25 Script Journal Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2016 ‖ ISSN 2477-1880 ‖ E-ISSN 2502-6623 http://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script An Analysis of Derivational Affixes in Commencement speech By Steve Jobs Dedi Rahman Nur Widya Gama Mahakam University d.blues84@gmail.com Ainul Kirom Widya Gama Mahakam University ainulkirom@gmail.com Abstract: The study expects to an investigation of derivational appends in the content of initiation discourse by Steve Jobs. The essayist utilized the majority of the words that were connected prefix and postfix as the information. The information sources were all content of initiation discourse by Steve Jobs. This study utilizing subjective plan and substance investigation approach. The aftereffect of the study demonstrated that there were 78 all out words in the content of Commencement discourse which joined derivational fastens. The study discovered 69 postfixes and 9 prefixes. The foundations of the words that has been grouped in light of the grammatical feature are 17 (descriptor), 27 (thing), 33 (verb), 1 (adverb).From the finish of this study, the author proposes that to enhance their dominance of vocabulary, the perusers ought to apply the derivational fastens by breaking the word into its components root and attaches in light of the fact that from single word they can get the structure of words and them additionally discover how the words fabricated. By knowing the roots, the perusers can assemble the word without anyone else's input Keywords: affix, derivational, prefix, suffix. INTRODUCTION Language is often defined as a means of communication. It offers an idea that when everyone or everything is conducting communication, language, then, takes place as the medium of communication among the participants. With one's language can convey or receive information from others. As Finegan (2008) stated that the language is often viewed as a vehicle of thought, a system of expression that mediates the transfer of thought from one person to another. Considering the importance of English, the government has included it as one of the compulsory subjects to be taught to the student. In the newest of Indonesia education curriculum 2013, English is taught at school starting from the junior high school up to university. English lessons will be very influential for the development of the Indonesian state. Furthermore, studying vocabulary becomes an important aspect in acquiring English and it is not easy to master it. As Heibert & Kamil (2005) say that vocabulary is not a mailto:d.blues84@gmail.com mailto:ainulkirom@gmail.com 26 Script Journal Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2016 ‖ ISSN 2477-1880 ‖ E-ISSN 2502-6623 http://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script developmental skill or one that can ever be seen as fully mastered. The expansion and elaboration of vocabularies is something that extends across a lifetime. Vocabulary is the knowledge of meanings of words. What complicates this definition is the fact that words come in at least two forms: oral and print. Knowledge of words also comes in at least two forms, receptive—that which we can understand or recognize—and productive—the vocabulary we use when we write or speak. Another theory says that vocabulary is an essential part of language learning and the question of how much vocabulary a learner needs to know to achieve a particular purpose remains an important area of research and discussion. In other words, it is important to study about vocabulary because when we are learning a foreign language, and we have lack of the vocabulary, we will find the difficulties in understanding the meaning of the language itself. On the contrary, if we have enough vocabulary it will make us easier to learn a new language and to understand the meaning of the language itself. There are some ways to enrich our vocabulary. One of them is by reading. It can be by the reading book, short story, newspaper, fable or speech. So in this analysis, the researchers use Commencement speech by Steve Jobs as the data source, because from this speech we can increase our knowledge, and there are many derivational affixes. Steve Jobs was an American businessman. He was best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer (CEO) of Apple Inc.; CEO and largest shareholder of Pixar Animation Studios; a member of The Walt Disney Company's board of directors following its acquisition of Pixar; and founder, chairman, and CEO of NeXT Inc. Jobs is widely recognized as a pioneer of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s, along with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak. Shortly after his death, Jobs's official biographer, Walter Isaacson, described him as the "creative entrepreneur whose passion for perfection and ferocious drive revolutionized six industries: personal computers, animated movies, music, phones, tablet computing, and digital publishing. Particularly, what the researchers investigated in this research was regarding with derivational affixes which is related to Morphology. In this case, Lieber (2009) said that Morphology is the study of word formation, including the ways new words are coined in the languages of the world, and the way forms of words are varied depending on how they’re used in sentences. Somehow related to this research, the investigation of derivational affixes reflected in Commencement Speech by Steve Jobs is hopefully can enrich students’ vocabulary and build better achievement on English skills proficiency. 27 Script Journal Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2016 ‖ ISSN 2477-1880 ‖ E-ISSN 2502-6623 http://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script METHODOLOGY The research method is qualitative with the design of the study is Derivational Affixes Analysis. Creswell (2009) states that qualitative inquirers use theory in their studies in several ways. This research also belongs to descriptive study since it just collected and analyzed the derivational affixes in the text of Commencement speech by Steve Jobs. The Subject of the study is photographs, art objects, videotapes, or any forms of sound (Creswell, 2009). Here the researchers use Steve Jobs speech entitled Commencement speech. The researchers, in this case use the review document to get information. The researchers analyzed the text of the Commencement speech by Steve Jobs. The source of data for this study is a text of commencement speech by Steve Jobs. The data of the study was obtained from the internet. ―Data‖ refers to a collection of organized information, usually the result of experience, observation, experiment This may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables (Yin, 2011). The data in this study was collected using following steps; the first researchers choose the speech. Second, the researchers listened and downloaded the text of the speech. Third, the researchers Found and Listing all the word contains derivational affixes. In order to check the data validity, the researchers used Triangulation to validate regarding with the data found. Triangulation is aimed to check the result of interpretation by a researchers to relevant sources or theories, peer group interpretation, and comparison to other researchers’ findings (Bogdan & Biklen, 1992). In addition, there are four basic types of triangulation pointed out by Miles & Huberman (1992) as follows: a. Data triangulation: the use of variety of data sources in a study. b. Investigator triangulation: the use of several different researchers or evaluators. c. Theory triangulation: the use of multiple perspectives to interpret a single set of data. d. Methodological triangulation: the use of multiple methods to study a single problem. To conclude, the researchers used all of basic types of Triangulation above to check the data found since they are needed to check the data validity. FINDING The objective of this research was to know the derivational affixes in Commencement speech by Steve Jobs and the words itself consist of root or base added by derivational affix 28 Script Journal Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2016 ‖ ISSN 2477-1880 ‖ E-ISSN 2502-6623 http://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script that has been changed the part of speech. The research data was taken from all the text of the Commencement speech by Steve Jobs (Peestandingup, 2006). After watching the video and reading the text of the Commencement speech by Steve Jobs, in this study researchers showed that there were 78 total words in the text of Commencement speech which attached derivational affixes. The study found 69 suffixes and 9 prefixes. DISCUSSION After presenting the words which are found in the text of Commencement speech by Steve Jobs (News.stanford.edu, 2005), the researchers presents the table which is going to show the derivational affixes. This table below is going to show the words, bases or roots, part of speech, derivational affixes, and note which is founding the text of Commencement speech by Steve Jobs. This research uses coding for makes it easy for readers. The coding P1.L1 it was meant paragraph 1 line 1, P1.L2 it was meant paragraph 1 line 2, P2.L1 it was meant paragraph 2 line 1, P2.L2 it was meant paragraph 2 line 2 and etc.. No Word (P = Paragraph) (L = Line) Part of Speech Roots Part of Speech Derivational Affixes Note Prefix Suffix (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1 Commencement (P1. L1) Noun Comment Verb -cement Noun Maker 2 Graduation (P1.L3) Noun Graduate Verb -ion Noun Maker 3 Biological (P4.L9) Adj. Biology Noun -cal Adj. Maker 4 Unwed (P4.L9) Adj. Wed Verb Un- Adj. Maker 5 Adoption (P4.L10) Noun Adopt Verb -ion Noun Maker 6 Strongly (P4.L11) Adv. Strong Adj. -ly Adv. Maker 7 Really (P4.L14) Adv. Real Adj. -ly Adv. Maker 8 Middle (P4.L15) Noun Mid Adj. -le Noun Maker 9 Unexpected (P4.L15) Adj. Expect Verb Un- -ed Adj. Maker 10 Refused (P4.L18) Adj. Refuse Verb -d Adj. Maker 11 Expensive Adj. Expense Noun -ive Adj. 29 Script Journal Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2016 ‖ ISSN 2477-1880 ‖ E-ISSN 2502-6623 http://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script No Word (P = Paragraph) (L = Line) Part of Speech Roots Part of Speech Derivational Affixes Note Prefix Suffix (P5.L23) Maker 12 Scary (P5.L29) Adj. Scare Noun -y Adj. Maker 13 Decision (P5.L29) Noun Decide Verb -ion Noun Maker 14 Romantic (P6.L32) Adj. Romance Noun -ic Adj. Maker 15 Across (P6.L34) Adv. Cross Verb a- Adv. Maker 16 Every (P6.L34) Adj. Ever Adv. -y Adj. Maker 17 Curiosity (P6.L36) Noun Curious Adj. -ty Noun Maker 18 Intuition (P6.L36) Noun Intuit Verb -ion Noun Maker 19 Priceless (P6.L37) Adj. Price Noun -less Adj. Maker 20 Instruction (P7.L38) Noun Instruct Verb -ion Noun Maker 21 Drawer (P7.L40) Noun Draw Verb -er Noun Maker 22 Beautifully (P7.L40) Adv. Beauty Noun -fully Adv. Maker 23 Amount (P7.L43) Noun Mount Verb a- Noun Maker 24 Combinations (P7.L43) Noun Combine Verb -tion Noun Maker 25 Beautiful (P7.L44) Adj. Beauty Noun -ful Adj. Maker 26 Historical (P7.L44) Adj. History Noun -cal Adj. Maker 27 Practical (P8.L46) Adj. Practice Noun -al Adj. Maker 28 Application (P8.L46) Noun Apply Verb -tion Noun Maker 29 Proportionally (P8.L51) Adv. Proportion Noun -ally Adv. Maker 30 Likely (P8.L52) Adj. Like Verb -ly Adj. Maker 31 Personal (P8.L52) Adj. Person Noun -al Adj. Maker 32 Wonderful Adj. Wonder Verb -ful Adj. 30 Script Journal Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2016 ‖ ISSN 2477-1880 ‖ E-ISSN 2502-6623 http://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script No Word (P = Paragraph) (L = Line) Part of Speech Roots Part of Speech Derivational Affixes Note Prefix Suffix (P8.L54) Maker 33 Impossible (P8.L55) Adj. Impose Verb -ble Adj. Maker 34 Difference (P9.L61) Noun Different Adj. -ce Noun Maker 35 Lucky (P11.L63) Adj. Luck Noun -y Adj. Maker 36 Early (P11.L63) Adv. Ear Noun -ly Adv. Maker 37 Finest (P11.L66) Adj. Fine Noun -st Adj. Maker 38 Creation (P11.L67) Noun Create Verb -ion Noun Maker 39 Earlier (P11.L67) Adj. Ear Noun -lier Adj. Maker 40 Diverge (P11.L71) Verb Verge Noun Di- Verb Maker 41 Eventually (P11.L71) Adv. Event Noun -ally Adv. Maker 42 Directors (P11.L72) Noun Direct Adj. -or Noun Maker 43 Publicly (P11.L73) Adv. Public Noun -ly Adv. Maker 44 Generation (P12.L76) Noun Generate Verb -ion Noun Make 45 Apologize (P12.L78) Verb Apology Noun -ize Verb Maker 46 Badly (P12.L78) Adv. Bad Adj. -ly Adv. Maker 47 Failure (P12.L78) Noun Fail Verb -re Noun Maker 48 Slowly (P12.L80) Adv. Slow Adj. -ly Adv. Maker 49 Heaviness (P13.L84) Noun Heavy Adj. -ness Noun Maker 50 Successful (P13.L85) Adj. Success Noun -ful Adj. Maker 51 Replaced (P13.L85) Verb Place Noun Re- -d Verb Maker 52 Lightness (P13.L85) Noun Light Adj. -ness Noun Maker 31 Script Journal Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2016 ‖ ISSN 2477-1880 ‖ E-ISSN 2502-6623 http://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script No Word (P = Paragraph) (L = Line) Part of Speech Roots Part of Speech Derivational Affixes Note Prefix Suffix 53 Beginner (P13.L85) Noun Begin Verb -er Noun Maker 54 Creative (P13.L86) Adj. Create Verb -ive Adj. Maker 55 Animation (P14.L91) Noun Animate Verb -ion Noun Maker 56 Remarkable (P14.L92) Adj. Mark Verb Re- -able Adj. Maker 57 Truly (P15.L102) Adv. True Adj. -ly Adv. Maker 58 Settle (P15.L104) Verb Set Noun -le Verb. Maker 59 Relationship (P15.L105) Noun Relate Verb -ionship Noun Maker 60 Impression (P17.L111) Noun Impress Verb -ion Noun Maker 61 Expectation (P18.L118) Noun Expect Verb -tion Noun Maker 62 Embarrassment (P18.L119) Noun Embarrass Verb -ment Noun Maker 63 Avoid (P18.L121) Verb Void Noun a- Verb Maker 64 Already (P18.L122) Adv. Ready Adj. Al- Adv. Maker 65 Clearly (P19.L125) Adv. Clear Adj. -ly Adv. Maker 66 Incurable (P19.L127) Adj. Incur Verb -able Adj. Maker 67 Curable (P20.L140) Adj. Cure Verb -able Adj. Maker 68 Certainty (P21.L143) Adv. Certain Adj. -ly Adv. Maker 69 Useful (P21.L143) Adj. Use Verb -ful Adj. Maker 70 Intellectual (P21.L144) Adj. Intellect Noun -ual Adj. Maker 71 Invention (P22.L148) Noun Invent Verb. -ion Noun Maker 72 Gradually (P22.L150) Adv. Gradual Adj. -ly Adv. Maker 73 Dramatic (P22.L151) Adj. Drama Noun -tic Adj. Maker 32 Script Journal Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2016 ‖ ISSN 2477-1880 ‖ E-ISSN 2502-6623 http://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script No Word (P = Paragraph) (L = Line) Part of Speech Roots Part of Speech Derivational Affixes Note Prefix Suffix 74 Opinions (P23.L154) Noun Opine Verb -ion Noun Maker 75 Publication (P24.L158) Noun Public Adj. -tion Noun Maker 76 Idealistic (P24.L165) Adj. Ideal Noun -tic Adj. Maker 77 Adventurous (P25.L170) Adj. Adventure Noun -ous Adj. Maker 78 Anew (P25.L173) Adv. New Adj. a- Adv. Maker Table 1 Derivational Affixes (Commencement speech by Steve Jobs) As the objective of the research which is to found the derivational affixes and the bases or roots of the words in text of Commencement speech by Steve Jobs, the table above is showing how to find out the derivational affixes and the roots. It can be seen that the words in text of Commencement speech by Steve Jobs are analyzed by separating the derivational affixes and the roots, so it was clearly obtained derivational affixes and the roots of the words. From the table above, analyzing the structure of words, there were derivational affixes that can be found in text of Commencement speech by Steve Jobs It will be shown in the table below No Derivational Affixes The Number of Derivational Affixes Prefix Suffix 1 Al- 1 2 Un- 1 3 Re- 2 4 A- 4 5 Di- 1 6 -ion 11 7 -ic 1 8 -tion 4 9 -ous 1 10 -ty 1 11 -ly 11 12 -ize 1 13 -ful 4 14 -able 3 15 -ness 2 16 -y 3 33 Script Journal Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2016 ‖ ISSN 2477-1880 ‖ E-ISSN 2502-6623 http://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script No Derivational Affixes The Number of Derivational Affixes Prefix Suffix 17 -al 2 18 -ce 1 19 -ive 2 20 -ual 1 21 -cement 1 22 -cal 2 23 -le 2 24 -ed 1 25 -d 2 26 -less 1 27 -er 2 28 -fully 1 29 -ally 2 30 -ble 1 31 -st 1 32 -lier 1 33 -or 1 34 -re 1 35 -ionship 1 36 -ment 1 37 -tic 2 Table 2 The Number Derivational Affixes From the table 4.2, it show that there al- (1), un- (1), re- (2), a- (4), di- (1), -ion (11), - ic (1), -tion (4), -ous (1), -ty (1), -ly (11), -ize (1), -ful (4), -able (3), -ness (2), -y (3), -al (2), - ce (1), -ive (2), -ual (1), -cement (1), -cal (2), -le (2), -ed (1), -d (2), -less (1), -er (2), -fully (1), -ally (2), -ble (1), -st (1), -lier (1), -or (1), -re (1), -ionship (1), -ment (1), -tic (2) and little derivational affixes found in Commencement speech by Steve Jobs. Most frequently present only suffix -ion and –lyas many as 11 times. From the table above, the researchers also obtained the root of the words in Commencement speech by Steve Jobs. They are 17 (adjective), 27 (noun), 33 (verb), 1 (adverb). It shows that the part of speech classification of the bases or roots in Commencement speech by Steve Jobs is mostly presented in verb. After analyzing the derivational affixes, the researchers found that derivational affixes also have the function such as verb maker, noun maker, adjective maker and adverb maker found in Commencement speech by Steve Jobs. It was shown in the table below. 34 Script Journal Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2016 ‖ ISSN 2477-1880 ‖ E-ISSN 2502-6623 http://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script No. The Function of Derivational Affixes The Number of The Function of Derivational Affixes 1 Verb Maker 5 2 Noun Maker 28 3 Adjective Maker 29 4 Adverb Maker 16 Table 3 The Number of The Function of Derivational Affixes From the table above, it showed that there are verb maker (5); noun maker (28); adjective maker (29); and adverb maker (16) as the function of derivational affixes found in Commencement speech by Steve Jobs. It showed that Adjective maker which is most frequently present CONCLUSION Based on the findings of the study elaborated in chapter IV, the researchers concluded several conclusions. In this study researchers showed that there were 78 total words in text of Commencement speech which attached derivational affixes. The study found 69 suffixes and 9 prefixes. Derivational affixes in text of Commencement speech by Steve Jobs are al- (1), un- (1), re- (2), a- (4), di- (1), -ion (11), -ic (1), -tion (4), -ous (1), -ty (1), -ly (11), -ize (1), - ful (4), -able (3), -ness (2), -y (3), -al (2), -ce (1), -ive (2), -ual (1), -cement (1), -cal (2), -le (2), -ed (1), -d (2), -less (1), -er (2), -fully (1), -ally (2), -ble (1), -st (1), -lier (1), -or (1), -re (1), -ionship (1), -ment (1), -tic (2).The roots from the words that has been classified based on the part of speech are 17 (adjective), 27 (noun), 33 (verb), 1 (adverb). From the conclusion of this study, the researchers suggests that to improve their mastery of vocabulary, the readers should be apply the derivational affixes by breaking the word into its elements root and affixes because from one word they can get the structure of words and they also find how the words built. By knowing the roots, the readers can build the word by themselves. The function of derivational affixes in text of Commencement speech by Steve Jobs was noun maker (28), verb maker (5), adjective maker (29), and adverb maker (16). Commencement speech by Steve Jobs, the bases or roots of words that had been classified into the part of speech were16 (adjective), 28 (noun), 33 (verb) and 1 (adverb). 35 Script Journal Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2016 ‖ ISSN 2477-1880 ‖ E-ISSN 2502-6623 http://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script BIBLIOGRAPHY Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. California: Sage Publication, Inc. Finegan, E. (2008). Language: Its Structure and Use. New York: Thomson Higher Education. Heibert, E., & Kamil, M. (2005). Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Lieber, R. (2009). Introducing Morphology. New York: Cambridge University Press. Miles, M. ., & Huberman, A. M. (1992). Analysis Data Kualitatif”. Translated by Tjetjep Rohendi Rohidi from “Qualitative Data Analysis “. Jakarta: UI-Press. News.stanford.edu. (2005). Text Commencement speech. Retrieved September 20, 2015, from http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505/ Peestandingup. (2006). Steve Jobs Stanford Commencement Speech 2005. Retrieved September 9, 2016, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1R-jKKp3NA Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: A Division of Guildford Publications, Inc.