Flicker P L, Fleckenstein J L, Ferry K, Payne J, Ward C, Mayer T, Parkey R W, Peshock R M 1993 Lumbar m uscle usage in chronic low back pain. Spine 18(5): 582 Frese E, Brown M, Norton B J 1987 Clinical reliability o f manual m uscle testing. M iddle trapezius and gluteus m edius m u scles. Physical Therapy 67(7): 1072 -1076 Frymoyer J W, Pope M H, Clem ents J H, Wilder D G, McPherson B, Ashikaga T 1983 Risk factors in low back pain: An epidem io­ logical survey. The Journal o f Bone and Joint Surgery 65-A (2): 2 1 3 - 2 1 8 H odges P W, Richardson C A 1996 Inefficient stabilisation o f the lumbar spine associated with low back pain. Spine 21(22): 2 6 4 0 - 2 650 Jull G, R ichardson C, Toppenberg R, Comerford M, Bui B 1993 Towards a mea­ surement o f active m uscle control for lumbar stab ilisation. Australian Journal o f Physiotherapy 39 (3): 187 - 193 Magora A 1972 Investigation o f the relation between low back pain and occupation, iii. physical requirements: sitting, standing and w eight lifting. Industrial M edicine 41 : 5 - 9. Magora A 1973 Investigation o f the relation between low back pain and occupation, iv. p h ysical requirements: bending, rotation, reaching and sudden m axim al effort. Scandinavian Journal o f R ehabilitation M edicine 5: 186 - 19 Maitland G D 1986. Vertebral Manipulation. 5th Edition. Butterworths N ach em son A L 1981 D isc Pressure Measurements. Spine 6(1): 9 3 - 9 7 Spengler D M, B igos S J, Martin N A , Zeh J, Fisher L, N achem son A 1986 Back injuries in industry: a retrospective study, i. overview and cost analysis. Spine 11(3): 241 - 245 Trafimow J H, Schipplein O D , Novak G J, Andersson G B J 1993 The effects o f quadri­ cep s fatigue on the effect o f lifting. Spine 18(3): 3 6 4 - 367 Troup J D G, Martin J W, Lloyd D C E F 1981 Back pain in industry. A prospective survey. Spine 6 ( l ) : 6 1 - 6 9 Wadsworth C T, Krishnan R, Sear M, Harrold J, N ielsen D H 1987 Intrarater reliability o f manual m uscle testing and hand-held dyna- m etric m u scle testing. 'P h y sica l Therapy 67(9): 1342 - 1347 B o o k R e v i e w C l in ic a l A n a t o m y o f t h e L u m b a r S p in e a n d S a c r u m Third Edition: By: Nikolai Bogduk Publisher: Churchill Livingstone, 1997. This is the third edition o f an excellent source relating to the anatom ical, b io­ chem ical and pathological issues related to the lumbar spine and sacrum. It is well illustrated and presented, m aking it easy to access relevant information. It is well referenced and states scientific findings clearly. It brings us a collection and an analysis o f the latest scientific research regarding the clinical causes o f low back pain which is most enlightening. Chapter 1 through to 12 deals exten­ sively with the anatom ical, biochem ical and biom echanical considerations o f the lum bar spine and sacrum. The effects o f age in the lum bar spine is dealt with in an inform ative way. The chapter dealing with the possible sources and causes o f low back pain is an excellent overview o f pertinent literature. He deals with the anatom ical areas that may cause back pain which is essentia] to an understand­ ing o f the pathological processes at work. It is through this understanding that logical treatm ent can be offered. He makes the observation that the most popularly held clinical conditions which are postulated to cause back pain such as trigger points, ligam ent and m uscle pain are associated with the sm allest am ount o f scientific evidence. He discusses the more well researched, and often less p o p u lar hyp o th esis in detail. N ew insights into these issues are explored in a most accessible way. This is an essen­ tial book for all physiotherapists involved in the treatm ent and long term rehabi­ litation o f people with pain related to lum bar spine and/or sacrum. Reviewed by: Trish Wallner - Schlotfeldt 38 SA Jo u r n a l o f Physiotherapy 2000 V o l 56 No 3 R ep ro du ce d by S ab in et G at ew ay u nd er li ce nc e gr an te d by th e P ub lis he r (d at ed 2 01 3. )