CALCINOSIS.html
Calcinosis cutis universalis – a rare manifestation of systemic lupus erthyematosus
F E Suleman, MB ChB, FC Rad (Diag), M Med Rad (Diag)
Department of Radiology, University of Pretoria
M M T M Ally, MB ChB, FCP
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria
Corresponding author: F Suleman (fesuleman@gmail.com)
Abstract
Calcinosis cutis (or skin and subcutaneous
calcification) is a feature of a variety of rheumatic conditions (most
commonly dermatomyositis and scleroderma), but is rarely reported in
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE ). When calcinosis cutis does occur
in patients with SLE, it tends to be localised (circumscripta) rather
than generalised (universalis). We report a case of a 21-year-old woman
who presented to us with a 6-year history of SLE and the rare
occurrence of calcinosis cutis universalis.
Introduction
Calcinosis cutis is a well-known phenomenon in a
variety of rheumatic conditions, particularly dermatomyositis,
scleroderma and CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon,
oesophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia) but is
rarely described in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).1
,
2 A review of the literature reveals that, up to 2010, only 37 cases were reported in the English-language literature.1
Calcinosis cutis associated with SLE is dystrophic
in nature and nearly always localised (calcinosis cutis circumscripta)
but may infrequently occur as a generalised form referred to as
calcinosis cutis universalis.1 It is described predominantly in females and may manifest anytime from 6 months to 18 years after the diagnosis of SLE.3
We describe the case of a 21-year-old woman
presenting with calcinosis cutis universalis, 6 years after being
diagnosed with SLE.
Case report
A 21-year-old woman was referred to our
rheumatology clinic for management of known active SLE. She had been
diagnosed at her local hospital 6 years previously but had not received
any specialist care. She was again admitted to her local hospital 6
months prior to the current referral with a diagnosis of pneumonia, but
claimed to have had no improvement with therapy and she continued to
cough and lose weight. Her current complaints were polyarthritis
involving the small joints of her hands,elbows and knees with
associated morning stiffness.
On examination, she appeared chronically
affected. She had a malar rash and widespread hyperpigmented skin
lesions with palpable hard deposits in the soft tissue. She was pale,
had muscle weakness, was tender around most joints and demonstrated
evidence of healed vasculitic lesions on both hands and feet. Ulcers
were noted on her thighs. The rest of the physical examination was
within normal limits.
Blood results came back positive for
antinuclear antibodies and double-stranded DNA antibodies. This, in
combination with clinical findings, fulfilled the American Rheumatism
Association criteria for a diagnosis of SLE. Raised inflammatory
markers were in keeping with active disease. Her serum calcium and
phosphate levels were within normal limits. Her renal function was
normal but urine dipstix demonstrated proteinuria, and a renal biopsy
confirmed class 3 lupus nephritis.
Her chest radiograph showed a right pleural
effusion with cardiomegaly (Fig. 1), and radiographs of the hips and
hands demonstrated widespread calcifications in the soft tissue and no
evidence of arthropathy (Figs 2a and b). A computer tomography (CT)
scan confirmed the findings noted on the chest radiograph and further
demonstrated calcifications around the shoulder and in the breast and
back (Fig. 3). The soft tissue calcifications noted on the other
radiographs were confirmed to be in the subcutaneous tissue and found
to be more widespread in the lower limbs than noted on the plain film
radiographs (Fig. 4).
The dermatologists confirmed that the skin lesions
were in keeping with SLE. A diagnosis of calcifying panniculitis owing
to SLE was considered, but a skin biopsy showed no significant
inflammatory infiltrate; a final diagnosis of calcinosis cutis
universalis associated with SLE was made.
Discussion
Soft-tissue calcifications may be classified into
metastatic (abnormal serum calcium-phosphorus levels), tumoral
(elevated phosphorus but normal calcium levels), dystrophic including
calcinosis (normal serum calcium-phosphorus levels but damaged tissue),
idiopathic (no abnormalities detected) and calciphylaxis (chronic renal
failure with abnormal calcium-phosphorus levels).4 Calcifications occurring in the skin and subcutaneous tissue of patients with SLE are dystrophic/calcinotic in nature.1
,
2
,
5
The mechanism of this complication is poorly understood, and it is not
known why some patients with SLE develop this condition and others do
not.3
Calcinosis cutis may involve a localised region, in
which case it is referred to as calcinosis cutis circumscripta and, in
its more generalised form, as calcinosis cutis universalis. Only 37
cases have been described in the English-language literature in
patients with SLE, and nearly always circumscripta in distribution.1
The condition typically occurs in females with a predilection for the
extremities, buttocks and peri-articular extensor surfaces.2
,
4
Our patient had involvement of her extremities, buttocks, trunk and
breast, with peri-articular deposits around the knees and shoulders.
Commonly, the skin and subcutaneous fat are involved but the deeper
soft tissues may also be affected.2 The calcified material may form palpable nodules, induce muscle atrophy and predispose to the formation of contractures.4 Local inflammation may occur, leading to ulceration and extrusion of calcified material.2
,
4 Our patient had ulcerative, discharging lesions on her thighs.
Soft tissue calcifications may be easily
demonstrated on plain radiographs, but CT scan is more effective in
demonstrating the location and extent of calcifications. In our
patient, a CT scan confirmed the subcutaneous distribution of
calcifications and demonstrated far more extensive involvement than
initially suspected clinically and on plain films.
Calcinosis cutis has been described as severe, damaging,6 disfiguring and painful.5 It rarely resolves spontaneously, and the various pharmocological treatment options have had poor success rates.4 Surgery may be an option for symptomatic relief or very large lesions,3
,
4 but further research is necessary to develop effective treatment.
Conclusion
Calcinosis cutis universalis is a rare complication
of SLE that can be demonstrated on plain radiographs and more easily on
CT. Clinically, it may be confused with a diagnosis of lupus
panniculitis, and a biopsy is essential to confirm the diagnosis. It
may be a source of pain and significant disability; no effective
therapy is available at present.
1. Kim MS, Choi KC, Kim HS, Song IG, Shin BS. Calcinosis cutis in
systemic lupus erythematosis: A case report and review of the published
work. J Dermatol 2010;37:815-818.
1. Kim MS, Choi KC, Kim HS, Song IG, Shin BS. Calcinosis cutis in
systemic lupus erythematosis: A case report and review of the published
work. J Dermatol 2010;37:815-818.
2. Tristano AG, Villarroel JL, Rodriguez MA, Millan A. Calcinosis cutis
universalis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin
Rheumatol 2005;25:70-74.
2. Tristano AG, Villarroel JL, Rodriguez MA, Millan A. Calcinosis cutis
universalis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin
Rheumatol 2005;25:70-74.
3. Minami A, Suda K, Kaneda K, Kumakiri M. Extensive subcutaneous
calcifications of the forearm in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Hand
Surg (Br) 1994;5:638-641.
3. Minami A, Suda K, Kaneda K, Kumakiri M. Extensive subcutaneous
calcifications of the forearm in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Hand
Surg (Br) 1994;5:638-641.
4. Boulman N, Slobodin G, Rozenbaum M, Rosner I. Calcinosis in rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005;34:805-812.
4. Boulman N, Slobodin G, Rozenbaum M, Rosner I. Calcinosis in rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005;34:805-812.
5. Mandelbrot DA, Santos PW, Burt RK, et al. Resolution of SLE-related
soft-tissue calcification following haemopoetic stem cell
transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2679-2684.
5. Mandelbrot DA, Santos PW, Burt RK, et al. Resolution of SLE-related
soft-tissue calcification following haemopoetic stem cell
transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2679-2684.
6. Wollina U, Hein G. Lupus erythematosus: uncommon presentations. Clin Dermatol 2005;23:470-479.
6. Wollina U, Hein G. Lupus erythematosus: uncommon presentations. Clin Dermatol 2005;23:470-479.
Fig. 1. Chest radiograph demonstrates cardiomegaly with a right pleural effusion.
Fig. 2a. Frontal radiograph of the pelvis demonstrating extensive soft-tissue calcification.
Fig. 2b. Lateral radiograph of the hands including the wrists demonstrates soft-tissue calcifications of the forearm.
Fig. 3. Axial CT scan at the level of the shoulders
demonstrates soft-tissue calcifications in the subcutaneous tissue
around the shoulders.
Fig. 4. Coronal CT scan of the proximal lower limbs
demonstrate extensive calcifications in the subcutaneous tissue around
both knees as well as both thighs.