SELIM04.pdf Ana Mª Hornero Corisco, Selim 4 (1994): 74-93 AN ANALYSIS OF THE OBJECT POSITION IN ANCRENE WISSE AND THE KATHERINE GROUP Ancrene Wisse and the Katherine Group have been considered as twin texts since 1929, when J. R. R. Tolkien stated that MS Corpus Christi College Cambridge 402 and MS Bodley 34 —containing Ancrene Wisse and the Katherine Group, respectively — presented a consistent and regular phonol- ogy, morphology and orthography. These prose works were claimed to be the exponents of the so-called AB language.1 This paper, being a part of a larger research project, tries to prove the lack of uniformity of such AB language. At the same time, but in a parallel way, the aim is to find out to what extent has the French language influenced on the prose of these six 13th century works. Previous research on the influence of French upon the AB language has just made reference to lexical borrow- ings. This is intended to be, therefore, a new and more comprehensive ap- proach, that had been waiting for so long to be made. The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of an aspect of the word - order usage in the Ancrene Wisse and the Katherine Group: the position of the object with re spect to the verb. An attempt is made to show which word - order patterns are common or unmarked and which are uncommon or marked in the corpus, by tabulating their frequency of occurrence. The distribution of clauses and their classification has been made following Kubouchi’s model (1975).2 1 Note the following abbreviations throughout: AW = Ancrene Wisse; SK = Sancte Katerine; SM = Seinte Margarete; SI = Seinte Iuliene; SW = Sawles Warde; HM = Hali Mei?had. 2 Kubouchi, T., 1975: “Word order in the Ancrene Wisse.” Hitotsubashi Journal of Arts & Sciences. Tokyo. Ana Mª Hornero Corisco ____________________________________________________________________ 74 The material used for this analysis is the English text of the Ancren Riwle as pre sented in CCCC MS. 402, edited by J. Tolkien.1 For the analysis of the Katherine Group, S. D’Ardenne’s edition of MS. Bodley 34 has been taken.2 The sample under analysis is a 15% for each of the six prose works, the margin of error being thus remarkably minimized.3 1058 sentences (practically the whole sample) have been analysed for the study of the object position in the six prose works. They are distributed as follows: Ancrene Wisse : 667 Sancte Katerine : 85 Seinte Margarete: 113 Seinte Iuliene : 67 Sawles Warde: 38 Hali MeiÍhad : 88 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES TYPE1: INDEPENDENT CLAUSES WHICH ARE NOT INTRODUCED BY A COORDINATE CONJUNCTION OR ADVERBIALS In Ancrene Wisse the SVO order is by far the most frequent (67.7%). Next comes OSV (12%) and in the third place OVS (7.2%). Sancte Katerine presents the SVO order as the most frequent (46.6%), followed by VO (33.3%). Seinte Margarete shows OSV order as the main (69.2%), followed by SVO (19.2%) In Seinte Iuliene the most frequent order is SVO (80%) 1 Tolkien, J. R. R., ed., 1962: The English Text of the Ancren Riwle. Ancrene Wisse (CCCC MS. 402 ) [E. E. T. S., o. s. 249], Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2 D’Ardenne, S. T. R. O. ed., 1977: The Katherine Group edited from MS. Bodley 34. Société d’Edition “Les Belles Lettres”, Paris. 3 A part of the beginning, a part of the end and two parts of the middle were selected for each of the prose works. ____________________________________________________________________ 75 Sawles Warde presents the same frequency for it (80%), followed by SOV (20%) Hali MeiÍhad has SVO as the most frequent, too (69.2%), followed by OSV (15.3%). As can be seen, with the exception of Seinte Margarete, all the works present the SVO order as the most frequent for this Type 1 of independent clauses. Table I shows how this order reaches the highest rate of occurrence (61.7%) for the six prose works, in Type 1 of independent clauses. OSV is next in frequency, reaching a 17.9% of the whole for the same type of sentences. A tendency can be said to be present in all of them to strengthen the basic pattern SVO, already present in Old English, and of the utmost importance in Modern En glish. French may have had an effect in the consolidation of that order pattern, since that order becomes more firmly established in the development of its history. Moignet 1(1988: 356) mentions it: L’ordre Sujet-Verbe-Complément devient assez vite prépondérant, dans l’histoire du français. Il est quasiment de règle quand l’utilité ne se fait pas particulièrement sentir de lier la phrase à ce qui précède ou à mettre en relief un élément complément (…) For Brunot2(1966: 268) this pattern also “était déjà la plus fréquente en ancien français”. TYPE 2. INDEPENDENT CLAUSES INTRODUCED BY ADVERBIALS A) STARTING WITH NE 1 Moignet, G., 1988: Grammaire de l’ancien français. Klincksieck, Paris. 2 Brunot, F., 1966: Histoire de la Langue Française. Tome I. Librairie Armand Colin, Paris. Ana Mª Hornero Corisco ____________________________________________________________________ 76 In Ancrene Wisse the most frequent pattern is VSO (53.8%), followed by VO (35.8%). The only order present in Sancte Katerine is VSO (100%). Seinte Margarete presents VOS all the time (100%). No clear preference is shown in Seinte Iuliene for either of the following patterns: VOS (50%) and SVO (50%). In Sawles Warde only VSO is found (100%). The same applies to Hali MeiÍhad: VSO (100%). For this Type 2a of clauses there seems to be a general agreement in the pattern VSO, which reaches the highest frequency, except in Seinte Mar- garete —again being slightly different from the rest— and Seinte Iuliene. As a contrast, Sancte Katerine, Sawles Warde and Hali MeiÍhad offer this as the only possiblity in Type 2a of independent clauses. Table I shows how VSO gets the highest percentage (56.3%), very much above the other order patterns. It is the most used in the six prose works for this type 2a of independent clauses. VO follows, with a 29.2%. B) STARTING WITH ANY OTHER ADVERBIAL This time the most frequent order in Ancrene Wisse is SVO (48.1%), fol- lowed by VSO (29.6%). In Sancte Katerine SVO (66.6%) is the most widely used order, followed also by VSO (16.6%) and SOV (16.6%). In Seinte Margarete SVO presents the highest percentage (50%). In Seinte Iuliene OV (50%) and VO (50%) are equally distributed. Both Sawles Warde and Hali MeiÍhad do not present any object for this type of clauses. Seinte Iuliene is again different from the rest; it can be argued that a more traditional order is present in it, since the object precedes the verb in a 50% of the occurrences. The most frequent order in the six prose works for this type 2b of inde- pendent clauses is, therefore, SVO. ____________________________________________________________________ 77 TYPE 3. COORDINATE CLAUSES WHICH ARE INTRODUCED BY A COORDINATE CONJUNCTION A) INTRODUCED BY ANT, AH AND THAH In Ancrene Wisse VO (65.8%) appears as the most frequent order, fol- lowed by SVO (21.1%). Sancte Katerine presents VO (59.2%) as the most used pattern, followed by SVO (22.2%). In Seinte Margarete VO (50%) is the most frequent, also followed by SVO (23.3%), like the works above. In Seinte Iuliene VO (77.7%) presents the highest frequency, too, fol- lowed at a long distance by SVO (11.1%). Sawles Warde shows SVO first (45.4%), followed by VO (27.2%). Hali MeiÍhad, like the other works above, shows a preference for VO (61.9%), followed by SVO (19%). There is a general agreement in the choice of order pattern for this type of coordinate clauses. Table I shows the unquestionable preference for the VO order, which presents the highest frequency of occurrence (62.9%), followed at a considerable dis tance by SVO (21.5%). It has often been stated that Old English usually presented the order SOV after ond and ac, that is, the so-called subordinate order. But this usage surely did not survive that perio d. And, supposing it had survived after Old English, what seems absolutely certain is that it is not reflected in the six prose works under study (its presence is limited to two occurrences in Ancrene Wisse and Sancte Katerine and only one in Seinte Margarete, Seinte Iuliene and Hali MeiÍhad). The superiority of VO in this type of coordinate clauses coincides with the usage, at that very moment, of the French language. Brunot (1966) states that this order pattern is the most frequent in Old French when the Subject is not present. The syntax of that romance language may have played an impor- Ana Mª Hornero Corisco ____________________________________________________________________ 78 tant role in the preference for the SVO pattern, rather than for the native SOV pattern. B) INTRODUCED BY FOR, OÎER AND ME The most frequent order in Ancrene Wisse is SVO (52.3%), followed by VO (23.8%). In Sancte Katerine all the patterns show the same frequency: SVO (33.3%), VS (33.3%) and SVOC (33.3%). In Seinte Margarete the most usual is SVO (75%), followed at a distance by OSV (25%). Seinte Iuliene presents the same frequency for SVO (50%) and VSO (50%). In Sawles Warde and Hali MeiÍhad there is only one pattern for this type of clauses: SVO (100%). All the prose works coincide in their more or less frequent use of the SVO pattern for the Type 3b of independent clauses. This can be observed in Table I, where the highest rate of occurrence (57.6%) corresponds to this or- der. TYPE 4. IMPERATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES The most frequent order in Ancrene Wisse is VO (43.4%), followed by VO S (16.1%). Sancte Katerine shows a preference for VO (66.6%), followed by VSO (33.4%). In Seinte Margarete VO is the most ususal (44.4%), followed by SVO (22.2%). Seinte Iuliene shows SVO as the most frequent (41.6%), followed by VSO (33.3%). In Sawles Warde the only order pattern present is VO (100%). ____________________________________________________________________ 79 Hali MeiÍhad shows VO (66.6%) as the most frequent, followed at a great dis tance by VOS (22.2%). All the prose works, with the exception of Seinte Iuliene, agree to choose preferably the VO pattern for imperative and interrogative sentences. So it is seen in Table I, where VO presents the highest frequency (45.1%) for this Type 4 of independent sentences. This order pattern is the commonest in Old French syntax, both for inter- rogative sentences, where the pronoun régime is postponed (Moignet, 1988), and for impera tive sentences (Brunot, 1966). Therefore a possible influence of the French syntax in the consolidation of that order pattern should be con- sidered. DEPENDENT CLAUSES TYPE 1. CLAUSES WITH THE SUBJECT AND VERB In Ancrene Wisse SVO (63.6%) is the most frequent order, followed by OSV (24.3%) and SOV (10.6%). In Sancte Katerine SVO is the most usual, too (67.8%), followed at a great dis tance by OSV (17.8%). Seinte Margarete also presents SVO (56.7%) as the most frequent, fol- lowed by OSV (24.3%) and in the third place SOV (18.9%). In Seinte Iuliene the most usual pattern is SVO (83.3%), followed by OSV (16.6%). The same happens in Sawles Warde, where SVO reaches the highest per- centage (66.6%), followed by OSV and SOV (16.6% each of them). In Hali MeiÍhad SVO is also the most frequent (55.8%), followed by OSV (23.5%), SOV (17.6%) and OVS (2.9%). All the prose works present the SVO pattern as the most frequent, a very significant fact when dealing with subordinate clauses, for which the order SOV used to be the usual one in the past. But the SOV pattern is relegated to Ana Mª Hornero Corisco ____________________________________________________________________ 80 a third position (11.8%), whereas SVO reaches a 63.3% and its immediate follower, OSV, a 23.2%. Trying to find a possible parallelism with Old French, we face, on one hand, a punctual distinction made by Togeby1(1974: 61): Dans les subordonnées, l’objet se place après la verbe si le sujet est un substantif (...). Mais si le sujet est un pronom, l’objet se place volontiers entre celui-ci et le verbe on the other, Brunot’s hesitation (1966: 268): Ici, l’usage demeure encore très variable pendant toute cette première période.(...) Partout on rencontre des exemples contradictoires In any case, all the works under study have taken a step towards a more innovative prose. Seinte Margarete remains more traditional, as its lower frequency in SVO and higher frequency in SOV prove. Table III shows the general agreement in choosing the SVO order as the most fre quent —with a high frequency sometimes (Sawles Warde: 62.2%), lower other times (Seinte Margarete: 36.9%). Thus it can be concluded that this kind of prose is gradually trying to get rid of those patterns which tied it to the native tradition. Even if this stage only witnesses slow transitions, some features of modernity and innovation are already reflected in the differ- ent order patterns that have been shown for the various types of clauses, some of which may have been reinforced by imitation to the French model. All in all, the most frequent order patterns in the 1058 clauses under analysis, are, as Table III shows: SVO (43.1%), followed by VO (23.9%) and in the third place OSV (12%). SOV remains the fifth, with a 5.9%. SOV, so frequent in Old English, decreases its use considerably, while the other patterns become more usual. Whereas in Old English the object, be it a 1 Togeby, K., 1974: Précis Historique de grammaire française. Akademisk Forlag, Copenhague. ____________________________________________________________________ 81 pronoun or a noun, came before the verb, in the Early Middle English period the object-noun starts to be rejected before the verb, the pronoun being preferred in this position. After examining the occurrences of the object in the six prose works, whenever SOV is pre sent the following can be observed: Ancrene Wisse: Type 1: SO(pron)V: 5 occurr. SO(n) V: 3 occurr. Type 3a: » 2 » 0 Subordinate: » 21 » 4 Sancte Katerine: Type 1: » 1 » 1 Type 2b: » 0 » 1 Type 3a: » 1 » 1 Subordinate: » 2 » 0 Seinte Margarete: Type 3a: » 1 » 0 Subordinate: » 3 » 4 Seinte Iuliene : Type 3a: » 1 » 0 Sawles Warde : Type 1: » 2 » 0 Type 3a: » 1 » 0 Subordinate: » 2 » 0 Hali MeiÍhad : Type 3a: » 1 » 0 Subordinate: » 4 » 2 None of the prose works - with the exception of Sancte Katerine, which seems more traditional in this respect - presents for Type 3a of independent clauses the pattern SO(n)V, so current in Old English. The highest number of occurrences of SO(n)V is localised in subordinate clauses. Sawles Warde does not present that order pattern in any of its clauses. Ana Mª Hornero Corisco ____________________________________________________________________ 82 All the works show a number of pronoun-objects superior to that of noun-objects. This fact coincides with the usage in Old French. B. Lee1 (1974: 64) states: Old French, like modern French, usually placed pronominal objects before the verb. Therefore the pattern SO(pron)V is itself an inheritance from the English tradition, but it may have been reinforced by the practice of the French syn- tax. The development of the English language gives a gradual boost to the SVO order, although the SOV pattern will still be present in Modern English poetry. Examples: “ ® since that I me repent of my lost years” “or youth led me, and falsehood me misguided” (quot. Kellner, 1892: 291).2 As for the OSV order (12%), the third with the highest frequency in the six prose works, it is convenient to point out that when the object is placed first in the clause, the subject follows it and precedes the verb more frequently than the OVS order. The productivity of the latter tends to diminish, given that it belongs to an earlier stage of the language. Thus, in Ancrene Wisse there are 25 occurrences of OVS, as against 77 of OSV. In Sancte Katerine there are 4 occurrences of VS versus 6 of OSV - here the preference is not so marked -. In Seinte Margarete there is 1 occurrence of OVS versus 30 of OSV.In Seinte Iuliene there is 1 occurrence of OVS versus 2 of OSV. In Sawles Warde, 2 occurrences of OSV; and in Hali MeiÍhad 1 occurrence of OVS versus 8 of OSV. 1 Lee, B. G., 1974: Linguistic Evidence for the priority of the French text of the An- crene Wisse. Mouton, The Hague. 2 Kellner, L., 1892: Historical Outlines of English Syntax. Macmillan & Co., London. ____________________________________________________________________ 83 (Table III shows likewise, for each of the six prose works, the frequency of occurrence of OVS and OSV). This time, however, the influence of the French language cannot be said to be present in the increase of the OSV order, since OVS was the norm in Old French. According to Brunot1 (1969: 447): En ancien français, quand la phrase commence par un complément (...), le verbe le suit immédiatement, et le sujet se trouve rejeté après le verbe Last, but not least, we are left with the question concerning the position of the object with respect to the verb. J. Williams 2 (1986: 233) gives some general lines: Between the years 1000 and 15000 the frequency of an accustive object before a verb decreased markedly: ca. 1000 1200 1300 1400 1500 52% 53% 40% 14% 2% In the six prose works under analysis we observe a very marked prefer- ence for the object after the verb, for all types of clauses (see Table IV). In some cases, nevertheless, the results should be pres ented with a certain cau- tion. For instance, in Seinte Margarete VO and OV show the same frequency. In its subordinate clauses the VO order is not much more frequent than OV, thereby leading to the conclusion that its prose is of a more traditional char- acter. Seinte Iuliene does not show a clear preference for either pattern in Type 2b of independent clauses, although it does for the rest. 1 Brunot, F. & Bruneau, C., 1969: Précis de Grammaire Historique de la langue française. Masson et Cie, Paris. 2 Williams, J. M., 1975: Origins of the English Language. Free Press, New York. Ana Mª Hornero Corisco ____________________________________________________________________ 84 With these two exceptions, the VO order is practically consolidated in the prose written during the early thirteenth century, after the results of the sam- ple analysed for this study. Ana Mª Hornero Corisco University of Zaragoza ____________________________________________________________________ 85 APPENDIX TABLE I A) INDEPENDENT CLAUSES TYPE 1 ORDER AW SK SM SI SW HM OCCUR. % OV 0 0,0% OVS 9 1 1 1 1 13 6,6% OSV 15 18 2 35 17,9% OVCS 0 0,0% OSVC 0 0,0% SOV 8 2 2 12 6,1% VO 6 5 1 1 13 6,6% VOC 1 1 0,5% VOS 0 0,0% SVO 84 7 5 8 8 9 121 61,7% VSO 1 1 0,5% SVOC 0 0,0% TOTAL 196 100,0 TYPE ORDER AW SK SM SI SW HM OCCUR. % OV 1 1 2,1% OVS 0 0,0% OSV 0 0,0% OVCS 0 0,0% OSVC 0 0,0% SOV 0 0,0% VO 14 14 29,2% VOC 0 0,0% VOS 2 1 1 4 8,3% SVO 1 1 2 4,2% VSO 21 3 2 1 27 56,3% SVOC 0 0,0% TOTAL 48 100,0 Ana Mª Hornero Corisco ____________________________________________________________________ 86 TYPE ORDER AW SK SM SI SW HM OCCUR. % OV 1 1 2,4% OVS 0 0,0% OSV 0 0,0% OVCS 1 1 2,4% OSVC 1 1 2,4% SOV 1 1 2,4% VO 4 2 1 7 17,1% VOC 0 0,0% VOS 0 0,0% SVO 13 4 3 20 48,8% VSO 8 1 1 10 24,4% SVOC 0 0,0% TOTAL 41 100,0 TYPE ORDER AW SK SM SI SW HM OCCUR. % OV 2 1 3 1 1 8 3,4% OVS 3 1 4 1,7% OSV 4 1 1 6 2,5% OVCS 0 0,0% OSVC 1 1 0,4% SOV 2 2 1 1 1 7 3,0% VO 81 16 15 21 3 13 149 62,9% VOC 3 1 1 5 2,1% VOS 1 1 0,4% SVO 26 6 7 3 5 4 51 21,5% VSO 1 1 1 1 4 1,7% SVOC 1 1 0,4% TOTAL 237 100,0 ____________________________________________________________________ 87 TYPE ORDER AW SK SM SI SW HM OCCUR. % OV 1 1 3,0% OVS 3 1 4 12,1% OSV 1 1 3,0% OVCS 0 0,0% OSVC 0 0,0% SOV 0 0,0% VO 5 5 15,2% VOC 0 0,0% VOS 0 0,0% SVO 11 1 3 1 2 1 19 57,6% VSO 1 1 2 6,1% SVOC 1 1 3,0% TOTAL 33 100,0 TYPE A ORDER AW SK SM SI SW HM OCCUR. %µ OV 9 1 10 7,0% OVS 9 9 6,3% OSV 1 1 0,7% OVCS 0 0,0% OSVC 0 0,0% SOV 0 0,0% VO 43 2 4 2 1 12 64 45,1% VOC 1 1 2 1,4% VOS 16 1 4 21 14,8% SVO 8 2 5 15 10,6% VSO 12 1 1 4 1 19 13,4% SVOC 1 1 0,7% TOTAL 142 100,0 Ana Mª Hornero Corisco ____________________________________________________________________ 88 TABLE II B) SUBORDINATE CLAUSES ORDER AW SK SM SI SW HM OCCUR. % OV 0 0,0% OVS 1 1 2 0,6% OSV 57 5 9 2 2 8 83 23,2% OVCS 0 0,0% OSVC 0 0,0% SOV 25 2 7 2 6 42 11,8% VO 0 0,0% VOC 0 0,0% VOS 1 1 0,3% SVO 149 19 21 10 8 19 226 63,3% VSO 3 3 0,8% SVOC 0 0,0% TOTAL 357 100,0 % TOTAL SUM 667 85 111 66 37 88 1054 1054 ____________________________________________________________________ 89 TABLE III AVER. ORDER AW SK SM SI SW HM % OV 1,9% 1,2% 2,7% 3,0% 0,0% 2,3% 2,0% OVS 3,6% 4,7% 0,9% 1,5% 0,0% 2,3% 3,0% OSV 11,4% 7,1% 27,0% 3,0% 5,4% 11,4% 12,0% OVCS 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% OSVC 0,1% 0,0% 0,9% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% SOV 5,2% 8,2% 7,2% 1,5% 10,8% 8,0% 5,9% VO 22,9% 27,1% 19,8% 36,4% 10,8% 29,5% 23,9% VOC 0,7% 0,0% 1,8% 0,0% 0,0% 1,1% 0,8% VOS 2,8% 1,2% 0,9% 3,0% 0,0% 4,5% 2,6% SVO 43,8% 43,5% 36,9% 42,4% 62,2% 37,5% 43,1% VSO 7,0% 5,9% 1,8% 9,1% 8,1% 3,4% 6,3% SVOC 0,1% 1,2% 0,0% 0,0% 2,7% 0,0% 0,3% SVOC 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% TOTAL 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100,0 % Ana Mª Hornero Corisco ____________________________________________________________________ 90 TABLE IV: SUMMARY OF THE ANALYSIS A) INDEPENDENT CLAUSES TYPE AW SK SM SI SW HM 1. OV 25,8% 20,0% 50,0% 20,0% 20,0% 23,0% VO 74,2% 80,0% 50,0% 80,0% 80,0% 77,0% 2A OV 2,5% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% VO 97,5% 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 2B OV 7,4% 16,6% 0,0% 50,0% 0,0% 0,0% VO 92,6% 83,4% 100,0 50,0% 0,0% 0,0% 3A OV 8,9% 18,5% 20,0% 7,4% 9,0% 9,5% VO 91,1% 81,5% 80,0% 92,6% 91,0% 90,5% 3B OV 19,0% 33,3% 25,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% VO 81,0% 66,7% 75,0% 100,0 100,0 100,0 4. OV 28,2% 0,0% 11,1% 0,0% 0,0% 5,5% VO 71,8% 100,0 88,9% 100,0 100,0 94,5% B) SUBORDINATE CLAUSES OV 35,0% 28,5% 43,2% 16,6% 33,3% 44,1% VO 65,0% 71,5% 56,8% 83,4% 66,7% 55,9% ____________________________________________________________________ 91 REFERENCES BRUNOT, F., 1966: Histoire de la Langue Française. Tome I. Librairie Ar- mand Colin, Paris. BRUNOT, F. & BRUNEA U, C., 1969: Précis de Grammaire Historique de la langue française. Masson et Cie, Paris. D’ARDENNE, S. T. R. O. ed., 1977: The Katherine Group edited from MS. Bodley 34. Société d’Edition “Les Belles Lettres”, Paris. 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R. ed., 1962: The English Text of the Ancren Riwle. Ancrene Wisse. (CCCC MS. 402) [E.E.T.S., o.s. 249], Oxford University Press, Oxford. WILLIAMS, J. M., 1975: Origins of the English Language. Free Press, New York. Ana Mª Hornero Corisco ____________________________________________________________________ 92 * † *