Open access journal: http://periodicos.uefs.br/index.php/sociobiology ISSN: 0361-6525 DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v69i3.8265Sociobiology 69(3): e8265 (September, 2022) Introduction Many areas in Brazil lack the most basic biodiversity studies, particularly in the case of invertebrates. For any effective conservation proposal to be established, the knowledge of species occurring in a particular area must be enhanced (Melo et al., 2012). In this context, such a taxonomic baseline is only achieved by conducting biodiversity surveys. The state of Tocantins is one of these undersampled areas, a large gap in the Brazilian territory regarding insect diversity. Only a few taxonomic works or faunal surveys have been developed, mostly over the last decade and including only a few taxa: Coleoptera (Fernandes et al., 2020; Polizei & Fernandes, 2020; Polizei et al., 2022), Diptera (Figueiro et al., 2012, 2014; Krolow & Vieira, 2016; Lima et al. 2015; Lima et al., 2018; Da Silva et al., 2022), Embioptera (Krolow & Valadares, 2016; Salvatierra, 2020), Ephemeroptera (Boldrini Abstract Tocantins state has high biodiversity and a high degree of endemism, nevertheless, there are no studies on the diversity of social wasps. This study introduces a survey of social wasps actively collected using entomological nets and Malaise trap in addition to different light traps in sixteen sites in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes in Tocantins state, Brazil. We sampled a total of 1,013 social wasps distributed in 57 species of 13 genera. Fifty of these species and nine genera represent new distribution records for the state. Some species are not commonly found in collections and lists of species, and Protopolybia picteti (de Saussure, 1854) is newly recorded for Brazil. Such an increase of 714% may indicate that Polistinae richness is probably higher in the studied regions and that the state of Tocantins may well contain several additional (yet unrecorded) social wasp species. More comprehensive studies should be conducted to enhance the knowledge of wasp species in this state, contributing to our understanding on the biodiversity in Northern Brazil. Sociobiology An international journal on social insects Lucas B Furtado1, Alexandre Somavilla2, Tiago K Krolow1 Article History Edited by Marcel G. Hermes, UFLA, Brazil Received 31 May 2022 Initial acceptance 30 June 2022 Final acceptance 11 August 2022 Publication date 12 September 2022 Keywords Amazon Biome, Cerrado Biome, New records, Northern Brazil, Survey. Corresponding author Alexandre Somavilla Coordenação de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Av. André Araújo, 2936 CEP: 69067-375, Manaus-AM, Brasil. E-Mail: alexandresomavilla@gmail.com & Krolow, 2017; Orlando et al., 2019, 2021), EPT (Andrade et al., 2020b), Hymenoptera (Andrade et al., 2021); Megaloptera (Andrade et al., 2020a), Neuroptera (Machado & Krolow, 2016; Alvim et al., 2019), Plecoptera (Rippel et al., 2019a, b), and Psocoptera (Lienhard et al., 2010). Such a scenario is also the case for social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) - until 2009, there were no records of social wasps for the state. The first recorded species, Synoeca surinama (Linnaeus, 1767), is derived from a series of specimens examined in a phylogenetic proposal (Andena et al., 2009a). Souza et al. (2020) recorded six other species for Tocantins: Apoica arborea Saussure, 1854, Apoica pallida Olivier, 1792, Apoica strigata Richards, 1978, Apoica thoracica du Buysson, 1906, Mischocyttarus flavicornis Zikán, 1935, and Polybia striata Fabricius, 1787. In summary, only seven species and four genera of social wasps are recorded for Tocantins. 1 - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Brazil 2 - Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil RESEARCH ARTICLE - WASPS A checklist of social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) from Tocantins state, Brazil mailto:alexandresomavilla@gmail.com Lucas B Furtado, Alexandre Somavilla, Tiago K Krolow – Social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) of Tocantins state, Brazil2 Brazil shelters the greatest richness of Polistinae worldwide, with 381 species recorded so far (Somavilla et al., 2021a; Hermes et al., 2022). Considering the richness and distribution of social wasps in other bordering states, like Pará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, and Goiás (Santos et al., 2020; Somavilla et al., 2021a), these data are notoriously underestimated and show the lack of information about the richness of this taxon in Tocantins. Thereby, our goal was to perform a pioneer systematic work and present an update about the geographic records of the social wasp fauna in Tocantins. Material and Methods The state of Tocantins is located in the Northern region of Brazil and represents a transition area between the Amazon and Cerrado domains. Although the other states in the region have a large portion of their territories inserted in the Amazon domain, around 90% of the area of Tocantins is in the Cerrado domain (IBGE, 2004). The climate of the state is classified as Aw according to the Köppen system. It has a warm and dry winter from May to September, and a hot and rainy summer from October to April (Alvares et al., 2014). The mean annual rainfall in the state varies between 1,200 and 2,100 mm, and the mean annual temperature is between 26 °C and 29 °C (Miranda & Bognola, 1999). Social wasps were sampled from 16 locations in Tocantins (Figure 1), two of them in the Amazon region (Araguaína and Pium) and fourteen in the Cerrado (Arraias, Babaçulândia, Brejinho de Nazaré, Dianópolis, Lagoa da Confusão, Mateiros, Miracema, Monte do Carmo, Natividade, Palmas, Pedro Afonso, Porto Alegre do Tocantins, Porto Nacional, and Wanderlândia). These wasps were collected using different sampling methods, mainly Malaise flight interception traps, lighted sheet, lighted tray, and Pennsylvania light trap, in addition to the active collection with an entomological net. The material is derived from collections carried out over the last decade but without standardization of methods or sampling effort. All specimens/vouchers examined are deposited in the Entomology Collection of the Federal University of Tocantins (CEUFT). We identified specimens to genus-level based on the keys proposed by Richards (1978) as well as Somavilla and Carpenter (2021b), in addition to further specific identification keys, in the case ofthe species Agelaia (Cooper, 2000), Angiopolybia (Barroso et al., 2022), Apoica (Pickett & Wenzel, 2007), Brachygastra (Andena & Carpenter, 2012), Epipona (Andena et al., 2009a), Mischocyttarus (Silveira, 2008), Polistes (Somavilla et al., 2021c), Pseudopolybia (Somavilla et al., 2021d), Protopolybia (Junior et al., 2018; 2020a; 2020b), and Synoeca (Andena et al., 2009b), for example. Dr. Orlando Tobias Silveira (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi) was responsible for verifying the Mischocyttarus species/morphospecies identifications. Fig 1. Map with 16 cities in the Tocantins state: The localities in green have phytophysiognomies predominantly from the Amazon biome, while the localities in yellow have phytophysiognomies from the Cerrado biome. Sociobiology 69(3): e8265 (September, 2022) 3 Results We provide an updated list of Polistinae species for Tocantins, which shows an increase of 714% in the species richness of social wasps for the state, from seven to 57 species (Table 1). Regarding tribes, Epiponini was the most diverse with 41 species and 11 genera, followed by Mischocyttarini, with ten species, and Polistini, with four species. Thirteen genera of social wasps were recorded, corresponding to approximately 62% of the genera likely to be found in Brazil (21 genera). The other genera (Angiopolybia Araujo, 1946, Asteloeca Raw, 1985, Charterginus Fox, 1898, Chartergus Lepeletier, 1836, Clypearia de Saussure, 1854, Leipomeles Möbius, 1856, Nectarinella Bequaert, 1938, and Protonectarina Ducke, 1910) were not collected in the state of Tocantins so far, although they are likely to be registered in further collection efforts due to their confirmed distribution in other Northern states. The genera Polybia (16 species), Mischocyttarus (ten species), Apoica (six species), and Agelaia (five species) presented the largest number of species. Together, these genera are responsible for 67% of the species recorded herein. Agelaia pallipes (Olivier, 1792) was the most representative of all species collected, with 282 specimens representing about 28% of all specimens examined. The species was followed by Apoica pallida (Olivier, 1792) and Apoica thoracica du Buysson, 1906, with 110 and 107 specimens collected, respectively. In contrast, most of the species were represented by a few individuals, like the 17 species with a single specimen collected, and other seven species with two individuals. Among the known species for Tocantins, only two were not recorded in this survey, Apoica strigata Richards, 1978 and Mischocyttarus flavicornis Zikán, 1935 (listed in the table without the number of specimens collected (-)). The species in this survey include 50 new records for the state (Table1), and Protopolybia picteti (de Saussure, 1854) is a new record for Brazil. Taxon / Collected methods Active Malaise Illuminated tray Light trap Pennsylvania Total Polistini Polistes canadensis (Linnaeus, 1798)* 1 1 - 1 - 3 Polistes cinerascens de Saussure, 1854* - - - 1 - 1 Polistes occipitalis Ducke, 1904* - 1 - - - 1 Polistes versicolor (Olivier, 1792)* - 1 - 1 - 2 Mischocyttarini Mischocyttarus cerberus Ducke, 1898* - 1 - - - 1 Mischocyttarus cf. tricolor Richards, 1945* - 3 - - - 3 Mischocyttarus flavicornis Zikán, 1935 - - - - - - Mischocyttarus gr. injucundus (de Saussure, 1854)* - - 1 - - 1 Mischocyttarus gr. surinamensis de Saussure, 1854* - 2 - - - 2 Mischocyttarus labiatus (Fabricius, 1804)* - 10 - - - 10 Mischocyttarus rotundicollis (Cameron, 1912)* - 7 - - - 7 Mischocyttarus sp.1* - 1 - - - 1 Mischocyttarus sp.2* - - 1 - - 1 Mischocyttarus (Artifex) sp.1* - 1 - - - 1 Mischocyttarus (Megacanthopus) sp.1* - 1 - - - 1 Epiponini Agelaia cajennensis (Fabricius, 1798)* - 3 33 5 - 41 Agelaia flavippenis (Ducke, 1905)* - 1 - - - 1 Agelaia fulvofasciata (de Geer, 1773)* - 2 - - - 2 Agelaia pallipes (Olivier, 1792)* 9 270 3 - - 282 Agelaia testacea (Fabricius, 1804)* 6 9 - 1 - 16 Apoica arborea de Saussure, 1854 1 - 39 - - 40 Apoica flavissima van der Vecht, 1972* 3 2 29 11 2 47 Apoica gelida van der Vecht, 1972* 2 1 21 7 5 36 Table 1. Species of social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) from the Tocantins state. Relationship between the wasp species recorded herein and the number of specimens collected in each sampling method. Fields with “-” mean that the particular species was not collected by the respective collection method. Species marked with “*” represent new records for the state of theTocantins. The species marked with “**” represents a new record for Brazil. Lucas B Furtado, Alexandre Somavilla, Tiago K Krolow – Social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) of Tocantins state, Brazil4 The Malaise trap was the most successful collection method, both in collected specimens (516) and in recorded species (40), followed by the lighted tray (317 specimens and 22 species), lighted sheet (85 and 20), and Pennsylvania light trap (46 and eight). Despite not being successful in collecting many specimens, the active search obtained a total of 49 individuals, represented by 14 species. Discussion Agelaia is a relatively abundant genus in surveys, possibly making Agelaia pallipes the most abundant species. Agelaia usually forms large colonies with millions of individuals (Zucchi et al., 1995). Consequently, it is more likely to be captured, probably also due to the habits of its generalist and Epiponini Apoica pallens (Fabricius, 1804)* - - 4 - 2 6 Apoica pallida (Olivier, 1792) - - 81 15 14 110 Apoica strigata Richards, 1978 - - - - - - Apoica thoracicadu Buysson, 1906 2 - 64 21 20 107 Brachygastra mouleae Olivier, 1978* - 2 2 5 - 9 Chartergellus communis Richards, 1978* - 6 - - - 6 Epipona tatua (Cuvier, 1797)* - 2 - - - 2 Metapolybia docilis Richards, 1978* - - 8 6 - 14 Parachartergus fraternus (Gribodo, 1892)* - 1 - - - 1 Parachartergus lenkoi Richards, 1978* - - - 1 - 1 Parachartergus smithii (de Saussure, 1854)* - 1 - - - 1 Polybia chrysothotrax (Lichtenstein, 1796)* - 38 - - - 38 Polybia dimidiata (Olivier, 1792)* 1 1 - - - 2 Polybia emaciata Lucas, 1879* - 34 4 1 - 39 Polybia erythrothorax Richards, 1978* 15 - - 1 - 16 Polybia ignobilis (Haliday, 1836)* 1 12 1 - - 14 Polybia jurinei de Saussure, 1854* - 1 - - - 1 Polybia liliacea (Fabricius, 1804)* - 7 2 2 1 12 Polybia micans Ducke, 1904* 1 10 - - - 11 Polybia occidentalis (Olivier, 1792)* 2 30 8 2 - 42 Polybia platycephala Richards, 1951* - 5 2 - - 7 Polybia rejecta (Fabricius, 1798)* - 12 1 - 1 14 Polybia ruficeps Schrottky, 1902* - 5 4 1 - 10 Polybia scroballis Richards, 1970* 1 - - - - 1 Polybia sericea (Olivier, 1792)* - 6 - - - 6 Polybia singularis Ducke, 1905* - 2 - - - 2 Polybia striata (Fabricius, 1787) - 2 - - - 2 Protopolybia chartegoides (Gribodo, 1892)* - - - 1 - 1 Protopolybia picteti (de Saussure, 1854)** - - 1 - - 1 Protopolybia sedula (de Saussure, 1854)* - 5 2 - - 7 Pseudopolybia compressa (de Saussure, 1854)* - - 6 - 1 7 Pseudopolybia vespiceps de Saussure, 1863* - 3 - - - 3 Synoecacyanea (Fabricius, 1775)* - - - 1 - 1 Synoeca surinama (Linnaeus, 1767) 4 14 - 1 - 19 Total 49 516 317 85 46 1.013 Table 1. Species of social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) from the Tocantins state. Relationship between the wasp species recorded herein and the number of specimens collected in each sampling method. Fields with “-” mean that the particular species was not collected by the respective collection method. Species marked with “*” represent new records for the state of theTocantins. The species marked with “**” represents a new record for Brazil. (Continuation) Taxon / Collected methods Active Malaise Illuminated tray Light trap Pennsylvania Total Sociobiology 69(3): e8265 (September, 2022) 5 opportunistic behavior concerning food and resource choices (Somavilla et al., 2014). In contrast, Apoica species have a nocturnal foraging behavior (Pickett & Wenzel, 2007), therefore, since more than one light trap method was used, a larger number of specimens were collected. In turn, most species were represented by very few specimens collected. Despite the effort to identify all social wasps, a few specimens, subjected to a thorough characterization and examination by a specialist, could not be determined with certainty, probably representing new species (Mischocyttarus sp.1 and Mischocyttarus sp.2). Other examined specimens belonging to the same genus were not identified at the species level, however, they were allocated to the respective subgenera or species groups. The lack of local studies on social wasps – this is the first comprehensive survey – provides very little information to attribute the wasp species collected in Tocantins with the “endemic” or “threatened” conditions. However, most of the species have been registered for the first time in the state, therefore, their status should be regarded as insufficient information in terms of geographic distribution. They could also be assigned with the condition of rarity, therefore deserving special attention and further investigations. Among the six states bordering Tocantins, only Piauí has a lower species richness than the one presented herein, with 21 species (Santos et al., 2020). However, as seen in Tocantins, until recently Piauí has not been the target of taxonomic studies involving social wasps. In contrast, Pará has one of the highest number of species of social wasps, with 190 species recorded (Somavilla et al., 2021a), followed by Mato Grosso with 137 species (Somavilla et al., 2021a). Both states have undergone comprehensive systematic studies over recent decades (Richards, 1978, Silveira, 2002; Silva & Silveira, 2009). The richness of the other border states is relatively close to that of Tocantins – Bahia, with 86 species (Santos et al., 2020), Maranhão, with 77 (Silva et al., 2011; Santos et al., 2020), and Goiás, with 74 (Somavilla et al., 2021a). The states of Maranhão and Mato Grosso have the closest phytophysiognomies to that found in Tocantins, presenting fragments of Cerrado and Amazon within their territories and well-defined transition areas. Therefore, it was expected that the number of species was closer. Nonetheless, both states have been the object of studies involving the collection of social wasps, resulting in greater sampling efforts (Barbosa et al., 2016). Different methods are used in the sampling of social wasps; however, few studies have attempted to propose standardization of these methods or to establish comparable and adequate protocols to survey the fauna of a given site. It is important to use different methods and traps when sampling social wasp richness in an area, since different species generally have varied foraging behaviors (Silveira, 2002; Somavilla et al., 2014). Active search with entomological nets is one of the best ways to collect polistines, but previous collections have not focused on these taxa (Silveira, 2002; Somavilla et al., 2014). However, it was important to use indirect methods like interception and light traps for collecting certain wasp groups; for example, most species of different genera are always collected using a Malaise trap (Somavilla et al., 2014), and the light trap is used for nocturnal foraging wasps (Apoica) (Pickett & Wenzel, 2007). This study introduces 50 new occurrences of social wasp species in the state of Tocantins. Our findings increase the number of species recorded in the state to 57, however, some taxa deserve special attention since they could not be determined at a specific level. Such an increase is significant, but it can be even greater by enhancing the sampling effort and carrying out further field expeditions in areas without surveys in the state. Therefore, further comprehensive studies should be conducted to enlarge the knowledge of wasp species in Tocantins. Our results also highlight the importance of continuing taxonomic studies on these insects to expand our knowledge on their distribution and determine priority areas for environmental preservation, especially in transitional environments between the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. Authors’ Contribution LBF: Conceptualization, methodology, identification, formal analysis, writing. AS: Conceptualization, identification, formal analysis, writing. TKK: Supervision, conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing. Acknowledgments LFB would like to thank for the scholarship (process number 130800/2019-8). TKK would like to thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico for the research grant (CNPq, process number 310214/2021-1). AS is supported by a CNPq-PCI scholarship (process number 300740/2022-0). 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