Title


Science and Technology Indonesia
e-ISSN:2580-4391 p-ISSN:2580-4405
Vol. 6, No. 4, October 2021

Research Paper

Innovative Modified of Cu-Al/C (C = Biochar, Graphite) Composites for Removal of
Procion Red from Aqueous Solution
Alfan Wijaya1, Patimah Mega Syah Bahar Nur Siregar2, Aldi Priambodo1, Neza Rahayu Palapa1,3, Tarmizi Taher4, Aldes Lesbani1,3*
1Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Complexes, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, 30139, Indonesia2Magister Programme Graduate School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, 30139, Indonesia3Graduate School, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, 30139, Indonesia4Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, 35365, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: aldeslesbani@pps.unsri.ac.id

AbstractInnovative modification of Cu-Al/C composites was synthesized by coprecipitation method at pH 10 and added biochar (BC) andgraphite (GF) to form Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF composites. Pristine and composites were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Thermalgravi-metric, and surface area using the BET method. The XRD diffraction and FTIR spectrum of Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF showed that thecomposite material from LDH, biochar, and graphite was successfully prepared. Modified LDH were surface area higher than thepristine, which obtained 200.90 m2/g and 18.83 m2/g for Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF respectively. Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF were testedfor selectivity on several anionic dyes, it was known that procion red (PR) dye was more easily adsorbed than other anionic dyes.Materials were applied as adsorbents of procion red (PR) dye. The advantages of composites were evaluated by the regenerationprocess of adsorbent on PR. The result of composite toward PR re-adsorption process showed that Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF hadstructural stability higher than starting materials until five cycles process. Furthermore, materials were applied as adsorbents ofprocion red (PR) dye. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 93.458 mg/g for Cu-Al/BC and 49.505 mg/g for Cu-Al/GF.Both innovative modified composites have shown effective adsorbents to the removal of PR from an aqueous solution.
KeywordsComposites, Adsorption, Procion Red Dye, Selectivity, Structural Stability

Received: 27 April 2021, Accepted: 17 July 2021
https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2021.6.4.228-234

1. INTRODUCTION

Synthetic dyes have become widely used due to their being
more durable, more colorful, low cost, and easy to apply on do-
mestic and industrial scales (Lellis et al., 2019). The increasing
use of synthetic dyes can create several disadvantages not only
for the environment but also for human health. The wastewa-
ter of synthetic dyes is an organic pollutant that is dicult to
degrade by nature (Eltaweil et al., 2020). One of the synthetic
dyes that are intensively used in industrial applications is pro-
cion red (PR) (Hua et al., 2020). The structure of PR is shown
in Figure 1.

Toxicity of PR thus removal of PR was vital. Various meth-
ods to remove dyes wastewater such as photocatalytic degrada-
tion (Kumar and Rao, 2017; Natarajan et al., 2020), biological
treatment (Tang et al., 2020; Sarkar et al., 2017), coagulation
(Mcyotto et al., 2021; Demissie et al., 2021), and adsorption
(Palapa et al., 2018; Palapa et al., 2020a; Siregar et al., 2021)
have been tested. Adsorption is a method that is widely used

Figure 1. Chemical Structure of Procion Red (PR)

to remove dyes due more ecient, fast process, and cheap
(Eltaweil et al., 2020). Many adsorbents can be used to ab-
sorb dyes such as kaolin (Mustapha et al., 2019), activated
carbon (Quesada et al., 2020; Streit et al., 2019), bentonite
(Mohammadetal.,2020), chitosan(Shietal.,2020), andLDH
(layered double hydroxide) (Palapa et al., 2019; Zhao et al.,
2017; Palapa et al., 2020b; Siregar et al., 2021; Normah et al.,
2021; Juleanti et al., 2021). Layered double hydroxide (LDH)

https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.26554/sti.2021.6.4.228-234&domain=pdf
https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2021.6.4.228-234


Wijaya et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6 (2021) 228-234

has high ion exchange and adsorption ability making LDH
an appropriate adsorbent for adsorption of various pollutants.
LDH has a granular structure and a less stable structure. These
properties make the limitation of LDH an adsorbent, especially
for the reusability process.

Research conducted by Palapa et al. (2018) using Ni/Al
and Zn/Al LDHs to adsorb direct yellow dye showed the e-
cient process of adsorption. Cu/Al LDH was applied to adsorb
malachite green dye with also ecient results (Palapa et al.,
2020b). Zn/Fe and Zn/Al were used as ecient adsorbents
to adsorb direct yellow dye (Palapa et al., 2019), and Mg/Al
LDH to adsorb methylene blue dye (Zhao et al., 2017). All
results showed that LDH has a limitation as adsorbent for reuse
process, thus modication of LDH is needed to enhance the
ability of LDH for dyes adsorption. By modication of LDH
through impregnation by carbon-based materials can create
the structure stability and performance of LDH. One of the
potential carbon materials for LDH support is biochar (BC)
and graphite (GF).

Composite of Cu-Al/BC was prepared as adsorbent of
malachite green produce an adsorption capacity of 108.96
mg/L (Palapa et al., 2020b). Mg/Al-BC composite was also
successfully used as an adsorbent of malachite green with an
adsorption capacity of 70.922 mg/g (Badri et al., 2021) and
Mg/Al-CarbonDotcompositewassynthesizedtoadsorbmethy-
lene blue with an adsorption capacityof 185 mg/g (Zhanget al.,
2014). In this research, Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF composites
are prepared, used as adsorbents, and tested for selectivity on
several anionic dyes to know which dyes are more easily ad-
sorbed. The adsorption parameters to be studied in this study
include adsorption isotherms and adsorption thermodynamics
which are calculated using the Langmuir and Freundlich equa-
tion. The stability of composites is evaluated by regeneration
of adsorbent until ve cycles adsorption process.

2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

2.1 Chemicals and Instrumentation
The chemicals used in the experiment were Cu(NO3)2.3H2O
byEMSURE®ACS,Al(NO3)3.9H2ObySigmaAldrich,NaOH
by EMSURE® ACS, rice husk was obtained from Bukata
Organic®, Indonesia, fabricant graphite from Sigma Aldrich
and water was demineralized using Purite® water purica-
tion apparatus. Pristine and composites were characterized
by XRD, FTIR, and BET. Analysis XRD was performed by
Rigaku Miniex-6000 diractometer. FT-IR characteriza-
tion using FT-IR Shimadzu Prestige-21. Analysis BET using
Quantachrome Micrometic ASAP. The concentration of PR
was analyzed using Spectrophotometer Ultra Violet-Visible
Biobase BK-UV 1800 PC at a wavelength of 545 nm.

2.2 Preparation of Cu/Al LDH
Synthesis of Cu/Al LDH was conducted as a similar procedure
by Palapa et al. (2020b) using the coprecipitation method at
pH 10. The synthesis of Cu/Al LDH was carried out in the
following procedure: as much as 100 mL of Cu(NO3)2.3H2O

0.75 M was mixed with 100 mL Al(NO3)3.9H2O 0.25 M
(3:1) in a beaker. The reaction was stirred until homogeneous
mixtures then 50 mL NaOH 2 M was added until pH 10. The
mixture was stirred for 20 hours. The solid precipitate was
then ltered, washed and dried at 110°C for 120 minutes.

2.3 Preparation of Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF
Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF Composites were prepared using
the coprecipitation method in the following procedure: as
much as 10 mL Cu(NO3)2.3H2O 0.75 M mixed with 10 mL
Al(NO3)3.9H2O 0.25 M and stirred for 60 minutes until ho-
mogeneous. The resulting mixture was added with 1 g of (BC
or GF) while stirring and added with NaOH 2 M until pH 10.
The mixed solution was stirred for 3 days at a temperature of
80 °C. The composites were ltered, washed and dried at 40
°C for 120 minutes.

2.4 Selectivity of Anionic Dye Mixtures
The selectivity of anionic dye mixtures was carried out to nd
the most widely absorbed anionic dyes in each adsorbent by
mixing anionic dyes of congo red (CR), procion red (PR),
methyl orange (MO) and methyl red (MR) with the same
concentration, then added adsorbents and stirred with a time
variation of 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, then measured
absorbance at the wavelength of each dye.

2.5 Desorption and Regeneration of Adsorbent
The desorption process was carried out to test the adsorbent
eciency for the reuse of the adsorbent. In this study, the
desorption process was used as an ultrasonic process. The
desorption process was carried out using 50 mL of PR. As
much as 50 mg/L was added with 1 g of adsorbent and stirred
for120 minutes. Then, dry the used adsorbent and take 0.01 g,
add 10 mLof water to the ultrasonic process. The regeneration
process using the adsorbent that has been used is as follows:
50 mL of PR at 50 mg/L was stirred for 120 minutes and
solution was measured using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at
545 nm. The dried adsorbent was then used again for the
desorption process, successively. The adsorbent was applied
until ve cycles adsorption process with the same procedure as
the initial run.

2.6 Adsorption Process
TheadsorptionprocessofPRwasstudiedthroughthe inuence
of the initial concentration of PR and adsorption temperature.
The variation of initial concentration of PR and temperature
adsorption was carried out with the concentration of CR (60,
70, 80, 90 and 100) mg/L, 0.02 g of adsorbent and 20 mL
of PR, then stirred for 100 minutes with a variation of the
adsorption temperature at 30, 40, 50, and 60 ºC. The concen-
tration of the PR was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer
at 545 nm. Thermodynamic parameters were obtained from
the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Langmuir is assumed
to be a chemical and monolayer adsorption process, while Fre-
undlich is assumed to be a physical and multilayer adsorption

© 2021 The Authors. Page 229 of 234



Wijaya et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6 (2021) 228-234

process. Isotherm Langmuir and Freundlich’s equations are
according to previous works of literature (Palapa et al., 2020b).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Diractogram of Cu/Al LDH, BC, GF and composites are
shown in Figure 2. Cu/Al LDH materials have typical peaks
with good crystallinity with diraction angles at 11.6° (003),
23.5° (006), 34.3° (101), 35.1° (012), 37.8° (104), 39.8° (015),
44.4° (107), 47.3° (018) and 61.4° (110/113) indicated that
the formation of the Cu/Al LDH structure was following the
JCPDS 46-0099 le. Figure 2b showed that broad peak the
presence of high carbon content on BC with diraction at
22.30° (002). The diraction patterns of GF as shown in Fig-
ure 2c, material has good crystallinity with diraction at 26.4°
(002). The diraction patterns of Cu-Al/BC as shown in Fig-
ure 2d resemble the diraction patterns of Cu/Al LDH and
biochar. The Cu-Al/BC composite material has an amorphous
diraction pattern due to the characteristics of biochar with
a diraction peak of around 23°. The diraction pattern in
Cu-Al/GF as shown in Figure 2e resemble that of Cu/Al LDH
and graphite. Cu-Al/GFcomposite material is shown in Figure
2e which shows that there are typical peaks of Cu/Al LDH and
graphite. According to Kusrini et al. (2019) Cu-Al/GF com-
posite material has a distinctive diraction pattern of graphite
around 26.54° (002) with sharp peaks.

Figure 2. XRD Powder Patterns of Cu/Al LDH (a), BC (b), GF
(c), Cu-Al/BC (d), and Cu-Al/GF (e)

Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis on Cu/Al LDH,
BC, GF and Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF composites is shown in
Figure 3. Figure 3 shows that the nitrogen adsorption pathway
is not the same as the nitrogen desorption pathway which indi-
cates that the material has hysteresis. The hysteresis that occurs
in the graph shows the pores in the material. The pattern in
Figure 3 shows that the materials in Cu/Al LDH, BC, GF, Cu-
Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF composites follow type IV isotherms.
Type IV isotherm shows hysteresis of mesoporous sized mate-
rials with strong hysteresis activity on the adsorbent-adsorbate
interaction.

Table 1 showed that Cu-Al/BC had surface area four-fold
than pristine LDH and BC. The results of the BET analysis

Figure 3. BET prole of Cu-Al LDH (a), BC (b), GF (c),
Cu-Al/BC (d), and Cu-Al/GF (e)

showed that the starting material had an increase in surface
area after the formation of composites which obtained 200.90
and 18.83 m2/g for Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF respectively.
This shows that the synthesis process has been successful.

Table 1. BET Analysis of Materials

Materials
Surface Area Pore Size Pore Volume
(m2/g) (nm), BJH (cm2/g),BJH

Cu-Al LDH 46.279 10.393 0.116
BC 50.936 12.089 0,025
GF 9.394 3.169 0.027

Cu-Al/BC 200.90 7.03 0.350
Cu-Al/GF 18.83 3.132 0.046

Figure 4a shows the FTIR spectrum of Cu/Al LDH had
vibrations at 3448 cm−1 which indicates the presence of O-
H stretching, 1635 cm−1 presence of O-H bending, 1381
cm−1 presence of N-O stretching, 794 cm−1 presence of Al-
O and 462 cm−1 presence of Zn-O and Cu-O. The FTIR
spectrum of BC and Cu-Al/BC as shown in Figures 4b and
4d had vibrations that indicate the presence of O-H stretching,
C-H bending, O-H bending, and C-O stretching. The FTIR
spectrum of GF and Cu-Al/GF as shown in Figures 4c and 4e
had vibrations presence of O-H stretching, vibrations at 2368
cm−1 presence of C-H, O-H bending, N-O, Zn-O and Cu-O.
Composites of Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF had all vibrations of
Cu-Al LDH, BC, and GF as a result of two components were
involved in the composites.

Figure5showedthethermalanalysisofmaterials. Thether-
mogravimetry of Cu/Al LDH patterns had only an exothermic
phase because Cu/Al LDH consists of inorganic components.
The exothermic peak of Cu/Al LDH was attributed to the
decomposition of water at around 110 °C, decomposition of
a layer at around 650 °C, and loss of anions on interlayer at
around 200-300 °C. BC had organic content thus endother-

© 2021 The Authors. Page 230 of 234



Wijaya et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6 (2021) 228-234

Figure 4. FTIR Spectrum of Cu/Al LDH (a), BC (b), GF (c),
Cu-Al/BC (d), and Cu-Al/GF (e)

Figure 5. Thermal Prole of Cu/Al LDH (a), BC (b), GF (c),
Cu-Al/BC (d), and Cu-Al/GF (e)

mic peak was found due to oxidation of organic parts around
490 °C. GF has only one decomposition peak at 760 °C. This
decomposition peak was denoted that GF was pure without
other ingredients, including water. Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF
composites had organic and inorganic components thus had
two kinds of endothermic and exothermic peaks.

Table 2 shows the adsorption concentration of each dye in
the selectivity of anionic dye mixtures. Based on the data in
Table 2, the concentration of PR adsorption is greater com-
pared to other dyes. This suggests that PR is more easily to
adsorption process using Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF adsorbents.
The results of the regeneration of each adsorbent on the PR
dye can be seen in Figure 6. As an equal result of increasing
surface area properties after the formation of composite Cu-
Al/BC thus adsorption of PRwas higher than starting materials.
Starting materials of Cu/Al LDH had a less stable structure so
modications of composites based on carbon materials such
as BC and GF to produce a stable structure that can be reused

Figure 6. Regeneration of Adsorbents

Figure 7. Eect of Initial Concentration of PR and Adsorption
Temperature on Cu-Al/BC (a) and Cu-Al/GF (b)

on the adsorption process. The result of the composites regen-
eration process on PR showed that Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF
had structural stability higher than starting materials. Eect
of initial concentration of PR and adsorption temperature on
Cu/Al- BC and Cu-Al/GFas shown in Figure 7. Increasing the
adsorption temperature will increase the adsorption capacity.

Table3presents the isothermadsorptionparameters, which
identies that theLangmuirmodel isbetter thantheFreundlich
model. The Langmuir model indicates the adsorption process
is a monolayer. Table 3 showed that the maximum adsorp-
tion capacity of Cu-Al/BC is larger than other materials that
so it has high eectivity on CR adsorption. Table 4 showed
the thermodynamic adsorption of CR. The ΔH had positive
values indicated that adsorption occurs endothermically which
requires an energy of adsorption process. The value of ΔG
was more negative with increasing temperature indicated that
adsorption on all materials was spontaneous. The value of ΔS
indicated the degree of irregularity. The positive value of ΔS
indicates that an increase in irregularity on the surface. In Ta-
ble 5, Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF composites had the highest
adsorption capacity than several adsorbents. Thus materials
were eective adsorbents to the removal of PR from aqueous
solution.

© 2021 The Authors. Page 231 of 234



Wijaya et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6 (2021) 228-234

Table 2. Selectivity of Anionic Dye Mixtures

Adsorbents
Times Concentration Adsorption (mg/L)

(Minutes) MR MO PR CR

Cu-Al/BC 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
15 0.672 0.095 1.519 0.476
30 3.507 0.587 8.228 1.349
60 5.149 1.591 15.063 3.492
90 5.821 2.008 25.443 5.556
120 6.791 2.140 36.203 7.619

Cu-Al/GF 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
15 0.597 0.303 0.127 0.317
30 0.896 1.420 7.848 1.190
60 2.836 1.591 10.000 3.095
90 4.179 1.818 11.772 3.413
120 5.746 1.837 13.418 3.651

Table 3. Isotherm Adsorption

Adsorbents
Adsorption Adsorption T (°C)
Isotherm Constant 30 40 50 60

Cu-Al/BC Langmuir Qmax 53.476 63.291 81.301 93.458
kL 0.066 0.074 0.081 0.106
R2 0.984 0.995 0.998 0.995

Freundlich n 3.425 3.667 3.801 4.507
kF 13.107 15.160 16.939 21.023
R2 0.845 0.929 0.984 0.977

Cu-Al/GF Langmuir Qmax 46.296 46.512 47.393 49.505
kL 0.060 0.084 0.114 0.132
R2 0.992 0.992 0.999 0.999

Freundlich n 3.576 4.216 5.157 5.596
kF 11.564 14.800 18.897 21.340
R2 0.911 0.871 0.941 0.936

Table 4. Thermodynamic Adsorption

Adsorbents T (K) Qe (mg/g)
ΔH ΔS ΔG

(kJ/mol) (J/mol.K) (kJ/mol)

Cu-Al/BC 303 32.911 15.041 0.051 -0.423
313 35.443 -0.934
323 37.975 -1.444
333 40.633 -1.955

Cu-Al/GF 303 29.367 14.327 0.047 0.157
313 31.772 -0.311
323 34.810 -0.779
333 36.835 -1.246

© 2021 The Authors. Page 232 of 234



Wijaya et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6 (2021) 228-234

Table 5. Adsorption of PR by Several Adsorbents

Materials
Adsorption Capacity

References(mg/g)

Corncob Activated Carbon 2.86 (Nazifa et al., 2018)
Spent Tea Leaves 3.28 (Heraldy et al., 2016)

Waste Fe (III)/Cr (III) Hydroxide 3.28 (Namasivayam and Sumithra, 2006)
Agricultural Wastes 6.12 (Nor et al., 2015)

Raw and Acid-Treated Montmorillonite K10 11.04 (Sarma et al., 2018)
Lua cylindrica 13.9 (Oliveira et al., 2011)
Cornstalk 15.9 (Valencia et al., 2001)

Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA) 28.82 (Hu and Hu, 2014)
Cu-Al/BC 93.458 This Research
Cu-Al/GF 49.505 This Research

4. CONCLUSIONS

Innovative modication of Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF compos-
ites was successfully formed. The surface area properties of Cu-
Al/BCandCu-Al/GFwere largerthanstartingmaterials, which
obtained 200.90 m2/g and 18.83 m2/g respectively. Based on
the selectivity test for anionic dye mixtures, it is known that PR
is more easily adsorbed than other anionic dyes. Cu-Al/BC
and Cu-Al/GF composites were high structural stability on PR
re-adsorption process until ve cycles process. The maximum
adsorption capacity obtained was 93.458 mg/g for Cu-Al/BC
and 49.505 mg/g for Cu-Al/GF. Thus, Cu-Al/BC and Cu-
Al/GF can be used as an eective adsorbents to removal of PR
from aqueous solution.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are acknowledgement to Universitas Sriwijaya through
Hibah Profesi 2021 for this nancial research by contract No.
0014/UN9/SK.LP2M.PT/2021. Special thanks to Research
Center of Inorganic Materials and Complexes FMIPA Univer-
sitas Sriwijaya for laboratory analysis.

REFERENCES

Badri, A. F., P. M. S. B. N. Siregar, N. R. Palapa, R. Mohadi,
M. Mardiyanto, and A. Lesbani (2021). Mg-Al/Biochar
Composite with Stable Structure for Malachite Green Ad-
sorption from Aqueous Solutions. Bulletin of Chemical Reac-
tion Engineering and Catalysis, 16(1); 149–160

Demissie, H., G. An, R. Jiao, T. Ritigala, S. Lu, and D. Wang
(2021). Modication of high content nanocluster-based co-
agulation for rapid removal of dye from water and the mech-
anism. Separation and Purication Technology, 259; 117845

Eltaweil, A., H. A. Mohamed, E. M. Abd El-Monaem, and
G. El-Subruiti (2020). Mesoporous magnetic biochar com-
posite for enhanced adsorption of malachite green dye:
Characterization, adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics and
isotherms. Advanced Powder Technology, 31(3); 1253–1263

Heraldy, E., R. R. Osa, and V. Suryanti (2016). Adsorption

of Procion Red MX 8B using spent tea leaves as adsorbent.
AIP Conference Proceedings, 1710(1); 30025

Hu, S.-H. and S.-C. Hu (2014). Application of magnetically
modied sewage sludge ash (SSA) in ionic dye adsorption.
Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 64(2);
141–149

Hua, P., L. Sellaoui, D. Franco, M. S. Netto, G. L. Dotto,
A. Bajahzar, H. Belmabrouk, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, and
Z. Li (2020). Adsorption of acid green and procion red on a
magnetic geopolymer based adsorbent: Experiments, char-
acterization and theoretical treatment. Chemical Engineering
Journal, 383; 123113

Juleanti, N., N. R. Palapa, T. Taher, N. Hidayati, B. I. Putri,
and A. Lesbani (2021). The Capability of Biochar-Based
CaAl and MgAl Composite Materials as Adsorbent for Re-
moval Cr(VI) in Aqueous Solution. Science and Technology
Indonesia, 6(3); 196–203

Kumar, S. G. and K. K. Rao (2017). Comparison of modica-
tion strategies towards enhanced charge carrier separation
and photocatalytic degradation activity of metal oxide semi-
conductors (TiO2,WO3 and ZnO). Applied Surface Science,
391; 124–148

Kusrini, E., A. Suhrowati, A. Usman, M. Khalil, and V. Degir-
menci (2019). Synthesis and characterization of graphite
oxide, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide from
graphite waste using modied Hummers’s method and zinc
as reducing agent. Synthesis, 10(6); 1093–1104

Lellis, B., C. Z. Fávaro-Polonio, J. A. Pamphile, and J. C.
Polonio (2019). Eects of textile dyes on health and the en-
vironment and bioremediation potential of living organisms.
Biotechnology Research and Innovation, 3(2); 275–290

Mcyotto, F., Q. Wei, D. K. Macharia, M. Huang, C. Shen, and
C. W. Chow(2021). Eect of dye structure on colorremoval
eciency by coagulation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 405;
126674

Mohammad, S., I. Suzylawati, et al. (2020). Study of the
adsorption/desorption of MB dye solution using bentonite
adsorbent coating. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 34;

© 2021 The Authors. Page 233 of 234



Wijaya et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6 (2021) 228-234

101155
Mustapha, S., M. Ndamitso, A. Abdulkareem, J. Tijani, A. Mo-
hammed, and D. Shuaib (2019). Potential of using kaolin
as a natural adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from
tannery wastewater. Heliyon, 5(11); 2923

Namasivayam, C. and S. Sumithra (2006). Adsorption of
anionic dyes on to waste Fe (III)/Cr (III). Journal of Environ-
mental Science and Engineering, 48(1); 69–74

Natarajan, S., V. Anitha, G. P. Gajula, and V. Thiagarajan
(2020). Synthesis and characterization of magnetic super-
adsorbent Fe3O4-PEG-Mg-Al-LDH nanocomposites for
ultrahigh removal of organic dyes. ACS Omega, 5(7); 3181–
3193

Nazifa, T. H., N. Habba, A. Aris, and T. Hadibarata (2018).
Adsorption of Procion Red MX-5B and Crystal Violet Dyes
from Aqueous Solution onto Corncob Activated Carbon.
Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 65(2); 259–270

Nor, N. M., T. Hadibarata, Z. Yusop, and Z. M. Lazim (2015).
Removal of brilliant green and procionred dyes from aque-
ous solutionby adsorption using selected agricultural wastes.
Jurnal Teknologi, 74(11); 11

Normah, N. R. Palapa, T. Taher, R. Mohadi, H. P. Utami, and
A. Lesbani (2021). The Ability of Composite Ni/Al-carbon
based Material Toward Readsorption of Iron(II) in Aqueous
Solution. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6(3); 156–165

Oliveira, E., S. Montanher, and M. Rollemberg (2011). Re-
moval of textile dyes by sorption on low-cost sorbents. A
case study: sorption of reactive dyes onto Lua cylindrica.
Desalination and Water Treatment, 25(1-3); 54–64

Palapa, N. R., N. Juleanti, N. Normah, T. Taher, and A. Les-
bani (2020a). Unique adsorption properties of malachite
green on interlayer space of Cu-Al and Cu-Al-SiW12O40
layered double hydroxides. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction En-
gineering and Catalysis, 15(3); 653–661

Palapa, N. R., R. Mohadi, and A. Lesbani (2018). Adsorption
of direct yellow dye from aqueous solution by Ni/Al and
Zn/Al layered double hydroxides. AIPConference Proceedings,
2026(1); 20018

Palapa, N. R., B. R. Rahayu, T. Taher, A. Lesbani, and R. Mo-
hadi (2019). Kinetic Adsorption of Direct Yellow Onto
Zn/Al and Zn/Fe Layered Double Hydroxides. Science and
Technology Indonesia, 4(4); 101–104

Palapa, N. R., T. Taher, B. R. Rahayu, R. Mohadi, A. Rachmat,
and A. Lesbani (2020b). CuAl LDH/Rice husk biocharcom-
posite for enhanced adsorptive removal of cationic dye from
aqueous solution. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering
and Catalysis, 15(2); 525–537

Quesada, H. B., T. P. de Araujo, D. T. Vareschini, M. A. S. D.
de Barros, R. G. Gomes, and R. Bergamasco (2020). Chi-

tosan, alginate and othermacromolecules as activated carbon
immobilizing agents: a review on composite adsorbents for
the removal of water contaminants. International Journal of
Biological Macromolecules, 164; 2535–2549

Sarkar, S., A. Banerjee, U. Halder, R. Biswas, and R. Ban-
dopadhyay (2017). Degradation of synthetic azo dyes of
textile industry: a sustainable approach using microbial en-
zymes. Water Conservation Science and Engineering, 2(4);
121–131

Sarma, G. K., S. SenGupta, and K. G. Bhattacharyya (2018).
Adsorption of monoazo dyes (Crocein Orange G and Pro-
cion Red MX5B) from water using raw and acid-treated
montmorillonite K10: insight into kinetics, isotherm, and
thermodynamic parameters. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,
229(10); 1–17

Shi, Q.-X., Y. Li, L. Wang, J. Wang, and Y.-L. Cao (2020).
Preparation of supported chitosan adsorbent with high ad-
sorption capacity for Titan Yellow removal. International
Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 152; 449–455

Siregar, P. M. S. B. N., N. R. Palapa, A. Wijaya, E. S. Fitri,
and A. Lesbani (2021). Structural stability of Ni/Al layered
double hydroxide supported on graphite and biochar toward
adsorption of congo red. Science and Technology Indonesia,
6(2); 85–95

Streit, A. F., L. N. Côrtes, S. P. Druzian, M. Godinho, G. C.
Collazzo, D. Perondi, and G. L. Dotto (2019). Development
ofhighqualityactivatedcarbonfrombiological sludgeandits
application for dyes removal from aqueous solutions. Science
of The Total Environment, 660; 277–287

Tang, R., Y. Wang, S. Yuan, W. Wang, Z. Yue, X. Zhan, and
Z.-H. Hu (2020). Organoarsenic feed additives in biological
wastewater treatment processes: Removal, biotransforma-
tion, and associated impacts. Journal of Hazardous Materials;
124789

Valencia, S., M. Pascua, J. Movillon, and H. Braza (2001).
Adsorption of basic rhodamine red, basic methylene blue,
reactiveprocionred, andreactiveprocionblue textiledyesby
cornstalk. Philippine Agricultural Scientist (Philippines), 84(3);
304–312

Zhang,M.,Q.Yao,C.Lu,Z.Li, andW.Wang(2014). Layered
double hydroxide–carbon dot composite: high-performance
adsorbent for removal of anionic organic dye. ACS Applied
Materials and Interfaces, 6(22); 20225–20233

Zhao, J., Q.Huang, M.Liu, Y.Dai, J.Chen, H.Huang, Y.Wen,
X. Zhu, X. Zhang, and Y. Wei (2017). Synthesis of func-
tionalized MgAl-layered double hydroxides via modied
mussel inspired chemistry and their application in organic
dye adsorption. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 505;
168–177

© 2021 The Authors. Page 234 of 234


	INTRODUCTION
	EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
	Chemicals and Instrumentation
	Preparation of Cu/Al LDH
	Preparation of Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF
	Selectivity of Anionic Dye Mixtures
	Desorption and Regeneration of Adsorbent
	Adsorption Process

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
	CONCLUSIONS
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT