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Seminar.net - International journal of media, technology and lifelong learning
Vol. 11 – Issue 1 – 2015

Envisioning DIY learning in primary and secondary
schools

Author

Juana Maria Sancho-Gil
University of Barcelona.
Esbrina Research Group http://esbrina.eu/en/home/
E-Mail: juanamsancho@ub.edu

Fernando Hernández-Hernández
University of Barcelona.
Esbrina Research Group http://esbrina.eu/en/home/
E-Mail: fdohernandez@ub.edu

Rachel Fendler
University of Barcelona.
Esbrina Research Group http://esbrina.eu/en/home/
E-Mail: rachel.fendler@ub.edu

Abstract
The DIYLab project (Do it yourself in Education: expanding digital
competence to foster student agency and collaborative learning. European
Commission)i seeks to explore the changes (and its educational effects)
occurring in the last decade regarding digital competencies, especially in
relation to the emergence of a culture of collaboration, that connects youth
learning, technology and DIY (Kafai & Peppler, 2011). To achieve the
project's objective, we are following a methodology based on the principles of
collaborative action research (CAR). This paper focuses on the first step of the
CAR process and shows the main challenges identified by teachers, students
and parents in order to implement the project’s learning philosophy in the
current curricula and schools organisation. We carried out a series of focus
groups with teachers, students and parents from primary and secondary
schools and the university to discuss what DIY learning looks like in the
participants’ educational contexts. Based on these discussions we have begun
to analyse how each context imagines DIY learning and how it relates to the
notion of virtual space. This paper focuses in the Spanish primary and
secondary school participating in the project.

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http://esbrina.eu/en/home/
mailto:juanamsancho@ub.edu
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mailto:rachel.fendler@ub.edu

Keywords: autonomous learning, participatory youth culture, digital
competence, school innovation, focus groups

DIYLab

In January 2014, we began a 3-year project titled Do-it-Yourself in Education:
Expanding Digital Competence to Foster Student Agency and Collaborative
Learning.1 This Comenius grant stems from the acknowledgement that over
the last decade young people’s relationship with digital competencies has
evolved drastically. In the last years, our understanding of digital competences
has significantly change. First, it considered young people’s critical
understanding of new digital media as a key aspect of digital literacy
(Buckingham, 2003; Gilster, 1997). And in a second phase young people were
not only envisioned as consumers who browse the Internet and share
information on social networking sites, but also as producers of content, who
contribute to blogs, design animations, graphics, and video productions (Ito,
Baumer, Bittanti, boyd, et al. 2009). This has generated alternative
approaches to digital competence, such as the proposal of Jenkins,
Purushotma, Weigel, Clinton, et al (2009, xiii) to “shift the focus … from
questions of technological access to those of opportunities for participation
and the development of cultural competencies and social skills needed for full
involvement.”

This project seeks to explore the changes (and their educational effects) which
have taken place in the last decade regarding digital competencies, especially
in relation to the emergence of a culture of collaboration, that connects young
people’s learning, technology and DIY philosophy (Kafai & Peppler, 2011).
Young people's efforts to create and disseminate digital media have been
associated with the growing of the do-it-yourself (DIY) movement (Spencer,
2005). Starting in the '90s (Halfacree, 2004) with arts, crafts, and new
technologies (Eisenberg & Buechley, 2008; Lankshear & Knobel, 2010), it is
now prevalent in curriculum contents (Guzzetti, Elliott, & Welsch, 2010),
giving educators and students the opportunity to create, share and learn in
collaboration.

To achieve the project's objectives, the consortium members ii have followed a
methodology based on the principles of collaborative action research (CAR):
“A participatory, democratic process, concerned with developing practical
knowing in the pursuit of worthwhile human purposes, grounded in a
participatory worldview which we believe is emerging at this historical
moment. It seeks to bring together action and reflection, theory and practice,
in participation with others, in the pursuit of practical solutions to issues of
pressing concern to people, and more generally the flourishing of the
individual persons and their communities” (Reason & Bradbury, 2001, 1).
Building on this foundation, in the different phases of the project, we will use
complementary methods to collect data (Green, Camill & Elmore, 2006), with
the purpose of fostering the process of reflection-action-reflection, while
developing a culture of collaboration, discussion and purposeful inquiry.

An interpretative ethnographic approach
One of the more concrete outcomes of this project will be the production of
open-source learning materials, developed by students and teachers in the
participating institutions. These resources will serve as tools for other learners,
linking the work carried out in the project to other schools, universities and
broader DIY communities. What form these materials will take, how they will
circulate, and what type of audience they will generate are questions that we
will address along in the project. Currently we are in the initial stages of the

Seminar.net - International journal of media, technology and lifelong learning
Vol. 11 – Issue 1 – 2015

project and have yet to negotiate the specifics of the implementation phase in
each school and university. At this time, we focused on thinking about how
school parents, teachers and students conceptualize the notion of DIY
learning, garnering information that will be useful when designing the DIYLab
in each context.

Included in the scope of this project is our interest in studying what happens
when schools opt to actively supporting DIY learning practices. Within this
framework of research, our ethnographic approach will not be exclusively
concerned with researching “online communities and interactions”. Instead,
we will develop an interpretative ethnographic inquiry (Denzin, 1997) around
the observation and study of the interactions between the Internet-based DIY
activities and the school environment (Orgad, 2009). In this sense, to borrow
from Hine’s (2000) categorization, we consider online environments as
culture (rather than cultural artefacts) and are attentive to the potential
culture shock that may result from the implementation of this project.

In order to promote the sustainability of the project within the participating
institutions, and perhaps beyond, it is important to understand how DIY may
be successfully incorporated into the school culture and what tensions it may
provoke. This means we cannot only research how students and teachers
engage with DIY but also, how those experiences affect local understandings of
learning, student agency, the role of teachers, and the place for digital tools
and online platforms within the school curriculum.

Focus groups with schoolteachers, students and parents on the
topic of DIY learning

The first step in this research project was to set up a series of focus groups.
Each participating school (three primary, three secondary) organized three
focus groups –two at higher education level, comprising of six teachers,
students and parents, respectively (Table 1). University researchers and the
school coordinators led the discussions in an effort to gain an initial
understanding of what DIY practices were already taking place in the school
environment and what resources the school has to support them. In addition
to using this information to inform the design of the DIYLabs, it is also a rich
source of data for considering the points of contact between formal learning
and DIY experiences, and also for beginning to map out how DIY could have a
disturbing effect on existing notions of schooling in each context.

Primary school

6 students who are, or are about to become 5th- year
students
5 5th-year teachers

6 parents of 5th-year students

Secondary school

6 students who are, or are about to become 3rd-year
school students
6 teachers of 3rd-year secondary school students

6 parents of 3rd-year secondary school students

Table 1. Focus groups

We shared a document with the participants explaining the basic principles of
DIY philosophy to encourage reflection and to explore their familiarity with
the notion of DIY. The first proposed questions to discuss were:

Students

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Vol. 11 – Issue 1 – 2015

• Up until now, when do you think the teachers at your school have
introduced learning experiences related to DIY? What did they
propose you to do and what tools did you use in the process?

• Where else do you develop these types of learning practices?
• How? With what tools? With whom?

Teachers
• Up until now when do you think you or other teachers at your school

have introduced learning experiences related to DIY? What did
you/they do and what tools did you/they use?

• Where do you think the students develop this kind of learning
practices the most? What do they do? With whom do they work?

• Do you think that the school could improve its offer of these types of
learning experiences? How?

Families
• Up until now when do you think the school has introduced learning

experiences related to DIY to the students? What did they do and what
tools did they use?

• In what other types of situations do your children participate in DIY
learning experiences? What do they do? With whom do they
collaborate? What tools do they use?

The contents of the discussion groups were transcribed and analysed using a
series of categories, in line with those used for the analysis of official
curriculums and the school programmes:

1. Knowledge and evaluation of the notion of DIY.
2. Autonomous and self-regulating learning.
3. Interdisciplinary knowledge.
4. Digital competence.
5. Collaborative and problem-based learning.
6. How to frame the project considering the formal aspects of the

curriculum.
7. Emerging elements befitting each situation.

In the following paragraphs, we first characterise the Spanish primary and
secondary school. Then, based on the content of the discussions takin place in
the focus groups, we share a preliminary analysis of the how the Spanish
school communities participating in the project envisage DIY learning and
what notions of the virtual are present in this imaginary. More specifically, we
will refer to DIY learning in and outside school and the notion of the virtual.

School features

Escola Virolai of Barcelona is located in the district of Horta- Guinardó. It
caters for Primary and Secondary students. In the 2010-2011 academic year,
the school had over 900 students. Escola Virolai is a charter school, a semi-
public institution that receives both public and private funding. The
socioeconomic context of the school is of mainly average middle-class families,
who are very committed to their children’s education.

The core educational principles from the school’s mission statement are:

1. Family/school collaboration.
2. The education and personal development of the students.
3. The relationships in the school community are based on affection,
respect and trust.
4. Striving to provide the best possible learning opportunities to enable
every child to maximize their abilities.

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Vol. 11 – Issue 1 – 2015

5. Helping students become good citizens with reasoning skills,
creativity and critical capacity, who are able to commit to building a
better society.

Escola Virolai firmly believes that educational innovation is the only way to
attend to the changing needs of students and the society, and has been on the
cutting-edge of integrating ICT in the classroom. The school is implementing
the TAC Pla (Learning and Knowledge Technology-LKT Plan) based on
different official initiatives such as Educat 2.0 project (prior to Educat 1x1).
The main aim of this plan is to progressively defining a global and
fundamental methodological change that incorporates methodologies that
ensure the central role of students in the construction of their learning, the
creation of collaborative learning environments and the role of the teacher as
learning facilitator.

The TAC Pla seeks to:

• Define the uses of different communication, management
and teaching environments: Web, Clickedu, Virtual
Classroom, Virtual Corner and other educational platforms to
take advantage of all possible resources to enhance
communication, collaboration and consistency among all
levels of the educational community.

• Review the sequencing of digital competence, incorporating it
transversely into course schedules, defining the assessment
strategies used to ensure consistency in both course, class
years, and whole school levels.

• Prioritize the use of LKT Technology as a tool to improve
individual attention to all students and increase their role in
learning.

The school has a good and updated computing infrastructure with internet
connection in all school spaces. It is using a good range of digital tools. In
addition, it has an in-service professional development plan especially focused
on the improvement of teachers’ digital skills.

DIY learning in and outside school

1. The concept of DIY is not widely known, but participatory activities are

typical both in and outside school

The teachers demonstrated a passing familiarity with the term “DIY” but did
not feel identify with the movement. In the case of the teachers, it was
something they had heard of, or read about it, but it does not come from their
practice and specific experiences. However, because of a well-defined school
mission statement, the teachers had a clear idea about the importance of
student autonomy and placed this characteristic at the centre of the school
project. In fact, they mentioned activities linked to solidarity actions
encouraged by the school. The DIY philosophy connects with one of the
fundamental aspects of the educational project that involves the pupils’
participation in the school.

Secondary school students had some experience with DIY tutorials on the
Internet, claiming that DIY allowed one to make things one would not have
otherwise have been able to make, or claiming that DIY was about doing things
without help from others. They summarised it as “doing something yourself”.
They related it to the possibility of doing things they like by themselves and

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Vol. 11 – Issue 1 – 2015

finding tutorials for doing what they want. They have read about this question
and have found out on Internet and some have explained it to others. The
primary school pupils know the term and recognise it from other activities
they have done, and they understand it as “learning something on your own”,
and in some cases refer to tutorials, Internet, videos, YouTube, mathematics or
reading web pages.

Parents claimed to never have heard the term, but were able to describe in
great detail activities their children engaged in that went beyond the
traditional school curriculum, where their level of interest lead them to do
more, both on their own and at school. Secondary school families stated they
did not know what DIY was and have never heard about this movement or the
philosophy associated with it. Throughout the session, however, reference was
made to a series of projects that are undertaken in the school and which could
be linked to this movement. The primary school families introduced the
question of the cultural difference; they thought that there are contexts more
directed towards this philosophy than others are. This reflection recalls the
need to not forget that ‘the school does not educate alone’ and that the cultural
and social context has an important influence that is transmitted through the
educational guidelines of the families, the media and the value they all give,
not only to know what, but to know how, where, for what and why.

For all them, putting the DIY philosophy into practice involves a series of
predispositions and challenges. The primary school teachers are clear about
the importance of accompaniment, of mediation in the learning process. The
secondary school ones raised doubts and were ambivalent about the degree of
autonomy pupils should have to develop in the project.

2. DIY activities

In table 2 we have compile a list of activities that teachers, parents and
students identified as containing elements of DIY learning.

In school Outside school
Computer classes, where the
students are creating apps. After
completing 5 assignments, they can
design their own app.

“Synthesis credit” project: “We have
to work on a specific theme, but
aside from that we can do what we
want.”

The “Entrepreneurship project”: in
the class Educating Citizens, the
project allows students to design
their own businesses.

Lego League: an extracurricular
project that is “really fun!” According
to a parent’s comments, “the
participation is horizontal and the
kids teach each other.”

Open school day. The event when the
school is open to the perspective and
current students’ families. Students
collaborate by organizing the
activities and exhibitions.

Extracurricular activities offered

TV: teaches “basic life skills.”

School exchanges

Video tutorials. “YouTube teaches
you a lot”.
“You can always find a tutorial
there if you need it.”

Yahoo Answers

Books. “You can learn as much
from books as you do from
clicking around on ClickEdu (a
language platform).”

Music. “Many kids in English
classes aren’t interested and they
don’t learn… but as soon as a song
becomes popular they just listen to
the lyrics and understand it!

Scripts: an online messaging game

El rincón del vago (in English:
The slacker’s corner): A website
“where people upload their
schoolwork, and it’s there, you
share it.”

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Vol. 11 – Issue 1 – 2015

during school hours, such as the
“Midday workshop” or “Public
speaking workshop”. Students
volunteer to participating and learn
different skills or do community
service activities.

Table 2. DIY learning activities.

3. DIY introduces tensions within traditional understandings of education

From the content analysis of the various focus groups emerged a series of
tensions that we synthesize as follows.

 Does DIY replace the teacher?

There was a growing anxiety among teachers regarding their
hypothetical role in a “do-it-yourself” classroom environment. One of
them asked: “when the kids design their own learning, autonomously,
using new technology, what is the teacher’s role? What will it be like?”
Students and teachers described many instances where the young
people were encouraged to act autonomously. Therefore, it could
appear that the phrase do-it-yourself limits the way teachers can
imagine their contribution to the process.

 To what extent do students want to assume more responsibility?
Secondary school students’ value having a say in what they study, but
DIY learning also poses a good deal of doubts and ambivalence for
them.

“Internet is a space where you can get information about DIY…
but it also allows you to copy, slack off, and get distracted!”

“When you have more freedom at school some people just say,
“OK. I’m going home!”

Apparently the role of responsibility inherent in DIY is an unsettling
notion for the young people in question.

 What happens to assessment?

Parents, students and teachers expressed doubts regarding the
assessment of DIY learning practices. There is already an
acknowledgement that assessment is problematic and that removing
any form of standardization in the learning process result into an even
less transparent process.

Notions of the virtual
When discussing the possibilities and potential setbacks of DIY learning, the
conversation began to introduce different understandings of how the virtual
environment interacts with education today.

1. The idea that children are ‘digital natives’ is still a pervasive discourse

Parents remark on the facility with which young people use technology to
create interactive content and compare that with what they did as young
people. They considered this fact as both positive, in the sense that young
people are seen as possessing the skills to succeed, but also as negative, as
there is an acknowledgement that this comes at the expense of other skills,
knowledge, attitudes, etc.

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Vol. 11 – Issue 1 – 2015

“Using new technology, they can do it all (websites, groups…). It’s as
if they’ve forgotten their hands, or their imagination, at least the way
we understood them.”

The consensus appeared to be that today new skills, digital skills, are not
necessarily seen as being worse, but they are understood as being
essentially different from analogical skill sets. During the project
questioning this perceived difference may be a productive exercise for
thinking about creative learning or autonomous learning as not necessarily
dependent on the use of digital technology.

2. The Internet is an archive of open resources, available for personal use

There is a tension that arises when discussing open-source materials,
because they are seen as both a fund of knowledge and a potential
shortcut, allowing you to get a result without doing the work.

The idea of autonomous learning was familiar to all focus group
participants and it appears that it is well managed and has become an
integral part of the activities carried out at the primary and secondary
school participating in the project. However, when discussing “DIY
learning” it emerged that it is not considered exactly the same thing. DIY
implies more freedom and choice, and less structure.

We noted during the focus group discussions that there was little mention
of the collaborative dimension. The “giving back to the community” type
of ethos that is prominent in the DIY movement received very little
attention. Differentiating between the idea of having total autonomy in
one’s learning and the concept of becoming an active and equal citizen
within a learning community may be a productive starting point when
designing DIYLabs.

3. Connectivity is a way of living and learning

Parents’ remark on the high level of connectivity they observe among their
children, commenting that: “They have learned to be permanently
connected to a virtual world, which we didn’t have when we were students.
This gives them a great window for sharing their feelings, experiences,
opinions… Lots of things… they spend all day sharing.”

Primary school teachers describe how their students are accustomed to
working in groups. Illustrative of what is referred to as life-wide learning
(Banks, Au, Ball, Bell, et al., 2007) they mention that their students learn
from the teachers, their peers and their families. The parents went on to
corroborate this sentiment.

While the notion of community was notably absent when discussing the
potentials and perils of bringing more DIY practices into the schools, it did
appear here, in discussions that refer to the way young people use
technology to stay communicate and express themselves. Parents paint a
picture of young people constantly sharing and learning with others.

4. Virtual space, in educational terms, provides a space of infinite
differentiation

Relying more on the Internet and student interests forces the school
community to re-think the importance of core curriculum content.

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Vol. 11 – Issue 1 – 2015

The focus groups discussed whether young people should be learning the
same things, and if so, in the same way, and if not, how to assess learning.
Some students and parents discussed learning practices that appear to be
increasingly widespread and have little to do with traditional teaching
(Collins & Halverson, 2009; Thomas & Seely Brown, 2011).

In the parents’ words:

“They have a different approach to create and are able to create interactive
content on their own world. They do it by using new technology (websites,
groups, etc.).”

"You could say that technology dismantles time ... they have learned to live
with them and achieve their goals."

“They create your own learning and sharing communities. The WhatsApp,
for example, has been a brutal change. They solve many questions
(educational and not educational) [...] I think it can contribute much,
much, much to education."

The focus groups talk about what it means to have a “solid knowledge
foundation” representing two schools of thought. On one hand, it is the idea of
a predetermined set of facts about the world and standards for resolving
problems, organized on a scale of more simple to more complex (Sawyer,
2008). On the other hand, an idea emerges that involves a set of knowledge
and skills developed by not only focusing on the what, but also on how, why
and for whom.

Conclusions
In this early stage of the project, we are interested in learning about how a
transversal project like DIYLab can be integrated into the primary and
secondary schools and higher education. We want also explore how
educational communities that value autonomous learning – such as the
institutions that agreed to participate in this project – conceptualize and work
with DIY practices.

On the one hand, there is a sense that DIY is somehow already happening and
that it is a part of young people’s lives. We have noted that young people are
highly connected and literate in the their use of digital technology and that
they value and seek out learning opportunities, both in and out of school, that
provide engaging avenues for learning, playing and socializing.

On the other hand, in the case of the participating Spanish school, we
discovered that although they offer a lot of support for autonomous learning
and the transversal development of digital competences, the notion of DIY
implied something beyond what the school community was already doing. The
concept of DIY troubles basic understandings of schooling, such as the core
curriculum, the role of teachers and students, and assessment frameworks.
Questions abound when deliberating how, or to what extent DIY deserves a
place in educational systems.

In general, we found that practically all the participants in the focus groups
had some idea about the notion and educational implications of the DIY
philosophy. However, the point of view of each group differs. Our implicit
observation and interpretation was that, all three-target groups contributed
their own perspective to the discussions:

Teachers’ knowledge of the DIY philosophy comes from documental sources,
but the term did not typically appeared in participant’s specific experiences
and practices. They rather mentioned extra-curriculum activities linked to
solidarity actions and expressed confidence in students’ abilities.

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Vol. 11 – Issue 1 – 2015

Primary and secondary school pupils summarised DIY as “doing something
yourself”. They related it to the possibility of doing things they like by
themselves, such as finding tutorials online to learn to do what they want, and
in some cases refer to tutorials, Internet, videos, YouTube, mathematics or
reading web pages.

Secondary school students were a little sceptical when evaluating to what
extent the school can promote genuine autonomous and self-regulated
learning processes in accordance with the DIY philosophy. In their own words:
“It cannot be done in a normal school like this one... in other words, it cannot
be done through an educational system if what you want is to impose contents
on the course”. “It might be possible but not in a school setting in which the
contents are set by a ministry and not by a spontaneous order”. They also
pointed out the importance of the pupils’ predisposition to learn.

For parents, while the term DIY was unfamiliar to most, they were able to
reference a series of projects that are undertaken in the schools which they
associated with DIY which they linked to this movement, as well as list
different extracurricular activities their children engage in. Parents also had a
wider view of students’ lives, incorporating activities both in and outside
school, and easily drew connections between the two, stressing how the
development of digital competence went beyond school walls.

From an analysis focus group content, it is clear that the virtual world is
considered a vast resource. This presents both an opportunity—information is
more accessible and learning opportunities multiply—and risk—the lack of
regulation, standards and structure is unsettling. Regarding our project, a
productive way to move forward is to think about the collaborative ethos
implicit within the DIY movement. By moving away from a discourse that
defines online materials as resources, towards thinking about how to
participate in, and benefit from, collaborative learning environments, we hope
to foster a more sustainable and far-reaching integration of the DIYLab project
into schools.

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i Education, Audio-visual and Culture Executive Agency. 543177-LLP-1-2013-
1-ES-KA3MP. http://diylab.edu

ii University of Barcelona and Escola Virolai (Barcelona) from Spain, University of
Oulu and Oulu University Teacher Training School, from Finland, Charles University
and ZŠ Korunovační Faculty School, from Czech Republic.

Seminar.net - International journal of media, technology and lifelong learning
Vol. 11 – Issue 1 – 2015

http://diylab.edu/
http://www.korunka.gns.cz/

Envisioning DIY learning in primary and secondary schools
Author
Abstract

DIYLab
To achieve the project's objectives, the consortium members1F have followed a methodology based on the principles of collaborative action research (CAR): “A participatory, democratic process, concerned with developing practical knowing in the pursuit...
An interpretative ethnographic approach
One of the more concrete outcomes of this project will be the production of open-source learning materials, developed by students and teachers in the participating institutions. These resources will serve as tools for other learners, linking the work ...
Included in the scope of this project is our interest in studying what happens when schools opt to actively supporting DIY learning practices. Within this framework of research, our ethnographic approach will not be exclusively concerned with research...
In order to promote the sustainability of the project within the participating institutions, and perhaps beyond, it is important to understand how DIY may be successfully incorporated into the school culture and what tensions it may provoke. This mean...
Focus groups with schoolteachers, students and parents on the topic of DIY learning
The first step in this research project was to set up a series of focus groups. Each participating school (three primary, three secondary) organized three focus groups –two at higher education level, comprising of six teachers, students and parents, r...
Table 1. Focus groups
We shared a document with the participants explaining the basic principles of DIY philosophy to encourage reflection and to explore their familiarity with the notion of DIY. The first proposed questions to discuss were:
The contents of the discussion groups were transcribed and analysed using a series of categories, in line with those used for the analysis of official curriculums and the school programmes:
1. Knowledge and evaluation of the notion of DIY.
2. Autonomous and self-regulating learning.
3. Interdisciplinary knowledge.
4. Digital competence.
5. Collaborative and problem-based learning.
6. How to frame the project considering the formal aspects of the curriculum.
7. Emerging elements befitting each situation.
In the following paragraphs, we first characterise the Spanish primary and secondary school. Then, based on the content of the discussions takin place in the focus groups, we share a preliminary analysis of the how the Spanish school communities parti...
School features
Escola Virolai firmly believes that educational innovation is the only way to attend to the changing needs of students and the society, and has been on the cutting-edge of integrating ICT in the classroom. The school is implementing the TAC Pla (Learn...
DIY learning in and outside school
1. The concept of DIY is not widely known, but participatory activities are typical both in and outside school
The teachers demonstrated a passing familiarity with the term “DIY” but did not feel identify with the movement. In the case of the teachers, it was something they had heard of, or read about it, but it does not come from their practice and specific e...
Secondary school students had some experience with DIY tutorials on the Internet, claiming that DIY allowed one to make things one would not have otherwise have been able to make, or claiming that DIY was about doing things without help from others. T...
Parents claimed to never have heard the term, but were able to describe in great detail activities their children engaged in that went beyond the traditional school curriculum, where their level of interest lead them to do more, both on their own and ...
For all them, putting the DIY philosophy into practice involves a series of predispositions and challenges. The primary school teachers are clear about the importance of accompaniment, of mediation in the learning process. The secondary school ones ra...
2. DIY activities
In table 2 we have compile a list of activities that teachers, parents and students identified as containing elements of DIY learning.
Table 2. DIY learning activities.
3. DIY introduces tensions within traditional understandings of education
From the content analysis of the various focus groups emerged a series of tensions that we synthesize as follows.
 Does DIY replace the teacher?
There was a growing anxiety among teachers regarding their hypothetical role in a “do-it-yourself” classroom environment. One of them asked: “when the kids design their own learning, autonomously, using new technology, what is the teacher’s role? What...
 To what extent do students want to assume more responsibility?
Secondary school students’ value having a say in what they study, but DIY learning also poses a good deal of doubts and ambivalence for them.
“Internet is a space where you can get information about DIY… but it also allows you to copy, slack off, and get distracted!”
 What happens to assessment?
Parents, students and teachers expressed doubts regarding the assessment of DIY learning practices. There is already an acknowledgement that assessment is problematic and that removing any form of standardization in the learning process result into an...
Notions of the virtual
When discussing the possibilities and potential setbacks of DIY learning, the conversation began to introduce different understandings of how the virtual environment interacts with education today.
Secondary school students were a little sceptical when evaluating to what extent the school can promote genuine autonomous and self-regulated learning processes in accordance with the DIY philosophy. In their own words: “It cannot be done in a normal ...