DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v63i3.1031Sociobiology 63(3): 858-880 (September, 2016) Open access journal: http://periodicos.uefs.br/ojs/index.php/sociobiology ISSN: 0361-6525 Studies of social wasp diversity in Brazil: Over 30 years of research, advancements and priorities Introduction In the last decade, neotropical social wasps have stood out as role models in studies on ecology, biology and animal behavior (Prezoto et al., 2011; Prezoto & Souza, 2015). This growing interest in the group is due to the acknowledgement of the wasps’ role in the trophic balance of ecosystems, since they can contribute both as pollinators (during the collection of nectar and pollen) and as predators (during their search for the animal protein used in the nourishment of their larvae); thus, wasps show potential as possible agriculture pest control agents (Hunt, 2007; Prezoto et al., 2008; Elisei et al., 2010; Clemente et al., 2013; Clemente et al., 2012, Barbosa et al., 2014). Furthermore, some species Abstract The first records of social wasps in Brazil were made during expeditions focused on the taxonomy and distribution of the species throughout the country. From the 1970s the essence of publications on the diversity of social wasps has been changing, with studies focusing on specific areas and incorporating the use of sampling methodologies and analysis of results through ecological indexes. Since then, the neotropical social wasps have gained more prominence due to the acknowledgement of their decisive role in the trophic balance of ecosystems, which has been increasing the interest in studying these insects. Therefore, we aimed to make a detailed analysis of the social wasp diversity studies published in Brazil over the past 33 years, looking to build knowledge on the research history of the group. For the literature review, selected publications must have attended to the following criteria: including keywords addressing the matter and being indexed in databases within the defined period. We found 78 publications, most of them (70.52%) published in scientific journals. Diversity studies featured in publications in a regular basis from the year 2005 on, and the years 2010, 2012 and 2014 were the most productive; there was also a concentration of studies in the BA, MG and SP states. There were 11 different collection methods used, from which the Active Search and Attractive Trap methods stood out as most common; however, we found no pattern regarding study duration or collection methodology. The contribution of this analysis is to extend the current status of knowledge of social wasps research, as well as to guide and encourage future studies in unexplored areas. Sociobiology An international journal on social insects BC Barbosa, M Detoni, TT Maciel, F Prezoto Article History Edited by Kleber Del-Claro, UFU, Brazil Received 24 March 2016 Initial acceptance 11 August 2016 Final acceptance 26 September 2016 Publication date 25 October 2016 Keywords Diversity, Vespidae, Polistine, metadata, scientific production, scientometric analysis. Corresponding author Bruno Corrêa Barbosa Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e Bioacústica - LABEC Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Campus Universitário, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-900, Brasil E-Mail: barbosa.bc@outlook.com are sensitive to environmental changes, being acknowledged as effective indicator organisms (Urbini et al., 2006; Souza et al., 2010). The first records on social wasps in Brazil were made during expeditions focused on taxonomy and species distribution by Von Ihering (1904), Ducke (1904, 1905, 1907, 1918), Zikán (1949, 1951) and Araújo (1944, 1946, 1960). In 1978, Richards publishes the book “The Social Wasps of the Americas, Excluding the Vespinae”, which comprehends an extensive review on the neotropical species, with details on their distribution, morphology and biology; this publication instantly became a milestone for posterior studies on the group, and references to it can still be found in recent publications (e.g. Melo et al., 2015; Jacques et al., 2015). Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil REVIEW Sociobiology 63(3): 858-880 (September, 2016) 859 After the publishing of Professor Vilma Maule Rodrigues’s paper in 1982 on the wasps in the Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade garden in the city of Rio Claro/SP, Brazil, there was a major change in the essence of publications regarding social wasps; researchers began to focus their sampling effort on a chosen locality, and, as years went by, applied sampling methodologies and data analysis through ecological indexes. It is estimated that we know less than 10% of the Brazilian insect species (Lewinsohn & Prado, 2005) and although diversity studies are essential to the conservation of species, particularly for social wasps, these efforts must be carried out as to enhance the existing knowledge, thus allowing the comparison between studies and providing information to guide future investigations on the matter. Therefore, we aimed to analyze in detail the publi- cations on social wasps diversity in Brazil for the last 30 years, aiming to increase the knowledge on these studies through a discussion on the advancements and research priorities regarding the methods applied and the attained results. Methods Method and Data Search Criteria On this study we followed the protocol suggested by the PRISMA method for systematic studies and meta- analysis (Moher et al., 2009) adapted by Moher et al. (2015). The methodological approach included the development of the selection criteria, the definition of search strategies, the evaluation of the studies’ quality and the extraction of relevant data. The criteria for selection and inclusion of publication were: publications approaching the matter; publications indexed on the Google Scholar, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Scopus and Web of Science databases; papers published in journals within the period limited between January 1982 and October 2015. The key words used to search publications were ‘social wasps’ and ‘diversity’. Publications such as monographies, theses and books were added through cross-referencing. We recorded the following data from each publication: study area, focus, duration, sampling methods and identified social wasp species. Based on this information, we generated: (1) a map of the distribution of the publications by state and (2) a table of social wasp species and the methods used to sample them, also sorted by state. Data analysis In order to assess social wasp species richness, we generated species rarefaction curves (sensu Gotelli & Colwell, 2001) in the software EstimateS 9 (Colwell, 2013) with 5000 randomizations. This software generates 5000-species accumulation curves by randomizing the order of samples; this way, each point along the curve represents the mean of the accumulated richness for the 5000 curves and is associated to a standard deviation value. Each publication was considered a sample, therefore resulting in 76 samples; two studies were not considered since their authors did not identify organisms to species-level. We calculated the Constancy Index suggested by Bodenheimer (1955) in order to assess social wasp species constancy recorded in studies in the Brazilian territory. To perform the calculations, once again, each publication was considered a sample. Species present in more than 50% of the samples were considered constant; the ones present in 25% to 50% of the samples were considered accessory; species present in less than 25% of the samples were considered accidental. Results and Discussion We selected 78 publications, from which eight (10.25%) were books, 15 (19.23%) were unpublished studies (Monographies and Theses) and 55 (70.52%) were papers publishedin scientific journals (Table 1). Regarding the papers, 25 distinct journals were used, most of them being Brazilian (n= 16). The most used journals were: Socibiology (n= 13), Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (n= 5), Neotropical Entomology, MGBiota and EntomoBrasilis, these last four featuring a single publication each (Table 1); altogether, they make up 54.54% (n= 30) of the published papers (n= 55). Almost one quarter of the papers (23.63%) were published on the Sociobiology journal. The first publication on social wasp diversity in Brazil dates from 1982 (Rodrigues and Machado, 1982); from 1985 to 2002, 12 more studies werepublished on an uneven frequency. From 2005 on, however, some publication regularity started to appear, the years of 2010, 2012 and 2014 being the most productive (with eight, eight and 12 publications respectively) (Fig 1, Table 1). In this chronological sense, it stands out that most papers (n= 45; 57.69%) were published in the last six years (from 2010 to 2016) (Fig 1). The distribution of publications throughout the Brazilian states showed a concentration in the states of Minas Gerais (n= 24), São Paulo (n= 13) and Bahia (n= 10), which together make up more than half of all studies (Fig 2), while nine states still haven’t had any published studies on their social wasp fauna. Fig 1. Number of publications per year, in national and international journals, on Brazilian social wasp diversity, in the period between 1982 to 2015. BC Barbosa et al. – Social Wasps of Brazil: A Review860 Paper no Author/year Journal Study duration (months) Sampling methods I II III IV V 1 Rodrigues and Machado, 1982 Naturalla 144 AS SP 33 10 20 13 2 Lorenzato, 1985 Agron. Sulriograndense 16 BT SC 12 5 9 3 3 Marques, 1989 M.Sc Dissertation 16 BT BA 13 8 11 2 4 Marques et al., 1993 Insecta 63 AS, FS BA 20 10 14 6 5 Marques and Carvalho, 1993 Insecta 52 AS BA 17 10 12 5 6 Diniz and Kitayama, 1994 J. Hymenopt research 5 Q MT 30 15 22 8 7 Santos, 1996 Agrárias 13 BT GO 9 5 9 0 70 Diniz and Kitayama, 1998 Rev. de Biologia Tropical 4 AS MT 36 12 26 10 8 Raw, 1998a Rev. Brasileira de Zoologia 47 days* AS DF 13 8 9 4 74 Raw, 1998b Book - AS RR 36 13 26 10 9 Lima et al., 2000 Rev. Bras. Zoociências 13 AS MG X 5 X X 10 Silveira, 2002 Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 7 AS, MT PR 79 18 51 28 62 Mechi, 2005 Book - FS SP 28 8 17 11 11 Melo et al., 2005 Book 8 AS, FS BA 23 10 14 9 12 Silveira et al., 2005 Entomological Science 8 BT PR 6 2 6 0 53 Hermes and Kohler, 2006 Rev. Bras. Entomologia 32 FS RS 25 7 13 12 75 Mechi and Moraes, 2006 Book 25 FS SP 26 8 17 9 13 Santos et al., 2006 Sociobiology 13 FS BA 13 5 7 6 14 Silva-Pereira and Santos, 2006 Neotropical Entomology 8 FS BA 11 6 8 3 15 Souza and Prezoto, 2006 Sociobiology 15 AS, BT, FS, Q MG 38 10 20 18 16 Elpino-Campos et al., 2007 Neotropical Entomology 12 AS, BT MG 29 10 16 13 18 Santos et al., 2007 Neotropical Entomology 37 AS BA 21 11 14 7 19 Lima, 2008 M.Sc Dissertation 27 AS, FS, LB SP 31 11 21 10 20 Morato et al., 2008 Acta Amazonica 24 days* MT AC 20 7 16 4 21 Ribeiro-Junior, 2008 M.Sc Dissertation 12 AS, BT MG 12 6 6 6 22 Silveira et al., 2008 Acta Amazonica - AS, BT AM/AP 46 15 38 8 23 Souza et al., 2008 MG.Biota 24 AS, BT, FS, Q MG 42 12 23 19 61 Carbonari, 2009 Ph.D Thesis 23 AS, MT, TT MS 19 8 11 8 24 Clemente, 2009 M.Sc Dissertation 12 AS, BT MG 21 8 12 9 25 Gomes and Noll, 2009 Rev. Bras. Entomologia 6 BA, LB SP 14 7 11 3 26 Santos el al., 2009a Neotropical Entomology 8 AS BA 19 13 15 4 68 Santos et al., 2009b Environmental Entomology 6 AS BA 17 10 11 6 27 Silva and Silveira, 2009 Iheringia Série Zoologia 6 AS, MT PR 63 12 40 23 29 Alvarenga et al., 2010 Sociobiology 2 AS MG X 5 X X 63 Arab et al., 2010 Sociobiology 37 ST SP 10 4 7 3 30 Auad et al., 2010 Sociobiology 24 MT MG 13 4 11 3 31 Coró, 2010 M.Sc Dissertation 12 MT SP 20 9 16 4 32 Lima et al., 2010 Sociobiology 15 AS, FS, LB SP 30 10 20 10 33 Prezoto and Clemente, 2010 MG.Biota 12 AS, BT MG 23 10 14 9 45 Souza et al., 2010 MG.Biota 12 AS, BT, BF MG 32 9 15 17 50 Ribeiro, 2010 Monography 6 AS PR 13 5 7 6 66 De Souza et al., 2011 J. Economic Entomology 12 BT, AS MG 17 9 13 4 Table 1. Papers, mean of publication, study duration, sampling methods, study area (states) and number of genera and species recorded in Brazilian social wasp diversity studies from 1982 to 2015: AS – Active Search; BT – Bait Traps; F – Fogging Technique; FS – Flower Search; LB - Liquid Bait; LT – Light Traps; MO – Möericke; MT – Malaise Trap; Q – Quadrant; ST –Shuey Trap; TT – Tray Traps; I – Study state; II – Nº of species found; III – Nº of genera found; IV – Nº of swarming species and V – Nº of independent species. Sociobiology 63(3): 858-880 (September, 2016) 861 Paper no Author/year Journal Study duration (months) Sampling methods I II III IV V 35 Henrique-Simões et al., 2011 CheckList 12 AS, BT, MT MG 34 10 16 18 36 Pereira and Antonialli-Jr, 2011 Sociobiology 27 days* AS, BT, LB MS 18 6 10 8 37 Silva el al., 2011 Rev. Bras. Entomologia 13 AS MA 31 13 25 6 69 Silva, 2011 M.Sc Dissertation 6 AS, BT MG 13 7 9 4 34 Tanaka and Noll, 2011 Psyche 25 AS, LB SP 29 10 21 8 60 Bomfim et al., 2012 Sociobiology 6 AS, BT MS 18 6 10 8 38 Henrique-Simões et al., 2012 Iheringia Série Zoologia 12 AS, BT MG 32 10 15 17 39 Jacques et al., 2012 Sociobiology 3 AS, BT MG 25 10 16 9 72 Noll et al., 2012 Book 9 AS, MT, LB SP 32 11 25 7 41 Silva, 2012 M.Sc Dissertation 12 AS, BT MG 20 7 11 9 42 Silveira et al., 2012 Rev. Bras. Entomologia 44 days* MT, AS PA 30 6 21 9 43 Somavilla, 2012 M.Sc Dissertation 5 AS, BT, F, LT, MT AM 86 17 70 16 44 Souza et al., 2012 MG.Biota 12 AS, BT MG 38 10 21 18 76 Auko et al., 2013 Book 11 days* AS, MT MS 8 6 7 1 55 Auko and Silvestre, 2013 Biota Neotropica 11 AS, MT, MO MS 18 9 10 8 71 Gomes, 2013 Ph.D Thesis 8 BT, LB RO 76 15 67 9 47 Grandinete and Noll, 2013 Sociobiology 12 AS, BT, LB MS 22 8 14 8 46 Silva et al., 2013 EntomoBrasilis 4 AS, BT MG 10 4 7 3 48 Almeida et al., 2014 Sociobiology 10 AS MT 14 8 13 1 51 Andena and Carpenter, 2014 Book - MT X 74 17 45 29 59 Brugger, 2014 M.Sc Dissertation 12 AS, BT MG 23 8 17 6 40 Locher et al., 2014 Sociobiology 13 AS, BT, LB SP 31 8 18 13 54 Rocha and Silveira, 2014 EntomoBrasilis - AS PI 12 6 10 2 28 Togni et al., 2014 CheckList 13 AS, BT SP 21 8 14 7 67 Klein, 2014 Monography 13 AS, BT, LB RS 16 7 10 6 77 Silvestre et al., 2014 Book 17 AS, BT, MT, TT, MO MS 31 8 13 18 56 Somavilla et al., 2014a Rev. Bras. Entomologia 16 days* AS AM 58 13 46 12 57 Somavilla et al., 2014b EntomoBrasilis 17 BT, MT, LT MA 38 12 36 2 49 Souza et al., 2014a Bioscience Journal 12 AS MG 38 10 22 16 52 Souza et al., 2014b Acta Sciemtiarum 24 AS MG 29 10 16 13 64 Barbosa, 2015 M.Sc Dissertation 32 AS, BT MG 36 10 21 15 65 Clemente, 2015 Ph.D Thesis 6 AS, BT SP 31 8 17 14 73 Freitas et al., 2015 Revista Agrogeoambiental 4 BT MG 19 8 14 5 78 Jacques et al., 2015 Sociobiology 26 AS, BT MG 29 8 15 14 17 Melo et al., 2015 Checklist 12 FS BA 8 5 5 3 58 Somavilla et al., 2015 EntomoBrasilis 7 days* AS, LT, MT AM 49 14 42 7 Table 1. Papers, mean of publication, study duration, sampling methods, study area (states) and number of genera and species recorded in Brazilian social wasp diversity studies from 1982 to 2015: AS – Active Search; BT – Bait Traps; F – Fogging Technique; FS – Flower Search; LB - Liquid Bait; LT – Light Traps; MO – Möericke; MT – Malaise Trap; Q – Quadrant; ST –Shuey Trap; TT – Tray Traps; I – Study state; II – Nº of species found; III – Nº of genera found; IV – Nº of swarming species and V – Nº of independent species. (Continuation) This asymmetry regarding publications may be explained by the fact that Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Bahia host some of the core social wasp research groups in Brazil, present in universities, research institutes and technology centers; these groups perform important roles not only by carrying out studies on the group, but also by developing human resources which would organize new research groups dispersed in other Brazilian states. BC Barbosa et al. – Social Wasps of Brazil: A Review862 However, the increased amount of studies in the states of Minas Gerais e São Paulo does not grant the southeastern region the status of most studied in the country, since the states of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro still have, on their territories, 10.5% and 18.6% (respectively) of the original fragments of the Atlantic Rainforest, which is considered one of the most endangered of the Brazilian biomes (SOS Mata Atlântica, 2013); therefore, it is surprising that there aren’t any publications on their social wasp fauna. Data on the duration of studies was present on 73 (93.58%) publications and ranged from a few days to 144 months, being 12 months the most usual duration (n= 15). In 28 publications the duration was superior to 12 months (from 13 to 144 months), while in other studies (n= 30) the duration was less than 12 months (from 7 consecutive days to 11 months) (Table 1). It is evident that there is no uniformity in the duration of the sampling period, and there is a necessity to create a pattern for study duration in order to enable data comparison between studies. One of the consequences of the variable duration of studies can be observed when a Species Accumulation Curve is generated (Fig 3). Taking the 24 months-long study performed by Barbosa (2015) as role model, we can relate the curve’s behavior to the potential of species to be sampled through time. The Species Accumulation Curve is asymptotic and grows in a decreasing rate, since for each sampling event the potential for finding new species decreases. On the first six months of study this rate is very high, which shows a possibility of sampling a greater number of species in the area. This rate is noticeably lower between six and 12 months, and is minimum after this period (between 12 and 24 months). This curve pattern shows that short-term studies tend to underestimate the number of species in an area, thus reassuring the precision of long-term studies. For the social wasps, it is evident that studies with 12 or more months of samplings have a better estimation of the species diversity when compared to the expected value. Regarding the sampling, we recorded 11 different methods used to capture of social wasps: Active Search (n= 60), Bait Trap (n= 35), Malaise Trap (n= 14), Flower Search (n =13), Liquid Bait (n= 9), Quadrant (n= 3), Light Trap (n =3), Tray Trap (n= 2), Möericke Trap (n= 2), Shuey Trap (n= 1) Fig 2. Geographical representation of the number of publications on social wasp diversity per Brazilian state from 1982 to 2015. Sociobiology 63(3): 858-880 (September, 2016) 863 and Fogging Technique (n= 1) (Table 1). Furthermore, most publications (55.12%, n= 43) used more than one sampling method, which became a trend after 2006; before that, the use of a single sampling method prevailed on most studies. This trend agrees with many studies (Silveira, 2002; Souza & Prezoto, 2006; Togni et al., 2014) that highlight the importance of conciliating methods in order to better record the fauna of wasps in an area. Sampling through Bait Traps was the second most used method (present in 35 studies), right after Active Search, and was also the method that varied most on its way of application. There were different kinds of baits used, usually made of various fruit juices or sardine-based protein broths; the amount, disposition, duration and confection of traps also varied a lot (e.g. Santos, 1996; Souza & Prezoto, 2006; Clemente, 2009; Locher et al., 2014). This methodological diversity observed for bait traps is mainly due to the lack of a study that tests the best layout for this method; such possibility would generate data to optimize the distance between traps, the setting height for them, the kind of bait used (natural or industrialized juice), the setting duration on field, the container size, and so on. This standardization would bring direct benefits for a more fitting comparison of sampling efforts in future studies, and also to optimize time and money costs to set the traps on the field. Almost half of the sampling methods used (45.45%, n= 5) recorded exclusive species (recorded by means of a single method). Among those, the methods that recorded the most exclusive species were: Active Search (n= 23) and Malaise Trap (n= 15) (Table 2). Curiously, sampling through Light Traps, recorded for only three studies and characterized as effective for capturing species with night habits, stood out for sampling eight species in the Apoica genus, which is known for its night activity, but also for other 63 species belonging to 13 genera (Agelaia, Angiopolybia, Asteloeca, Brachygastra, Clypearia, Leipomeles, Mischocyttarus, Parachartaegus, Polistes, Polybia, Protonectarina, Pseudopolybia and Synoeca), which are all active during the day (Table 2). A possible explanation for the capture of that many day species may be due to the Light Traps being controlled by photosensors, which make the traps trigger by the end of the afternoon, a time in which many foragers of wasp species active during the day are still returning to their nests. Social wasps, in the same way as bees, have positive phototropism, which makes them attracted to the luminosity in the trap and therefore captured by it. Only six studies focused on the difference of the setting height for the sampling methods (Silveira, 2002; De Souza et al., 2011; Somavilla 2012; Somavilla et al., 2014b; Clemente, 2015; Barbosa, 2015), usually adopting two different heights, Fig 3. Species Accumulation Curve model based on Barbosa (2015), with 24 months of sampling of social wasps. The vertical lines separate the sampling intervals in six, 12 and 18 months. BC Barbosa et al. – Social Wasps of Brazil: A Review864 the canopy (close to 5 meters high) and the understory (chest- height, approximately 1,5 meters high). Two of these studies (De Souza et al., 2011; Barbosa, 2015) recorded greater species richness for the traps set in canopy height and also exclusive species for each setting height. Therefore, these studies show the importance of sampling the different levels of the vegetal mosaic in the environment. Regarding the use of diversity indexes, we observed that Mechi (2005) was the first study to apply a diversity index; on this particular case, the author used the Shannon- Wiener Index (H’) while studying the social wasp fauna in Estação Ecológica Jataí, São Paulo state; the second study to use a diversity index was published by Souza and Prezoto (2006). Most publications (77.27%, n= 34) applied at least one diversity index, which shows the emergence of a trend to use this kind of test in order to discuss the results found since 2006. Based on the studies that properly identified the social wasp species, 235 species were recorded, belonging to 19 different genera; of these, the most representative ones were the Mischocyttarus (n= 68), Polybia (n= 44) and Polistes (n= 25) genera (Table 2). The calculated Constancy Index showed that among the 233 species identified in the publications, most (88.1%, n= 207) were Accidental, followed by Accessory (8.5%, n= 20) and Constant (3.4%, n= 8). The latter, present in most of the studies, were: Polybia sericea (n= 61), Polybia ignobilis (n= 58), Polistes versicolor (n= 56), Polybia occidentalis (n= 54), Brachygastra lecheguana (n= 49), Polybia paulista (n= 46), e Protonectarina sylveirae (n= 42), Apoica pallens (n= 39). The presence of few Constant and Accessory species may mean that they are more widespread throughout the Brazilian territory; however, we cannot ignore the polarization of social wasp studies on the Southeastern Region, which would make endemic species seem constant when this data is extrapolated to the whole country. Regarding the occurrence of species per state (Table 2), we noted that five species were present in 14 or more sampled states: Brachygastra lecheguana (n= 15), Polybia ignobilis (n= 15), Synoeca surinama (Linnaeus, 1767) (n= 15), Polybia sericea (n= 15) e Polybia occidentals (n= 14). However, 36.17% (n= 85) of the identified species were recorded only for a single state. Amongst these, the Amazonas state stands out with the most species recorded (n =125), while the Goiás state has the least species recorded (n= 9) (Table 2). This impressive number of species recorded for Amazonas surely does not yet represent the region’s mega diversity, since there were only four studies carried out on this state; further investigations should lead to a significant increase of recorded species. On the other hand, the small amount of species recorded on the single study carried out in Goiás (Santos, 1996) shows the particular characteristics of its methodology, since the study which took place at an orchard and not at the state’s typical biome environments. While representatives of the Polistinae are found throughout the whole world, its greatest diversity is achieved in tropical regions (specially the Neotropical region); its worldwide fauna is made of 26 genera and more than 1000 species (Carpenter and Andena, 2013). Some authors (e.g. Fox, 1889; Richard, 1978; Carpenter, 1991; Carpenter and Marques, 2001; Carpenter and Andena, 2013) estimate that Brazil holds 22 genera and 346 species of social wasps. Therefore, based on the properly identified species in the 76 publications hereby listed (Table 1), we observe that the 233 species recorded correspond to 77.74% and 68.62% of the total estimated species. By generating a Species Accumulation Curve based on the studies and recorded species (Fig 4), the estimators Jack 1 and Jack 2 estimated, respectively, 301.08 and 341.38 species for Brazil, a lower amount than the described in the literature; however, we believe this percentage to be a little higher when we add, to the diversity studies, publications on natural history, biology and ecology of social wasps. Considering the potential of social wasps as role models for studies in biology, behavior and ecology due to their importance as ecological service providers in the ecosystem, we must highlight the value of studies that investigate the ecology of these species in detail, aiming to further understand this group of organisms. The small amount of studies on social wasp ecology may be a consequence of the sometimes exaggerated behavior of human societies when concerning wasps (by associating wasps to the risk of accidents provoked by their stings) or even of disregard (by believing that these species have no value). Therefore, the analysis presented here may guide and subside future research on social wasp diversity and its ecological relations on the different Brazilian biomes. Finally, our study’s contribution is to widen the possi- bilities on social wasp research scenario and to give directions for future researchers on their work through the material listed on this paper. Fig 4. Rarefaction Curves for species richness estimators and Species Accumulation Curves generated through social wasp diversity studies in Brazil from 1982 to 2015, made from 5.000 randomizations on the sample order (see details in Data Analysis). Sociobiology 63(3): 858-880 (September, 2016) 865 Sp ec ie s St ud ie d E nv ir on m en t St ud ie d St at e Sa m pl in g M et ho ds R ef er en ce s C on st an cy A ge la ia a cr ea na S ilv ei ra & C ar pe nt er , 1 99 5 A M A M M T 43 1. 28 A ge la ia a ng ul at a (F ab ri ci us , 1 80 4) A M , A T, U E A M , M A , M G , P A , R O , R R , S P B T, M T, S T, A S, L B 10 , 1 2, 2 0, 2 7, 2 8, 4 3, 4 4, 56 , 5 7, 5 8, 63 , 7 1, 7 4 16 .6 7 A ge la ia a ng ul ic ol lis (S pi no sa , 1 85 1) A M A M , P A B T, M T, A S 10 , 2 7, 4 2 3. 85 A ge la ia b re vi st ig m a (R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8) A M A M , A P M T 22 1. 28 A ge la ia c aj en ne ns is (F ab ri ci us , 1 79 8) A M , C A , S A A M , A P, B A , P A , R O B T, L T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 1 2, 2 7, 4 2, 4 3, 5 1, 5 6, 7 1 10 .2 6 A ge la ia c en tr al is (C am er on , 1 90 7) A G , A M , A T, C A A M , A P, M A , M G , P A , R O B T, L T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 2 2, 2 7, 4 2, 4 3, 4 4, 5 1, 56 , 5 7, 5 8, 7 1 15 .3 8 A ge la ia c on st ru ct or (d e Sa us su re , 1 85 4) A M A M B T, A S 43 , 5 6 2. 56 A ge la ia fl av ip en ni s (D uc ke , 1 90 5) A M , S A A M , M T M T, A S 58 , 7 0 2. 56 A ge la ia fu lv of as ci at a (D eg ee r, 17 73 ) A M A M , A P, M A , P A , R O , R R B T, L T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 1 2, 2 0, 2 2, 2 7, 4 2, 4 3, 5 6, 5 7, 5 8, 7 1, 7 4 15 .3 8 A ge la ia h am ilt on i ( R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8) A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 A ge la ia lo bi pl eu ra (R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8) A M , S A A M , M T, R O M T, L B , Q 6, 2 0, 7 0, 7 1 5. 13 A ge la ia m el an op yg a C oo pe r, 20 00 A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 A ge la ia m ul tip ic ta (H al id ay , 1 83 6) A G , A M , A T, E U , R F, R G , S A , U E M G , M S, M T, R S, R R , SC , S P B T, M T, S T, A S, T T, FS , L B , M O , Q 1, 2 , 1 5, 1 9, 2 1, 2 3, 2 4, 2 8, 3 0, 3 2, 3 4, 3 9, 40 , 4 1, 4 5, 4 9, 5 2, 5 3, 6 1, 6 3, 6 4, 6 5, 6 6, 6 7, 70 , 7 2, 7 3, 7 4, 7 5, 7 6, 7 7, 7 8 41 .0 3 A ge la ia m yr m ec op hi la (D uc ke , 1 90 5) A M , S A A M , A P, M A , P A , R O B T, L T, M T, A S, F , L B 10 , 2 0, 2 2, 2 7, 4 2, 4 3, 5 6, 5 7, 7 0, 7 1 12 .8 2 A ge la ia o rn at a (D uc ke , 1 90 5) A M A M , R O A S, L B 43 , 5 6, 5 8, 7 1, 7 4 6. 41 A ge la ia p al lid iv en tr is (R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8) A M A M , R O A S, L B 43 , 7 1 2. 56 A ge la ia p al lip es (O liv ie r, 17 91 ) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , R F, A S, U E A M , B A , C E , G O , M A , M G , M T, M S, P A , P I, R O , R S, S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B 1, 7 , 1 0, 1 2, 1 6, 1 9, 2 5, 2 7, 3 1, 32 , 3 4, 3 6, 37 , 4 0, 4 2, 4 3, 4 7, 5 0, 51 , 5 4, 5 6, 5 7, 5 8, 6 0, 62 , 6 5, 6 7, 7 0, 7 1, 7 2, 7 3, 7 7 41 .0 3 A ge la ia te st ac ea (F ab ri ci us , 1 80 4) A M A M , A P, M A , P A , R O , R R , B T, L T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 2 7, 4 2, 4 3, 5 6, 5 7, 5 8, 7 1, 7 4 11 .5 4 A ge la ia ti m id a C oo pe r, 20 00 A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 A ge la ia v ic in a (S au ss ur e, 1 85 4) A G , A T, C A , E U , R F, R G , S A ,U E A L , B A , C E , M G , S C , SP , R S B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B , Q 2, 1 5, 2 1, 2 3, 2 4, 2 5, 2 6, 2 8, 3 0, 31 ,3 2, 3 3, 34 , 3 9, 4 0, 4 1, 4 6, 4 9, 5 1, 5 3, 5 9, 6 2, 6 4, 65 , 6 6, 6 9, 7 2, 7 3, 7 5 37 .1 8 A ng io po ly bi a ob id en si s (D uc ke , 1 90 4) A M A M B T, A S 43 , 5 6 2. 56 A ng io po ly bi a pa lle ns (L ep el et ie r, 18 36 ) A M , A T, C A , M G , R E , U E A M , A P, B A , M A , P A , PE , R R , S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S 10 , 1 2, 1 8, 2 0, 2 2, 2 7, 2 8, 4 2, 4 3, 5 1, 5 6, 57 , 5 8, 7 4 17 .9 5 A ng io po ly bi a pa ra en si s (S pi no sa , 1 85 1) A M , C A A M , M A , B A , P A , R O B T, L T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 1 2, 2 0, 2 7, 4 2, 4 3, 5 1, 5 6, 5 8, 7 1 12 .8 2 T ab le 2 . S oc ia l w as p sp ec ie s, st ud ie d en vi ro nm en t, sa m pl in g m et ho ds a nd p ub lic at io n re fe re nc es sa m pl in g sp ec ie s d iv er si ty in B ra zi l f ro m 1 98 2 to 2 01 5: S tu di ed E nv ir on m en t: A G – A gr oe co sy st em ; A M – A m az on ra in fo re st ; A T – A tla nt ic ra in fo re st ; C A – C aa tin ga ; E U – E uc al yp tu s; M A – M an gr ov e; P A – P an ta na l; R E – R es tin ga ; R F – R ip ar ia n fo re st ; R G – R oc ky G ra ss la nd ; S A – S av an na ; U E – U rb an E nv ir on m en t. St ud ie d St at e: A C – A cr e; A P – A m ap á; A M – A m az on as ; B A – B ah ia ; D F – D is tr ito F ed er al ; G O – G oi ás ; M A – M ar an hã o; M T – M at o G ro ss o; M S – M at o G ro ss o do S ul ; M G – M in as G er ai s; P A – P ar á; P R – P ar an á; P I – Pi au í; R S – R io G ra nd e do S ul ; R O – R on dô ni a; R R – R or ai m a; S C – S an ta C at ar in a; S P – Sã o Pa ul o. S am pl in g M et ho ds : A S – A ct iv e Se ar ch ; B T – B ai t T ra ps ; F – F og gi ng te ch ni qu e; F S – Fl ow er S ea rc h; L B - L iq ui d B ai t; L T – L ig ht T ra ps ; M O – M öe ri ck e; M T – M al ai se T ra p; Q – Q ua dr an t; ST – Sh ue y T ra p; T T – T ra y T ra ps . R ef er en ce s: s ee T ab le 1 . BC Barbosa et al. – Social Wasps of Brazil: A Review866 Sp ec ie s St ud ie d E nv ir on m en t St ud ie d St at e Sa m pl in g M et ho ds R ef er en ce s C on st an cy A ng io po ly bi a zi sc hk ai R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 A po ic a al bi m ac ul a (F ab ri ci us , 1 80 4) A M A M LT , A S 43 1. 28 A po ic a ar bo re a Sa us su re , 1 85 4 A M A M , M A , P A B T, L T, M T, A S 10 , 4 3, 5 6, 5 7, 5 8 6. 41 A po ic a fla vi ss im a V ec ht , 1 97 2 A M , A T, U E ,C A , E U , A S A M , A P, M S, P B , R R , S P B T, L T, M T, A S, T T, L B , M O 1, 1 9, 2 2, 3 7, 4 7, 5 1, 5 5, 6 1, 7 4, 7 7 12 .8 2 A po ic a ge lid a V ec th , 1 97 2 A G , A M , C A , R F, S A A M , M G , P E , R O , S P B T, L T, M T, L B 23 , 3 5, 3 8, 4 3, 5 1, 5 2, 6 5, 7 1, 7 3 12 .8 2 A po ic a pa lle ns (F ab ri ci us 1 80 4) A G , A M , A T, C A , R G , E U , M G , P A , R E , R F, S A , U E A M , A P, G O , B A , M A , M G , M T, M S, P A , S P B T, L T, M T, S T, A S, F S, L B , Q 1, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 1 0, 1 1, 1 5 1 6, 1 8, 21 ,2 2, 2 3, 2 4, 2 6, 2 7, 2 8, 3 3, 3 6, 3 9, 40 , 4 2, 4 3, 4 4, 4 5, 4 8, 5 0, 5 1, 5 6, 5 7, 58 , 6 0, 6 3, 6 4, 6 5, 6 8, 7 2, 7 5, 7 7 51 .2 8 A po ic a pa lli da (O liv ie r, 17 91 ) A M , C A A M , A P, B A , C E , M A , PA , R R B T, L T, M T, A S 10 , 2 2, 4 3, 5 1, 5 7, 5 8, 7 4 8. 97 A po ic a st ri ga ta R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M A M , M A , P A B T, L T 27 , 4 3, 5 7 3. 85 A po ic a th or ac ic a B uy ss on , 1 90 6 A M A M , A P, R R B T, L T, M T, A S 22 , 4 3, 5 8, 7 4 5. 13 A st el oe ca tr ai li (C am er on , 1 90 6) A M M A , P A B T, L T 10 , 5 7 2. 56 B ra ch yg as tr a al bu la R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M A M , R O M T, L B 20 , 7 1 2. 56 B ra ch yg as tr a au gu st i ( Sa us su re , 1 85 4) A M , A T, E U , P A , R F, S A , U E A M , A P, D F, M A , M G , M S, M T, R O , S P B T, M T, A S, F S, L B 1, 8 , 1 5, 1 9, 2 2, 2 3, 3 2, 3 4, 3 6, 4 0, 4 4, 47 , 4 8, 5 2, 5 7, 5 8, 5 9, 6 0, 6 2, 6 4, 7 0, 71 , 7 2, 7 5 30 .7 7 B ra ch yg as tr a bi lin eo la ta (S pi no sa , 1 84 1) A M , S A A M , A P, M T, P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B , Q 6, 1 0, 2 2, 3 7, 5 8, 7 0, 7 1 8. 97 B ra ch yg as tr a co op er i ( R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8) A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 B ra ch yg as tr a le ch eg ua na (L at re ill e, 1 82 4) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , M G , PA , R E , R F, R G , S A , U E A M , A P, B A , G O , M G , M S, M T, P A , P B , P E , P I, R O , R S, S C , S P B T, L T, M T, A S, T T, FS , L B , M O 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 1 0, 1 1, 1 3, 1 4, 1 6, 17 ,1 8, 1 9, 2 0, 2 2, 2 4, 2 6, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 35 , 3 8, 3 9, 4 0, 4 1, 4 4, 4 7, 4 8, 4 9, 5 1, 53 , 5 4, 5 5, 5 8, 5 9, 6 1, 6 2, 6 4, 6 5, 6 6, 67 , 6 8, 7 0, 7 1, 7 2, 7 5, 7 7, 7 8 62 .8 2 B ra ch yg as tr a m oe bi an a (S au ss ur e, 1 86 7) A M , A T, S A , U E A M , M S, S P M T, A S, L B 20 , 3 4, 4 7, 7 2, 7 5 6. 41 B ra ch yg as tr a m ou le ae R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A T, S A M S, S P B T, M T, A S, T T, F S, L B , M O 34 , 5 5, 6 1, 6 2, 7 2, 7 7 7. 69 B ra ch yg as tr a sc ut el la ri s (F ab ri ci us , 1 80 4) A M , C A A M , P E , P I, R O M T, L B 43 , 5 1, 5 8, 7 1 5. 13 B ra ch yg as tr a sm ith ii de S au ss ur e, 1 85 3 A M R R A S 74 1. 28 C ha rt er ge llu s am az on ic us R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M A M , R O M T, A S, L B 43 , 5 6, 7 1 3. 85 T ab le 2 . S oc ia l w as p sp ec ie s, st ud ie d en vi ro nm en t, sa m pl in g m et ho ds a nd p ub lic at io n re fe re nc es sa m pl in g sp ec ie s d iv er si ty in B ra zi l f ro m 1 98 2 to 2 01 5: S tu di ed E nv ir on m en t: A G – A gr oe co sy st em ; A M – A m az on ra in fo re st ; A T – A tla nt ic ra in fo re st ; C A – C aa tin ga ; E U – E uc al yp tu s; M A – M an gr ov e; P A – P an ta na l; R E – R es tin ga ; R F – R ip ar ia n fo re st ; R G – R oc ky G ra ss la nd ; S A – S av an na ; U E – U rb an E nv ir on m en t. St ud ie d St at e: A C – A cr e; A P – A m ap á; A M – A m az on as ; B A – B ah ia ; D F – D is tr ito F ed er al ; G O – G oi ás ; M A – M ar an hã o; M T – M at o G ro ss o; M S – M at o G ro ss o do S ul ; M G – M in as G er ai s; P A – P ar á; P R – P ar an á; P I – Pi au í; R S – R io G ra nd e do S ul ; R O – R on dô ni a; R R – R or ai m a; S C – S an ta C at ar in a; S P – Sã o Pa ul o. S am pl in g M et ho ds : A S – A ct iv e Se ar ch ; B T – B ai t T ra ps ; F – F og gi ng te ch ni qu e; F S – Fl ow er S ea rc h; L B - L iq ui d B ai t; L T – L ig ht T ra ps ; M O – M öe ri ck e; M T – M al ai se T ra p; Q – Q ua dr an t; ST – Sh ue y T ra p; T T – T ra y T ra ps . R ef er en ce s: s ee T ab le 1 . ( C on tin ua tio n) Sociobiology 63(3): 858-880 (September, 2016) 867 Sp ec ie s St ud ie d E nv ir on m en t St ud ie d St at e Sa m pl in g M et ho ds R ef er en ce s C on st an cy C ha rt er ge llu s co m m un is R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M , C A , S A B A , M G , M T, P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B , Q 6, 1 6, 2 6, 2 7, 3 7 51 , 7 0, 7 1 10 .2 6 C ha rt er ge llu s ni ge rr im us R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M A M , A P M T 22 1. 28 C ha rt er ge llu s pu nc ta tio r R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M A M , A P M T 22 1. 28 C ha rt er ge llu s zo na tu s (S pi no la , 1 85 1) A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 C ha rt er gi nu s fu lv us F ox , 1 90 4 A M A M , P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 4 3, 5 6, 7 1 5. 13 C ha rt er gu s ch ar ta ri us (O liv ie r, 19 71 ) A M , S A A M , A P, M T, R R M T, A S, Q 6, 2 2, 5 8, 7 0, 7 4 6. 41 C ha rt er gu s gl ob iv en tr is S au ss ur e, 1 85 4 A M , C A , P A , S A , U E B A , M T, P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 2 6, 3 7, 4 8, 5 1, 7 1 7. 69 C ha rt er gu s m et an ot al is R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M PA B T, M T 10 1. 28 C ly pe ar ia a ng us tio r D uc ke , 1 90 6 A T, C A , S A B A , M G B T, L T, M T, A S, F S 11 , 2 3, 4 4, 5 1, 5 9, 6 8 7. 69 C ly pe ar ia a pi ci pe nn is (S pi no sa , 1 85 1) A M A M A S 43 , 5 6 2. 56 C ly pe ar ia d uc ke i R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M A M , A P M T 22 , 4 3 2. 56 C ly pe ar ia s ul ca ta (d e Sa us su re , 1 85 3) A M A M , A P, P A B T, M T, A S 10 , 2 2, 4 3, 5 6, 5 8 6. 41 C ly pe ar ia w ey ra uc hi R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M A M , A P M T 22 1. 28 E pi po na ta tu a (C uv ie r, 17 97 ) A M , S A A M , D F, M A , M G , M T, P A A S, B T, L T, M T, Q 6, 8 , 1 0, 4 3, 5 6, 5 7, 7 0 10 .2 6 Le ip om el es d or sa ta (F ab ri cu s, 1 80 4) A M , C A A M , B A , C E , P A , R O B T, L T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 2 7, 4 2, 4 3, 5 1, 5 6, 5 8, 7 1 10 .2 6 Le ip om el es p us si la (D uc ke , 1 90 4) A M A M A S 43 1. 28 Le ip om el es s pi lo ga st ra C am er on , 1 91 2 A M A M M T, F 43 1. 28 M et ap ol yb ia a lfk en ii (D uc ke 1 90 4) A M A M M T 22 1. 28 M et ap ol yb ia c in gu la ta (F ab ri ci us 1 80 4) A M , A T, C A , M G , R E , S A , U E A M , A P, B A , M G , M T, P A , PE , S P A S, B T, M T, L B , Q 6, 1 0, 1 8, 2 5, 2 6, 3 1, 3 7, 4 4, 5 1, 7 2 12 .8 2 M et ap ol yb ia d ec or at a (G ri bo do , 1 89 6) A M A M , A P M T 22 1. 28 M et ap ol yb ia d oc ili s R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 SA SP M T, A S, L B 34 , 7 2 2. 56 M et ap ol yb ia n ig ra R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M A M A S 43 , 5 8 2. 56 M et ap ol yb ia r uf at a R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M A M , A P M T 22 , 4 3 2. 56 M et ap ol yb ia s uf fu sa (F ox , 1 89 9) SA SP A S 37 1. 28 M et ap ol yb ia u ni lin ea ta (I he ri ng , 1 90 4) A M , S A A M , R R , S P M T, A S 37 , 4 3, 7 4 3. 85 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ad ol ph i Z ik án , 1 94 9 A M A M , P A B T, M T, A S 10 , 2 7, 4 2 3. 85 M is ch oc yt ta ru s al bo ni ge r R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M R R A S 74 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ar ac at ub ae ns is Z ik an , 1 94 9 SA SP FS 62 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ar au jo i Z ik án 1 94 9 A T, E U , R F M G , S P B T, A S 1, 1 5, 2 3, 4 4, 4 9, 6 4 7. 69 T ab le 2 . S oc ia l w as p sp ec ie s, st ud ie d en vi ro nm en t, sa m pl in g m et ho ds a nd p ub lic at io n re fe re nc es sa m pl in g sp ec ie s d iv er si ty in B ra zi l f ro m 1 98 2 to 2 01 5: S tu di ed E nv ir on m en t: A G – A gr oe co sy st em ; A M – A m az on ra in fo re st ; A T – A tla nt ic ra in fo re st ; C A – C aa tin ga ; E U – E uc al yp tu s; M A – M an gr ov e; P A – P an ta na l; R E – R es tin ga ; R F – R ip ar ia n fo re st ; R G – R oc ky G ra ss la nd ; S A – S av an na ; U E – U rb an E nv ir on m en t. St ud ie d St at e: A C – A cr e; A P – A m ap á; A M – A m az on as ; B A – B ah ia ; D F – D is tr ito F ed er al ; G O – G oi ás ; M A – M ar an hã o; M T – M at o G ro ss o; M S – M at o G ro ss o do S ul ; M G – M in as G er ai s; P A – P ar á; P R – P ar an á; P I – Pi au í; R S – R io G ra nd e do S ul ; R O – R on dô ni a; R R – R or ai m a; S C – S an ta C at ar in a; S P – Sã o Pa ul o. S am pl in g M et ho ds : A S – A ct iv e Se ar ch ; B T – B ai t T ra ps ; F – F og gi ng te ch ni qu e; F S – Fl ow er S ea rc h; L B - L iq ui d B ai t; L T – L ig ht T ra ps ; M O – M öe ri ck e; M T – M al ai se T ra p; Q – Q ua dr an t; ST – Sh ue y T ra p; T T – T ra y T ra ps . R ef er en ce s: s ee T ab le 1 . ( C on tin ua tio n) BC Barbosa et al. – Social Wasps of Brazil: A Review868 Sp ec ie s St ud ie d E nv ir on m en t St ud ie d St at e Sa m pl in g M et ho ds R ef er en ce s C on st an cy M is ch oc yt ta ru s ar tif ex (D uc ke , 1 91 4) A M , R F, S A A M , A P B T, M T, A S 22 , 2 3, 5 2 3. 85 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ba hi ae R ic ha rd s, 1 94 5 A G , C A , U E B A , M G LT , L T, M T, A S, F S 4, 5 , 5 1, 7 8 5. 13 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ba hi ae ns is Z ik án , 1 94 9 C A B A , M G A S, B T, L T, M T 44 , 5 1 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s be rt on ii D uc ke , 1 91 8 U E PA A S 50 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ca rb on ar iu s (S au ss ur e, 18 54 ) A M A M , P A , R R B T, M T, A S 10 , 2 7, 4 2, 7 4 5. 13 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ca ri nu la tu s Z ik án , 1 94 9 C A B A LT , M T 51 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ca ss un un ga (I he ri ng , 1 90 3) A G , A T, C A , E U , R F, R G SA , U E B A , D F, M G , P A , P E , S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B , Q 1, 8 , 1 5, 1 6, 1 9, 2 1, 2 3, 2 4, 2 6, 2 8, 30 , 3 2, 3 5, 3 8, 3 9, 4 0, 4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 49 , 5 0, 5 1, 5 2, 5 9, 6 2, 6 4, 6 8, 7 5, 7 8 37 .1 8 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ce ar en si s R ic ha rd s, 1 94 5 C A B A LT , M T, F S 17 , 5 1 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ce rb er us D uc ke , 1 91 8 A G , A T, C A , E U , S A , U E B A , D F, M T, M G , M S, S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B , Q 1, 6 , 8 , 1 3, 1 6, 1 9, 2 5, 2 6, 3 1, 3 2, 34 , 3 7, 4 7, 5 1, 6 2, 7 0, 7 2, 7 5 24 .3 6 M is ch oc yt ta ru s co lla re llu s R ic ha rd s, 1 94 0 A M A M , P A B T, M T, A S 10 , 2 7, 4 2 3. 85 M is ch oc yt ta ru s co lla ri s (D uc ke , 1 90 4) A M A M A S 43 , 5 6 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s co nf us us Z ik an , 1 93 5 A T, R F, R G , S A M G B T, A S, F S 15 , 2 3, 2 4, 3 3, 3 5, 3 8, 4 4, 4 5, 5 2 11 .5 4 M is ch oc yt ta ru s co ns im ili s Z ik án , 1 94 9 A T, S A SP M T, A S, L B 34 , 7 2 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s dr ew se ni S au ss ur e, 1 95 4 A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , R F, R G , S A , U E A M , B A , M G , M T, M S, R S, S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B , Q 1, 4 , 6 , 1 1, 1 4, 1 5, 1 6, 1 9, 2 3, 2 4, 26 , 3 0, 3 2, 3 3, 3 5, 3 6, 3 8, 3 9, 4 0, 41 , 4 4, 4 5, 4 9, 5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 8, 5 9, 60 , 6 2, 6 4, 6 5, 6 6, 6 8, 6 9, 7 0, 7 3, 7 8 48 .7 2 M is ch oc yt ta ru s du ck ei B uy ss on , 1 90 8 A M A M , P A B T, M T, A S 10 , 2 0, 2 7, 4 2 5. 13 M is ch oc yt ta ru s fla vi ca ns (F ab ri ci us , 1 80 4) A M A M , P A , R O B T, A S, L B 24 , 4 3, 5 6, 7 1 5. 13 M is ch oc yt ta ru s fla vi co rn is Z ik án , 1 93 5 C A B A LT , M T 51 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s fla vo sc ul le ta tu s Z ik án , 19 35 A T M G B T, A S 44 , 6 4 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s flu m in en si s Z ik án , 1 94 9 A T M G B T, A S 44 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s fo ve at us R ic ha rd s, 1 94 0 A M A M , A P, P A B T, M T 10 , 2 2 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s fr on ta lis (F ox , 1 89 8) A S, U E M G , M S A S, B T, L B 44 , 4 7 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s fu ne ru lu s Z ik án , 1 94 9 A T M G B T, A S 15 , 2 3, 4 4, 4 9 5. 13 M is ch oc yt ta ru s go m es i S ilv ei ra , 2 01 3 A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 T ab le 2 . S oc ia l w as p sp ec ie s, st ud ie d en vi ro nm en t, sa m pl in g m et ho ds a nd p ub lic at io n re fe re nc es sa m pl in g sp ec ie s d iv er si ty in B ra zi l f ro m 1 98 2 to 2 01 5: S tu di ed E nv ir on m en t: A G – A gr oe co sy st em ; A M – A m az on ra in fo re st ; A T – A tla nt ic ra in fo re st ; C A – C aa tin ga ; E U – E uc al yp tu s; M A – M an gr ov e; P A – P an ta na l; R E – R es tin ga ; R F – R ip ar ia n fo re st ; R G – R oc ky G ra ss la nd ; S A – S av an na ; U E – U rb an E nv ir on m en t. St ud ie d St at e: A C – A cr e; A P – A m ap á; A M – A m az on as ; B A – B ah ia ; D F – D is tr ito F ed er al ; G O – G oi ás ; M A – M ar an hã o; M T – M at o G ro ss o; M S – M at o G ro ss o do S ul ; M G – M in as G er ai s; P A – P ar á; P R – P ar an á; P I – Pi au í; R S – R io G ra nd e do S ul ; R O – R on dô ni a; R R – R or ai m a; S C – S an ta C at ar in a; S P – Sã o Pa ul o. S am pl in g M et ho ds : A S – A ct iv e Se ar ch ; B T – B ai t T ra ps ; F – F og gi ng te ch ni qu e; F S – Fl ow er S ea rc h; L B - L iq ui d B ai t; L T – L ig ht T ra ps ; M O – M öe ri ck e; M T – M al ai se T ra p; Q – Q ua dr an t; ST – Sh ue y T ra p; T T – T ra y T ra ps . R ef er en ce s: s ee T ab le 1 . ( C on tin ua tio n) Sociobiology 63(3): 858-880 (September, 2016) 869 Sp ec ie s St ud ie d E nv ir on m en t St ud ie d St at e Sa m pl in g M et ho ds R ef er en ce s C on st an cy M is ch oc yt ta ru s go ya nu s Z ik án , 1 94 9 SA D F A S 8 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s gr an ad ae ns is Z ik an , 1 94 9 A M R R A S 74 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ig no tu s Z ik án , 1 94 9 A G , A T, S A M G , S P M T, A S, L B 34 , 7 2, 7 8 3. 85 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ih er in gi Z ik án , 1 93 5 U E M G A S 64 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s im ita to r Z ik án , 1 93 5 A M A M , A P, P A B T, M T 10 , 2 2, 4 3 3. 85 M is ch oc yt ta ru s in ju cu nd us (S au ss ur e, 1 85 4) A M , C A , S A A M , A P, B A , P A , R R , S P B T, L T, M T, A S 10 , 2 2, 3 7, 5 1, 7 4 6. 41 M is ch oc yt ta ru s in te rr up tu s R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ju ra nu s R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M PA B T 10 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s la bi at us (F ab ri ci us , 1 80 4) A M , A T, C A , E U , S A A M , B A , M T, P A , R O , R R , S P B T, M T, A S, L B , Q 1, 6 , 1 0, 2 0, 4 3, 5 1, 5 6, 5 8, 7 1, 7 4 12 .8 2 M is ch oc yt ta ru s la ne i Z ik án , 1 94 9 A G , C A , U E B A B T, L T, M T, A S, F S 4, 5 , 1 3, 5 1 5. 13 M is ch oc yt ta ru s la tio r (F ox , 1 89 8) A G , A T, E U , R G , S A , U E M G , M S, S P B T, A S, F S, L B 1, 1 6, 1 9, 3 2, 3 5, 3 8, 4 5, 4 7, 7 7, 7 8 12 .8 2 M is ch oc yt ta ru s le co in te i ( D uc ke , 1 90 4) A M A M , A P, P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 2 2, 2 7, 4 2 ,4 3, 5 6, 7 1 8. 97 M is ch oc yt ta ru s m al ar is R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M A M M T 42 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s m ar ac ae ns is R aw , 1 99 2 A M R R A S 74 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s m ar gi na tu s (F ox , 1 89 8) A T C A , R G , S A B A , M G , P A , S P B T, L T, M T, F S, L B 19 , 3 2, 3 5, 3 8, 4 5, 5 1 7. 69 M is ch oc yt ta ru s m at to gr os so en si s Z ik án , 1 93 5 A G , C A , R F, S A , U E B A , M G , M T, M S, S P A S, B T, F S, L B , Q 4, 5 , 6 , 4 0, 4 7, 6 5, 7 0, 7 8 10 .2 6 M is ch oc yt ta ru s m el an op s C oo pe r, 19 96 A M PA B T 10 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s m et at ho ra ci cu s (S au ss ur e, 1 85 4) A M , S A A M , M T, P A B T, M T, A S, Q 6, 1 0, 2 7, 4 3, 5 8 6. 41 M is ch oc yt ta ru s m ir ifi cu s Z ik án , 1 93 5 R G M G B T, A S 45 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s m on te i Z ik án , 1 94 9 C A B A LT , M T 51 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s no m ur ae R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A G , C A B A , M G LT , M T, A S 51 , 7 8 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s oe co th ri x R ic ha rd s, 1 94 0 A M A M , P A B T, M T, A S 10 , 2 7, 4 2 3. 85 M is ch oc yt ta ru s pa ra gu ay en si s Z ik án , 1 93 5 A G M G A S 78 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s pa ra lle llo gr am m us Z ik án , 1 93 5 A T, U E M G , S P B T, A S 28 , 3 9 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s pa ul is ta nu s Z ik án , 1 93 5 A T, S A SP M T, A S, L B 34 , 7 2 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s pr om in ul us R ic ha rd s, 1 94 1 A M R R A S 74 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s pu nc ta tu s (D uc ke , 1 90 4) A M M G , P A A S, B T 27 , 4 4 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s ri og ra nd en si s R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A T R S FS 53 1. 28 T ab le 2 . S oc ia l w as p sp ec ie s, st ud ie d en vi ro nm en t, sa m pl in g m et ho ds a nd p ub lic at io n re fe re nc es sa m pl in g sp ec ie s d iv er si ty in B ra zi l f ro m 1 98 2 to 2 01 5: S tu di ed E nv ir on m en t: A G – A gr oe co sy st em ; A M – A m az on ra in fo re st ; A T – A tla nt ic ra in fo re st ; C A – C aa tin ga ; E U – E uc al yp tu s; M A – M an gr ov e; P A – P an ta na l; R E – R es tin ga ; R F – R ip ar ia n fo re st ; R G – R oc ky G ra ss la nd ; S A – S av an na ; U E – U rb an E nv ir on m en t. St ud ie d St at e: A C – A cr e; A P – A m ap á; A M – A m az on as ; B A – B ah ia ; D F – D is tr ito F ed er al ; G O – G oi ás ; M A – M ar an hã o; M T – M at o G ro ss o; M S – M at o G ro ss o do S ul ; M G – M in as G er ai s; P A – P ar á; P R – P ar an á; P I – Pi au í; R S – R io G ra nd e do S ul ; R O – R on dô ni a; R R – R or ai m a; S C – S an ta C at ar in a; S P – Sã o Pa ul o. S am pl in g M et ho ds : A S – A ct iv e Se ar ch ; B T – B ai t T ra ps ; F – F og gi ng te ch ni qu e; F S – Fl ow er S ea rc h; L B - L iq ui d B ai t; L T – L ig ht T ra ps ; M O – M öe ri ck e; M T – M al ai se T ra p; Q – Q ua dr an t; ST – Sh ue y T ra p; T T – T ra y T ra ps . R ef er en ce s: s ee T ab le 1 . ( C on tin ua tio n) BC Barbosa et al. – Social Wasps of Brazil: A Review870 Sp ec ie s St ud ie d E nv ir on m en t St ud ie d St at e Sa m pl in g M et ho ds R ef er en ce s C on st an cy M is ch oc yt ta ru s ro tu nd ic ol lis (C am er on , 1 91 2) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , R G , R F, S A , U E A M , B A , M G , M T, R S, S P B T, M T, A S, F S, L B 1, 1 5, 1 9, 2 1, 2 3, 2 5, 2 8, 3 1, 3 2, 3 4, 35 , 3 8, 4 0, 4 1, 4 3 44 , 4 5, 4 9, 5 1, 5 3, 56 , 5 9, 6 2, 6 4, 6 5, 6 7, 7 0, 7 2, 7 5, 7 8 38 .4 6 M is ch oc yt ta ru s sa tu ra tu s Z ik án , 1 94 9 A M A M , P A B T, M T 10 , 4 3 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s so ci al is (S au ss ur e, 1 85 4) A M , A T, R F, R G , S A , U E A M , S P, M G B T, M T, A S, F S, L B 15 , 1 6, 1 9, 2 3, 2 8, 3 2, 3 3, 3 5, 3 8, 3 9, 43 , 4 5, 5 2, 5 6, 5 8, 6 4 20 .5 1 M is ch oc yt ta ru s su ri na m en si s (S au ss ur e, 1 85 4) A M , C A A M , B A , C E , P A , R R B T, M T, A S 10 , 4 3, 5 1, 5 6, 5 8, , 7 4 7. 69 M is ch oc yt ta ru s sy lv es tr is R ic ha rd s, 1 94 5 A M A M , P A B T, M T, A S 10 , 2 7, 4 2 3. 85 M is ch oc yt ta ru s sy no ec us R ic ha rd s, 1 94 0 A M A M , A P, P A B T, M T, A S, F 10 , 2 2, 2 7, 4 2, 4 3 6. 41 M is ch oc yt ta ru s te ct us C oo pe r, 19 96 A M PA B T, M T 10 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s tim bi ra S ilv ei ra , 2 00 6 SA SP A S 37 1. 28 M is ch oc yt ta ru s to m en to su s Z ik án , 1 93 5 A M PA , R O B T, M T, L B 10 , 7 1 2. 56 M is ch oc yt ta ru s tr ic ol or R ic ha rd s, 1 94 5 A T, S A M G B T, A S 15 , 2 3, 3 5, 3 8, 4 4, 4 9, 7 5 8. 97 M is ch oc yt ta ru s w ag ne ri (B uy ss on , 1 90 8) A T, R F, R G M G B T, A S 15 , 2 3, 4 4, 4 5, 4 9, 5 2, 6 4 8. 97 M is ch oc yt ta ru s yp ir ag ue ns is F on se ca , 1 92 6 R G M G B T, A S 45 1. 28 P ar ac ha rt er gu s fa sc iip en ni s D uc ke , 1 90 5 A M A M M T 43 1. 28 P ar ac ha rt er gu s fla vo fa sc ia tu s (C am er on , 1 90 6) A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 P ar ac ha rt er gu s fr at er nu s (G ri bo do , 1 89 1) A M , A T, P A , R G , R F, S A , U E A M , A P, D F, M A , M G , M T, P A , R O , S P B T, M T, A S, F S, L B , Q 6, 8 , 1 0, 1 9, 2 2, 2 3, 2 7, 3 2, 3 3, 3 7, 38 , 3 9, 4 3, 4 4, 4 5, 4 8, 5 2, 5 7, 5 8, 64 , 6 9, 7 0, 7 1 29 .4 9 P ar ac ha rt er gu s fu lg id ip en ni s (S au ss ur e, 1 85 4) A M A M , A P, P A B T, M T 22 , 2 7 2. 56 P ar ac ha rt er gu s gr is eu s (F ox , 1 89 8) A M A M M T 43 1. 28 P ar ac ha rt er gu s le nk oi R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 P ar ac ha rt er gu s ps eu do ap ic al is W ill in k, 1 95 9 A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , M G , R E , A S, U E B A , M G , P E , R O , S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B 1, 4 , 5 , 1 6, 1 8, 2 6, 3 5, 5 1, 6 8, 7 1 12 .8 2 P ar ac ha rt er gu s ri ch ar ds i W ill in k, 1 95 9 A M A M , P A M T 10 , 4 3 2. 56 P ar ac ha rt er gu s sm ith ii (S au ss ur e, 1 85 4) A M , A T, S A , U E A M , A P, M S, M T, R O , S P M T, A S, F S, L B 22 , 3 4, 4 7, 6 2, 7 0, 7 1, 7 2 8. 97 P ol is te s ac ta eo n H al id ay , 1 83 6 A G , A T, E U , R F, A S, U E M G , R S, S P B T, A S, F S, L B 15 , 2 1, 2 3, 3 5, 3 8, 3 9, 4 0, 4 4, 4 9, 5 2, 53 , 5 9, 6 4, 6 6, 6 7, 7 8 20 .5 1 P ol is te s bi gu tta tu s H al id ay , 1 83 6 A T R S FS 53 1. 28 T ab le 2 . S oc ia l w as p sp ec ie s, st ud ie d en vi ro nm en t, sa m pl in g m et ho ds a nd p ub lic at io n re fe re nc es sa m pl in g sp ec ie s d iv er si ty in B ra zi l f ro m 1 98 2 to 2 01 5: S tu di ed E nv ir on m en t: A G – A gr oe co sy st em ; A M – A m az on ra in fo re st ; A T – A tla nt ic ra in fo re st ; C A – C aa tin ga ; E U – E uc al yp tu s; M A – M an gr ov e; P A – P an ta na l; R E – R es tin ga ; R F – R ip ar ia n fo re st ; R G – R oc ky G ra ss la nd ; S A – S av an na ; U E – U rb an E nv ir on m en t. St ud ie d St at e: A C – A cr e; A P – A m ap á; A M – A m az on as ; B A – B ah ia ; D F – D is tr ito F ed er al ; G O – G oi ás ; M A – M ar an hã o; M T – M at o G ro ss o; M S – M at o G ro ss o do S ul ; M G – M in as G er ai s; P A – P ar á; P R – P ar an á; P I – Pi au í; R S – R io G ra nd e do S ul ; R O – R on dô ni a; R R – R or ai m a; S C – S an ta C at ar in a; S P – Sã o Pa ul o. S am pl in g M et ho ds : A S – A ct iv e Se ar ch ; B T – B ai t T ra ps ; F – F og gi ng te ch ni qu e; F S – Fl ow er S ea rc h; L B - L iq ui d B ai t; L T – L ig ht T ra ps ; M O – M öe ri ck e; M T – M al ai se T ra p; Q – Q ua dr an t; ST – Sh ue y T ra p; T T – T ra y T ra ps . R ef er en ce s: s ee T ab le 1 . ( C on tin ua tio n) Sociobiology 63(3): 858-880 (September, 2016) 871 Sp ec ie s St ud ie d E nv ir on m en t St ud ie d St at e Sa m pl in g M et ho ds R ef er en ce s C on st an cy P ol is te s bi lla rd ie ri F ab ri ci us , 1 80 4 A G , A T, C A , E U , M G , R E , R F, R G , S A , U E B A , M G , M S, M T, P B , P E , R S, S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B 1, 4 , 1 3, 1 5, 1 6, 1 8, 2 4, 3 3, 3 5, 3 6, 3 8, 4 0, 4 1, 4 3, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6, 4 7, 4 9, 51 , 5 2, 5 3, 6 0, 6 5, 6 8, 7 0 33 .3 3 P ol is te s br ev ifi ss us R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M , A T, C A , R F B A , M S, P B , R R B T, L T, M T, A S, L B , A S 36 , 5 1, 6 0, 7 4 5. 13 P ol is te s ca na de ns is (L in na eu s, 1 75 8) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , M G , R E , R G , S A , U E A M , A P, B A , C E , M G , M T, M S, P B , P E , P I, R O , S P A S, B T, L T, M T, T T, F S, L B , M O , Q 1, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 1 1, 1 3, 1 4, 1 7, 1 8, 1 9, 2 2, 32 , 3 7, 4 3, 4 4, 4 7, 5 1, 5 4, 5 5, 5 6, 5 8, 6 1, 68 , 7 0, 7 1, 7 6, 7 7, 7 8 37 .1 8 P ol is te s ca rn ife x (F ab ri ci us , 1 77 5) A M , A T, C A , M G , R E , U E A M , B A , M G , P E , S P A S, B T, L T, M T 18 , 2 8, 4 4, 5 1, 5 8 6. 41 P ol is te s ca va py ta S au ss ur e, 1 85 3 A T R S FS 53 1. 28 P ol is te s ca va py tif or m is R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A T R S FS 53 1. 28 P ol is te s ci ne ra sc en s Sa us su re , 1 85 4 A G , A T, C A , M G , R E , R F, R G , S A A L , B A , C E , M G , M S, R S, S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B , Q 1, 1 1, 1 3, 1 5, 1 6, 1 8, 2 3, 2 4, 3 3, 3 5, 3 6, 38 , 4 0, 4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 9, 5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 6 0, 6 2, 64 , 6 5, 6 7, 7 3, 7 5 34 .6 2 P ol is te s co ns ob ri nu s Sa us su re , 1 85 3 A G , A T, E U R S, S C , S P B T, A S, F S 1, 2 , 5 3 3. 85 P ol is te s da vi lla e R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 R G M G B T, A S 45 1. 28 P ol is te s fe rr er i S au ss ur e, 1 85 3 A G , A T, C A , R G , R F, S A , U E B A , M G , M S, P A , S C , S P B T, L T, M T, A S, T T, M O , Q 2, 1 5, 1 6, 2 3, 2 4, 3 3, 3 5, 3 8, 4 0, 44 , 4 5, 4 9, 5 0, 5 1, 5 5, 6 1, 7 7 21 .7 9 P ol is te s ge m in at us F ox , 1 89 8 A T, C A , S A , R F B A , M G , M S, M T, S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B 34 , 3 5, 3 6, 3 8, 4 0, 5 1, 6 0, 6 2, 7 0, 7 2 12 .8 2 P ol is te s go el di i D uc ke , 1 90 4 A M A M , M G , P A B T, M T, A S 10 , 3 5, 4 3, 5 6 5. 13 P ol is te s la ni o (F ab ri ci us , 1 77 5) A G , A T, C A , E U , A S, U E B A , M G , S P, P A B T, L T, M T, S T, A S, F S 21 , 3 5, 3 8, 4 0, 5 0, 5 1, 6 2, 6 3, 6 5, 7 3, 7 5 14 .1 0 P ol is te s oc ci pi ta lis D uc ke , 1 90 4 A M M G , P A , R O A S, B T, M T, L B 10 , 2 7, 4 4, 7 1 5. 13 P ol is te s pa ci fic us F ab ri ci us , 1 80 4 A M , A T, C A , R F, S A A M , B A , M G , M T, P A , R S B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, Q 6, 1 0, 1 5, 2 3, 4 3, 4 4, 4 9, 5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 56 , 6 4, 7 5 16 .6 7 P ol is te s ru fiv en tr is D uc ke , 1 90 4 A M PA B T, M T 27 1. 28 P ol is te s sa ta n B eq ua er t, 19 40 A G , S A D F, M G B T, A S 8, 7 8 2. 56 P ol is te s si m ili m us Z ik án , 1 95 1 A G , A T, C A , E U , R G , R F, SA , U E B A , M G , M S, R S, S P B T, L T, M T, S T, A S, T T, FS , L B , M O 1, 1 4, 1 5, 1 7, 2 1, 2 3, 2 4, 3 1, 3 4, 3 6, 3 9, 40 , 4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 9, 5 1, 5 2, 5 5, 6 0, 6 1, 6 2, 63 , 6 4, 6 5, 6 6, 6 7, 7 2, 7 3, 7 5, 7 7, 7 8 41 .0 3 P ol is te s su bs er ic iu s Sa us su re , 1 85 4 A G , A T, C A , R F, S A , U E B A , M G , M T, M S, S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B , Q 15 , 1 6, 1 9, 2 3, 3 2, 3 5, 3 6, 3 8, 4 0, 4 1, 4 4, 45 , 4 7, 4 9, 5 0, 6 1, 6 2, 6 5, 7 0 24 .3 6 P ol is te s te st ac ei co lo r B eq ua er t, 19 37 A M A M , M A M T, A S 43 , 5 6, 5 7 3. 85 T ab le 2 . S oc ia l w as p sp ec ie s, st ud ie d en vi ro nm en t, sa m pl in g m et ho ds a nd p ub lic at io n re fe re nc es sa m pl in g sp ec ie s d iv er si ty in B ra zi l f ro m 1 98 2 to 2 01 5: S tu di ed E nv ir on m en t: A G – A gr oe co sy st em ; A M – A m az on ra in fo re st ; A T – A tla nt ic ra in fo re st ; C A – C aa tin ga ; E U – E uc al yp tu s; M A – M an gr ov e; P A – P an ta na l; R E – R es tin ga ; R F – R ip ar ia n fo re st ; R G – R oc ky G ra ss la nd ; S A – S av an na ; U E – U rb an E nv ir on m en t. St ud ie d St at e: A C – A cr e; A P – A m ap á; A M – A m az on as ; B A – B ah ia ; D F – D is tr ito F ed er al ; G O – G oi ás ; M A – M ar an hã o; M T – M at o G ro ss o; M S – M at o G ro ss o do S ul ; M G – M in as G er ai s; P A – P ar á; P R – P ar an á; P I – Pi au í; R S – R io G ra nd e do S ul ; R O – R on dô ni a; R R – R or ai m a; S C – S an ta C at ar in a; S P – Sã o Pa ul o. S am pl in g M et ho ds : A S – A ct iv e Se ar ch ; B T – B ai t T ra ps ; F – F og gi ng te ch ni qu e; F S – Fl ow er S ea rc h; L B - L iq ui d B ai t; L T – L ig ht T ra ps ; M O – M öe ri ck e; M T – M al ai se T ra p; Q – Q ua dr an t; ST – Sh ue y T ra p; T T – T ra y T ra ps . R ef er en ce s: s ee T ab le 1 . ( C on tin ua tio n) BC Barbosa et al. – Social Wasps of Brazil: A Review872 Sp ec ie s St ud ie d E nv ir on m en t St ud ie d St at e Sa m pl in g M et ho ds R ef er en ce s C on st an cy P ol is te s th or ac ic us F ox , 1 89 8 SA M T A S 70 1. 28 P ol is te s ve rs ic ol or (O liv ie r, 17 91 ) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , M G , PA , R E , R F, R G , S A , U E A M , A P, B A , M A , M G , M S, M T, P A , R R , R S, S C , S P B T, L T, M T, S T, A S, T T, F S, L B , M O 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 1 0, 1 1, 1 3, 1 5, 1 6, 1 8, 1 9, 2 1, 22 , 2 3, 2 5, 2 6, 2 8, 3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 6, 38 , 3 9, 4 0, 4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6, 4 7, 4 8, 4 9, 5 0, 51 , 5 2, 5 3, 5 5, 5 7, 5 9, 6 0, 6 1, 6 2, 6 3, 6 4, 65 , 6 6, 6 7, 6 8, 6 9, 7 2, 7 3, 7 4, 7 5, 7 7, 7 8 73 .0 8 P ol yb ia a ffi ni s B uy ss on , 1 90 8 A M A M , P A B T, M T 10 , 2 7, 5 8 3. 85 P ol yb ia b el em en si s R ic ha rd s, 1 97 0 A M A M , A P, P A B T, M T, A S 22 , 2 7, 4 3, 5 6, 5 8 6. 41 P ol yb ia b ic yt ta re lla R ic ha rd s, 1 95 1 A M , S A SP , A M , A P, P A B T, M T, A S 10 , 2 2, 3 7, 4 3, 5 6, 5 8 7. 69 P ol yb ia b ifa sc ia ta S au ss ur e, 1 85 4 A G , A M , A T, R F, S A ,U E A M , M G , R O , S P B T, A S, F S, L B 15 , 1 9, 2 3, 2 8, 3 2, 3 5, 3 8, 3 9, 4 0, 43 , 4 4, 5 2, 5 9, 6 4, 7 0, 7 1, 7 8 21 .7 9 P ol yb ia b is tr ia ta (F ab ri ci us , 1 80 4) A M A M , B A , M A , P A , R O B T, M T, L T, A S, L B 10 , 2 7, 4 3, 5 1, 5 7, 5 6, 5 8, 7 1 10 .2 6 P ol yb ia b ru nn ea (C ur tis , 1 84 4) A M PA B T 27 1. 28 P ol yb ia c at til lif ex M oe bi us , 1 85 6 A M , C A , U E A M , S P, P A , R O B T, L T, M T, A S, L B 20 , 2 7, 2 8, 4 2, 5 1, 7 1 7. 69 P ol yb ia c hr ys ot ho ra x (L ic ht en st ei n, 1 79 6) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , P A , R F, R G , S A , U E B A , C E , G O , M A , M G , M S, M T, S P B T, L T, M T, A S, T T, F S, L B , M O 1, 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 1 1, 1 4, 1 5, 2 3, 3 1, 3 4, 35 ,3 6, 37 , 3 8, 4 0, 4 4, 4 5, 4 8, 4 9, 51 , 5 2, 5 5, 5 7, 59 , 6 0, 6 1, 6 4, 6 5, 7 0, 7 2, 7 6, 7 8 42 .3 1 P ol yb ia d ep re ss a (D uc ke , 1 90 5) A M , C A A M , B A , M A , P I, R O M T, A S, L B 43 , 5 1, 5 6, 5 7, 5 8, 7 0, 7 1 8. 97 P ol yb ia d ig ue ta na B uy ss on , 1 90 5 A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 P ol yb ia d im id ia ta (O liv ie r, 17 91 ) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , R F, S A A M , A P, B A , M G , M T, P A , R O , R R , S P B T, M T, A S, L B 1, 1 0, 2 2, 2 7, 34 , 4 0, 4 2, 4 3, 4 4, 5 1, 5 6, 7 0, 71 , 7 2, 7 4, 7 5 20 .5 1 P ol yb ia d im or ph a R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M , S A A M , P A , R R B T, M T, A S 10 , 2 0, 2 7, 3 7, 4 3, 5 6, 5 8, 7 4 10 .2 6 P ol yb ia d ub ita ta D uc ke , 1 91 0 A M A M A S 56 1. 28 P ol yb ia e be rh ar da e C oo pe r, 19 93 A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 P ol yb ia e m ac ia ta L uc as , 1 87 9 A M A M , P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B 20 , 2 7, 4 2, 7 1 5. 13 P ol yb ia e ry th ro th or ax la R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A G , S A M G , M T A S, Q 6, 7 0, 7 8 3. 85 P ol yb ia fa st id io su sc ul a Sa us su re , 1 85 4 A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , R G , R F, S A , U E A M , B A , D F, M A , M G , P A , R S, S C , S P B T, M T, S T, A S, FS , L B 1, 2 , 8 , 1 5, 1 9, 2 3, 2 4, 2 8, 3 1, 3 2, 33 ,3 4, 3 5, 38 , 3 9, 4 0, 4 3, 4 4, 4 5, 4 9, 5 0, 5 1, 5 3, 5 6, 57 , 5 9, 6 2, 6 3, 6 4, 6 5, 7 2, 7 3, 7 5 42 .3 1 P ol yb ia fl av ifr on s Sm ith , 1 85 7 C A , S A , U E B A , M T, S P LT , A S, F S 26 , 5 1, 6 2, 7 0, 7 5 6. 41 P ol yb ia fl av iti nc ta F ox , 1 89 8 A T, M G , R E B A A S 18 1. 28 P ol yb ia g or yt oi de s Fo x, 1 89 8 A M A M , P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 2 7, 4 2, 7 1 5. 13 T ab le 2 . S oc ia l w as p sp ec ie s, st ud ie d en vi ro nm en t, sa m pl in g m et ho ds a nd p ub lic at io n re fe re nc es sa m pl in g sp ec ie s d iv er si ty in B ra zi l f ro m 1 98 2 to 2 01 5: S tu di ed E nv ir on m en t: A G – A gr oe co sy st em ; A M – A m az on ra in fo re st ; A T – A tla nt ic ra in fo re st ; C A – C aa tin ga ; E U – E uc al yp tu s; M A – M an gr ov e; P A – P an ta na l; R E – R es tin ga ; R F – R ip ar ia n fo re st ; R G – R oc ky G ra ss la nd ; S A – S av an na ; U E – U rb an E nv ir on m en t. St ud ie d St at e: A C – A cr e; A P – A m ap á; A M – A m az on as ; B A – B ah ia ; D F – D is tr ito F ed er al ; G O – G oi ás ; M A – M ar an hã o; M T – M at o G ro ss o; M S – M at o G ro ss o do S ul ; M G – M in as G er ai s; P A – P ar á; P R – P ar an á; P I – Pi au í; R S – R io G ra nd e do S ul ; R O – R on dô ni a; R R – R or ai m a; S C – S an ta C at ar in a; S P – Sã o Pa ul o. S am pl in g M et ho ds : A S – A ct iv e Se ar ch ; B T – B ai t T ra ps ; F – F og gi ng te ch ni qu e; F S – Fl ow er S ea rc h; L B - L iq ui d B ai t; L T – L ig ht T ra ps ; M O – M öe ri ck e; M T – M al ai se T ra p; Q – Q ua dr an t; ST – Sh ue y T ra p; T T – T ra y T ra ps . R ef er en ce s: s ee T ab le 1 . ( C on tin ua tio n) Sociobiology 63(3): 858-880 (September, 2016) 873 Sp ec ie s St ud ie d E nv ir on m en t St ud ie d St at e Sa m pl in g M et ho ds R ef er en ce s C on st an cy P ol yb ia ig no bi lis (H al id ay , 1 83 6) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , M G , PA , R E , R F, R G , S A , U E B A , C E , D F, G O , M A , M G , M S, M T, P A , P B , P I, R R , R S, S C , S P B T, L T, M T, A S, T T, FS , L B , M O , Q 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 1 1, 1 3, 1 4, 1 5, 1 6, 17 , 1 8, 1 9, 24 , 2 5, 2 6, 2 8, 3 0, 3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 6, 3 8, 3 9, 40 , 4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6, 4 7, 4 8, 4 9, 5 0, 5 1, 5 3, 5 4, 5 5, 57 , 5 9, 6 0, 6 1, 6 2, 6 4, 6 5, 6 6, 6 7, 6 8, 7 0, 7 2, 7 3, 74 , 7 5, 7 6, 7 7, 7 8 75 .6 4 P ol yb ia ju ri ne i S au ss ur e, 1 85 4 A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , R F, R G , P A , S A , U E A M , B A , C E , M A , M G , M T, M S, P A , R O , S P B T, M T, A S, F S, L B , Q 1, 6 , 1 0, 1 5, 1 6, 1 9, 2 1, 2 5, 2 7, 2 8, 32 , 3 4, 3 6, 3 7, 38 , 3 9, 4 0, 4 1, 4 3, 4 4, 4 5, 4 7, 4 8, 4 9, 5 1, 5 6, 5 7, 58 , 5 9, 6 0, 62 , 6 4, 6 5, 7 0, 7 1, 7 2, 7 3, 7 5, 7 8 50 .0 0 P ol yb ia li lia ce a (F ab ri ci us , 1 80 4) A M , S A , U E A M , M A , M S, M T, P A , R O , R R B T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 2 7, 4 2, 4 3, 4 7, 5 7, 5 6, 5 8, 7 0, 71 , 7 4 14 .1 0 P ol yb ia lu gu br is D uc ke , 1 90 5 U E M G B T 64 1. 28 P ol yb ia m ic an s D uc ke , 1 90 4 A M , C A B A , M A , P A , R O B T, L T, M T, L B 10 , 2 7, 5 1, 5 7, 7 1 6. 41 P ol yb ia m in ar un D uc ke , 1 90 6 A G , A T, C A , R F, S A , U E B A , M G , P A , R S, S P B T, L T, M T, A S, FS , L B 4, 1 5, 1 9, 3 2, 3 5, 3 8, 4 4, 4 9, 5 0, 5 1, 5 3, 6 5, 7 3 16 .6 7 P ol yb ia o cc id en ta lis (O liv ie r, 17 91 ) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , M G , PA , R E , R F, R G , S A , U E A M , B A , D F, G O , M A , M G , M T, M S, P B , P E , P I, R R , S C , S P B T, M T, L T, A S, T T, FS , L B , Q 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 1 1, 1 3, 1 4, 1 5, 16 , 1 7, 1 8, 1 9, 23 , 2 5, 2 6, 2 8, 3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 6, 3 8, 4 1, 4 3, 44 , 4 5, 4 7, 48 , 4 9, 5 1, 5 4, 5 6, 5 7, 5 8, 5 9, 6 0, 6 1, 62 , 6 4, 6 5, 6 6, 6 8, 7 0, 7 2, 7 3, 7 4, 7 5, 7 7, 7 8 69 .2 3 P ol yb ia p ar vu lin a R ic ha rd s, 1 97 0 A M A M , P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 2 7, 4 3, 5 6, 7 0, 7 1 7. 69 P ol yb ia p au lis ta (I he ri ng , 1 89 6) A G , A T, C A , E U , M G , R F, R G , R E , S A , U E B A , D F, M G , M T, M S, P I, SP B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B , Q 1, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 1 1, 1 3, 1 4, 1 5, 1 6, 1 8, 1 9, 2 3, 2 4, 25 , 2 6, 3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 6, 3 8, 3 9, 4 0, 4 1, 4 5, 47 , 5 1, 5 2, 5 4, 6 0, 6 2, 6 4, 6 5, 6 8, 7 2, 7 3, 7 5, 7 8 58 .9 7 P ol yb ia p la ty ce ph al a R ic ha rd s, 1 95 1 A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , R G , R F, S A , U E A M , B A , M G , P A , R O , R S, S P B T, M T, S T, A S, FS , L B 1, 1 0, 1 5, 1 6, 2 3, 2 7, 3 7, 3 9, 4 1, 4 3, 44 , 4 5, 4 6, 49 , 5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 6, 5 9, 6 3, 6 4, 6 6, 7 1 29 .4 9 P ol yb ia p ro ce llo sa Z av at ta ri , 1 90 6 A M A M , R O A S, L B 43 , 7 0, 7 1 3. 85 P ol yb ia p un ct at a B uy ss on , 1 90 8 A T, C A B A , S P LT , M T, S T 51 , 6 3 2. 56 P ol yb ia q ua dr ic in ct a Sa us su re , 1 85 4 A M , S A A M , A P, M T, P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B , Q 6, 1 0, 2 2, 2 7, 4 3, 5 6, 5 8, 7 0, 7 1 11 .5 4 P ol yb ia r ej ec ta (F ab ri ci us , 1 79 8) A G , C A , S A , A M , A T, M G , R E A M , A P, B A , G O , M A , M G , P A , PE , R O , R R B T, L T, M T, A S, L B 7, 1 0, 1 8, 2 0, 2 2, 2 7, 3 7, 4 3, 4 4, 5 1, 5 6, 5 7, 58 , 7 1, 7 4, 7 8 20 .5 1 P ol yb ia r or ai m ae R aw , 1 99 8 A M R R A S 74 1. 28 P ol yb ia r ufi ce ps S ch ro ttk y, 1 90 2 A T, C A , P A , R F, S A , U E B A , C E , M G , M S, M T, P I, SP B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B , Q 6, 1 6, 1 7, 1 9, 2 5, 3 2, 3 6, 4 7, 4 8, 5 1, 5 4, 60 , 7 0, 7 2 17 .9 5 P ol yb ia r ufi ta rs is D uc ke , 1 90 4 A M A M , A P, P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B 10 , 2 2, 2 7, 4 3, 5 6, 7 1 7. 69 P ol yb ia s cr ob al is R ic ha rd s, 1 97 0 A M A M , M A , P A , R O B T, M T, L T, A S, L B 10 , 2 7, 4 3, 5 7, 5 8, 5 6, 7 1 8. 97 T ab le 2 . S oc ia l w as p sp ec ie s, st ud ie d en vi ro nm en t, sa m pl in g m et ho ds a nd p ub lic at io n re fe re nc es sa m pl in g sp ec ie s d iv er si ty in B ra zi l f ro m 1 98 2 to 2 01 5: S tu di ed E nv ir on m en t: A G – A gr oe co sy st em ; A M – A m az on ra in fo re st ; A T – A tla nt ic ra in fo re st ; C A – C aa tin ga ; E U – E uc al yp tu s; M A – M an gr ov e; P A – P an ta na l; R E – R es tin ga ; R F – R ip ar ia n fo re st ; R G – R oc ky G ra ss la nd ; S A – S av an na ; U E – U rb an E nv ir on m en t. St ud ie d St at e: A C – A cr e; A P – A m ap á; A M – A m az on as ; B A – B ah ia ; D F – D is tr ito F ed er al ; G O – G oi ás ; M A – M ar an hã o; M T – M at o G ro ss o; M S – M at o G ro ss o do S ul ; M G – M in as G er ai s; P A – P ar á; P R – P ar an á; P I – Pi au í; R S – R io G ra nd e do S ul ; R O – R on dô ni a; R R – R or ai m a; S C – S an ta C at ar in a; S P – Sã o Pa ul o. S am pl in g M et ho ds : A S – A ct iv e Se ar ch ; B T – B ai t T ra ps ; F – F og gi ng te ch ni qu e; F S – Fl ow er S ea rc h; L B - L iq ui d B ai t; L T – L ig ht T ra ps ; M O – M öe ri ck e; M T – M al ai se T ra p; Q – Q ua dr an t; ST – Sh ue y T ra p; T T – T ra y T ra ps . R ef er en ce s: s ee T ab le 1 . ( C on tin ua tio n) BC Barbosa et al. – Social Wasps of Brazil: A Review874 Sp ec ie s St ud ie d E nv ir on m en t St ud ie d St at e Sa m pl in g M et ho ds R ef er en ce s C on st an cy P ol yb ia s cu te lla ri s (W hi te , 1 84 1) A G , A T, C A , E U , R F, R G , SA ,U E B A , M G , P A , R S, S C B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B 2, 1 5, 1 6, 2 3, 3 3, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6, 4 9, 5 0, 5 1, 52 , 5 3, 6 6, 6 7 19 .2 3 P ol yb ia s er ic ea (O liv ie r, 17 92 ) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , M G , PA , R E , R F, R G , S A ,U E A M , B A , G O ,M A , M G , M S, M T, P A , P B , P I, R O , R R , R S, S C , S P B T, M T, S T, A S, F S, L B , Q 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 1 1, 1 3, 1 4, 1 5, 1 6, 18 , 19 , 2 1, 2 4, 2 3, 2 5, 2 6, 3 0, 3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 35 , 3 6, 3 8, 3 9, 3 7, 4 0, 4 1, 4 3, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6, 47 , 4 8, 4 9, 5 0, 5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 4, 5 6, 5 7, 5 9, 60 , 6 2, 6 3, 6 4, 6 5, 6 6, 6 8, 6 9, 7 0, 7 1, 7 2, 73 , 7 4, 7 5, 7 7, 7 8 79 .4 9 P ol yb ia s in gu la ri s D uc ke , 1 90 9 A M , S A A M , A P, M A , M T, P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B , Q 6, 1 0, 2 2, 2 7, 4 2, 4 3, 5 6, 5 7, 5 8, 7 1 12 .8 2 P ol yb ia s tr ia ta (F ab ri ci us , 1 78 7) A M , S A , U E A M , A P, M G , M A , P A , R O B T, M T, L T, A S, L B 10 , 1 6, 2 2, 2 7, 3 0, 4 2, 43 , 5 7, 5 8, 59 , 6 4, 71 15 .3 8 P ol yb ia ti nc tip en ni s Fo x, 1 89 8 A M A M , R O M T, L B 20 , 4 3, 7 1 3. 85 P ol yb ia v el ut in a D uc ke , 1 90 7 A M A M A S 43 , 5 6 2. 56 P ro to ne ct ar in a sy lv ei ra e (S au ss ur e, 1 85 4) A G , A T, C A , E U , M G , R E , R F, R G , S A , U E B A , C E , M G , M S, P I, R S, SC , S P B T, L T, M T, A S, T T, F S, L B , M O 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 1 1, 1 3, 1 5, 1 7, 1 8, 1 9, 23 , 2 4, 25 , 2 6, 3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 8, 3 9, 4 1, 4 4, 45 , 4 6, 5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 4, 5 5, 5 9, 6 1, 6 2, 6 4, 65 , 6 6, 6 7, 6 8, 7 2, 7 3, 7 5, 7 7 55 .1 3 P ro to po ly bi a ac ut is cu tis C am er on , 1 90 7 A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 P ro to po ly bi a bi tu be rc ul at a Si lv ei ra & C ar pe nt er , 1 99 5 A M A M , M A , M T, A S 43 , 5 6, 5 7, 5 8 5. 13 P ro to po ly bi a ch ar te rg oi de s (G ri bo do , 1 89 1) A M , S A A M , A P, M A , M T, P A , R O B T, M T, A S, L B , Q 6, 1 0, 2 0, 2 2, 4 3, 5 6, 5 7, 5 8, 7 1 11 .5 4 P ro to po ly bi a du ck ei (B uy ss on , 1 90 5) C A B A LT , M T 51 1. 28 P ro to po ly bi a du ck ei an a R ic ha rd s, 1 97 8 A M A M ? 43 1. 28 P ro to po ly bi a em or tu al is (d e Sa us su re , 1 85 5) A M A M , P A B T, M T 10 , 4 3 2. 56 P ro to po ly bi a ex ig ua (S au ss ur e, 1 85 4) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , M G , R E , R G , S A ,U E , B A , C E , M A ,M T, M G , M S, P A , P E , P I, R R , S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, T T, L B , M O , Q 1, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 1 1 13 , 1 4, 1 8, 1 9, 26 , 2 7, 2 8, 32 , 3 3, 3 4, 3 7, 3 9, 5 1, 5 4, 5 5, 5 7, 6 1, 6 2, 64 , 6 6, 6 8, 7 0, 7 2, 7 4, 7 5, 7 7 41 .0 3 P ro to po ly bi a ho lo xa nt ha (D uc ke , 1 90 4) A M A M A S 43 1. 28 P ro to po ly bi a ni tid a (D uc ke , 1 90 4) A M A M M T 58 1. 28 P ro to po ly bi a ro tu nd at a D uc ke , 1 91 0 A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 P ro to po ly bi a ru gu lo sa D uc ke , 1 90 7 A M A M M T 43 1. 28 T ab le 2 . S oc ia l w as p sp ec ie s, st ud ie d en vi ro nm en t, sa m pl in g m et ho ds a nd p ub lic at io n re fe re nc es sa m pl in g sp ec ie s d iv er si ty in B ra zi l f ro m 1 98 2 to 2 01 5: S tu di ed E nv ir on m en t: A G – A gr oe co sy st em ; A M – A m az on ra in fo re st ; A T – A tla nt ic ra in fo re st ; C A – C aa tin ga ; E U – E uc al yp tu s; M A – M an gr ov e; P A – P an ta na l; R E – R es tin ga ; R F – R ip ar ia n fo re st ; R G – R oc ky G ra ss la nd ; S A – S av an na ; U E – U rb an E nv ir on m en t. St ud ie d St at e: A C – A cr e; A P – A m ap á; A M – A m az on as ; B A – B ah ia ; D F – D is tr ito F ed er al ; G O – G oi ás ; M A – M ar an hã o; M T – M at o G ro ss o; M S – M at o G ro ss o do S ul ; M G – M in as G er ai s; P A – P ar á; P R – P ar an á; P I – Pi au í; R S – R io G ra nd e do S ul ; R O – R on dô ni a; R R – R or ai m a; S C – S an ta C at ar in a; S P – Sã o Pa ul o. S am pl in g M et ho ds : A S – A ct iv e Se ar ch ; B T – B ai t T ra ps ; F – F og gi ng te ch ni qu e; F S – Fl ow er S ea rc h; L B - L iq ui d B ai t; L T – L ig ht T ra ps ; M O – M öe ri ck e; M T – M al ai se T ra p; Q – Q ua dr an t; ST – Sh ue y T ra p; T T – T ra y T ra ps . R ef er en ce s: s ee T ab le 1 . ( C on tin ua tio n) Sociobiology 63(3): 858-880 (September, 2016) 875 Sp ec ie s St ud ie d E nv ir on m en t St ud ie d St at e Sa m pl in g M et ho ds R ef er en ce s C on st an cy P ro to po ly bi a se du la (S au ss ur e, 1 85 4) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , R G , R F, S A A M , B A , C E , M G , S P B T, L T, A S, Q 1, 1 5, 3 3, 3 5, 3 7, 3 8, 4 5, 5 1, 52 , 5 8, 5 9, 64 , 7 3, 7 8 17 .9 5 P se ud op ol yb ia c om pr es sa (S au ss ur e, 1 85 4) A M , C A , S A A M , A P, B A , M T, R O A S, L B , Q 6, 2 2, 4 3, 5 1, 7 0, 7 1 7. 69 P se ud op ol yb ia d iffi ci lis (D uc ke , 1 90 5) A M PA B T, M T 10 , 2 7 2. 56 P se ud op ol yb ia la ng i B eq ua er t, 19 44 A M A M ? 43 1. 28 P se ud op ol yb ia v es pi ce ps (S au ss ur e, 1 86 4) A M , A T, C A , R F, S A B A , D F, M A , M G , M T, P A , P E , R O , R R , S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B , Q 6, 8 , 1 5, 1 6, 1 9, 2 3, 2 7, 3 2, 3 5, 3 7, 3 8, 4 4, 51 , 5 2, 5 7, 7 1, 7 4 21 .7 9 Sy no ec a ch al ib ea d e Sa us su re , 1 85 2 A M R O B T, L B 71 1. 28 Sy no ec a cy an ea (F ab ri ci us , 1 77 5) A G , A M , A T, C A , E U , M G , R E , R G , S A , E U B A , M G , P A , P E , R S, S P B T, L T, M T, A S, F S, L B 1, 3 , 4 , 5 , 1 0, 1 1, 1 4, 1 8, 1 9, 2 1, 2 4, 25 , 2 6, 28 , 3 0, 3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 5, 3 8, 3 9, 4 0, 4 4, 4 5, 5 1, 52 , 5 3, 6 4, 6 5, 6 7, 6 8, 6 9, 7 2, 7 3, 7 5, 7 8 46 .1 5 Sy no ec a su ri na m a (L in na eu s, 1 76 7) A G , A M , A T, C A , P A , SA , U E A M , A P, B A , D F, G O , M A , M G , M T, M S, P A , PB , P E , R O , R R , S P B T, L T, M T, A S, L B , Q 7, 6 , 8 , 1 0, 1 6, 2 2, 2 7, 3 1, 3 4, 3 7, 43 , 4 7, 4 8, 51 , 5 6, 5 7, 5 8, 7 0, 7 1, 7 2, 7 4 26 .9 2 Sy no ec a vi rg in ea (F ab ri ci us , 1 80 4) A M , C A A M , A P, M A , P A , P I, R O , R R B T, L T, M T, A S, L B 20 , 2 2, 2 7, 4 3, 5 1, 5 6, 5 7, 5 8, 7 1, 7 4 12 .8 2 T ab le 2 . S oc ia l w as p sp ec ie s, st ud ie d en vi ro nm en t, sa m pl in g m et ho ds a nd p ub lic at io n re fe re nc es sa m pl in g sp ec ie s d iv er si ty in B ra zi l f ro m 1 98 2 to 2 01 5: S tu di ed E nv ir on m en t: A G – A gr oe co sy st em ; A M – A m az on ra in fo re st ; A T – A tla nt ic ra in fo re st ; C A – C aa tin ga ; E U – E uc al yp tu s; M A – M an gr ov e; P A – P an ta na l; R E – R es tin ga ; R F – R ip ar ia n fo re st ; R G – R oc ky G ra ss la nd ; S A – S av an na ; U E – U rb an E nv ir on m en t. St ud ie d St at e: A C – A cr e; A P – A m ap á; A M – A m az on as ; B A – B ah ia ; D F – D is tr ito F ed er al ; G O – G oi ás ; M A – M ar an hã o; M T – M at o G ro ss o; M S – M at o G ro ss o do S ul ; M G – M in as G er ai s; P A – P ar á; P R – P ar an á; P I – Pi au í; R S – R io G ra nd e do S ul ; R O – R on dô ni a; R R – R or ai m a; S C – S an ta C at ar in a; S P – Sã o Pa ul o. 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