Title


Science and Technology Indonesia
e-ISSN:2580-4391 p-ISSN:2580-4405
Vol. 8, No. 2, April 2023

Research Paper

Facile Fabrication of Layered Double Hydroxide-Lignin for Efficient Adsorption of
Malachite Green
Neza Rahayu Palapa1*, Nur Ahmad2,3, Alfan Wijaya3, Zaqiya Artha Zahara3
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sriwijaya, Ogan Ilir 30662, Indonesia2Graduate School, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, Ogan Ilir, 30662, Indonesia3Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Complexes, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, 30139, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: nezarahayu@gmail.com

AbstractPreparation of layered double hydroxide-lignin (lignin-Zn/Al) carried out by coprecipitation method. The FTIR spectra of lignin-Zn/Aldisplayed at 3448, 2939, 1620, 1381, 1118, 1041, and 601 cm−1. The characteristic peaks are located at 10.1°, 19.1°, 20.1°, 29.4°, 33.9°,and 60.4°. The lignin-Zn/Al nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm showed a Type-IV curve, indicating that it had a mesoporousstructure. The H3 kind of hysteresis loop also provides evidence for the presence of mesopores within the lignin-Zn/Al complex.Lignin-Zn/Al, lignin, and Zn/Al had pHpzc values of 6.09, 3.01, and 6.09, respectively. Lignin-Zn/Al, lignin, and Zn/Al are positivelycharged when the pH of the solution is less than pHpzc, and they are negatively charged when the pH of the solution is more thanpHpzc. The Langmuir and pseudo-second-order model best represented the MG adsorption onto all adsorbents. The lignin-Zn/Al,lignin, and Zn/Al were shown to have maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities of 83.034, 78.740, and 36.364 mg/g, respectively.Zn/Al adsorption capacity increased 2.28 times after being composited with lignin.
KeywordsLayered Double Hydroxide, Adsorption, Lignin, Malachite Green

Received: 20 January 2023, Accepted: 8 April 2023
https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2023.8.2.305-311

1. INTRODUCTION

The contamination brought on by the wastewater discharge of
organic dyes has become a more prominent issue because of
the industry’s rapid development (Tang et al., 2022) . In many
industries, including papers, tannery, printing inks, clothing,
and others, dyes are widely utilized. As a result, a lot of colorful
wastewater is produced, and many organic dyes will have a
major harmful impact on the environment and human health
(Giri et al., 2022; Vigneshwaran et al., 2021). Malachite green
(MG), a triphenylmethane cationic dye, is frequently used in
the textile industry (Jin et al., 2022) . However, even at low
concentrations, MG has been discovered to have numerous
toxicological side effects on human bodies, such as mutagenic,
teratogenic, and cancerous consequences (Buvaneswari and
Singanan, 2022; Sarkar et al., 2021).

Several cutting-edge methods, such as extraction (Raval
et al., 2022) , photodegradation (Puthukkara et al., 2022) , mem-
branes (Iqbal et al., 2022) , oxidation combining ultrasonic and
electrochemical (Ren et al., 2021) , and adsorption (Moradi
and Panahandeh, 2022) , have been used to remove MG from
aqueous medium over the past few decades. Adsorption has

garnered the most attention among these due to its straightfor-
ward functioning, design flexibility, practical recyclability, and
excellent reliability. For the purpose of removing MG from an
aqueous solution, numerous sophisticated adsorption materi-
als have been developed recently, including Costus woodsonii
(Van Tran et al., 2022) , modified metal-organic frameworks
(Dahlan et al., 2023) , biowaste garlic peel (Pathania et al., 2022) ,
and layered double hydroxide (Ahmad et al., 2023a) . Layered
double hydroxides (LDHs) are a type of 2D anionic clay that
is composed of layers (Nazir et al., 2022) . LDH has a struc-
ture similar to brucite with a large surface area, where M(II)
is surrounded by six hydroxide ions, for instance, and forms
an octahedral array that is connected to form an infinite 2D
structure (Ahmed and Mohamed, 2022) .

These adsorbents have excellent MG molecule adsorption
performance, but for this purpose, sustainable, cost-effective
adsorbents made from biomass are still required (Wang et al.,
2018) . Also, when compared to several previously described
adsorbents, biomass-based adsorbents appear to be more envi-
ronmentally friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable (Juleanti
et al., 2021) . Designing biomass-derived adsorbents to remove
MG from aqueous media is therefore appealing. Lignin, an

https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.26554/sti.2023.8.2.305-311&domain=pdf
https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2023.8.2.305-311


Palapa et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8 (2023) 305-311

amorphous high-molecular aromatic polymer, is the second
most prevalent biomass component on the planet after cellu-
lose (Zong et al., 2023) . The pulp and paper industry currently
produces about 50 million tons of lignin as a byproduct each
year. The vast majority of lignin that has been burned up to
this point has been done so to create energy, which has re-
sulted in significant lignin resource waste (Du et al., 2023) .
The use of inexpensive, readily available industrial waste lignin
to produce effective functional materials for environmental re-
mediation is a great solution when taking into account greater
lignin usage and water remediation (Wang et al., 2022) . A
three-dimensional network structure and the abundance of
functional groups that include oxygen in lignin give it more
potential for functionalization (Hamad et al., 2022) .

In this work, the coprecipitation technique was used to pre-
pare the lignin-Zn/Al. Many cutting-edge characterization
techniques were used to examine the physicochemical charac-
teristics of lignin-Zn/Al. Also, the potential of lignin-Zn/Al
was examined, as well as its application to simulated textile
wastewater.

2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

2.1 Materials
All chemicals were used without any further purification. Sodium
chloride, sodium hydroxide, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate,
chloride acid, and zinc nitrate hexahydrate were purchased
from Sigma Aldrich and Merck. Lignin and distilled water
were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry and Brataco,
respectively.

2.2 Preparation Lignin-Zn/Al and Characterization
Lignin-Zn/Al was prepared by the coprecipitation method.
Both 0.25 M aluminum nitrate nonahydrate and 0.75 M zink
nitrate hexahydrate were dissolved in 30 mL of distilled water,
respectively. The solutions were added sodium hydroxide 2 M
to pH 8 and stirred at 70°C for 4 h. Afterward, the Zn/Al added
3 g lignin was under continuous stirring for 3 days, filtered,
and dried. The characterization of lignin-ZnAl using Fourier
Transfer Infra-Red (FTIR) (Shimadzu), X-Ray Diffractometer
(XRD) (Rigaku), and Surface Area Analyzer (Quantachrome).

2.3 Adsorption Process of MG
Batch adsorption tests were conducted in a shaker. Investiga-
tions were into the effects of temperature (30–60°C), initial dye
concentration (60–100 mg/L), contact time (10–180 min), and
pHpzc (2–11). Usually, 100 mL of beaker glass was filled with
30 mL of MG solution and 30 mg of lignin-Zn/Al. Liquid
aliquots were obtained after adsorption and centrifuged. Then,
the supernatant was examined using a UV-Vis spectrophotome-
ter set to the maximum wavelength of 617 nm. Equation 1
was used to determine the concentration of MG.

q =
(C0-C)×V

m
(1)

Where q is adsorption capacity at t time (mg/g); C0 and C
are initial concentration and concentration for t time of MG,
respectively (mg/L); V is the volume of MG (L); m is the mass
of lignin-Zn/Al (g).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

FT-IR spectra of Zn/Al, lignin, and lignin-Zn/Al were pre-
sented in Figure 1. The FTIR spectra of lignin-Zn/Al displayed
at 3448, 2939, 1620, 1381, 1118, 1041, and 601 cm−1. The
stretching vibration of -OH from Zn/Al is responsible for ap-
pearing of the broad bandwidth 3448 and 1620 cm−1 (Ahmad
et al., 2023b) . The band at 2939 cm−1 is stretching vibration of
aliphatic -CH from lignin and the distinctive peak at bandwidth
1381 cm−1 is anion interlayer NO3− from Zn/Al (Zubair et al.,
2022) . The peak at 1118 and 1041 cm−1 are ascribable to
C-O and C-O-C from lignin, respectively (Sun et al., 2022) .
The metal oxide bond vibration is attributed to the band at 601
cm−1 (Chen et al., 2022) .

Figure 1. Fourier Transfer Infra-Red Results of Adsorbents

The usual Zn/Al XRD pattern can be seen in Figure 2,
where the characteristic peaks are located at 10.1° and 20.1°,
respectively, and correspond to the basal spacings of d003 and
d006, respectively (Yuliasari et al., 2023) . The 101 and 110
planes are responsible for two further linked peaks at 29.4°
and 60.4°, respectively. The XRD of the lignin is depicted in
Figure 2 and displays the distinctive peak of carbon material
at 19.1° and 33.9° (Sturgeon et al., 2014) . The XRD results
of the lignin-Zn/Al mixture reveal the presence of distinctive
Zn/Al and lignin reflections.

When evaluating the lignin-Zn/Al structure, the specific
surface area and pore size are important factors. Table 3 quan-
titatively displays the lignin-Zn/Al, lignin, and Zn/Al pore’s
structure (d), surface area (SBET ), and pore volume (VP). The

© 2023 The Authors. Page 306 of 311



Palapa et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8 (2023) 305-311

Table 1. The Surface Area of Adsorbents

Adsorbent SBET (m2/g) d (nm) VP (cm3/g)

Lignin-Zn/Al 7.125 1.960 0.007
Lignin 4.079 2.255 0.009
Zn/Al 1.968 27.687 0.006

Table 2. Kinetic Data of Adsorbents

Pseudo-First-Order Pseudo-Second-Order
Adsorbent Qeexp Qecalc k1 R

2 Qecalc k2 R
2

(mg/g) (mg/g) (min−1) (mg/g) (g/mg.min)

Lignin-Zn/Al 45.642 17.527 0.024 0.850 47.170 0.002 0.999
Lignin 39.892 29.336 0.036 0.941 44.053 0.002 0.993
Zn/Al 36.148 39.455 0.037 0.995 39.683 0.002 0.996

Figure 2. X-Ray Diffractometer Results of Adsorbents

results show that lignin-Zn/Al has an average surface area of
7.125 m2/g and pore sizes of 1.9620 ≈ 2 nm. The surface area
of Zn/Al increase after combining with lignin. Our findings
demonstrate the presence of mesopores in the lignin-Zn/Al
structure, which have IUPAC-recommended diameter ranges
of 2–50 nm (Heo et al., 2022) . The N2 adsorption/desorption
curves and BJH (Barrett, Joyner, Halenda) pore size distri-
butions of lignin-Zn/Al are shown in Figure 2. The lignin-
Zn/Al nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, as reported
by IUPAC, showed a Type-IV curve, indicating that it had a
mesoporous structure. The H3 kind of hysteresis loop also
provides evidence for the presence of mesopores within the
lignin-Zn/Al complex.

The pHpzc of is the point when there is no charge at all.

Figure 3. Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption Results of
Adsorbents

When the pH of the solution is low, shaking causes H+ to
migrate from the solution to the surface of the lignin-Zn/Al,
lignin, and Zn/Al, raising the pH. When the solution has a high
pH, H+ diffuses into the solution from the surface of lignin-
Zn/Al, lignin, and Zn/Al. This reduces the pH of the solution.
H+ ions do not migrate at the point where the initial and final
pHs meet, indicating that pHpzc is the point of convergence.
Lignin-Zn/Al, lignin, and Zn/Al had pHpzc values of 6.09,
3.01, and 6.09, respectively, as illustrated in Figure 4. Lignin-
Zn/Al, lignin, and Zn/Al are positively charged when the pH of
the solution is less than pHpzc, and they are negatively charged
when the pH of the solution is more than pHpzc .

Table 2 lists the resulting parameters after the experimental

© 2023 The Authors. Page 307 of 311



Palapa et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8 (2023) 305-311

Table 3. Isotherm Data of MG Adsorption

Adsorbent T (°C)
Freundlich Langmuir

n kF R2 Qmax kL R2

Lignin-Zn/Al 30 5.230 1.431 0.828 78.125 0.233 0.994
40 5.959 1.452 0.781 79.365 0.341 0.995
50 7.930 1.490 0.645 83.333 0.723 0.996
60 1.101 1.506 0.668 84.034 1.469 0.999

Lignin 30 1.978 1.228 0.878 67.568 0.076 0.955
40 2.033 1.244 0.882 71.942 0.075 0.917
50 2.439 1.291 0.928 72.464 0.093 0.985
60 2.475 1.309 0.947 78.740 0.102 0.981

Zn/Al 30 0.876 2.037 0.880 23.310 0.121 0.982
40 1.071 1.903 0.763 26.954 0.155 0.954
50 1.388 1.789 0.732 30.675 0.203 0.956
60 1.916 1.684 0.778 36.364 0.342 0.980

Table 4. Several Adsorbents to the Adsorption of MG

Adsorbent Qmax (mg/g) References

Lignin-Zn/Al 84.034 This study
Lignin 78.740 This study
Zn/Al 36.364 This study

Avena sativa 83 Banerjee et al. (2016)
Pine cone 111.1 Kavci (2021)

Graphene oxide aminated lignin aerogels 113.5 Chen et al. (2020)
Halloysite nanotube 74.95 Altun and Ecevit (2022)

Active carbons 58 Hijab et al. (2021)
Chitosan-zink oxide 11 Muinde et al. (2020)
PACT@𝛾-Fe2O3 62.89 Hasan et al. (2020)

Figure 4. pHpzc of Lignin-Zn/Al, Lignin, and Zn/Al Figure 5. Contact Time Between Adsorbents and Adsorbate

© 2023 The Authors. Page 308 of 311



Palapa et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8 (2023) 305-311

data are fitted to the kinetics models. The pseudo-second-order
equation is the most appropriate one to describe the adsorption
kinetics of lignin-Zn/Al, lignin, Zn/Al for MG, as shown by
the analysis of correlation coefficients shown in Table 2. All
R2 of the pseudo-second-order models are much closer to 1.0
than pseudo-first-order models. This suggests that the process
of adsorption involves chemisorption (Rashed et al., 2022) .

Isotherm studies were carried out to comprehend the MG
adsorption equilibrium distribution between the aqueous and
the lignin-Zn/Al, lignin, and Zn/Al phases. Due to their widesp
read acceptance and popularity for precisely characterizing ad-
sorption processes, the Langmuir and Freundlich models were
used to explain the adsorption process in order to achieve that.
The parameters obtained after fitting the isotherm research
data obtained at various temperatures into these models are
shown in Table 3. The Langmuir model best represented the
MG adsorption onto all adsorbents, according to the R2 values
for the three adsorbents. It follows that monolayer adsorption
in nature Meng et al. (2019) would be a more accurate way to
characterize the MG solution’s adsorption onto lignin-Zn/Al,
lignin, and Zn/Al. The lignin-Zn/Al, lignin, and Zn/Al were
shown to have maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities of
83.034, 78.740, and 36.364 mg/g, respectively. Zn/Al ad-
sorption capacity increased 2.28 times after being composited
with lignin. Several adsorbents for the adsorption of MG are
displayed in Table 4.

4. CONCLUSION

Preparation lignin-Zn/Al is successful by the coprecipitation
method. The characterization by FTIR, XRD, and BET shows
the physicochemical characteristics of lignin-Zn/Al. The ad-
sorption process showed better results after Zn/Al and lignin
were combined. This can be seen from the increase in the ad-
sorption capacity of Zn/Al lignin by 2.28 times. Thus, lignin-
Zn/Al can be one of the adsorbents for the malachite green
adsorption process.

5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors acknowledge to Research Center of Inorganic
Materials and Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya for the
support of this work.

REFERENCES

Ahmad, N., F. S. Arsyad, I. Royani, and A. Lesbani (2023a).
Charcoal Activated as Template Mg/Al Layered Double Hy-
droxide for Selective Adsorption of Direct Yellow on Anionic
Dyes. Results in Chemistry, 5(1); 100766

Ahmad, N., F. S. Arsyad, I. Royani, P. M. S. B. N. Siregar,
T. Taher, and A. Lesbani (2023b). High Regeneration of
ZnAl/NiAl-Magnetite Humic Acid for Adsorption of Congo
Red from Aqueous Solution. Inorganic Chemistry Communi-
cations, 150; 110517

Ahmed, M. A. and A. A. Mohamed (2022). A Systematic
Review of Layered Double Hydroxide-based Materials for

Environmental Remediation of Heavy Metals and Dye Pol-
lutants. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 148; 110325

Altun, T. and H. Ecevit (2022). Adsorption of Malachite
Green and Methyl Violet 2B by Halloysite Nanotube: Batch
Adsorption Experiments and Box-behnken Experimental
Design. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 291; 126612

Banerjee, S., G. C. Sharma, R. K. Gautam, M. Chattopad-
hyaya, S. N. Upadhyay, and Y. C. Sharma (2016). Removal
of Malachite Green, A Hazardous Dye from Aqueous Solu-
tions Using Avena Sativa (oat) Hull as A Potential Adsorbent.
Journal of Molecular Liquids, 213; 162–172

Buvaneswari, K. and M. Singanan (2022). Removal of Mala-
chite Green Dye In Synthetic Wastewater Using Zingiber
Officinale Plant Leaves Biocarbon. Materials Today: Proceed-
ings, 55; 274–279

Chen, H., T. Liu, Y. Meng, Y. Cheng, J. Lu, and H. Wang
(2020). Novel Graphene Oxide/Aminated Lignin Aerogels
for Enhanced Adsorption of Malachite Green in Wastewater.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,
603; 125281

Chen, Y., S. Chen, Z. Deng, X. Xu, J. Qin, X. Guo,
Z. Bai, X. Chen, and Z. Lu (2022). Fabrication of
Polystyrene/Cuo@ Calcined Layered Double Hydroxide
Microspheres with High Adsorption Capacity for Congo
Red. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering
Aspects, 652; 129827

Dahlan, I., O. H. Keat, H. A. Aziz, and Y. T. Hung (2023). Syn-
thesis and Characterization of MOF-5 Incorporated Waste-
derived Siliceous Materials for the Removal of Malachite
Green Dye From Aqueous Solution. Sustainable Chemistry
and Pharmacy, 31; 100954

Du, B., W. Li, L. Chai, W. Li, X. Wang, X. Chen, J. Zhou,
and R. C. Sun (2023). Preparation of Versatile Lignin-
based Adsorbent for The Removal of Organic Dyes and Its
Application in Wound Healing. Journal of Molecular Liquids,
377; 121566

Giri, B. S., R. K. Sonwani, S. Varjani, D. Chaurasia, T. Varadav-
enkatesan, P. Chaturvedi, S. Yadav, V. Katiyar, R. S. Singh,
and A. Pandey (2022). Highly Efficient Bio-adsorption of
Malachite Green Using Chinese Fan-palm Biochar (livistona
Chinensis). Chemosphere, 287; 132282

Hamad, H. A., S. AbdElhafez, M. Elsenety, M. K. Sorour,
N. Amin, O. Abdelwahab, and E. Z. El Ashtoukhy (2022).
Fabrication and Characterization of Functionalized Lignin-
based Adsorbent Prepared from Black Liquor in the Paper
Industry for Superior Removal of Toxic Dye. Fuel, 323;
124288

Hasan, I., D. Bhatia, S. Walia, and P. Singh (2020). Removal
of Malachite Green by Polyacrylamide-g-chitosan 𝛾-Fe2O3
Nanocomposite-an Application of Central Composite De-
sign. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 11; 100378

Heo, J. W., L. An, J. Chen, J. H. Bae, and Y. S. Kim (2022).
Preparation of Amine-functionalized Lignins for the Selec-
tive Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Congo Red. Chemo-
sphere, 295; 133815

© 2023 The Authors. Page 309 of 311



Palapa et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8 (2023) 305-311

Hijab, M., P. Parthasarathy, H. R. Mackey, T. Al Ansari,
and G. McKay (2021). Minimizing Adsorbent Require-
ments Using Multi-stage Batch Adsorption for Malachite
Green Removal Using Microwave Date-stone Activated Car-
bons. Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensifica-
tion, 167; 108318

Iqbal, A., E. Cevik, A. Bozkurt, S. M. M. Asiri, O. Alagha,
T. F. Qahtan, M. I. Jalees, and M. U. Farooq (2022). Ul-
trahigh Adsorption by Regenerable Iron-cobalt Core-shell
Nanospheres and Their Synergetic Effect on Nanohybrid
Membranes for Removal Of Malachite Green Dye. Journal
of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(3); 107968

Jin, C., Y. Liu, J. Fan, T. Liu, G. Liu, F. Chu, and Z. Kong
(2022). Lignin-inspired Porous Polymer Networks as High-
performance Adsorbents for the Efficient Removal of Mala-
chite Green Dye. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and
Engineering Aspects, 643; 128760

Juleanti, N., N. R. Palapa, T. Taher, N. Hidayati, B. I. Putri,
and A. Lesbani (2021). The Capability of Biochar-based
CaAl and MgAl Composite Materials as Adsorbent For Re-
moval Cr (VI) in Aqueous Solution. Science and Technology
Indonesia, 6(3); 196–203

Kavci, E. (2021). Malachite Green Adsorption Onto Modi-
fied Pine Cone: Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Mechanism. Chemical Engineering Communications, 208(3);
318–327

Meng, Z., M. Wu, S. Zhao, R. Jing, S. Li, Y. Shao, X. Liu, F. Lv,
A. Liu, and Q. Zhang (2019). Removing Anionic Dyes from
Wastewater Based on In-situ Formation Of Fe3O4@ Zn-Al
Layered Double Hydroxides by Self-assembly. Applied Clay
Science, 170; 41–45

Moradi, O. and S. Panahandeh (2022). Fabrication of Different
Adsorbents Based on Zirconium Oxide, Graphene Oxide,
and Dextrin for Removal of Green Malachite Dye from
Aqueous Solutions. Environmental Research, 214; 114042

Muinde, V. M., J. M. Onyari, B. Wamalwa, and J. N. Wabomba
(2020). Adsorption of Malachite Green Dye From Aqueous
Solutions Using Mesoporous Chitosan–zinc Oxide Compos-
ite Material. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 2;
115–125

Nazir, M. A., T. Najam, S. Jabeen, M. A. Wattoo, M. S. Bashir,
S. S. A. Shah, and A. ur Rehman (2022). Facile Synthesis of
Tri-metallic Layered Double Hydroxides (NiZnAl-LDHs):
Adsorption of Rhodamine-B and Methyl Orange from Wa-
ter. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 145; 110008

Pathania, D., V. S. Bhat, J. M. Shivanna, G. Sriram,
M. Kurkuri, and G. Hegde (2022). Garlic Peel Based Meso-
porous Carbon Nanospheres for an Effective Removal of
Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solutions: Detailed
Isotherms and Kinetics. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular
and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 276; 121197

Puthukkara, P., A. Rose, T. S. Jose, and S. D. Lal (2022).
Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles for Malachite Green
Removal. Materials Today Communications, 33(4); 50–60

Rashed, S. H., A. Abd Elhamid, S. Y. H. Abdalkarim, R. H.

El Sayed, A. A. El Bardan, H. M. Soliman, and A. Nayl
(2022). Preparation and Characterization of Layered Dou-
ble Hydroxides Decorated on Graphene Oxide For Dye Re-
moval from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Materials Research
and Technology, 17; 2782–2795

Raval, A. R., H. P. Kohli, and O. K. Mahadwad (2022). Ap-
plication of Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Removal of
Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution: Extraction
and Stability Studies. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances,
12; 100398

Ren, Q., C. Kong, Z. Chen, J. Zhou, W. Li, D. Li, Z. Cui,
Y. Xue, and Y. Lu (2021). Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochem-
ical Degradation of Malachite Green In Wastewater. Micro-
chemical Journal, 164; 106059

Sarkar, S., N. Tiwari, A. Basu, M. Behera, B. Das,
S. Chakrabortty, K. Sanjay, M. Suar, T. K. Adhya, and
S. Banerjee (2021). Sorptive Removal of Malachite Green
From Aqueous Solution by Magnetite/coir Pith Supported
Sodium Alginate Beads: Kinetics, Isotherms, Thermody-
namics and Parametric Optimization. Environmental Tech-
nology & Innovation, 24; 101818

Sturgeon, M. R., M. H. O’Brien, P. N. Ciesielski, R. Katahira,
J. S. Kruger, S. C. Chmely, J. Hamlin, K. Lawrence, G. B.
Hunsinger, and T. D. Foust (2014). Lignin Depolymerisa-
tion by Nickel Supported Layered Double Hydroxide Cata-
lysts. Green Chemistry, 16(2); 824–835

Sun, Y., T. Wang, C. Han, X. Lv, L. Bai, X. Sun, and
P. Zhang (2022). Facile Synthesis of Fe-modified Lignin-
based Biochar for Ultra-fast Adsorption of Methylene Blue:
Selective Adsorption and Mechanism Studies. Bioresource
Technology, 344; 126186

Tang, R., W. Hong, C. Srinivasakannan, X. Liu, X. Wang,
and X. Duan (2022). A Novel Mesoporous Fe-silica Aero-
gel Composite with Phenomenal Adsorption Capacity for
Malachite Green. Separation and Purification Technology, 281;
119950

Van Tran, T., D. T. C. Nguyen, P. S. Kumar, A. T. M. Din, A. S.
Qazaq, and D. V. N. Vo (2022). Green Synthesis of Mn3O4
Nanoparticles Using Costus Woodsonii Flowers Extract for
Effective Removal of Malachite Green Dye. Environmental
Research, 214; 113925

Vigneshwaran, S., P. Sirajudheen, P. Karthikeyan, and
S. Meenakshi (2021). Fabrication of Sulfur-doped Biochar
Derived from Tapioca Peel Waste with Superior Adsorp-
tion Performance for the Removal of Malachite Green and
Rhodamine B Dyes. Surfaces and Interfaces, 23; 100920

Wang, T., M. Jiang, X. Yu, N. Niu, and L. Chen (2022). Ap-
plication of Lignin Adsorbent in Wastewater Treatment: A
Review. Separation and Purification Technology, 302; 122116

Wang, T., C. Li, C. Wang, and H. Wang (2018).
Biochar/MnAl-LDH Composites for Cu (II) Removal from
Aqueous Solution. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical
and Engineering Aspects, 538; 443–450

Yuliasari, N., A. Wijaya, R. Mohadi, and A. Lesbani (2023).
Enhanced Effectiveness on Phenol Removal by MgCr-

© 2023 The Authors. Page 310 of 311



Palapa et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8 (2023) 305-311

LDH/Microcrystalline Cellulose Composite and Regener-
ation Study with Green Desorption Reagent. Science and
Technology Indonesia, 8(1); 151–159

Zong, E., R. Fan, H. Hua, J. Yang, S. Jiang, J. Dai, X. Liu,
and P. Song (2023). A Magnetically Recyclable Lignin-
based Bio-adsorbent for Efficient Removal of Congo Red
From Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Biological

Macromolecules, 226; 443–453
Zubair, M., H. A. Aziz, I. Ihsanullah, M. A. Ahmad, and M. A.

Al Harthi (2022). Engineered Biochar Supported Layered
Double Hydroxide-cellulose Nanocrystals Composite-: Syn-
thesis, Characterization and Azo Dye Removal Performance.
Chemosphere, 307; 136054

© 2023 The Authors. Page 311 of 311


	INTRODUCTION
	EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
	Materials
	Preparation Lignin-Zn/Al and Characterization
	Adsorption Process of MG

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
	CONCLUSION
	ACKNOWLEDGMENT