Title


Science and Technology Indonesia
e-ISSN:2580-4391 p-ISSN:2580-4405
Vol. 8, No. 3, July 2023

Research Paper

Uncovering Obstacles to Household Waste Recycling in Seremban, Malaysia through
Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) Analysis
Zahari Md Rodzi1*, Ashiera Nadiha Hazri1, Nurul Ain Syahirah Mohd Azri1, Nurul Dania Farisha Sharul Rhmdan1, Zati Aqmar Zaharudin1,
Saladin Uttunggadewa2
1Mathematical Sciences Studies, College of Computing, Informatics and Media,Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),Negeri Sembilan Branch, Seremban Campus, Seremban, Negeri
Sembilan, 70300, Malaysia2Pusat Pemodelan Matematika dan Simulasi (P2MS) Institut Teknologi Bandung and Combinatorial Matematics Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Gedung Labtek III Lantai 1, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: zahari@uitm.edu.my

AbstractThisstudyinvestigatesthebarrierstohouseholdwasterecycling inSeremban, Malaysia, usingtheDecision-MakingTrialandEvaluationLaboratory (DEMATEL) analysis. The research questions aimed to identify and rank the most significant barriers to recycling andunderstand the causal relationships between them. The study found that limited access to recycling facilities and services andlack of motivation or incentive to recycle were the most significant causes of household waste recycling barriers in Seremban. Onthe other hand, lack of motivation or incentive to recycle and negative attitudes towards recycling, were identified as the mostsignificant effects. The study’s findings have theoretical implications for waste management and sustainable development and offerpractical implications for policymakers and waste management practitioners in developing effective waste management strategiesand policies that can address these barriers. Furthermore, the study’s insights into the most significant barriers to household wasterecycling can inform the design of recycling campaigns and educational programs to increase awareness and promote householdwaste recycling in Seremban. Overall, this study provides a valuable contribution to the field of waste management and sustainabledevelopment and offers insights into the challenges of promoting household waste recycling in urban areas.
KeywordsWaste Management, Recycling, Household Waste, Barriers, Decision-making, DEMATEL, Seremban, Malaysia

Received: 7 March 2023, Accepted: 13 June 2023
https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2023.8.3.422-428

1. INTRODUCTION

Waste recycling has emerged as a crucial tactic in sustain-
able waste management, aiming to reduce landfill waste, con-
serve natural resources, and foster environmental preservation
(Ayeleru et al., 2023) . The aim of this research is to examine
the barriers to waste recycling by means of a comprehensive
review of literature and expert insights, followed by an assess-
ment of the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory
(DEMATEL) methodology in appraising these obstacles in the
context of Seremban, Malaysia. The present investigation aims
to address two distinct research inquiries:
RQ1: What are the key factors that influence household waste
recycling in Seremban, Malaysia, and how do they relate to
each other?
RQ2: What are the most significant barriers that prevent house-
holds in Seremban, Malaysia from engaging in waste recycling,
and how do these barriers interrelate?

The present study aims to attain its research objectives by
utilizing the DEMATEL method to scrutinize and determine
the crucial factors and impediments associated with waste re-
cycling in Seremban, Malaysia. The utilization of DEMATEL
analysis presents a thorough and methodical methodology for
comprehending the intricate interconnections between the var-
ious factors and hindrances (Garg, 2021) . This approach offers
valuable discernment into prospective policies and practical
solutions that can effectively surmount these obstacles and pro-
mote household waste recycling (Favot et al., 2022) .

According to statistics provided by the Department of Na-
tional Solid Waste Management ( JPSPN), Malaysia’s recycling
rate for the year 2020 was documented at 31.52%, which fell
short of the government’s target of attaining a recycling rate
of 40% by 2025. In contrast, a significant proportion of devel-
oped countries have attained a recycling rate of at least 60%.
The imperative to surmount barriers that impede recycling
endeavors in Malaysia and enhance communal engagement in

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https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2023.8.3.422-428


Rodzi et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8 (2023) 422-428

recycling programs is of utmost significance. The findings of a
research study that elucidate the barriers to waste recycling are
presented in Table 1.

Despite the challenges, Malaysia has implemented various
measures aimed at promoting recycling and reducing waste.
The government at the national level launched a program called
"Kampungku Bersih" (My Clean Village) to promote commu-
nal responsibility for waste management and encourage the
adoption of recycling practices.

Private sector initiatives, such as the take-back program
for pre-owned furniture by IKEA Malaysia and the Tzu Chi
Foundation’s dispersed recycling centers that cater to a wide
range of recyclable materials, are aimed at promoting recycling
practices and reducing waste. The iCycle platform has been im-
plemented in Malaysia as a supplementary initiative to promote
the recycling of domestic waste. The government of Malaysia
has initiated a campaign aimed at promoting sustainable prac-
tices and addressing the issue of waste management, which
is referred to as the "zero waste" campaign. Table 2 provides
a comprehensive summary of recycling activities in Serem-
ban, focusing on the quantity of recycling materials collected
in different sectors such as schools, kindergartens, communi-
ties, government offices, universities, and industries. The table
includes the weight of the recycled materials measured in kilo-
grams (KG) as well as their corresponding monetary value in
Ringgit Malaysia (RM).

Over the course of five years, from 2017 to 2021, a signifi-
cant amount of recycling materials was collected. The recycling
bank in schools yielded a total of 313,180 kilograms, with a
corresponding value of RM 68,185. Similarly, the recycling
bank in kindergartens contributed 20,768 kilograms of recy-
clables, amounting to RM 4,998. The community recycling
bank collected a total of 59,297 kilograms of materials, valued
at RM 17,100. Government offices in Seremban also actively
participated in recycling, resulting in the collection of 124,109
kilograms of recyclables, with a value of RM 24,339. Further-
more, universities in the area contributed 13,137 kilograms
of recycling materials, which were valued at RM 2,049. The
recycling efforts in industries were notable as well, with a total
collection of 249,398 kilograms, amounting to RM 24,212.

2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

The study’s first stage involved a research methodology that
encompassed a thorough examination of published articles and
reports related to household waste recycling. The aim of the
literature review was to determine the previously identified
and researched barriers to household waste recycling. In ad-
dition to performing a comprehensive literature review, the
researchers engaged in discussions with experts in the fields of
waste management and recycling to gather their insights on the
barriers to household waste recycling in Seremban.

The second phase of the study involves gathering data from
experts who have at least a decade of experience in waste man-
agement within the Seremban region of Malaysia. The expert
panel was composed of an academic, a government official,

Figure 1. Research Methodology Framework

a representative from the waste management industry, and a
member of a non-governmental organization specializing in
household waste recycling. Semi-structured interviews were
conducted with the experts.

The interview questions were designed to elicit expert opin-
ions on the barriers that impede household waste recycling
in Seremban. The evaluators were tasked with assessing the
degree of correlation between each obstacle, utilizing a Likert
scale that ranged from 1 to 5. The scale’s values ranged from
"not related" at 1 to "highly related" at 5.

The study utilized the Decision-Making Trial and Evalu-
ation Laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology to analyse the
data. This technique enables the investigation of causal rela-
tionships among variables. The experts’ ratings on the barriers
were employed in the development of a DEMATEL matrix.
The matrix enabled the discernment of the causal connections
that exist among the hindrances. The study employed the DE-
MATEL software to conduct a matrix analysis and identify
the main barriers to household waste recycling in Seremban.
The findings were then validated by experts. If the experts are
content with the causal diagram and result analysis, they will be
presented. However, if they are dissatisfied, the data collection
process will be repeated. The Figure 1 shows the Research
methodology framework for this study. Figure 1 depicts the
research methodology framework employed in this study.

The steps involved in the DEMATEL method are as fol-
lows:
Step 1. Creating the matrix of direct influence
The first step involves the creation of a Direct Relationship
Matrix, where xki j represents an integer score k assigned by an
expert. This metric indicates the degree of impact that crite-
rion i has on criterion j. The matrix A of dimension n×n , as
presented in Equation (1), the computation of household waste
recycling scores involves the utilisation of an averaging process
that incorporates the individual evaluations of three distinct
experts, namely an academician, an industry specialist, and a
government representative. Table 3 presents the DEMATEL
binary comparison scale that was utilised.

aj j =
1
H

H∑︁
k=1

xki j (1)

© 2023 The Authors. Page 423 of 428



Rodzi et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8 (2023) 422-428

Table 1. The Barriers to Waste Recycling

Barriers References

B1-Negative attitudes towards
recycling

Almasi et al., 2019; Ayeleru et al., 2023; Babaei et al., 2015; Byrne and O’Regan,
2014; Corrado et al., 2022; Gilli et al., 2018; Padilla and Trujillo, 2018;

Karaktekin et al., 2023; King et al., 2023; Lau et al., 2021; Malibari et al., 2023;
Vijayan et al., 2023; Wu et al., 2021; Yadav et al., 2022

B2-Limited storage space for
recyclable materials at home

Li et al., 2020a; Lu et al., 2022; Luthra et al., 2023; Matsumoto, 2011; Nguyen
et al., 2022

B3-Inconvenient or inconsistent
recycling collection schedules

de Moraes et al., 2022; Dias et al., 2022; Shuvo, 2023; Tsimnadis et al., 2023

B4-Lack of awareness and
understanding of the benefits of

recycling

Almulhim, 2022; Chengqin et al., 2022; Jacobsen et al., 2022; Ghaedrahmati
et al., 2023; Helmefalk et al., 2023; Mousa, 2020; Nguyen et al., 2022; Azme

et al., 2023; Reijonen et al., 2021; Shah and Rezai, 2023; Shaikh et al., 2020; Tian
et al., 2022; Vijayan et al., 2023; Zhong et al., 2022

B5-Limited access to recycling
facilities and services

Dutta and Goel, 2021; Gu et al., 2022; Maiurova et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2021b;
Zaharudin et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2016

B6-Lack of motivation or incentive to
recycle

Cheng et al., 2022; Chengqin et al., 2022; Li et al., 2020b; Li et al., 2022; Wang
et al., 2021a; Xu et al., 2023; Yang and Thøgersen, 2022; Zhong et al., 2022;

Zhou et al., 2021

B7-Lack of enforcement or penalties
for non-compliance with recycling

regulations

Ayeleru et al., 2023; Favot et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022; Ma et al., 2020; Woodard,
2020

H: number of experts.
Step 2. Normalising of the matrix of direct influence

Formulas (2) and (3) are used to get the normalised direct-
relation matrix S from matrix A.

S = k.A (2)

k = min

(
1

max1≤i≤n
∑n
j=1[ai j]′

1
max1≤ j≤n

∑n
i=1[ai j]

)
(3)

i, j ∈ (1, 2, ..., n)

Step 3. Constructing the matrix of complete relations
After normalising the direct-relation matrix S, the total-relation
matrix M is computed using the Formula (4), where I denote
the Identity Matrix:

M = S(I − S)−1 (4)

Step 4. The development of a cause-and-effect diagram The
utilisation of C + R and R − C is demonstrated in Formula (5)
to (7) for matrix M, where R represents the sum of columns

and C represents the sum of rows. Criteria that exhibit positive
R−C values exert a stronger influence on the remaining criteria.
The term "dispatchers" is commonly used to refer to these
individuals. Individuals with lower R−C levels tend to be more
susceptible to external influences. The entities are commonly
denoted as "receivers." Conversely, the summation of R and
C denotes the extent of correlation between one criterion and
the rest.

M = [mi j]n×n i, j ∈ (1, 2, ..., n) (5)

Ri =
n∑︁
j=1

[mi j]n×1 = [mi]n×1 (6)

Ci =
n∑︁
i=1

[mi j]1×n = [mj]1×n (7)

Step 5. Obtaining the matrix of internal dependencies and
the map of effect relationships
The dataset was mapped utilising the (R + C, R − C). The
parameter known as the threshold value is employed to denote
the degree of influence present between a set of criteria.

© 2023 The Authors. Page 424 of 428



Rodzi et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8 (2023) 422-428

Table 2. Summary of Recycling Activities in Seremban

Year
Recycling Bank Recycling Bank Recycling Bank Recycling Bank in Recycling Bank Recycling Bank

in School in Kindergarden in Community Government Office in University Industry
KG RM KG RM KG RM KG RM KG RM KG RM

2017 45,608 9,488 8,803 2,213 2,522 576 41,127 12,899 6,262 1,249 224,767 17,647
2018 45,226 9,389 4,092 898 5,547 845 11,069 1,391 2,458 34 3,345 14
2019 74,048 16,154 4,042 1,015 7,001 1,306 5,385 1,455 1,171 144 2,417 5,123
2020 96,018 20,181 2,590 551 6,227 1,066 26,677 4,974 1,018 185 14,596 860
2021 52,279 12,974 1,242 320 38,001 13,307 39,851 3,620 2,229 437 4,272 568
Total 313,180 68,185 20,768 4,998 59,297 17,100 124,109 24,339 13,137 2,049 249,398 24,212

Table 3. Linguistic Term

Linguistic Terms Influence Score
Unrelated 1

Slightly Unrelated 2
Moderately Related 3

Related 4
Very Related 5

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section presents the findings of the DEMATEL analysis,
which provided significant insights into the main barriers to
household waste recycling in Seremban and their underlying
root causes. The study proposed effective interventions for mit-
igating barriers through recognizing causal relationships among
them. The objective of this research is to elucidate the key out-
comes of the DEMATEL analysis and their significance in
advancing the practice of household waste recycling in Serem-
ban. Table 4 displays the prominence and net cause/effects of
this study.

The variable exhibiting the greatest R +C value of 10.9256
within the table pertains to "Limited access to recycling facilities
and services", indicating a noteworthy impact on recycling be-
havior. The recycling behavior of individuals can be influenced
by various factors. Among these factors, insufficient awareness
and comprehension of the benefits of recycling, with a R + C
value of 10.3973, inconvenient or irregular recycling collection
timetables, with a R + C value of 10.0067, and inadequate mo-
tivation or incentive to recycle, with a R + C value of 10.6433,
are noteworthy. The variables that demonstrate a lower R + C
score, specifically "Negative attitudes towards recycling" with a
R + C score of 9.2361 and "Lack of enforcement or penalties
for non-compliance with recycling regulations" with a R + C
score of 9.2680, exhibit a noticeable impact, albeit to a rela-
tively lesser extent. Mitigating these factors can generally aid in
overcoming obstacles to recycling and promoting the adoption
of environmentally responsible waste management practises.

This Influence Diagram aids in Figure 2 visualizing the
cause-and-effect relationship among barriers to waste recy-
cling in Seremban. Insufficient availability of recycling infras-

Figure 2. Waste Recycling Barrier’s Criteria Influence Diagram

tructure and services, coupled with inadequate knowledge and
comprehension of the advantages of recycling, are significant
contributing factors that can impact the recycling conduct of
individuals. The restricted availability of recycling facilities and
services may potentially lead to a decrease in recycling behav-
ior among individuals, as the inconvenience and difficulty in
locating a nearby recycling centre can act as a deterrent. This
phenomenon may result in the disposal of recyclable materials
in the conventional waste stream.

The deficiency in knowledge and comprehension regarding
the advantages of recycling can potentially result in a decreased
inclination among individuals to engage in recycling practices.
Insufficient understanding of the advantages of recycling could
lead to a decreased recognition of the significance of participat-
ing in recycling activities, ultimately lowering the probability
of individuals taking the extra step to recycle their materials.
Inadequate understanding may lead to uncertainty regarding
the categorization of recyclable and non-recyclable materials,
which can further contribute to individuals’ hesitancy to engage
in recycling.

The interdependence between these two factors may po-
tentially impact the remaining obstacles outlined in the table.
The lack of access to recycling facilities and services may poten-

© 2023 The Authors. Page 425 of 428



Rodzi et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8 (2023) 422-428

Table 4. Prominence and Net Cause/Effects

Barriers R C R+C R-C Identify
B1-Negative attitudes towards recycling 4.2517 4.9844 9.2361 -0.7327 Effect

B2-Limited storage space for recyclable materials at home 4.7308 4.6358 9.3666 0.095 Cause
B3-Inconvenient or inconsistent recycling collection schedules 5.0172 4.9894 10.0067 0.0278 Cause

B4-Lack of awareness and understanding of the benefits of recycling 5.8796 4.5177 10.3973 1.3619 Cause
B5-Limited access to recycling facilities and services 5.7631 5.1625 10.9256 0.6006 Cause

B6-Lack of motivation or incentive to recycle 4.8764 5.7669 10.6433 -0.8906 Effect
B7-Lack of enforcement or penalties for non-compliance with

recycling regulations
4.403 4.865 9.268 -0.4619 Effect

tially decrease individuals’ motivation and incentives to engage
in recycling practices. Furthermore, irregular recycling col-
lection timetables could potentially worsen the issue, thereby
increasing the challenge of recycling for individuals.

Hence, tackling these two underlying factors could poten-
tially play a pivotal role in enhancing recycling conduct and
augmenting the overall recycling percentages. The initiatives
may encompass endeavors aimed at enhancing the availability
of recycling facilities and services, alongside educational en-
deavors designed to augment comprehension and recognition
of the advantages associated with recycling.

The absence of strict implementation or sanctions for non-
adherence to recycling policies may result in diminished im-
petus or inducement to engage in recycling activities. This is
because individuals may perceive little value in expending addi-
tional effort towards recycling when there are no repercussions
for non-compliance. If individuals do not observe a substantial
influence of their actions or the lack of repercussions for ab-
staining from recycling practices, they may develop a belief that
the activity lacks value and is not worth their time and energy.
A decrease in recycling rates due to a lack of motivation can
have negative consequences on the environment. Thus, the
implementation of recycling regulations and the imposition of
penalties for non-compliance can serve as effective measures
to encourage individuals to engage in recycling practices and
foster favorable recycling conduct.

4. CONCLUSION

To summarize, the present study utilized the DEMATEL anal-
ysis methodology to identify the hindrances to household waste
recycling in Seremban, Malaysia. This research undertaking
conducted a comprehensive analysis of academic literature,
consulted with experts, and scrutinized the causal relationships
among the identified obstacles. The results underscore the
significant obstacles that impede household waste recycling in
the region, such as insufficient recycling infrastructure, absence
of motivation, and restricted incentives.

This study has noteworthy practical implications for waste
management professionals and policymakers. The promotion
of a recycling culture in Seremban can be facilitated by policy-
makers through the identification and addressing of barriers,
including the enhancement of recycling infrastructure and the

implementation of incentive programmers. Furthermore, pro-
moting consciousness and cultivating favorable dispositions
towards recycling can potentially enhance engagement in do-
mestic waste recycling. The endeavors are of paramount im-
portance in attaining sustainable waste management targets
and conforming to the recycling rate objectives set forth by the
government.

5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work is supported by International Research Matching
Grant (IRMG 2021) UiTM Negeri Sembilan-600-TNCPI
5/3/DDN (05) (003/2021).

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	INTRODUCTION
	EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
	CONCLUSION
	ACKNOWLEDGMENT