Article http://sciencetechindonesia.com Article History Received: 14 January 2017 Received in revised form: 21 April 2017 Accepted: 30 April 2017 DOI: 10.26554/sti.2017.2.3.68-70 ©2017 Published under the term of the CC BY NC SA license Science & Technology Indonesia p-ISSN: 2580-4405 e-ISSN: 2580-4391 Sci. Technol. Indonesia 2 (2017) 68-70 CALCIUM OXIDE FROM Pomacea canaliculata AND Babylonia spirata SNAILS Triayu Septiani1*, Nurlisa Hidayati1, Risfidian Mohadi1 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University Corresponding Author Email: triayuseptiani@gmail.com ABSTRACT The preparation of CaO from golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata) and lion snail (Babylonia spirata) through decomposition at various tem- perature i.e 700o, 800o, 900o and 1000oC during 3 hours has been carried out. Calcium oxide from decomposition were characterized using X-Ray difractometer. Furthermore, the characterization was continued using FT-IR spectrophotometer and determination of surface area using BET analysis. The results showed that the optimum temperature for preparation of CaO from golden snail and lion snail at 900oC with 2θ values are: 32.2° , 37.4o , 54o , 64.2o , 67.3° and 32.4°, 37.5°, 67.5°, respectively. FT-IR spectra showed characteristic vibra- tions for the Ca-O in the sample golden snail and lion snail combustion products at a temperature of 900oC. Ca-O absorption of golden snail samples in the wavenumber around 362.62 cm-1 and lion snail seen in wavenumber around 384.76 cm-1 indicating the presence of Ca-O vibration of the metal oxide of preparation. Golden snail and the lion snail combustion at 900 oC temperature of each sample which has a surface area of 20.495 m2/g, while the lion snail 17.308 m2/g. Pore diameter of golden snail 3.753 nm and 11.319 nm of lion snail. All CaO can be categorized as mesoporous material. Keywords: golden snail, lion snail, decomposition, CaO INTRODUCTION The development of acid base catalyst is still carried out until this decade due to application for industrial applications. Research of development acid catalyst is sharply increased compared with basic catalyst due to easy synthetic way. The basic catalyst is im- portant for preparation of biodiesel, which has renewable energy in the future. Conventional basic catalyst such as sodium hydrox- ide, potassium hydroxide (group 1) or calcium oxide, barium oxide, and strontium oxide (group 2) is commercially available (Elkins et.al, 2016). These catalysts are toxic and high price. Thus the re- search to obtain economic and non-toxic basic catalyst is vital. Calcium oxide is one of the basic catalyst commonly used for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils (Wei et.al, 2009). Cal- cium oxide is strong base and effective as catalyst for biodiesel pro- duction and conversion of natural sources to chemical bio-based products. Commercial calcium oxide is produced from limestone by industrial process then the price is still expensive. In order to obtain calcium oxide with cheaper source, decomposition of cal- cium carbonate from natural sources is interesting. Calcium car- bonate can be obtained from various mollusk shells such as snails shell and decapoda shells such as crab shell. Decomposition of calcium carbonate will produce calcium oxide as main product and calcium hydroxide as by-product. The successfully decomposition process is depending on temperature decomposition (Chakraborty and Banerjee, 2011). Various sources of calcium carbonate from mollusk or decapo- da have been used to produce calcium oxide such as Mollusk (Pila globosa) (Agrawal et.al, 2012), several shells (Viriya-Empikul et.al, 2010), oyster shell (Nakatani e.al, 2009), crab (Scylla serrata) shell (Boey et.al, 2009) and also fish bone (Lesbani et.al, 2016). All calci- um oxide from these preparation was successfully applied as cata- lyst for biodiesel production. In this research, golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata) and lion snail (Babylonia spirata) from local source in Bengkulu, Indonesia were decomposed at various temperatures to obtain calcium oxide. Cal- cium oxide from decomposition process was characterized using XRD powder analysis, FTIR spectroscopy analysis, and surface area analysis using nitrogen sorption desorption. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Chemicals and Instrumentations Methanol was supplied from Merck and used directly after purchased. Water was supplied from Department of Chemistry, Sriwijaya University by pore ion exchange filtration method. Gold- en snail and lion snail were obtained from “Pantai Panjang” in Bengkulu area. FTIR spectrum was recorded using Shimadzu Prestige-21 FTIR spectrophotometer by KBr method. Spectrum was scanned from wavenumber 300-4000 cm-1. XRD powder patterns were ob- tained from Shimadzu LabX-6000 diffractometer and sample was scanned at 1o min-1. Surface area analysis was performed using Au- tosorb iQ automated gas sorption analyzer Quantachrome. Preparation of Calcium Oxide Golden snail and lion snail was washed with water. Shell of golden snail and lion snail was dried at 110 oC overnight. Shell was crushed and sieve 100 mesh. Material was washed with methanol for 24 hours following with drying at 100 oC overnight. Sample was decomposed using furnace under oxygen atmospheric condition for 3 hours. Temperature was adjusted at 700, 800, 900, and 1000 oC. Sample was dried at 80 oC in oven and kept in desiccator un- der silica gel. Material was then characterized using XRD powder, FTIR, and surface area analyses. Septiani et al. 2017/Science & Technology Indonesia 2 (3) 2017:68-70 © 2017 Published under the term of the CC BY NC SA 4.0 license 69 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Shell of golden snail and lion snail contains calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is basic natural compound. Decomposition was conducted in order to convert calcium carbonate to calcium oxide. On the other hand, decomposition is also to remove organic sub- stances on shells. Transformation of calcium carbonate to calci- um oxide was occurred at 700-800 oC. Thus this experiment using temperature range 700-1000 oC for decomposition of golden snail and lion snail. The results of decomposition of golden snail and lion snail showed that various weight of products were obtained. Products were obtained in the range 22-45%(w/w) and did not depending on temperature. All products after decomposition were obtained in white bulky powder, thus analysis using XRD powder analysis was conducted for the first as shown in Figure 1 for golden snail and Figure 2 for lion snail. To know the optimum temperature decomposition of golden snail and lion snail shells, XRD powder patterns in Figure 1 and 2 should be compared with XRD calcium oxide standard and also calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide standard. All standard was obtained from Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Stan- dard (JCPDS). The JCPDS data for calcium carbonate, calcium ox- ide, and calcium hydroxide is presented in Table 1. Figures 1 and 2 showed that temperature decomposition at 900 oC give diffraction similar calcium oxide standard from JCPDS data. Other decomposition temperatures did not give any signifi- cant with calcium oxide standard as shown in Table 1. Temperature decomposition at 1000 oC has diffraction of calcium hydroxide (Lesbani et.al, 2013). This phenomenon is due to hot material cal- cium oxide at high temperature will absorb water from air. Tem- perature below 900 oC is not enough to convert calcium carbonate to calcium oxide, then small diffraction of calcium carbonate was still remained. Thus further characterization using FTIR spectros- copy will measure material after decomposition at 900 oC for both golden snail and lion snail. FTIR spectrum of calcium oxide from decomposition of gold- en snail and lion snail at 900 oC is shown in Figure 3. The IR spec- trum is compared with IR spectrum of calcium oxide standard. If the vibration of decomposed material is similar with standard, then decomposition of golden snail and lion snail shell is successfully conducted. FTIR spectrum of golden snail and lion snail is almost similar. Vibration of Ca-O of lion snail was appeared at wavenum- ber 362.6 cm-1 while golden snail at 384.8 cm-1. Stretching vibration of O-C-O from carbonate was also appeared in both golden snail and lion snail. That vibration was appeared at wavenumber 1419.6 cm-1. In the other sides, bending vibration of C-O was appeared at wavenumber 870 cm-1. Vibration at around wavenumber 860 cm-1 is typical for calcium carbonate (Tang et.al, 2013). Although de- composed material has small peak vibration of calcium carbonate but according to XRD powder patterns in Figure 1 and 2, we can conclude that decomposition of golden snail and lion snail shells is successfully conducted at 900 oC and physical properties of de- composed material similar with calcium oxide standard. Further characterization of decomposed material was conduct- ed using surface area analysis by nitrogen sorption desorption. The results of surface area analysis toward golden snail and lion snail decomposed at 900 oC are presented in Table 2. Data in Table 2 showed that decomposed material from golden snail and lion snail shells was classified as mesoporous material. According to IUPAC, mesoporous materials are materials with pore diameter 2-50 nm. Other classes are microporous and macro- porous with pore diameter less than 2 nm and more than 50 nm, respectively. Pore distribution for golden snail and lion snail shell decomposed at 900 oC is presented in Figure 4 and 5, respectively. Figure 1. XRD powder patterns of decomposition of golden snail shell at various temperatures. Figure 2. XRD powder patterns of decomposition of lion snail shell at various temperatures. Table 1. Diffraction standard of CaO, CaCO3, and Ca(OH)2 from JCPDS file data. Compound Diffraction 2θ (deg) Calcium oxide Calcium carbonate Calcium hydroxide 32.2 37.3 53.8 64.1 67.3 29.4 39.4 43.2 47.4 48.5 28.6 34.1 47.1 50.8 Lion Snail Golden Snail Septiani et al. 2017/Science & Technology Indonesia 2 (3) 2017:68-70 © 2017 Published under the term of the CC BY NC SA 4.0 license 70 CONCLUSION Decomposition of golden snail and lion snail was achieved at 900 oC for 3 hours to obtain calcium oxide. Calcium oxide from decomposition has diffraction similar with calcium oxide standard from JCPDS data. FTIR spectrum showed typical vibration of CaO and surface area analysis showed that calcium oxide from de- composition was mesoporous material. REFERENCES Agrawal. S., Singh. B., Sharma. Y.C. (2012). Exoskeleton of Mol- lusk (Pila globosa) as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Used Frying Oil. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51, 11875-11880. Boey. P-L., Maniam. G.P., Hamid. S.A. (2009). 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FTIR spectrum of calcium oxide standard (C) and de- composed from golden snail (B) and lion snail shells (A). Table 2. Surface area analysis of decomposed golden snail and lion snail shells at 900 oC. Decomposed sample Surface area Pore volume Pore diameter (m2/g) (cm3/g) (nm) Golden snail shell Lion snail shell 20.495 0.052 11.319 17.308 0.069 3.753 Figure 4. Distribution of pore diameter for golden snail after decomposition at 900 oC. Figure 5. Distribution of pore diameter for lion snail after de- composition at 900 oC. (A) (B) (C) _GoBack