusing   on   the   central-­‐ south  region,  fertile  and  mechanized   areas,   previously,   used   for   the   planting  of  soybeans.   According   to   data   provided   by   CANASAT,   the   expansion   exceeded  double  the  planted  area  of   sugarcane  in  2005  (217,898.04  ha)  to   the   current   451,075.04   ha   in   2009.   However,   was   observing   in   2009   a   decrease   of   1.63%   in   the   planted   area   in   compared   with   2008.   The   year   2008   also   showed   the   greatest   area   available   for   expansion   (142,843.51   ha),   favoring   the   consolidation   of   the   ratoon   sugarcane   area   in   2009   (more   than   triple  the  ratoon  area  in  2005).   Despite   this   positive   expansion,  there  was  also  growth  in   burnings  (Fig.  3b)  in  sugarcane  areas   in   Goiás   from   2005   (7724.81   ha)   to   2008   (23,866.11   ha),   followed   by   a       Fig.  3  -­‐  Temporal  map  of  sugarcane  expansion  in  the  State  of  Goiás  –  Brazil,  between  2005  and  2009  (3a  -­‐  left)  and  its  respective  burning   areas  for  the  same  years  (3b  -­‐  right).   64 Revista  Brasileira  de  Ciências  Ambientais  –  Número  22   –  dezembro  de  2011                                                                          ISSN  Impresso  1808-­‐4524  /  ISSN  Eletrônico:  2176-­‐9478 64   period   of   regression   in   use   of   fire   (14,389.   73   ha).   The   burnings   of   sugarcane  occur  mostly  at  the  stage   of  ratoon  sugarcane  (Fig.  4),  i.e.  from   the   second   cut   rods   on.   The   year   2008   is   sui   generis   for   presenting   a   large   burning   area   in   the   plantation   expansion   phase   (8240.52   ha),   however   it   is   not   clear   whether   the   fire   was   imposed   before   the   sugarcane   planting   or   in   the   pre-­‐ harvest.     FINAL  DISCUSSIONS                 The   burning   in   the   sugarcane   pre-­‐harvest   is   a   harmful   practice   to   the   environment   and   society,  should  be  abandoned.  State   of  Goiás  does  not  present  itself  as  a   big   follower   of   the   use   of   fire   technology.   Within   the   period   2005   and   2009,   with   the   consolidation   of   the   areas   planted   with   sugar   cane   the  practice  of  using  fire,  have  been   issued   105.95   Gg   CO2e-­‐C,   corresponding   to   5%   of   the   areas   with   sugarcane.   Thus,   considering   the   percentage   of   expansion   and   burning   in   the   sugarcane   plantation   areas,   the   ethanol   sector   in   Goiás   may   become   an   example   in   Brazil   when   supplying   a   truly   cleaner   production  cycle.   In   the   future,   the   introduction   of   new   clean   technologies   (and   affordable)   may   change   the   current   demand   expectations   for   ethanol   from   sugarcane,   changing   the   entire   scenario   of   sugarcane   productive   growth   in   Goiás   and   through   the   world.   However,   until   now,   the   expansion   of   this   planting   for   the   production  of  ethanol  fuel  sets  Goiás   as   a   competitive   state   in   the   search   for   a   renewable   substitute   for   oil,   opening  space  to  expand  its  national   and  worldwide  tradability.     REFERENCES     ALMEIDA,  M.G.de.  Cultura  ecológica   e   biodiversidade.   Mecator   -­‐   Revista   de  Geografia  da  Universidade  Federal   do  Ceará,  v.  02,  n.  3,  2003,  p.71-­‐82.   ALVES, 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