Open access journal: http://periodicos.uefs.br/ojs/index.php/sociobiology ISSN: 0361-6525 Sociobiology 60(1): 77-95 (2013) Acoustic Evaluation of Trees for Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermiti- dae) Treated with Imidacloprid and Noviflumuron in Historic Jackson Square, New Orleans, Louisiana W. Osbrink1, M. Cornelius2 Introduction The formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes for- mosanus Shiraki (FST), is native to Asia (Bouillon, 1970), but was introduced into the southern United States where they have become devastating pests (Su & Tamashiro, 1987). In addition to structural infestations, C. formosanus infesta- tions of living trees are common in the New Orleans, LA area (Osbrink et al., 1999; Osbrink & Lax, 2003; Osbrink et al., 2011). Total economic loss due to termites in the Unit- ed States was estimated at $11 billion per year (Su, 2002). Control of termites is important to prevent the destruction of materials where it is undesirable. Following implementation of an area wide termite control strategy, a definitive question is what happens to the termite populations (Osbrink et al., 2011). In addition to reducing termite pressure in areas where structure and tree damage is undesirable, termite population elimination also increases the area available for the establishment and growth of new or suppressed termite populations (Su, 2002; Lax & Abstract Nine years of periodic acoustical monitoring of 93 trees active with Formosan subter- ranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were evaluated for imidacloprid tree foam and noviflumuron bait to reduce termite activity in trees. Long term, imidacloprid suppressed but did not eliminate termite activity in treated trees. Noviflumuron bait did not significantly reduce the proportion of trees with high termite activity but signifi- cantly increased the number of trees with no termite activity. Noviflumuron changed termite distribution by possibly eliminating only some fraction of numerous colonies whereby surviving colonies avoided trees containing dead termites. Sociobiology An international journal on social insects 1 - USDA-ARS-SPA Knipling-Bushland U.S., Kerrville, Texas, USA 2 - USDA-ARS-BARC, Beltsville, Maryland, USA RESEARCH ARTICLE - TERMITES Article History Edited by: Evandro N. Silva, UEFS - Brazil Received 29 November 2012 Initial acceptance 02 January 2013 Final acceptance 05 February 2013 Keywords Formosan termite, AED, reinvasion Corresponding author Weste Osbrink USDA-ARS-SPA Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Lab 2700, Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, Texas, 78028 E-Mail: weste.osbrink@ars.usda.gov Osbrink, 2003; Su & Lees, 2009; Guillot et al., 2010; Os- brink et al., 2011; Mullins et al., 2011). Because of the affin- ity of the Formosan termite for living trees, they cannot be ignored in area wide population suppression efforts as they may be a primary source of termites (Osbrink et al., 1999; Osbrink & Lax, 2002b; Osbrink & Lax, 2003). Non-invasive monitoring of termite activity is ideal for evaluation of the efficacy of control efforts because mon- itoring has no effect on population dynamics. Invasive mon- itoring techniques can push termites away from the monitor creating an artifact of apparent control because of relocation of the termites. Efforts to develop techniques for detecting hidden termite infestations have produced only a few suc- cessful alternatives to traditional visual inspection methods (Lewis, 1997). Alternatives include ground-based monitor- ing devices with sensors that detect acoustic emissions of termites in wood (Fujii et al., 1990; Lewis & Lemaster, 1991; Noguchi et al., 1991; Robbins et al., 1991). Acoustic emis- sion sensors are successful because they are nondestructive and operate at high frequencies (ca. 40 kHz) where there is W. Osbrink, M. Cornelius - Acoustic Evaluation of Trees for C. formosanus78 negligible background noise to interfere with detection and interpretation of insect sounds (Lewis & Lemaster, 1991; Robbins et al., 1991). Acoustic emission systems have been applied as research tools to estimate termite population lev- els (Fujii et al., 1990; Lewis & Lemaster, 1991; Scheffrahn et al., 1993; Osbrink et al., 2011). Acoustic emission sys- tems are ideal for detection of termites in trees (Osbrink et al., 1999; Kramer, 2001; Mankin et al., 2002; Osbrink et al., 2011). Understanding pest population dynamics in space and time post-treatment integrates into an effective pest management strategy. The objective of this research was to monitor Formosan termites treated with imidacloprid and noviflumuron in an area wide termite control effort. To meet this objective, trees were monitored for C. formosanus with an acoustical emissions detector to quantify activity. These studies provide insight into the dynamics of an area wide termite management approach. Materials and Methods Jackson Square Historic Jackson Square (JS) is a ≈ 0.9-ha (92 x 96 m) green space in the French Quarter, New Orleans, LA. A total of 93 JS trees, comprised of ten different species, were pe- riodically monitored for termite activity with an acoustical emission device (AED) for 9 years. JS was divided into 5 topographic regions: Q1 south-east quarter with trees 1-15; Q2 north-east quarter with trees 16-29; Q3 north-west quar- ter with trees 30-42; Q4 south-west quarter with trees 42-62; and center (Cent) with trees 63-94 (Fig. 1). Trees are identi- fied in Table 1, years and months sampled in Table 2. Acoustical Emission Detector (AED) An AED-2000 acoustical emissions detector (Acous- tical Emissions Consulting, Inc Fair Oaks, CA) was used to quantify termite activity within 93 live trees in JS. Lag bolt wave guides (150 x 9 mm) were screwed horizontally into pre-drilled pilot holes in the north-west trunk of test trees ≈20 cm from the ground. Acoustical emissions were detected with a Model SP-1L probe with Model DMH-30 high force magnetic accessory attachment (Acoustic Emis- sion Consulting, Inc., Fair Oaks, CA). For each tree, AED counts were acquired for 60 s with accompanying software which converts termite sounds to counts per second saved in Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA). Only the numbers of counts in the first 10 s of the 60 s recording were used to represent each unique individual recording. If the first 10 s of recording was contaminated with interference noise (el- evated spiked counts), the first 10 s of recording following the cessation of interference noise were used to represent the unique individual recording. Previous research has de- termined that AED counts measure termite activity in trees (Mankin et al., 2002; Osbrink et al., 2011). Figure 1. Map of Jackson Square, New Orleans indicating locations of trees. Noviflumuron bait By 2006, pest management professionals (PMP) in- stalled 84 commercial in-ground SentriconTM monitoring sta- tions (Dow Agro Sciences LLC, Indianapolis, IN) with un- treated wood every ≈5 m around the JS perimeter (22 west, 22 north, 21 east, and 19 south). PMP also initiated and main- tained baiting with 0.5% noviflumuron bait tubes in monitors becoming positive with FST. The baiting program was termi- nated June 2011. Imidacloprid tree foaming In 2000, 7 trees (T7, T10, T20, T21, T38, T49, and T57) with C. formosanus activity were drilled and foamed with 0.5% imidacloprid (PremiseTM sc, Bayer, Kansas City, MO) by PMP. FST Mud tube survey On May, 2011, JS trees were visually inspected for fresh FST mud tubes created for spring distribution flights. Sociobiology 60(1): 77-95 (2013) 79 Data Analysis Ten consecutive count values (10 s) were used to calcu- late mean (±SE) counts per second to represent termite activity associated with each unique AED tree attachment. Acoustical data were analyzed using one way ANOVA with means sepa- rated with protected Tukey test, P < 0.05 (Systat, 2008). Pro- portions were arcsine square root transformed before analysis and actual proportion reported in tables. Tree readings were defined as high (H) termite activity when significantly > 0, which was qualitatively confirmed with earphones, connected to the AED. Low (L) tree readings were defined by readings of 0 or an event which only occurred only once (1 s) in 10 s, also confirmed qualitatively as above. Readings were defined as medium (M) when between H and L. M was qualitatively verified and indicates the presence of termites. Results Jackson Square All 93 trees had termite activity, and a total of 25 (≈26.9%) trees were lost or removed. Only 4 trees (4.3%), tree # 1 (T1), T11, T19, and T58, had combined H activity > M or L activity (Table 1). Tree T58 was removed (lost) after 2006. Over the study, 17 (≈18.3%) trees had 0 H, 8 of which were lost (Table 1). Trees with M activity > H or L occurred in 84 trees (90.3%). Only 5 trees had L > M, and 3 trees had overall 0 L activity (Table 1). Noviflumuron bait Two monitors (2.4%) adjacent to T14 and T34 had FST on January 2010 (Fig. 1), initiating noviflumuron baiting. All trees had significantly high termite activity at some time, but few trees had consistently high termite activity (Table 2 and 3). Three trees (T1, T11, and T19) had repeated significantly high termite activity (Tables 2 and 4) No significant reduction in trees with H termite activ- ity occurred in the post-treatment years of 2010 and 2011 (Table 5). Post-treatment 2010 M show significant decrease in M trees in March, April, May, July (except 2008), Sep- tember (except 2009), and October (except 2005). Post- treatment 2011 M show significant decrease in trees occurred March (except 2008), April, May, July (except 2008, 2009), September (except 2009), and October (except 2003, 2005). M 2011 were consistently greater than in 2010 and signifi- cantly higher for the months of July and October (Table 5). Post-treatment 2010 L show significant increase for March, April, May, July (except 2008), September (except 2009), and October (except 2005, 2009). Post-treatment 2011 L show significant increase in April, May, July (except 2008, 2009), September (except 2009), and October (except 2003, 2005, 2009) (Table 5). Imidacloprid tree foaming The seven imidacloprid foamed trees had a lower but non-significant H readings than un-foamed trees with a mean percent (± SE) of 2.8 ± 0.9 and 11.3 ± 1.2, respectively (F = 3.666; df = 1, 92; P = 0.059). H events occurred twice in 2003, once in 2006, 1x in 2007, 2x in 2008, and 2x in 2011 (Table 6). There was no difference in M levels of termite activity in foamed and un-foamed trees with mean (± SE) percent of 62.2 ± 3.0 and 61.2 ± 1.3, respectively (F = 0.0433; df = 1, 92; P = 0.836). There was no difference between mean percent L activity between foamed and un-foamed trees (mean ± SE) 35.3 ± 3.5 and 28.3 ± 1.4, respectively (F = 1.952; df = 1, 92; P = 0.166). Mud tube survey In May 2011, six trees (T4, T10, T21, T29, T38, and T46) were found with active FST mud tubing (Table 6). All mud tube trees had 0% H in 2011. Five of six trees (83.3%) with FST mud tubing had been drilled and treated with imi- dacloprid. Discussion Certain events can interfere with successful record- ing of termite activity including wind noise, trucks with squeaking breaks, generators, crowd noise, leaf flutter, etc. AED recordings do not distinguish termite events from un- related sound events. AED termite activity has a unique sound resembling rain on a tin roof. AED recordings are qualitatively monitored with earphones and a log maintained allowing data spikes of non-termite origin to be excluded from data analysis. Jackson Square FST Infestation of 100% of trees with termite activ- ity is unprecedented though not unreasonable. Guillot et al. (2010) reported FST in 1.5% of 3000 trees visually inspected in the French Quarter neighborhood surrounding JS and noted this level was surprisingly low. Messenger and Su (2005) re- ported ≈ 32% infested trees in Armstrong Park, New Orleans. Osbrink et al. (1999) used visual inspection and staking to determine tree infestation in a portion of New Orleans City Park with results varying from 0 to 30.6% depending on tree species. Inspection of hurricane damaged trees in City Park revealed 75% of 21 trees were infested with FST (Osbrink et al., 1999). The number of trees infested with Formosan W. Osbrink, M. Cornelius - Acoustic Evaluation of Trees for C. formosanus80 termite is much higher than indicated by current established monitoring techniques as revealed following incidents of heavy wind. This is confirmed by the number of living and externally healthy trees which break or fall revealing FST infestations. Successful treatment of termite populations in trees will require the development of improved, nondestruc- tive, monitoring techniques. JS has had increasing FST popu- lations for > 60 years resulting in a high probability contact with 100% of available trees. The proportion of L infestations under such circumstance reflects the limitation of detection capabilities not the foraging ability of FST. Noviflumuron bait Of 84 in-ground monitors 2.4% became infested. This is consistent with the 4.8% and 6.7% of wooden stakes found infested with by FST in City Park and Armstrong Park, New Orleans, respectively (Osbrink et al., 1999, Messenger & Su, 2005). Noviflumuron has been shown to eliminate those ter- mite colonies that take the bait (Smith et al., 2002; Karr et al., 2004; Getty et al., 2007; Husseneder et al., 2007; Austin et al., 2008; Thoms et al., 2009; Eger et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2012). Termites adjacent to JS have had control pressure for years in historic structures such as the St. Louise Cathedral and Ca- bildo (site of Louisiana Purchase), followed by a decade of federal termite control pressure with Operation Full Stop (Su et al., 2000; Guillot et al., 2010). Control pressure changes the FST population demography away from a few large alpha colonies controlling most of the space and resource (Aluko &Husseneder, 2007). Alpha-colonies are surrounded by suppressed FST colonies surviving like the bonsai-tree with reduced resources. Alpha-colony elimination allows bonsai- colony expansion into vacated territory (Aluko &Husseneder, 2007). Expanding bonsai-colonies avoid baited areas initially because they avoid dead termites (Su & Tamashiro, 1987) and because they are excluded by competing bonsai-colonies. Dense colony FST populations become functionally resistant to the bait because colony elimination removes only a frac- tion of resident termites (Husseneder et al., 2007). Consistent with this are the results of Messenger et al. (2005) who used hexaflumuron to eliminate Formosan termite colonies in Arm- strong Park, New Orleans, in three mo, but observed reinva- sion almost immediately. Three trees (T1, T11, and T19) had repeated signifi- cantly high termite activity (Table 4) and may indicate FST carton nest locations (Table 4; Fig. 1). These putative FST colonies are well spaced by > 35 m (T1 to T11 ≈36 m and T11 to T19 ≈ 37 m). Coptotermes frenchi Hill locates their colony in a tree and forage to neighboring trees from the colony tree (Hill, 1942), which provides a plausible expla- nation for the changes in H trees overtime. FST regularly changes areas of high activity (Tables 2, 3, and 4). While studies indicate rapid (months) population suppression or colony elimination with CSI as reviewed by Su (2003) and Su and Scheffrahn (1998) there are often problems with continued, long term reinvasions. Su (2003) summarized hexaflumuron performance as 98.5% success- ful colony elimination from 1,3691 sites, with 199 sites experiencing control problems. However, Glenn and Gold (2002) baited C. formosanus with hexaflumuron for two yr in Beaumont, TX and found termites remained active in or around two of five structures. Using hexaflumuron, Su et al. (2002) continued to detect C. formosanus populations for about two yr after initiating an area wide community test. Guillot et al. (2010) reported hexaflumuron treated areas in the French Quarter, LA, with 3-4% of independent moni- tors that remaining active for ca. five yr. Thus, colonies can be eliminated rapidly in area-wide management, but termite populations may remain because they may not come into contact with treatments. Imidacloprid tree foaming The lower (non-significant) mean percent H activity in the foamed trees may be an indication that imidacloprid reduced suitability of central tree lumen as a habitat for FST. Recorded M termite activity may be due to termites occupy- ing the untreated wood surrounding the foamed hollow. Os- brink and Lax (2003) found that independent monitors up to 46 m from treated trees showed imidacloprid intoxication re- sulting from the direct application of toxicant to the termites occupying the hollow of the tree. After six to 15 mo, there was complete recovery of FST populations in the independent monitors. This effect was not seen with imidacloprid soil ap- plications which require the termites to dose themselves by moving through the treated substrate dispelling theories that imidacloprid acted like liquid bait (Osbrink et al., 2005). Imi- dacloprid has been shown to have a relatively short half life in soil and trees when compared to other termiticides (Ring et al., 2002; Mulrooney et al., 2006; Saran & Kambel, 2008). Though not eliminating termites from trees, the putative ex- tended suppression of activity may be attributed to increased residual activity when bound to the substrate inside the pro- tected tree hollow. Mud tube survey Presence of mud tubes provides visual confirmation of survival of functional FST colonies. FST may prefer place- ment of their swarm tubes in areas with the least amount of termite activity which is a possible mechanism to avoid an- tagonistic interactions at a vulnerable time in FST life cycle. The C. formosanus populations appeared to be pri- Sociobiology 60(1): 77-95 (2013) 81 marily centered in trees (Ehrhorn, 1934; Osbrink et al., 1999; Osbrink & Lax, 2002a). Hill (1942) determined that all large Coptotermes frenchi Hill colonies are centered in- side living trees and that colony developments in alternate locations do not achieve the size or the longevity of colonies nesting in trees. Though C. formosanus has flexible nesting habits, available hardwood trees may be their definitive host as it provides ideal harborage, mechanical protection, moisture for survival of small young colonies, flood protection, anti- biotic benefits, and food (Osbrink et al., 1999; Fromm et al., 2001; Cornelius et al., 2007; Osbrink et al., 2008; Corne- lius & Osbrink, 2010, Osbrink et al., 2011), with mutualistic tree benefits with de novo antibiotic production and nitrogen fixation, soil aeration, and relocation of micronutrients (Jan- zen, 1976; Burris, 1988; Ohkuma et al., 1999; Osbrink & Lax, 2003; Apolinario & Martius, 2004; Jayasimha & Hen- derson, 2007, Chouvenc et al., 2009). Because of the affinity of the Formosan termite for living trees, they cannot be ignored in area-wide population suppression efforts as they may be a primary source of ter- mites (Osbrink et al., 1999, Osbrink &Lax 2002b; Osbrink & Lax, 2003). Annual reinvasion of suppressed areas with alates establishing new colonies and the expansion of bonsai-colo- nies eventually will lead to a resurgence of termite pressure. The resulting new populations will be independent of one another, different from the larger suppressed populations, potentially altering the performance of continuing bait treat- ments (Husseneder et al., 2007). Such a dynamic promotes the establishment of many separate populations, similar to disturbed landscapes studied by Aluko and Husseneder (2007), reducing the impact of baits over time. Termite baits are more effective against a few larger mature popu- lations as opposed to with numerous independent popula- tions. Thus, large numbers of independent termite popu- lations established upon reinvasion provide a mechanism of demographic resistance to lessen the effects of baits on overall termite populations possibly responsible for control plateaus reported in other area wide control studies (Guil- lot et al., 2010). Similarities may exist in the proliferation of polygyne over mongyne fire ants Solenopsis invicta Bu- ren accompanying area wide baiting with hydramethylnon (Glancy et al., 1987). In conclusion, after about two yr of area-wide treat- ment, there were as many trees with high termite activity post-treatment. The reinvasion and establishment of new independent termite populations provides a mechanism over time to decrease the effectiveness of baits protecting the structures. Thus, continuous reevaluation of changing circumstance becomes critical for implementation of the best control strategies, including tree evaluations, to protect structures from reinvading colonies. 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Con- trol of the Formosan subterranean termite infestations in historic Presbytere and the Creole House of the Cabildo, French Quarter, New Orleans, using baits containing an in- sect growth regulator, hexaflumuron. Studies in Conserva- tion 45: 30-38. Su, N.-Y., Ban, P. and Scheffrahn, R. (2002). Use of a bait impact index to assess effects of bait application against pop- ulations of Formosan subterranean termite. J. Econ. Ento- mol. 86: 1453-1457. DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-97.6.2029 Systat Software. (2008). SigmaPlot users guide: statistics, version 11. Systat Software, Inc. San Jose, CA. Thoms, E. M., Eger, J., Messenger, M., Vargo, E., Cabre- W. Osbrink, M. Cornelius - Acoustic Evaluation of Trees for C. formosanus84 ra, B., Riegel, C., Murphree, S., Mauldin, J. and Scherer, P. (2009). Bugs, baits, and bureaucracy: completing the first termite bait efficacy trials (quarterly replenishment of novi- flumuron) initiated after adoption of Florida Rule, Chapter 5E-2.0311. Am. Entomol. 55: 29-39. This article reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation by the USDA for its use. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Sociobiology 60(1): 77-95 (2013) 85 Table 1. Trees of Jackson Square with cumulative % H, M, and L Formosan termite activity Tree Common name Scientific name H M L 1 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 39.2 ± 14.1 38.6 ± 12.8 22.2 ± 9.6 2 redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 19.4 ± 10.0 52.8 ± 12.1 27.8 ± 14.7 3 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 10.6 ± 5.3 68.0 ± 7.1 21.4 ± 8.9 4 IM magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae 4.8 ± 3.4 71.7 ± 9.3 23.5 ± 9.9 5 savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 7.1 ± 5.6 49.9 ± 8.8 43.0 ± 11. 6 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 25.1 ± 9.4 51.8 ± 10.9 23.0 ± 8.0 7 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 10.3 ± 6.9 47.9 ± 9.4 41.8 ± 5.4 8 savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 64.6 ± 11.9 35.4 ± 11.9 9 savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 3.2 ± 3.2 60.8 ± 12.4 36.0 ± 12.2 10 IM live oak Quercus virginiana Miller, Fagaceae 5.6 ± 5.6 63.2 ± 9.3 31.2 ± 9.9 11 X redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 49.4 ± 13.6 43.3 ± 12.0 19.8 ± 12.4 11 X redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 49.4 ± 13.6 43.3 ± 12.0 19.8 ± 12.4 12 live oak Quercus virginiana Miller, Fagaceae 1.6 ± 1.6 52.5 ± 6.9 45.9 ± 7.2 13 savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 3.7 ± 3.7 57.5 ± 10.5 38.7 ± 10.1 14 N sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 6.4 ± 4.8 54.9 ± 8.0 49.9 ± 9.8 15 redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 6.9 ± 3.9 65.7 ± 6.1 27.4 ± 6.8 16 X magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 88.9 ± 11.1 11.1 ± 11.1 17 savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 62.2 ± 11.2 37.8 ± 11.2 18 ND ND ND ND ND 19 redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 52.6 ± 9.8 42.6 ± 10.6 3.2 ± 2.1 20 I live oak Quercus virginiana Miller, Fagaceae 1.6 ± 1.6 69.2 ± 11.9 29.2± 12.3 21 IM magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 61.0 ± 10.8 40.6 ± 11.7 22 savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 7.1 ± 5.6 45.8 ± 12.2 55.0 ± 11.4 23 savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 11.6 ± 8.3 67.6 ± 8.5 28.7 ± 9.2 24 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 4.4 ± 3.0 62.3 ± 9.3 33.3 ± 10.1 25 redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 14.9 ± 4.5 56.0 ± 9.5 29.1 ± 10.4 26 X redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 8.3 ± 8.3 70.9 ± 10.5 20.8 ± 12.5 27 redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 7.9 ± 4.8 64.5 ± 11.4 27.5 ± 11.6 28 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 13.4 ± 7.3 63.1 ± 10.8 14.0 ± 7.2 29 M magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae 7.1 ± 5.6 60.3 ± 8.8 32.5 ± 9.9 30 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 15.9 ± 10.8 53.7 ± 11.6 30.4 ± 8.5 31 X magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae 16.7 ± 16.7 55.6 ± 5.6 27.8 ± 14.7 32 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 19.0 ± 9.2 64.6 ± 13.0 16.4 ± 6.2 33 X redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 0.0 ± 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0 0.0± 0.0 34 N sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 28.6 ± 12.1 61.4 ± 11.1 10.1 ± 4.5 35 X magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae 11.7 ± 7.3 76.7 ± 14.5 11.7 ± 7.3 36 X savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 14.6 ± 8.6 85.4 ± 8.6 0.0 ± 0.0 37 savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 4.8 ± 4.8 60.1 ± 9.8 35.2 ± 9.9 38 IM live oak Quercus virginiana Miller, Fagaceae 4.8 ± 4.8 56.1 ± 5.9 39.1 ± 6.5 39 orchid tree Bauhinia purpurea L., Fabaceae 6.9 ± 4.6 64.8 ± 9.0 28.3 ± 10.4 40 savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 3.2 ± 3.2 67.6 ± 8.9 29.2 ± 9.6 41 live oak Quercus virginiana Miller, Fagaceae 3.7 ± 3.7 56.1 ± 11.7 32.8 ± 11.5 42 X redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 10.0 ± 10.0 76.7 ± 14.5 13.3 ± 13.3 43 redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 24.9 ± 8.7 57.7 ± 14.1 17.5 ± 9.8 44 live oak Quercus virginiana Miller, Fagaceae 1.6 ± 1.6 53.4 ± 12.2 45.0 ± 12.1 (table continues) W. Osbrink, M. Cornelius - Acoustic Evaluation of Trees for C. formosanus86 Table 1. Trees of Jackson Square with cumulative % H, M, and L Formosan termite activity Tree # Common name Scientific name H M L 45 mulberry Morus spp. , Moraceae 11.9 ± 5.8 55.3 ± 9.7 32.8 ± 9.7 46 M live oak Quercus virginiana Miller, Fagaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 57.3 ± 9.8 42.7 ± 9.8 47 redbud Cercis canadensis L., Leguminales 24.9 ± 6.9 58.9 ± 9.2 16.3 ± 6.6 48 magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae 1.6 ± 1.6 70.4 ± 10.5 28.1 ± 10.4 49 I savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 2.8 ± 2.8 65.9 ± 10.5 31.4 ± 10.4 50 savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 1.9 ± 1.9 57.5 ± 11.8 40.6 ± 12.4 51 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 4.8 ± 3.4 69.3 ± 11.5 25.9 ± 11.4 52 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 1.6 ± 1.6 54.8 ± 12.3 43.7 ± 12.4 53 savannah holly Ilex x attenuata L.’savannah’, Aquifoliaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 49.3 ± 9.7 50.7 ± 9.7 54 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 4.8 ± 2.4 65.3 ± 12.5 31.5 ± 11.9 55 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 6.4 ± 4.8 51.9 ± 12.5 41.8 ± 11.2 56 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 3.2 ± 2.1 72.1 ± 6.4 24.7 ± 6.7 57 I live oak Quercus virginiana Miller, Fagaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 48.3 ± 10.9 51.7 ± 10.9 58 X sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 52.1 ± 22.2 35.4 ± 14.6 12.5 ± 12.5 59 sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 23.5 ± 11.2 47.6 ± 10.3 28.9 ± 11.5 60 magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae 17.5 ± 8.8 54.9 ± 11.8 27.6 ± 12.2 61 X crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 21.4 ± 11.1 78.6 ± 11.1 0.0 ± 0.0 62 X sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Oleaceae 8.3 ± 8.3 66.7 ± 23.6 8.3 ± 8.3 63 crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 7.1 ± 5.6 62.2 ± 9.6 30.7 ± 10.0 64 X crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 0.0 ± 0.0 93.3 ± 6.7 6.7 ± 6.7 65 crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 0.0 ± 0.0 60.3 ± 13.5 39.7 ± 13.5 66 X crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 0.0 ± 0.0 62.5 ± 23.9 37.5 ± 23.9 67 X crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 12.5 ± 12.5 79.2 ± 12.5 8.3 ± 8.3 68 X crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 25.0 ± 19.4 61.7 ± 19.7 13.3 ± 13.3 69 crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 13.8 ± 8.2 49.5 ± 9.3 34.0 ± 10.8 70 crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 8.7 ± 5.6 54.1 ± 11.7 37.2 ± 10.4 71 X crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 16.7 ± 16.7 58.3 ± 22.1 25.0 ± 25.0 72 X crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 0.0 ± 0.0 93.8 ± 6.3 6.3 ± 6.3 73 X crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 33.3 ± 16.7 58.3 ± 8.3 8.3 ± 8.3 74 crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 13.1 ± 5.5 53.8 ± 11.9 33.1 ± 10.7 75 crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 5.3 ± 3.8 62.8 ± 7.9 27.4 ± 7.7 76 crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 3.2 ± 2.1 68.8 ± 9.9 28.0 ± 9.4 77 crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 1.6 ± 1.6 77.3 ± 9.9 21.2 ± 9.0 78 crepe myrtle Lagerstroemia indica L., Lythraceae 7.1 ± 5.6 58.9 ± 13.5 45.1 ± 14.4 79 X aristocrat pear Pyrus calleryana Decne, Rosaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 68.8 ± 23.7 31.3 ± 23.7 80 X aristocrat pear Pyrus calleryana Decne, Rosaceae 20.8 ± 12.5 41.7 ± 4.8 37.5 ± 14.2 81 X aristocrat pear Pyrus calleryana Decne, Rosaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 80.6 ± 10.0 19.4 ± 10.0 82 X aristocrat pear Pyrus calleryana Decne, Rosaceae 16.7 ± 16.7 58.3 ± 22.1 25.0 ± 25.0 83 X aristocrat pear Pyrus calleryana Decne, Rosaceae 8.3 ± 8.3 62.5 ± 14.2 29.2 ± 10.5 84 X aristocrat pear Pyrus calleryana Decne, Rosaceae 11.1 ± 11.1 58.3 ± 12.7 30.6 ± 19.5 85 X aristocrat pear Pyrus calleryana Decne, Rosaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 75.0 ± 25.0 25.0 ± 25.0 86 X aristocrat pear Pyrus calleryana Decne, Rosaceae 27.1 ± 10.4 39.6 ± 16.5 33.3 ± 11.8 87 Mediterranean palm Chamaerops humilis L., Arecaceae 18.5 ± 11.1 53.3 ± 12.8 39.3 ± 11.2 88 Mediterranean palm Chamaerops humilis L., Arecaceae 14.3 ± 10.9 70.9 ± 10.9 25.9 ± 10.1 89 Mediterranean palm Chamaerops humilis L., Arecaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 58.1 ± 10.4 41.9 ± 10.4 90 Mediterranean palm Chamaerops humilis L., Arecaceae 4.4 ± 3.0 68.1 ± 9.8 27.5 ± 10.5 (table continues) Sociobiology 60(1): 77-95 (2013) 87 Table 1. Trees of Jackson Square with cumulative % H, M, and L Formosan termite activity Tree # Common name Scientific name H M L 91 Mediterranean palm Chamaerops humilis L., Arecaceae 0.0 ± 0.0 48.3 ± 10.5 51.7 ± 10.5 92 Mediterranean palm Chamaerops humilis L., Arecaceae 6.0 ± 3.2 50.7 ± 11.2 51.7 ± 10.5 93 Mediterranean palm Chamaerops humilis L., Arecaceae 7.9 ± 6.4 56.1 ± 12.7 47.1 ± 14.1 94 Mediterranean palm Chamaerops humilis L., Arecaceae 20.1 ± 12.4 47.5 ± 12.6 43.5 ± 11.8 X tree removed before end of study. I imidacloprid treatment in 2000. M mud tubing May 2011. N tree adjacent to noviflumuron station. Table 2. Mean number (± SE) Jackson Square tree acoustical counts Tree Mar. April May July Aug. Sept. Oct. (Q1) 2003 4 PoIM ND 14.1 ± 4.1 ND ND ND ND 0.0 ± 0.0 5 ND 140.5 ± 14.5* ND ND ND ND 1.1 ± 1.0 6 ND 83.8 ± 12.1* ND ND ND ND 0.4 ± 0.3 7 ND 101.2 ± 44.9* ND ND ND ND 0.0 ± 0.0 10 PoIM ND 11.6 ± 8.0 ND ND ND ND 4.2 ± 1.9* 14 PrN ND 29.4 ± 15.2 ND ND ND ND 0.0 ± 0.0 ND F= 6.758 ND ND ND ND F = 2.269 ND df = 14, 149 ND ND ND ND df = 13, 139 ND P < 0.001 ND ND ND ND P = 0.010 (Q2) 2003 20 PoI ND 1.3 ± 0.7 ND ND ND ND 0.9 ± 0.5 21 PoIM ND 9.7 ± 2.3 ND ND ND ND 1.8 ± 1.0 22 ND 127.1 ± 21.1* ND ND ND ND 0.0 ± 0.0 29 M ND 142.6 ± 45.2* ND ND ND ND 11.0 ± 7.2 ND F = 6.687 ND ND ND ND F = 2.432 ND df = 13, 139 ND ND ND ND df = 12, 129 ND P < 0.001 ND ND ND ND P = 0.007 (Q3) 2003 31 X ND 66.3 ± 16.2* ND ND ND ND 6.1 ± 2.8 34 PrN ND 71.9 ± 20.3* ND ND ND ND 13.5 ± 4.8* 38 PoIM ND 9.0 ± 7.7 ND ND ND ND 0.0 ± 0.0 42 X ND 11.1 ± 4.6 ND ND ND ND 18.3 ±5.3* ND F = 3.055 ND ND ND ND F = 5.206 ND df = 11, 119 ND ND ND ND df = 12, 129 ND P < 0.001 ND ND ND ND P < 0.001 (Q4) 2003 45 ND 16.1 ± 10.9 ND ND ND ND 34.1 ± 10.3* 46 M ND 4.5 ± 2.4 ND ND ND ND 1.1 ± 0.6 49 PoI ND 5.7 ± 2.2 ND ND ND ND 0.0 ± 0.0 57 PoI ND 2.9 ± 1.4 ND ND ND ND 0.0 ± 0.0 59 ND 126.2 ± 25.4* ND ND ND ND 36.8 ± 8.6* 60 ND 4.3 ± 1.4 ND ND ND ND 22.1 ± 10.8* 62 ND 88.9 ± 34.1* ND ND ND ND 24.8 ± 5.4* ND F = 7.459 ND ND ND ND F = 7.928 ND df = 18, 189 ND ND ND ND df = 19, 199 (Table continues) W. Osbrink, M. Cornelius - Acoustic Evaluation of Trees for C. formosanus88 Table 2. Mean number (± SE) Jackson Square tree acoustical counts. Tree Mar. April May July Aug. Sept. Oct. ND P < 0.001 ND ND ND ND P < 0.001 (Q1) 2004 2 X ND 59.2 ± 8.5* ND 196.4 ± 20.3* ND 729.2 ± 322.8* 66.4 ± 15.6* 4 PoIM ND 16.5 ± 4.1* ND 1.1 ± 0.6 ND 17.1 ± 1.5 6.4 ± 1.8 10 PoIM ND 10.9 ± 3.5 ND 0.2 ± 0.1 ND 0.9 ± 0.6 2.1 ± 1.0 10 PoIM ND 1.6 ± 0.9 ND 0.9 ± 0.4 ND 0.6 ± 0.5 0.7 ± 0.5 14 PrN ND 9.3 ± 3.9 ND 0.2 ± 0.2 ND 1.3 ± 0.8 1.3 ± 0.8 ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q2) 2004 19 ND 44.2 ± 26.7* ND 3.5 ± 1.5 ND 17.2 ± 5.4* 17.3 ± 10.7 20 Pol ND 3.1 ± 2. ND 0.3 ± 0.3 ND 1.5 ± 1.2 1.2 ± 1.0 21 PoIM ND 0.6 ± 0.6 ND 3.4 ± 1.9 ND 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 24 ND 4.0 ± 2.3 ND 0.8 ± 0.5 ND 12.6 ± 5.5* 5.4 ± 2.9 28 ND 6.0 ± 1.6 ND 1.9 ± 0.7 ND 2.1 ± 2.9 22.2 ± 10.5* 29 M ND 0.9 ± 0.6 ND 0.3 ± 0.3 ND 0.3 ± 0.3 2.9 ± 1.8 ND F = 2.616 ND F = 4.025 ND F = 5.376 F = 2.592 ND df = 12, 129 ND df = 12, 129 ND df = 12, 129 df = 12, 129 ND P = 0.004 ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.001 P = 0.004 (Q3) 2004 34 PrN ND 15.6 ± 5.6 ND 5.2 ± 1.3 ND 1.3 ± 1.1 ND 35 X ND 1.6 ± 0.9 ND 31.2 ± 9.1* ND 0.9 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 35 X ND 64.2 ± 30.0* ND 0.5 ± 0.5 ND 1.6 ± 1.0 2.9 ± 1.4 38 PoIM ND 2.1 ± 1.0 ND 1.0 ± 1.0 ND 0.6 ± 0.6 1.1 ± 0.7 ND F = 3.676 ND F = 7.092 ND F = 0.643 F = 2.614 ND df = 12, 129 ND df = 12, 129 ND df = 12, 129 df = 10, 109 ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.802 P < 0.007 (Q4) 2004 46 M ND 0.7 ± 0.7 ND 0.4 ± 0.3 ND 3.9 ± 1.9 3.2 ± 1.2 49 Pol ND 13.9 ± 17.6 ND 24.3 ± 11.7* ND 3.6 ± 3.5 0.0 ± 0.0 57 Pol ND 19.2 ± 12.6 ND 0.0 ± 0.0 ND 0.5 ± 0.3 1.8 ± 0.9 58 X ND 1.0 ± 0.9 ND 48.6 ± 15.7* ND 188.8 ± 44.7* 100.1 ± 20.6* 60 ND 20.9 ± 4.1* ND 1.1 ± 1.0 ND 1.8 ± 1.0 44.0 ± 14.4* ND F = 3.004 ND F = 5.999 ND F = 16.331 F = 37.6 ND df = 19, 199 ND df = 19, 199 ND df = 19. 199 df = 19, 199 ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q1) 2005 1 6.7 ± 2.9 ND ND 51.4 ± 6.1* ND ND 2.9 ± 1.1* 2 X 2.0 ± 1.0 ND ND 22.2 ± 5.4* ND ND 0.1 ± 0.1 3 1.3 ± 0.7 ND ND 27.4 ± 6.7* ND ND 1.2 ± 0.6 4 PoIM 9.4 ± 6.3 ND ND 6.3 ± 5.2 ND ND 0.0 ± 0.0 6 14.2 ± 5.2* ND ND 21.8 ± 4.7* ND ND 0.2 ± 0.2 10 PoIM 0.3 ± 0.2 ND ND 3.4 ± 2.7 ND ND 0.0 ± 0.0 11 9.3 ± 2.1 ND ND 19.8 ± 2.8* ND ND 0.8 ± 0.3 14 PrN 0.0 ± 0.0 ND ND 5.7 ± 2.9 ND ND 0.2 ± 0.2 F = 9.295 ND ND F = 13.427 ND ND F = 4.001 df = 14, 149 ND ND df = 14, 149 ND ND df = 14, 149 (Table continues) Sociobiology 60(1): 77-95 (2013) 89 Table 2. Mean number (± SE) Jackson Square tree acoustical counts. Tree Mar. April May July Aug. Sept. Oct. P < 0.001 ND ND P < 0.001 ND ND P < 0.001 (Q2) 2005 19 2.5 ± 1.2 ND ND 35.1 ± 14.4* ND ND 2.2 ± 1.1 20 Pol 0.6 ± 0.6 ND ND 0.8 ± 0.6 ND ND 0.1 ± 0.1 21 PolM 3.2 ± 1.8 ND ND 25.5 ± 12.0 ND ND 0.1 ± 0.1 25 5.6 ± 1.7 ND ND 56.9 ± 11.2* ND ND 0.1 ± 0.1 29 M 1.8 ± 1.8 ND ND 1.5 ± 1.0 ND ND 1.0 ± 1.0 F = 2.170 ND ND F = 7.645 ND ND F = 1.096 df = 12, 129 ND ND df = 12, 129 ND ND df = 12, 129 P = 0.017 ND ND P < 0.001 ND ND P = 0.370 (Q3) 2005 34 PrN 10.2 ± 3.3 ND ND 4.3 ± 1.5 ND ND 0.1 ± 0.1 35 X 48.5 ± 11.3* ND ND 7.2 ± 5.6 ND ND 0.0 ± 0.0 38 Pol 3.6 ± 2.2 ND ND 0.3 ± 0.2 ND ND 0.1 ± 0.1 F = 10.805 ND ND F = 0.784 ND ND F = 0.613 df = 10, 109 ND ND df = 11, 119 ND ND df = 9, 99 P < 0.001 ND ND P = 0.656 ND ND P = 0.613 (Q4) 2005 43 0.8 ± 0.6 ND ND 53.9 ± 11.1* ND ND 0.6 ± 0.3 49 Pol 13.9 ± 5.2 ND ND 4.7 ± 1.6 ND ND 0.0 ± 0.0 57 Pol 1.7 ± 0.8 ND ND 1.3 ± 0.6 ND ND 0.1 ± 0.1 58 X 58.6 ± 30.4* ND ND 25.8 ± 6.8 ND ND 1.9 ± 0.6 59 33.1 ± 16.4 ND ND 46.2 ± 18.3* ND ND 0.8 ± 0.7 F = 3.264 ND ND F = 7.646 ND ND F = 37.6 df = 19, 199 ND ND df = 19, 199 ND ND df = 19, 199 P < 0.001 ND ND P < 0.001 ND ND P = 0.078 (Q1) 2006 1 ND 107.8 ± 14.2* ND 147.9 ± 7.7* ND 63.4 ± 9.3* ND 3 ND 43.9 ± 12.2* ND 18.6 ± 11.9 ND 23.9 ± 4.1 ND 4 Pol ND 2.9 ± 2.3 ND 1.2 ± 1.1 ND 3.5 ± 2.3 ND 10 PolM ND 0.9 ± 0.6 ND 0.1 ± 0.1 ND 3.4 ± 1.5 ND 11 ND 72.0 ± 8.8* ND 227.7 ± 14.3* ND 58.7 ± 20.9* ND 14 PrN ND 13.2 ± 4.0 ND 4.0 ± 3.4 ND 4.8 ± 2.1 ND 15 ND 50.8 ± 20.4* ND 2.0 ± 1.2 ND 0.7 ± 0.5 ND ND F = 17.648 ND F = 24.5 ND F = 10.519 ND ND df = 13, 139 ND df = 13, 139 ND df = 13, 139 ND ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.001 ND (Q2) 2006 19 ND 1.7 ± 0.7 ND 74.5 ± 16.2* ND 21.0 ± 8.5 ND 20 Pol ND 13.3 ± 6.3 ND 7.2 ± 42.4 ND 7.2 ± 3.1 ND 21 PolM ND 1.8 ± 1.3 ND 19.1 ± 7.3 ND 6.8 ± 3.8 ND 23 ND 18.0 ± 6.0* ND 1.8 ± 0.9 ND 1.9 ± 1.3 ND 25 ND 0.3 ± 0.2 ND 5.2 ± 2.9 ND 69.8 ± 13.0* ND 26 X ND 14.1 ± 1.9 ND 9.0 ± 3.0 ND 74.1 ± 13.0* ND 29 M ND 0.1 ± 0.1 ND 2.8 ± 1.4 ND 3.6 ± 1.8 ND ND F = 4.287 ND F = 12.436 ND F = 28.9 ND (Table continues) W. Osbrink, M. Cornelius - Acoustic Evaluation of Trees for C. formosanus90 Table 2. Mean number (± SE) Jackson Square tree acoustical counts. Tree Mar. April May July Aug. Sept. Oct. ND df = 11, 119 ND df = 11, 119 ND df = 11, 19 ND ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.001 ND (Q3) 2006 34 PrN ND 2.6 ± 1.0 ND 0.6 ± 0.5 ND 7.9 ± 2.3 5.2±4.6 36 X ND 1.8 ± 0.8 ND 48.5 ± 12.8* ND 7.3 ± 2.9 ND 38 PolM ND 0.0 ± 0.0 ND 5.7 ± 3.0 ND 2.3 ± 1.5 ND 39 ND 32.0 ± 7.7* ND 17.9 ± 5.6 ND 7.4 ± 5.0 ND 41 ND 0.9 ± 0.6 ND 5.6 ± 3.0 ND 40.3 ± 25.8* ND ND F = 11.210 ND F = 5.445 ND F= 28.9 ND ND df = 10, 109 ND df = 10, 109 ND df = 10, 109 ND ND P < 0.001 ND P < 0.001 ND P = 0.037 ND (Q4) 2006 43 ND 15.2 ±3.9 ND 175.8 ± 12.7* ND 17.0 ± 5.6 ND 46 M ND 8.7± 1.4 ND ND ND 1.7 ± 1.2 ND 47 ND 153.5 ± 40.8* ND 23.8 ± 7.5 ND 22.1 ± 10.0 ND 49 Pol ND 0.7 ± 0.5 ND 12.4 ± 5.5 ND 21.3 ± 13.6 ND 57 Pol ND 10.4±6.2 ND 2.3 1.3 ND 3.6 2.1 ND 58 X ND 207.4±24.1 ND 394.2 74.5* ND ND ND 59 ND F=18.348 ND 41.6 21.8 ND ND ND ND df=19.199 ND df = 18, 189 ND df = 16, 169 ND ND P<0.001 ND P < 0.001 ND P = 0.048 ND (Q1) 2007 1 17.4 ±6.6* 2.8 ± 2.3 22.5 ± 5.6 5.5 ± 4.5 6.7±2.4 2.8 ± 2.3 6.1 ± 3.0 3 19.5 ±6.9* 4.7 ± 3.0 17.8 ± 11.3 3.2 ± 2.0 4.1±1.7 34.7 ± 5.8* 8.2 ± 5.1 4 PolM 4.1 ±3.2 5.3 ± 73.8 20.9 ± 7.7 32.1 ± 12.6* 2.2±1.7 31.5 ± 8.9* 11.2 ± 3.6 5 0.6 ± 0.5 33.6 ± 14.1* 18.2 ± 9.5 13.3 ± 4.1 3.0 ± 2.8 6.0 ± 3.2 18.1 ± 4.8 6 0.0 ± 0.0 4.0 ± 1.1 9.5 ± 5.3 5.2 ± 2.5 6.1 ± 2.8 2.1 ± 1.4 33.5 ± 19.3* 10 PolM 2.5 ± 0.9 16.7 ± 8.6 8.2 ± 3.2 4.5 ± 2.3 10.5 ± 12.9 1.7 ± 1.7 2.8 ± 2.0 11 11.9 ± 1.7 41.9 ± 4.2* 36.7 ± 4.5* 46.6 ± 7.4* 86.9 ± 16.9* 37.5 ± 4.6* 28.8 ± 3.9 12 0.6 ± 0.6 0.7 ± 0.6 36.4 ± 4.4* 1.4 ± 1.0 10.5 ± 2.8 0.0 ± 0.0 3.6 ± 2.1 14 PrN 0.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 1.0 1.6 ± 0.8 0.1 ± 0.1 2.9 ± 1.5 3.1 ± 1.0 22.5 ± 7.5 F = 3.776 F = 4.990 F = 2.729 F = 8.748 F = 19.999 F = 17.827 F = 2.527 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P = 0.002 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P = 0.004 (Q2) 2007 19 82.6 ± 27.7* 18.8 ± 9.4 34.4 ± 9.9* 63.9 ± 17.5* 43.6 ± 12.4* 54.3 ± 12.1 100.6 ± 20.7* 20 Pol 6.1 ± 1.8 1.2 ± 1.1 2.5 ± 1.8 11.4 ± 5.1 25.5 ± 7.2 ND 18.7 ± 6.0 21 PolM 0.7 ± 0.7 13.2 ± 7.4 0.8 ± 0.5 18.6 ± 9.9 30.3 ± 16.6 8.6 ± 4.3 5.8 ± 3.9 25 16.2 ± 5.8 9.8 ± 5.0 1.9 ± 1.5 63.9 ± 17.5* 2.8 ± 2.3 5.9 ± 2.6 7.4 ± 3.9 27 6.5 ± 4.9 6.2 ± 2.1 6.3 ± 2.7 8.1 ± 2.5 236.1 ± 13.2* 95.0 ± 6.0* 71.1 ± 6.3* 28 4.5 ± 2.1 7.4 ± 5.2 6.4 ± 2.7 15.1 ± 5.1 4.6 ± 1.5 15.1 ± 6.8 93.2 ± 5.9* 29 M 6.9 ± 3.2 4.3 ± 2.5 9.2 ± 4.4 6.0 ± 5.1 2.7 ± 1.7 15.6 ± 7.6 7.5 ± 4.4 F = 24.6 F = 1.314 F = 32.4 F = 7.768 F = 77.567 F = 20.832 F = 20.238 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 104 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 9, 99 df = 10, 109 P < 0.001 P = 0.234 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q3) 2007 34 PrN 12.0 ± 4.5* 18.4 ± 8.7 28.2 ± 5.0* 9.2 ± 5.7 11.5 ± 5.3 75.9 ± 9.9* 5.2 ± 4.6 (Table continues) Sociobiology 60(1): 77-95 (2013) 91 Table 2. Mean number (± SE) Jackson Square tree acoustical counts. Tree Mar. April May July Aug. Sept. Oct. 38 PolM 4.7 ± 1.5 1.1 ± 0.8 6.7 ± 2.3 5.2 ± 3.2 1.9 ± 0.9 1.1 ± 1.1 0.0 ± 0.0 39 13.1 ± 3.4* 27.3 ± 9.5 26.5 ± 10.2* 21.4 ± 7.6 14.0 ± 4.7 50.9 ± 16.8 7.8 ± 3.6 F = 4.327 F = 24.6 F = 5.092 F = 2.289 F = 2.440 F = 10.214 F = 0.629 df = 8, 89 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 29 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 P < 0.001 P = 0.138 P < 0.001 P = 0.037 P = 0.027 P < 0.001 P = 0.731 (Q4) 2007 45 0.8 ± 0.6 3.2 ± 2.2 4.5 ± 2.3 27.2 ± 13.7 2.4 ± 1.7 1.2 ± 0.9 44.1 ± 18.6* 46 M 1.8 ± 1.4 0.4 ± 0.4 1.1 ± 1.1 2.2 ± 2.2 9.5 ± 5.7 3.3 ± 2.2 8.4 ± 5.4 47 30.6 ± 14.7* 33.6 ± 14.1* 15.4 ± 10.8 4.3 ± 2.7 11.0 ± 4.4 13.0 ± 8.6 29.9 ± 12.8 49 Pol ND 2.1 ± 2.0 3.9 ± 3.2 2.4 ± 2.1 1.9 ± 1.1 3.5 ± 1.4 1.7 ± 1.7 50 ND 18.6 ± 9.2 0.4 ± 0.3 4.6 ± 2.9 2.7 ± 1.0 29.0 ± 13.0* 1.0 ± 0.9 51 6.5 ± 2.8 2.9 ± 1.0 9.9 ± 3.7 49.5 ± 16.0* 2.3 ± 1.3 3.9 ± 1.2 2.0 ± 1.4 54 1.0 ± 0.8 9.7 ± 5.0 2.1 ± 1.1 65.6 ± 16.9* 28.0 ± 19.0 2.9 ± 1.3 8.6 ± 4.1 55 46.4 ± 12.1* 15.3 ± 14.2 5.6 ± 2.9 0.5 ± 0.5 1.0 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 0.7 5.4 ± 2.9 56 2.3 ± 0.8 10.7 ± 2.4 3.0 ± 2.3 14.1 ± 6.8 52.0 ± 10.8* 21.2 ± 11.1 1.7 ± 0.8 57 Pol 3.2 ± 1.4 0.4 ± 0.4 2.3 ± 1.7 3.2 ± 2.0 4.9 ± 2.9 1.5 ± 1.5 0.1 ± 0.1 59 36.9 ± 6.4* 4.9 ± 2.1 11.1 ± 3.8 2.4 ± 1.5 32.4 ± 9.8 0.1 ± 0.1 5.9 ± 4.2 61 8.5 ± 2.6 37.3 ± 13.1* 32.0 ± 9.6* 8.7 ± 3.5 42.4 ± 5.4* 66.1 ± 8.3* 152.9 ± 11.1* F = 6.597 F = 2.885 F = 2.439 F = 5.042 F = 23.992 F = 8.440 F = 19.854 df = 15, 159 df = 17, 179 df = 17, 179 df = 17, 179 df = 17, 179 df = 17, 179 df = 17, 179 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P = 0.002 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q1) 2008 30.8 ± 11.4 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 2.7 ± 1.8 29.0 ± 8.8* 4 PolM 1.6 ± 0.9 30.7 ± 13.0* 2.5 ± 1.2 9.7 ± 4.4 3.7 ± 2.0 4.3 ± 5.2 0.0 ± 0.0 10 PolM 6.5 ± 4.4 2.2 ± 1.8 2.8 ± 1.3 1.7 ± 1.3 1.8 ± 1.7 4.7 ± 2.5 5.7 ± 5.7 11 60.2 ± 28.2* 25.9 ± 6.7* 33.2 ± 3.9* 13.8 ± 9.2 51.4 ± 9.4* 52.0 ± 21.1* 52.2 ± 18.1* 14 PrN 0.0 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 1.3 20.0 ± 12.4 0.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.7 ND 0.2 ± 0.2 F = 4.087 F = 5.043 F = 4.493 F = 1.624 F = 7.594 F = 4.696 F = 5.544 df = 12, 129 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 11, 119 df = 13, 139 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P = 0.087 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q2) 2008 19 27.7 ± 4.7* 17.2 ± 4.8 108.1 ± 13.0* 49.3 ± 19.2* 242.1 ± 10.6* 84.2 ± 11.4* 41.7 ± 16.0 20 Pol 1.3 ± 0.8 1.2 ± 0.6 0.7 ± 0.5 0.2 ± 0.2 6.3 ± 5.1 3.0 ± 1.2 7.6 ± 5.7 21 PolM 2.8 ± 1.9 5.7 ± 3.9 21.1 ± 13.8 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 2.2 ± 1.0 7.3 ± 3.7 25 19.4 ± 6.1* 0.0 ± 0.0 7.4 ± 6.7 0.2 ± 0.2 22.5 ± 15.8 1.9 ± 1.1 17.6 ± 7.2 28 50.5 ± 9.0* ND 56.0 ± 14.1* 58.5 ± 12.8* 154.9 ± 19.0* 9.2 ± 2.2 19.5 ± 3.9 29 M 2.7 ± 1.5 91.3 ± 17.7* 2.2 ± 1.1 0.2 ± 0.2 67.3 ± 127.3 4.2 ± 1.8 1.2 ± 1.1 F = 15.581 F = 13.893 F = 20.604 F = 9.607 F = 26.301 F = 36.590 F = 1.851 df = 10, 109 df = 9, 99 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 9, 99 df = 10, 109 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P = 0.061 (Q3) 2008 32 1.9 ± 0.9 11.0 ± 3.0 17.9 ± 6.4 0.0 ± 0.0 3.3 ± 1.8 41.4 ± 7.9* 41.9 ± 13.7* 34 PrN 15.4 ± 7.1 13.5 ± 3.4 31.0 ± 9.0 0.1 ± 0.1 5.0 ± 2.9 8.9 ± 4.5 30.2 ± 17.6 37 2.0 ± 1.7 4.5 ± 2.2 52.1 ± 19.4* 0.9 ± 0.5* 41.2 ± 16.9* 9.4 ± 7.2 0.0 ± 0.0 38 PoiM 2.9 ± 1.0 5.1 ± 4.6 6.9 ± 4.6 0.0 ± 0.0 7.1 ± 5.3 4.6 ± 2.1 1.4 ± 0.5 F = 2.219 F = 1.453 F = 2.576 F = 2.615 F = 3.716 F = 4.827 F = 4.297 (Table continues) W. Osbrink, M. Cornelius - Acoustic Evaluation of Trees for C. formosanus92 Table 2. Mean number (± SE) Jackson Square tree acoustical counts. Tree Mar. April May July Aug. Sept. Oct. df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 P = 0.042 P = 0.198 P = 0.020 P = 0.018 P = 0.002 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q4) 2008 43 46.1 ± 15.8* 7.9 ± 4.6 6.3 ± 4.3 8.9 ± 5.4 9.9 ± 5.2 4.3 ± 2.9 7.5 ± 4.3 45 3.8 ± 3.1 1.1 ± 1.1 0.0 ± 0.0 4.2 ± 2.5 56.1 ± 8.5* 8.8 ± 3.0 0.0 ± 0.0 46 M 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.3 5.6 ± 2.7 0.6 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.7 24.2 ± 8.5 47 0.0 ± 0.0 14.2 ± 5.6 23.9 ± 14.0* 14.0 ± 5.6 11.2 ± 3.0 23.8 ± 6.6 39.7 ± 17.8* 49 Pol 2.0 ± 1.0 6.2 ± 5.3 9.2 ± 5.9 1.2 ± 0.6 17.5 ± 8.3 20.7 ± 8.7 24.7 ± 8.4 57 Pol 24.3 ± 6.5 1.0 ± 0.7 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 7.3 ± 2.1 0.0 ± 0.0 59 4.2 ± 2.3 17.8 ± 9.2 0.0 ± 0.0 1.9 ± 1.1 2.0 ± 1.3 45.0 ± 8.7* 3.9 ± 1.3 61 13.3 ± 7.9 18.1 ± 6.6 8.8 ± 3.2 52.3 ± 12.2* 48.7 ± 9.5* 24.4 ± 9.1 9.5 ± 4.7 F = 3.729 F = 1.841 F = 1.866 F = 8.719 F = 14.077 F = 5.262 F = 3.596 df = 17, 179 df = 17, 179 df = 17, 179 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 17, 179 df = 17, 179 P < 0.001 P = 0.027 P = 0.024 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q1) 2009 4 PolM 3.8 ± 1.2 1.5 ± 01.4 0.0 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 1.6 3.9 ± 2.2 0.0 ± 0.0 0.6 ± 0.5 9 18.6 ± 5.8* 25.1 ± 10.7* 4.0 ± 2.1 1.1 ± 0.7 12.9 ± 5.4 0.8 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 10 PolM 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.6 3.0 ± 2.4 0.7 ± 0.7 0.4 ± 0.4 0.4 ± 0.4 11 23.6 ± 6.5* 13.1 ± 3.2 62.2 ± 22.2* 15.4 ± 6.3 138.6 ± 8.6* 268.8 ± 54.4* 75.3 ± 18.2* 14 PrN 1.9 ± 1.1 0.7 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.2 79.5 ± 9.9* 56.5 ± 21.2* 7.6 ± 6.5 26.7 ± 6.3* 15 4.1 ± 1.9 1.6 ± 0.6 1.1 ± 0.5 12.6 ± 4.8 72.1 ± 17.4* 0.3 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.1 F= 6.618 F= 5.206 F= 7.215 F= 35.891 F= 22.590 F= 23.800 F= 15.376 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q2) 2009 19 106.8 ± 30.5* 123.5 ± 30.5* 108.6 ± 29.5* 33.1 ± 5.1* 151.9 ± 16.9* 24.3 ± 10.1* 26.8 ± 17.8* 20 Pol 16.1 ± 4.8 32.1 ± 17.2 1.4 ± 1.2 14.9 ± 5.3 9.8 ± 3.4 27.9 ± 12.9* 0.6 ± 0.5 21 PolM 0.1 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 1.3 1.6 ± 1.1 1.9 ± 0.8 0.2 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.5 29 M 0.0 ± 0.0 2.1 ± 1.6 5.4 ± 1.8 0.8 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 1.4 0.0 ± 0.0 0.6 ± 0.3 F = 10.979 F = 12.247 F = 11.490 F = 6.681 F = 64.455 F = 4.298 F = 2.150 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 9, 99 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P = 0.033 (Q3) 2009 32 4.1 ± 1.1 25.6 ± 12.0* 2.7 ± 1.2 0.2 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.9 0.5 ± 0.5 34 PrN 1.6 ± 1.1 5.1 ± 1.4 0.5 ± 0.3 5.9 ± 2.3 0.4 ± 0.4 17.6 ± 9.5* 10.1 ± 6.5 38 PolM 9.7 ± 6.3 16.1 ± 3.2 4.4 ± 2.6 0.8 ± 0.8 20.2 ± 4.6* 22.5 ± 2.3* 60.5 ± 14.1* 40 1.0 ± 0.6 15.7 ± 4.6 7.4 ± 5.1 14.8 ± 3.6* 17.9 ± 7.5* 1.3 ± 0.7 0.3 ± 0.2 F = 2.095 F = 2.665 F = 1.419 F = 9.686 F = 7.052 F = 5.448 F = 14.725 df = 7, 79 df = 6, 69 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 P = 0.055 P = 0.023 P = 0.211 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q4) 2009 43 4.0 ± 1.6 0.6 ± 0.5 1.1 ± 0.8 2.7 ± 2.7 5.4 ± 3.6 31.7 ± 10.1* 0.5 ± 0.2 44 1.1 ± 0.8 3.1 ± 2.1 1.7 ± 1.2 14.7 ± 5.5* 0.0 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 1.5 0.0 ± 0.0 46 M ND 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.8 ± 1.8 1.2 ± 0.8 0.1 ± 0.1 47 5.1 ± 2.0 13.8 ± 8.1* ND 6.9 ± 3.8 10.9 ± 5.1* 3.4 ± 1.8 0.6 ± 0.6 48 0.0 ± 0.0 1.4 ± 1.0 2.5 ± 1.4 0.5 ± 0.4 14.8 ± 4.3* 8.5 ± 2.7 0.1 ± 0.1 (Table continues) Sociobiology 60(1): 77-95 (2013) 93 Table 2. Mean number (± SE) Jackson Square tree acoustical counts. Tree Mar. April May July Aug. Sept. Oct. 49 Pol 0.6 ± 0.6 2.4 ± 0.9 4.3 ± 2.6 1.4 ± 0.7 1.2 ± 1.0 0.8 ± 0.6 1.3 ± 1.1 54 1.9 ± 1.3 1.9 ± 0.7 11.0 ± 3.6* 0.5 ± 0.4 0.8 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.6 ± 0.6 57 Pol 0.2 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.9 0.0 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.3 2.9 ± 2.2 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.3 61 25.2 ± 5.5* 3.8 ± 1.8 ND ND ND ND ND F = 14.125 F = 2.264 F = 3.780 F = 3.682 F = 4.340 F = 7.566 F = 0.506 df = 16, 169 df = 17, 179 df = 15, 159 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 P < 0.001 P = 0.004 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P = 0.941 (Q1) 2010 1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 87.6 ± 6.3* 89.2 ± 2.9* 14.4 ± 1.8* 47.5 ± 8.3* 4 PolM 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 3.9 ± 2.4 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 6 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 1.1 111.8 ± 7.4* 1.2 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 7 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 7.8 ± 2.6* 23.9 ± 3.9* 26.3 ± 4.8* 0.6 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.0 10 PolM 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 11 2.6 ± 1.9 0.2 ± 0.2 19.0 ± 3.3* ND ND ND ND 12 0.1 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 0.9 2.0 ± 1.0 0.2 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 13 0.8 ± 0.7 0.0 ± 0.0 0.6 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 14 N 0.8 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 3.8 ± 1.3 16.2 ± 3.7* 10.7 ± 1.8 0.5 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 15 31.0 ± 15.5* 0.5 ± 0.4 0.4 ± 0.3 0.4 ± 0.4 0.7 ± 0.3 0.5 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.0 F = 3.814 F = 0.801 F = 18.781 F = 109.855 F = 184.080 F = 35.529 F = 32.665 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 13, 139 df = 12, 129 df = 12, 129 df = 12, 129 df = 12, 129 P < 0.001 P = 0.695 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q2) 2010 19 0.3 ± 0.3 0.4 ± 0.3 3.1 ± 1.9* 20.8 ± 10.4* 14.3 ± 4.0* 14.7 ± 2.6* 14.4 ± 6.2* 20 Pol 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 21 PolM 0.0 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.7 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 29 0.0 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.8 1.1 ± 0.9 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 F = 0.750 F = 1.255 F = 2.390 F = 3.876 F = 12.770 F = 31.982 F = 5.519 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 P = 0.676 P = 0.267 P = 0.014 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q3) 2010 30 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 193.0 ± 15.6* 234.2 ± 4.7* 376.7 ± 14.9* 229.0 ± 15.8* 32 0.0 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.0 54.8 ± 4.7* 92.1 ± 2.9* 179.9 ± 18.8* 94.7 ± 8.8* 34 N 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.2 3.9 ± 3.2 26.5 ± 4.8* 20.6 ± 2.6* 15.3 ± 5.3 18.0 ± 3.0 37 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.5 1.2 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 38 PolM 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 1.2 ±1.1 0.1 ±0.1 1.5 ±1.0 3.7 ±2.1 0.0 ±0.0 39 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 40 0.4 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 3.8 ± 3.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 F=0.857 F = 0.905 F=1.456 F=125.154 F=1139.984 F=249.817 F = 160.770 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 P=0.544 P = 0.507 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q4) 43 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 25.5 ± 5.4* 17.4 ± 3.9* 88.6 ± 8.0* 3.8 ± 1.5* 46 M 0.9 ± 0.9 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.0 ND 47 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 12.9 ± 2.4* 20.4 ± 2.9* 2.6 ± 1.5* 49 Pol 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 54 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 24.0 ± 9.2 0.0 ± 0.0 (Table continues) W. Osbrink, M. Cornelius - Acoustic Evaluation of Trees for C. formosanus94 Table 2. Mean number (± SE) Jackson Square tree acoustical counts. Tree Mar. April May July Aug. Sept. Oct. 57 Pol 0.3 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 F = 0.645 F = 0.673 F = 2.002 F = 21.858 F = 20.275 F = 45.598 F = 4.496 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 15, 159 P = 0.843 P = 0.817 P = 0.016 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 (Q1) 2011 4MPol 0.4 ± 0.3 2.0 ± 1.3 1.0 ± 0.8 M 0.4 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.8 5.0 ± 3.9 0.3 ± 0.2 6 0.7 ± 0.5 0.3 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.3 4.2 ± 1.7* 0.8 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 10 MPol 0.2 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.2 M 3.3 ± 2.3 0.0 ± 0.0 0.6 ± 0.6 0.5 ± 0.5 12 0.9 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.7 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 13 0.0 ± 0.0 1.7 ± 1.4 1.2 ± 0.9 0.2 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 14 N 0.2 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 1.2 0.2 ± 0.2 15 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.2 2.0 ± 1.8 0.2 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 1.6 1.9 ± 1.3 1.5 ± 1.4 F = 1.798 F = 1.164 F = 0.932 F = 1.504 F = 2.626 F = 1.258 F = 0.895 df = 12, 129 df = 12, 129 df = 12, 129 df = 12, 129 df = 12, 129 df = 12, 129 df = 12, 129 P = 0.056 P = 0.317 P = 0.518 P = 0.132 P = 0.004 P = 0.253 P = 0.554 (Q2) 2011 17 0.1 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.6 3.0 ± 2.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.4 19 14.9 ± 3.5* 10.8 ± 5.8* 0.0 ± 0.0 10.8 ± 2.5* 4.7 ± 2.1 6.4 ± 1.9 5.0 ± 2.2 20 Pol 0.6 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.5 1.4 ± 1.2 0.1 ± 0.1 2.8 ± 1.7 0.5 ± 0.5 21 MPol 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 M 1.8 ± 1.7 0.7 ± 0.7 5.7 ± 3.1 1.2 ± 1.2 22 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.9 ± 0.5 13.7 ± 4.9* 1.1 ± 1.1 0.0 ± 0.0 24 0.2 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.8 0.9 ± 0.6 0.9 ± 0.6 9.6 ± 3.4 13.6 ± 4.9* 7.8 ± 5.5 25 0.3 ± 0.3 2.2 ± 1.3 0.0 ± 0. 0.0 ± 0.0 12.6 ± 3.8* 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.5 27 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.5 16.8 ± 2.5* 6.1 ± 1.4 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 28 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.4 3.3 ± 1.5 0.6 ± 0.3 11.8 ± 3.1* 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.1 29 M 0.0 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 1.1 1.5 ± 0.8 M 4.8 ± 2.6 0.4 ± 0.2 3.2 ± 2.2 2.0 ± 1.1 F = 17.039 F = 2.942 F = 2.029 F = 12.361 F = 5.224 F = 3.276 F = 1.780 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 df = 10, 109 P < 0.001 P = 0.003 P = 0.038 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P = 0.074 (Q3) 2011 30 55.3±5.2* 226.4±18.8* 27.1±3.8* 349.1±20.9* 585.8±16.8* 66.2±10.5* 1.5±1.3 32 59.4 ± 4.7* 203.3 ± 16.2* 20.7 ± 2.9* 474.4 ± 19.3* 60.7 ± 67.6* 0.2 ± 0.2 3.2 ± 2.6 34 N 2.5 ± 1.2 51.1 ± 9.9* 18.7 ± 3.1* 24.7 ± 3.9* 75.7 ± 8.3* 29.0 ± 5.7* 2.8 ± 5.8 38 MPol 0.9 ± 0.7 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 1.1 1.5 ± 0.9 39 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.7 M 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.0 40 4.2 ± 1.6 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.4 ± 0.9 0.2 ± 0.6 0.2 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.9 0.1 ± 0.3 F = 98.312 F = 105.701 F = 32.291 F = 356.160 F = 802.957 F = 32.263 F = 0.941 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 df = 7, 79 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P = 0.481 (Q4) 2011 43 8.3 ± 1.8* 2.5 ± 0.9 18.8 ± 2.2* 20.0 ± 3.5* 66.4 ± 6.7* 37.3 ± 12.7* 0.1 ± 0.1 45 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.4 34.1 ± 5.5* 76.8 ± 10.7* 0.0 ± 0.0 46 M 0.3 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.2 M 0.3 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 3.1 ± 2.9 0.3 ± 0.3 47 6.1 ± 2.8* 10.4 ± 3.7* 7.4 ± 2.0* 5.2 ± 1.9 6.3 ± 2.8 47.8 ± 9.5* 8.3 ± 3.3 49 Pol 4.0 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.2 ± 0.9 2.4 ± 0.9 0.2 ± 0.2 3.4 ± 1.7 0.2 ± 0.2 (Table continues) Sociobiology 60(1): 77-95 (2013) 95 Table 2. Mean number (± SE) Jackson Square tree acoustical counts. Tree Mar. April May July Aug. Sept. Oct. 47 6.1 ± 2.8* 10.4 ± 3.7* 7.4 ± 2.0* 5.2 ± 1.9 6.3 ± 2.8 47.8 ± 9.5* 8.3 ± 3.3 49 Pol 4.0 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.2 ± 0.9 2.4 ± 0.9 0.2 ± 0.2 3.4 ± 1.7 0.2 ± 0.2 51 12.2 ± 0.9* 0.0 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 1.7 0.0 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.4 3.8 ± 2.4 87.2 ± 18.6* 52 0.0 ± 0.0 1.2 ± 0.9 0.4 ± 0.3 30.5 ± 4.1 16.5 ± 3.9* 0.7 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.0 55 11.7 ± 3.2* 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 10.4 ± 2.9* 12.7 ± 1.8* 0.1 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.5 56 1.0 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.9 7.1 ± 2.4 1.3 ± 3.0 33.5 ± 12.9* 4.0 ± 1.78 57 Pol 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 F = 11.561 F = 7.136 F = 24.224 F = 26.148 F = 50.062 F = 15.512 F = 19.783 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 df = 16, 169 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 * Means significantly > 0; protected Tukey Test (P < 0.05). PoI post imidacloprid treatment. M mud tube present in May 2011. N tree adjacent to active noviflumuron bait station. ND no data.