436 RBCIAMB | v.56 | n.3 | Sept 2021 | 436-444 - ISSN 2176-9478 A B S T R A C T Integrated management of municipal solid waste seeks sustainability under the premises of environmental protection, health promotion, and economic development. In this context, this article proposes actions and policy tools for local governments to improve quality and governance in waste management. A set of 23 actions is proposed based on existing conceptual models and available legislation. The results are presented in three levels as follows: planning of the administrative and operational structure, waste management, and performance evaluation. The results showed that the proposed actions need to be implemented through policy tools, such as municipal legislation, social communication, normative instructions, and technical studies. The applicability of the proposed methodology, which might be replicated in any municipality to increase the efficiency of the waste management system, was positively evaluated in a medium-sized Brazilian city, which presented an overall attendance level of 52%. Keywords: public management; sustainability; governance; municipal solid waste. R E S U M O A gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos urbanos busca a sustentabilidade sob as premissas da proteção ambiental, promoção da saúde e desenvolvimento econômico. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo propõe ações e ferramentas políticas para os governos locais melhorarem a qualidade e a governança na gestão de resíduos. Um conjunto de 23 ações é proposto com base em modelos conceituais existentes e legislação disponível. Os resultados são apresentados em três níveis: planejamento da estrutura administrativa e operacional, gestão de resíduos e avaliação de desempenho. Os resultados mostraram que as ações propostas precisam ser implementadas por meio de ferramentas de política, como legislação municipal, comunicação social, instruções normativas e estudos técnicos. A aplicabilidade da metodologia proposta pode ser replicada em qualquer município para aumentar a eficiência do sistema de gestão de resíduos e foi avaliada positivamente em uma cidade brasileira de médio porte, que apresentou um índice geral de atendimento de 52%. Palavras-chave: gestão pública; sustentabilidade; governança; resíduos sólidos urbanos. Actions and policy tools for local governments to achieve integrated sustainable waste management Ações e ferramentas políticas para governos locais alcançarem a gestão integrada sustentável de resíduos sólidos Valdir Eduardo Olivo1 , Pedro Domingos Marques Prietto1 , Eduardo Pavan Korf2 1Engineering Department, Universidade de Passo Fundo – São José (RS), Brazil. 2Engineering Department, Universidade Federal Fronteira Sul – Chapecó (SC), Brazil. Correspondence address: Valdir Eduardo Olivo – Rua Equador, 313 D – CEP: 89805-211 – Chapecó (SC), Brazil. E-mail: eduardo@baseamb.com.br Conflicts of interest: the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Funding: none. Received on: 11/03/2020. Accepted on: 06/10/2021. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z21769478968 Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais Brazilian Journal of Environmental Sciences Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais Brazilian Journal of Environmental Sciences ISSN 2176-9478 Volume 56, Number 1, March 2021 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0444-7443 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-8125 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-0173 mailto:eduardo@baseamb.com.br https://doi.org/10.5327/Z21769478968 http://www.rbciamb.com.br http://abes-dn.org.br/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Actions and policy tools for local governments to achieve integrated sustainable waste management 437 RBCIAMB | v.56 | n.3 | Sept 2021 | 436-444 - ISSN 2176-9478 Introduction Waste management is one of the essential public services and is con- sidered a “basic human right.” If not properly provided, it represents a threat to public health and the environment (UNEP, 2015). Most munici- palities in underdeveloped and developing countries face significant chal- lenges in waste management, mainly regarding the implementation of sustainable practices, due to the economic and technological limitations and the lack of trained staff, which causes fragility in the system’s opera- tion, particularly in smaller cities (Marino et al., 2018; Deus et al., 2020). Integrated management is being widely adopted by municipalities to properly handle local waste (Asefi and Lim, 2017). This system allows the municipalities to adapt to the existing norms, guaranteeing physical structure, economic sustainability, and social responsibility. It includes the physical elements of the system, the interested parties, encompass- ing the technical, environmental, financial, sociocultural, institutional, and political dimensions (Van De Klundert and Anschutz, 2001). The Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) conceptual model has four main objectives as follows: the promotion of health and well-being of the entire population, the protection of the environment and the guarantee of sustainability, the promotion of efficiency and pro- ductivity in the economy, and the generation of jobs and income (Schü- beler, 1996). This model is widely discussed at a conceptual level (Schü- beler, 1996; Van De Klundert, 1999; Mwangi and Thuo, 2014). However, there is a lack of studies that address practical actions to be taken by government officials to meet ISWM requirements (Marino et al., 2018). The integrated urban solid waste management system is divided into three steps as follows: planning, management, and evaluation (Figure 1), with each stage having axes of actions for the integrated management (Schübeler, 1996; Van De Klundert and Anschutz, 2001; Mwangi and Thuo, 2014). The purpose of this article is therefore to present a set of actions and tools for the local government to achieve integrated solid waste management. Thus, municipalities can implement an integrated man- agement system through these actions. They are based on the princi- ples of sustainability, current legislation, and the local capacity of the municipalities. The actions can be applied to all municipalities that need technical guidance to implement this management system, en- abling managers to increase local sustainability by reducing environ- mental impacts, minimizing operating expenses, and engaging society. This study was conducted on the medium-sized municipalities with a population between 100,000 and 250,000 inhabitants, and Bra- zil has 172 cities with this population (Brazil, 2019). Due to the great relevance in the economic market and for becoming a regional pole for services and infrastructure, these municipalities have high growth potential, thus requiring the planning of actions aimed at sanitation. Methodology The research was conducted initially through a systematic review and performed in two steps as follows: the first one comprised three database searches using the key words relevant to the research and the analyses of selected articles and documents from the database search (Figure 2). Initially, a search for national legislation regarding the manage- ment of solid waste was carried out. The research took place on the legislation portal of the Brazilian federal government and identified 24 legislations on the subject, in the period between 2001 and 2021. Eight federal laws were selected, which served as a legal basis for this work. After, a systematic literature review was realized to this article. ScienceDirect and Scopus databases were consulted using three search criteria as follows: all types of articles, time interval from 2011 to 2021, and the following key-word associations: “municipal solid waste” and “policy tools,” “guidelines” and “municipal solid waste” and “policy tools,” and “municipal solid waste” and “integrated management.” A total of 448 articles were identified and selected by the abstract reading, and 29 were selected for the in-depth discussion for this study. The guidelines were defined based on the analysis of the 29 articles. From these, actions and policy tools to ISWM were selected. The municipality of Chapeco (SC), Brazil, was selected to assess the conditions of applicability of the study. The municipality presented an excellent performance in waste management in 2018 (Brazil, 2019). Actions and policy tools to implement ISWM The actions and tools were established for each of the axes and were based on the principles of sustainable management (Van De Klundert and Anschutz, 2001) and on the legislation available at the national level (Brazil, 2007, 2010). Each ISWM area of activity generated a set of practical actions that the local government must adopt to achieve sustainable management. The vast majority of actions are based on structuring legal support through stan- dardization and inspection, social mobilization, technical studies, increas- ing physical structure, and projects to minimize environmental impacts. Several authors approached the ISWM as a methodological alter- native to improve the municipal management system. These practices were observed in studies conducted by Dutra et al. (2018), Fuss et al. (2018), and Marino et al. (2018).Figure 1 – The ISWM system. Olivo, V.E. et al. 438 RBCIAMB | v.56 | n.3 | Sept 2021 | 436-444 - ISSN 2176-9478 Step 1: Planning The first step in starting a municipal management system is to de- velop adequate planning based on the current situation of local gover- nance. Planning must involve institutional, legal, financial, and social aspects. Table 1 shows the government actions proposed for this step. The letter “P” was assigned to establish a relationship between the ac- tion and the step it refers to. It is also presented the necessary tool for the action implementation. In waste management planning, communication must involve all levels of government and stakeholders (Kaza et  al., 2018). The basis of a management system occurs through the development of sound public policies that guarantee the availability and continuity of ser- vices. Government actions in the institutional and legal aspects em- phasize the importance of drafting the Brazilian Policy on Solid Waste (BPSW). In Brazil, this policy is provided in federal laws. ISWM will contemplate all the actions present in this article. The plan will serve as a base document for government officials and should be implemented through municipal law (i.e., actions P.1 and P.2). According to Marino et al. (2018), the biggest problems of planning public management in the area of solid waste are related to the technical and operational incapacity of local governments. Low- and middle-in- come countries find it difficult to achieve adequate management due to poor sector planning (Kaza et al., 2018). Therefore, the creation of a municipal public cleaning department with a qualified technical staff guarantees responsible execution of planned actions, monitoring and implementation of plans, contract management, technical studies, stan- dardization, inspection, and social mobilization (i.e., actions P.3–P.5). The local government team should prepare normative manuals and instructions that involve, for example, guidance for minimizing waste generation, segregation at source, encouraging home reduction and re- use of waste, the requirements for waste management plans, the licens- ing of potentially polluting activities, and the standardization of waste disposal facilities (i.e., action P.6). As provided in the Brazilian Policy on Basic Sanitation (BPBS), the local government should promote sec- toral agreements to reach reverse logistics among the parties involved, guaranteeing participation at all levels (i.e., action P.7; Brazil, 2010). The inclusion of waste pickers in integrated management (i.e., action P.8) is foreseen in the BPSW (Brazil, 2010). The municipality should encourage the establishment of cooperatives so that waste pick- ers can work in an organized and wholesome environment, yet provide subsidies and technical partnership to support the structuring of sort- ing spaces (Fidelis et al., 2020; Siman et al., 2020). According to Schübeler (1996), ISWM provides priority assistance to the needy population and vulnerable areas at risk. A detailed study of these areas must be prepared and instituted in municipal legislation to guarantee the care of this population (i.e., action P.9). The structure of a management system must contain legal support to guarantee the execution and continuity of actions. The single legis- lation can facilitate the understanding of users (e.g., municipal code for urban cleaning; action P.10). The code will provide guidance on the segregation of waste, the responsibilities of each user, the service charge, the inspection process, penalties, and tax incentives (Kaza et al., 2018). According to Fernando (2019), for the effectiveness of lo- cal regulations, the punishment process must be provided for cases of noncompliance with local guidelines. Figure 2 – Methodology. Actions and policy tools for local governments to achieve integrated sustainable waste management 439 RBCIAMB | v.56 | n.3 | Sept 2021 | 436-444 - ISSN 2176-9478 To standardize and supervise the provision of basic sanitation ser- vices (Brazil, 2010), the BPSW determines the adhesion of municipali- ties to regulatory agencies (i.e., action P.11). The financial area of management proposes to standardize and make the financial issues of the local government feasible. The gov- ernment should implement a program of continuous assessment of the management system, allowing the assessment of available technologies and the necessary instruments to match financial availability and to achieve greater efficiency (Asian Development Bank, 2017). The prepa- ration of a detailed economic feasibility study will assess the financial deficiencies and deficits in the operational area (i.e., collection, trans- portation, treatment, and disposal; action P.12). Public services must be sustainable (Bartolacci et al., 2018); there- fore, charging of the waste collection tariff (i.e., action P.13) is a de- termining factor for the functioning of the solid waste management system (Brazil, 2010). The charging can be carried out through a fixed tariff or as a function of the amount of waste generated (Welivita et al., 2015). However, the fixed tariff does not encourage the population to minimize the generation of waste (Chung and Yeung, 2019). It is rec- ommended that the best alternative be evaluated and chosen according to the technologies available to the municipality. According to Xu et al. (2018), there are two ways to engage the pop- ulation in the waste segregation at source as follows: through intensive environmental education and through financial incentives. The  local government can institute financial support legislation for users who Table 1 – Actions and policy tools for ISWM planning. Government actions Policy tools Planning – institutional and legal arrangements P.1) Implement the municipal policy of basic sanitation Municipal law P.2) Implement the municipal plan for integrated solid waste management Municipal law P.3) Create the municipal department responsible for waste management Municipal law P.4) Encourage employee participation in waste management training Social communication P.5) Network with municipalities with similar characteristics Social communication P.6) Establish operational procedures for the management plan, considering all types of waste Normative instruction P.7) Promote sectoral agreements between the parties involved and guarantee reverse logistics Social communication P.8) Include recyclable material collectors in the integrated management Municipal law P.9) Define priority areas and actions for social inclusion Municipal law P.10) Implement the municipal code of urban cleaning Municipal law P.11) Join a regulatory agency to monitor contracts and tariffs Municipal law Planning – financial management P.12) Prepare technical–economic feasibility study in all operational sectors Technical study P.13) Institute the collection of services Municipal law P.14) Stimulate the creation of management consortia and public–private partnerships Social communication P.15) Establish norms for participation in transparent bidding processes, guaranteeing publication in user access channels Normative instruction P.16) Create incentive programs for companies in the waste area Municipal law P.17) Seek external financing for new investments Technical study P.18) Institute a tax incentive and certification program for companies that adopt environmental responsibility regarding their waste Municipal law Planning – public participation and environmental education P.19) Create an environmental education program ensuring the minimization of waste generation Technical study P.20) Increase social communication through social media, newspapers, and television Social communication P.21) Develop training courses for users for proper waste management Technical study P.22) Promote local events and discussion forums focused on waste management Social communication P.23) Establish partnerships with universities for research, technological development, and innovation Social communication Olivo, V.E. et al. 440 RBCIAMB | v.56 | n.3 | Sept 2021 | 436-444 - ISSN 2176-9478 adopt good waste management practices and contribute to local man- agement. Companies engaged in the proper management of waste must be recognized and encouraged. An environmental certification and tax incentive programs are recommended for companies that con- tribute to the proper management of waste (i.e., action P.18). Public participation is an important aspect to be considered and must be guaranteed through an active environmental education program. In ad- dition to adequate social communication to transmit information, guid- ance, and recommendations to users of the system (i.e., actions P.19 and P.20), environmental education should primarily target organized groups and schools, to which information will be disseminated. The user must be provided with training courses for the proper handling of waste (i.e., action P.21). Environmental education for solid waste must be included in the public education curriculum for all levels (Fernando, 2019). The municipality must encourage and hold debates, discussion fo- rums, and local events that allow the exchange of experiences, informa- tion, and knowledge for waste management (i.e., action P.22). Local uni- versities can develop research projects to solve local problems with waste management (i.e., action P.23). Step 2: Management The management step addresses the operational aspects of the pro- cess. In this step, all operational tasks previously defined and institu- tionalized are carried out (Table 2). Minimizing generation is the first axis of the waste management hierarchy (UNEP, 2005). This topic must be worked on with appropri- ate public policies and an intense process of environmental education. Decentralized composting is an example of minimizing waste for con- ventional collection. In addition to the economic benefits, the user will obtain a compound to be used at their residence. The government might encourage the provision of domestic composters (i.e., action M.1). Municipalities that adopt voluntary delivery points have higher re- cycling rates than others (Brazil, 2019). The green points are structures for concentrating the reception of previously segregated waste, ensuring greater efficiency in the recycling of materials and less waste (action M.2). For workers in the waste area (e.g., collectors and drivers), contin- uous training should be carried out according to the demand of each sector (Fernando, 2019; action M.3). Also, individual safety equipment (i.e., action M.4) and adequate physical structure (i.e., action M.5) suit- able for the development of activities must be available. Differentiated collection for dry and wet waste (i.e., action M.6) is decisive for the engagement of the population, guaranteeing the quality of the recyclable material and the health and safety of workers. The recovery of waste (i.e., action M.7) is the highlight of the process, since almost all waste is liable to treatment and reuse, thereby reducing the impacts on the environment. The waste that was treated as an envi- ronmental liability can be transformed into an asset for the local gov- ernment if appropriate technologies are used. The proposal for a waste recovery park must contain the feasibility study for the sorting unit, the centralized composting of organic waste, the composting of green waste, the energy use of composting or incineration systems, the use of civil construction aggregates, the recycling of unserviceable items (e.g., furni- ture, mattresses, and other waste), and the recycling of electronics. As for the final disposal of waste, measures to reduce impacts must be taken (i.e., action M.8), for example, the control of the exclusive destination of tailings for landfills, adequate treatment of leachate, and periodic inspection of the units. Controlled landfills and dumps must be closed and recovered in accordance with the NSWP (Brazil, 2010). According to NSWP, large generators are responsible for the prop- er destination of waste (i.e., hazardous or nonhazardous; Brazil, 2007). Therefore, it is up to the local government to guarantee the inspection regarding the disposal of waste. For small generators, voluntary deliv- Table 2 – Actions and policy tools for ISWM management. Government actions Policy tools Management – minimization of waste generation M.1) Make domestic or community composters available to the population Bidding process Management – collection and transport M.2) Implement voluntary delivery points and green points for proper waste disposal Bidding process M.3) Promote training for waste workers Social communication M.4) Provide safety equipment for workers Bidding process M.5) Provide adequate work structure and equipment for workers Bidding process M.6) Establish differentiated collection for recyclables, organic, and tailings Technical study Management – waste treatment M.7) Study and enable the installation of a solid waste recovery park containing waste sorting and transformation units Technical study Management – final provision M.8) Carry out mitigating measures for the environmental impacts Bidding process Management – hazardous waste M.9) Implement hazardous waste disposal points for small generators and ensure supervision of large generators Bidding process Actions and policy tools for local governments to achieve integrated sustainable waste management 441 RBCIAMB | v.56 | n.3 | Sept 2021 | 436-444 - ISSN 2176-9478 ery points (i.e., action M.9) must be made available for waste classified as hazardous, which is not suited to reverse logistics. Step 3: Assessment The planning and management steps should be evaluated and re- vised periodically. Performance indicators are an important tool for analyzing the performance of the local government waste management system (Table 3). The local government must constantly evaluate its management sys- tem through the use of performance indicators (i.e., action A.1; Zurbrügg et al., 2014). It is recommended to use indicators validated by the literature to assess the efficiency of the management system through information previously stored in a database. The sustainability indicators presented by Silva et al. (2019) are specific to small- and medium-sized municipalities and cover all areas of action of integrated management. These indicators must be evaluated at least once a year and can be compared with other municipalities with similar characteristics. Revisions and improvements must be made in case of the inefficiency of the system. Applying ISWM in a medium-sized Brazilian municipality The governmental action proposal was tested in a medi- um-sized municipality located in the southern region of Brazil. The municipality of Chapeco has 220,000 inhabitants and is located in the state of Santa Catarina (IBGE, 2020). The city stands out among small- and medium-sized municipalities due to adequate solid waste management (Brazil, 2019). Therefore, the application of this model can make the municipality a reference for others with similar characteristics in the dissemination of environmentally appropriate practices. The applicability of the model of sustainable integrated man- agement of solid urban waste for the municipality was evaluated (Table 4). The data collection related to local management was ob- tained through a questionnaire sent to the responsible sector of the local government. To identify the status of the current situation of the local management, a color traffic code was used for each ac- tion. The green color represents full service (i.e., actions taken or in progress), the yellow color represents partial service (i.e., actions started and not finished or actions suspended), and the red color represents no service (i.e., actions not implemented). Among the 33 actions proposed, the municipality of Chape- co serves 17 actions (52%) with full service, 8 actions (24%) with partial service, and 8 actions (24%) without service. The biggest challenges are related to the planning aspects due to the lack of standardization, the lack of technical studies to evaluate the oper- ating conditions of the system, and the lack of incentive to develop new businesses and to strengthen existing companies. It is recom- mended that the municipality restructures its management system, starting with the update of the BPSW so that all the items in Table 4 will be covered. The planning stage is fundamental for the involve- ment of the parties and to guarantee the engagement of the local government. The municipality must implement the actions provided in the BPSW using the tools presented. The municipality needs to es- tablish the responsibilities of reverse logistics through municipal legislation to inspect these activities. The municipality may adopt measures for the inclusion of recyclable material collectors in the selective collection, in an organized and remunerated manner. The municipality will be able to prepare a feasibility study for all op- erational sectors involved in waste management; thus, it will be possible to assess the demand for interventions in the management model. In this sense, the municipality will be able to encourage the cre- ation of a consortium to manage waste management in an inter-mu- nicipal manner. Economic development can be expanded through specific programs for companies that value waste in their process. As for the treatment of waste, the municipality should imple- ment a differentiated collection system for the fraction to be used in composting. The municipality will also be able to set up a waste recovery center, ensuring maximum efficiency in sorting and mak- ing use of recyclable material. Finally, from this analysis, it was possible to assess the munic- ipality’s level of sustainability in relation to integrated waste man- agement. The municipality is recommended to adopt an action plan defining priority actions and the resource planning to apply them. Conclusions Integrated waste management must be based on the principles of sustainability and depends on the commitment of the local gov- ernment to carry out the actions proposed in this article. For this, an analysis must be carried out to identify which measures can be adopted by each municipality according to their demands and so- cioeconomic characteristics. Planning is the first step at which the municipality must structure itself. Through sound public policies, the local government will obtain support to define the responsibili- Table 3 – Actions and policy tools for ISWM assessment. Government actions Policy tools Assessment – performance indicators A.1) Establish quality indicators to assess the efficiency of the municipal management system Normative instruction Olivo, V.E. et al. 442 RBCIAMB | v.56 | n.3 | Sept 2021 | 436-444 - ISSN 2176-9478 Table 4 – Assessment conditions of application of ISWM in the municipality of Chapeco. Government actions Situation Planning P.1) Implement the municipal policy of basic sanitation P.2) Implement the municipal plan for integrated solid waste management P.3) Create municipal department responsible for waste management P.4) Encourage employee participation in waste management courses and training P.5) Network with municipalities with similar characteristics P.6) Establish operational procedures for the management plan (considering all types of waste) P.7) Promote sectoral agreements between the parties involved and guarantee reverse logistics P.8) Include recyclable material collectors in the integrated management P.9) Define priority areas and actions for social inclusion P.10) Implement the municipal code of urban cleaning P.11) Join a regulatory agency to monitor contracts and tariffs P.12) Prepare technical–economic feasibility study in all operational sectors P.13) Implement the collection of services P.14) Stimulate the creation of management consortia and public–private partnerships P.15) Establish norms for participation in transparent bidding processes, guaranteeing publication in user access channels P.16) Create incentive programs for companies in the waste area P.17) Seek external financing for new investments P.18) Implement a tax incentive and certification program for companies that adopt environmental responsibility with their waste P.19) Create an environmental education program ensuring the minimization of waste generation P.20) Increase social communication through social media, newspapers, and television P.21) Develop training courses for users for proper waste management P.22) Promote local events and discussion forums focused on waste management P.23) Establish partnerships with universities for research development Management M.1) Make domestic or community composters available to the population M.2) Implement voluntary delivery points and green points for proper waste disposal M.3) Promote training for waste workers M.4) Provide safety equipment for workers M.5) Provide adequate work structure and equipment for workers M.6) Establish differentiated collection for recyclables, organic, and tailings M.7) Study and enable the installation of a solid waste recovery park containing waste sorting and transformation units M.8) Carry out mitigating measures for the environmental impacts caused in the process M.9) Implement hazardous waste disposal points for small generators and ensure supervision of large generators Assessment A.1) Establish quality indicators to assess the efficiency of the municipal management system ties of each party involved. The proposed actions consider environ- mental, social, and economic aspects, through environmental edu- cation programs that promote the minimization of waste generation and the reduction of impacts on the environment, the valorization, and social inclusion of recyclable material collectors and economic development through the standardization of service provision. Following the management step, the municipalities will carry out actions related to the operational part of the management system, complying with the technical, environmental, and legal requirements regarding the collection, transportation, treatment, and final disposal of solid waste, guaranteeing the service to all users, economic sustain- ability, and appropriate technologies for each activity. Actions and policy tools for local governments to achieve integrated sustainable waste management 443 RBCIAMB | v.56 | n.3 | Sept 2021 | 436-444 - ISSN 2176-9478 For the management stage, the municipality must establish differen- tiated waste collection and implement waste collection points not served by conventional collection, physical structure of machines and equip- ment suitable for the operation of activities and training of the team. It is recommended to evaluate the implemented integrated man- agement system through the use of selected reference indicators for small- and medium-sized municipalities. Municipalities can consult government reports to identify the data related to waste management, thereby establishing a benchmarking. Finally, the study evaluated the conditions of applicability of the proposed methodology in the Brazilian city of Chapeco. The municipal- ity can implement the actions proposed presenting an initial attendance of 52% of the proposed actions. It is recommended that the municipal- ity should carry out a planning so that the other actions are adequate. Contribution of authors: Olivo, V.E.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, and Writing – original draft; Prietto P.D.M.: Conceptualization, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Project administration, and Review & Editing; Korf E.P.: Conceptualization, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Supervision, and Review. References Asefi, H.; Lim, S., 2017. A novel multi-dimensional modelling approach to integrated municipal solid waste management. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 166, 1131-1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.061. Asian Development Bank. 2017. Integrated solid waste management for local governments: a practical guide. Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines. https://doi.org/10.22617/tim178662-2. 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