The Relation Between Knowledge and Experience of Facing Flood Toward The Anxiety Level of Head Families in The Flood-Prone Areas


 

 
Corresponding author: 
Dwi Rahmah Fitriani 
drf397@umkt.ac.id 
South East Asia Nursing Research, Vol 1 No 3, December 2019 
ISSN:2685-032X 
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26714/seanr.1.3.2019.120-127 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 

 

Original Research 
 

The Relation Between Knowledge and Experience of Facing Flood Toward 
The Anxiety Level of Head Families in The Flood-Prone Areas  
 
Dwi Rahmah Fitriani1, Milkhatun1, Mukhripah Damaiyanti1, Siti Khoiroh Muflihatin1, 
Alfi Ari Fakhrur Rizal1, Ni Wayan Wiwin1 

1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia 

 
Article Info  Abstract 

Article History: 
Accepted December 28th, 
2019 
 
Keywords:  
Anxiety; Awareness; Head of 
Family; Flood 

 Families who reside in the surrounding flood-prone areas require flood 
preparedness to undertake preparedness so that family members do not 
create new problems such as anxiety. This study aims to determine the 
relationship of knowledge with experience in dealing with the level of 
anxiety of household head anxiety. This research is a cross-sectional 
descriptive correlation study and the sample used in this study is 225 
households. The results of the study using the Anova test showed that the 
knowledge and experience of dealing with floods were related to the anxiety 
of household heads in disaster-prone areas (p = 0.001; α = 0.05). 
Multivariate of results were found that the most related factor was an 
experience. This study recommends that the family knowledge needs to be 
increased through simulation training to deal with floods by involving the 
Regional Management Agency, the local government and the Public Health 
Center 

 

INTRODUCTION  

Flood disasters can cause adverse effects in 
various areas of community life that can be 
in the form of material losses or moral 
losses. This often causes the rise of mental 
conditions because of the loss of property 
and families due to the disaster.1 

The flood that occurred in 2014 was the 
biggest flood in the Asian region with the 
widest area coverage including 52 events 
throughout various Asian countries that led 
to the death of as many as 3559 people. The 
event should be taken seriously so that it 
requires special attention in the form of 
anticipatory efforts or activities so it will not 

cause bad impacts on people's lives in the 
future. 

Shown that three respondents residing 
along the riverbank experienced anxiety 
and fear of the possibility of having a greater 
flood. They also feared if the dike cannot 
contain the water, it somehow threatened 
them, because if the dike falls their houses 
will be perished.2 This shows that people 
who live around disaster-prone areas can 
experience anxiety. 

Anxiety is a condition that involves a 
person's physical, self-perception and 
relationship with others. It is also one of the 
reactions that can strengthen individuals to 

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Dwi Rahmah Fitriani / The Relation Between Knowledge and Experience of Facing Flood Toward The Anxiety 
Level of Head Families in The Flood-Prone Areas 

react upon an action or step when facing 
threats.3 When people in flood-prone areas 
feel threatened, the efforts should be made 
to reduce these impacts through 
preparedness activities. 

Preparedness is an activity that carried out 
strategically in an effort to anticipate 
disasters through effective planning and 
through active steps from the community 
and all elements in the government and is 
a priority disaster phase in disaster 
management. Preparedness that needs to 
be done before a disaster comes is based on 
factors including prior experience, 
knowledge, emergency planning and 
resource mobilization.4 So that the 
husband as ahead of the family can make 
preparedness as the person responsible for 
providing protection and a sense of 
security to his family.  

The results of a preliminary study found 
that the disaster-resilient village that 
formed by the government in Lempake 
Samarinda City was expected to be able to 
assist the community in dealing with floods 
by trying to make the necessary 
preparedness in dealing with floods. 
However, the factors that underlie the 
preparedness itself were experience, 
knowledge, resource mobilization, 
emergency planning and anxiety felt by 
household heads who live in disaster-
prone areas, were not clearly illustrated. 

Therefore, researchers are interested in 
finding out more about the picture of 
preparedness factors that were owned by 
the head of the family and their relation to 
the level of anxiety in dealing with flooding. 

METHODS 

The design used in this study was 
descriptive correlational. The number of 
samples in this study was 225 people 
obtained through total sampling. Data 
retrieval using a questionnaire, where 
respondents are given an explanation first 
about the research conducted, then given 

the time and freedom to make decisions 
about their involvement in research. Data 
collection questionnaire for variables used 
the Community Disaster Preparedness 
Index for knowledge and experience factors 
consisting based on the 23 question items 
given. As for anxiety variables, the Hamilton 
Anxiety Rating Scale instrument consists of 
14 statement items. 

Researchers used the ethical principles of 
research that include self-determination, 
confidentiality, and privacy, justice, 
benefit, and nonmaleficence. Researchers 
provided information/explanations of the 
research first, then provide freedom to 
prospective respondents to the decision of 
their involvement in research activities. 
Researchers also maintained the 
confidentiality of respondents in all aspects 
of the identity and content of the 
questionnaire. This study upheld the 
principle of justice, all respondents were 
treated equally. In addition, this research also 
prioritized the goodness and interests of 
respondents. 

In the next step, the data were processed 
using univariate, bivariate and multivariate. 
The univariate analysis looks at the 
characteristics, knowledge, and experience 
as well as the anxiety of household heads. The 
bivariate analysis looks at the relationship 
between knowledge and experience in 
dealing with floods with the anxiety of family 
heads. Researchers used the Anova statistical 
test to determine the relationship between 
knowledge and experience with family head 
anxiety. Further analysis by multivariate 
used a multiple logistic regression test to see 
which factors are most associated with 
household head anxiety. 

RESULTS 

The results showed that the average head of 
the household was 41.32 years old with an 
age range of 26-68 years. The sex of the head 
of the family was dominated by men as 
much as 91.1%. The education of the head of 
the family was mostly 40.8% high school. 



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Dwi Rahmah Fitriani / The Relation Between Knowledge and Experience of Facing Flood Toward The Anxiety 
Level of Head Families in The Flood-Prone Areas 

and the occupation of the largest head of the 
family was Private / Civil Servants as much 
as 42.2%. While the average household head 
income was below <Rp.2,256,000, of which 
was 53.8%. 

Table 1 shows that the average for 
knowledge of the preparedness of 
household heads is 8.28 with a standard 
deviation of 2.39 and it is believed that 95% 
of the household's preparedness knowledge 
in dealing with floods ranges from 7.96 to 
8.59. The average factor of family head 
preparedness experience was 6.98 with a 
standard deviation of 2.01 and it was 
believed that 95% of family head 
preparedness experience is in the range of 
6.71-7.24. 

Regarding anxiety level shown that the 
majority of family heads experienced mild 
anxiety which is 47.6% and the least 
number of family heads had moderate 
anxiety which was 23.1%. 

The results of the bivariate analysis in table 
1 show that there was a relationship 
between knowledge and experience in 
dealing with floods with the level of anxiety 
of household heads in flood-prone areas 
(p=0,001; α = 0,005). And with the post hoc 
test showed a significant difference which 
was knowledge and experience in dealing 
with disasters with mild anxiety, moderate 
and severe head of household. 

Table 1. 
Distribution of Preparedness Factors  and  

Anxiety Level of Family Head (n=225) 
Indicators Anxiety Level 

Low 
N=107 

Moderate 
N= 52 

Severe 
N=66 

 
 

Knowledge 
Mean 
8,28 

SD 
2,39 

95% CI 
7,96 – 8,59 

Experience 6,98 2,01 6,71 – 7,24 

    

The results of multivariate modeling of the 
relationship of knowledge and experiences 
in dealing with flooding were related to the 
level of anxiety of household heads with age, 
gender, education, employment and income 

as a confounding variable. The results of the 
final modeling analysis of table 2 show that 
there was a relationship with the knowledge 
and experience of dealing with floods with 
the level of anxiety of household heads. 
Experience is the most dominant factor due 
to the level of anxiety of family heads. 

Table 2. 
Head of family Analysis of Knowledge Relations 

and Experience with Anxiety (n=225) 
Indicators Anxiety N Mean p 

Knowledge Low 107 9.80 
0.000  Mild 52 8.07 

 High 66 5.96 
Experience Low 107 7.61 

0.000  Mild 52 8.23 
 High 66 4.96 

ANOVA One Way Test. Post Hoc Temhane analysis: 
Mild vs. moderate p <0.05; mild vs severe p <0.05; 
Moderate vs Weight p <0.05. 

Table 3 also shows that the most related to 
the level of anxiety of household heads are 
experienced in dealing with flood disasters, 
where the OR obtained from the experience 
variable is 5.1 which means that the family 
head who has preparedness experience has 
a 5.1 chance of not having anxiety. 

The findings in this study are a model of the 
formation of a disaster prepared village in an 
effort in the pre-incident phase which 
includes mitigation or prevention and 
preparedness to avoid potential disasters 
such as community and population 
preparedness in disaster or emergency 
situations and preparedness when an area is 
at risk and has the potential to be at risk 
disaster emergency situation. the experience 
of communities who have been given 
training on earthquakes, floods and 
landslides in Turkey to see disaster 
preparedness and management.5 A year 
later an evaluation was carried out on 400 
people who had attended training one year 
before and 400 people who had not attended 
the training. The results show that there is a 
demographic social relationship, 
preparedness experience with cognitive, 
behavioral and psychological. The results of 
the regression analysis also showed that 
participants who had attended the training 



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Dwi Rahmah Fitriani / The Relation Between Knowledge and Experience of Facing Flood Toward The Anxiety 
Level of Head Families in The Flood-Prone Areas 

had the ability and showed preparedness 
behavior. 

Before a disaster occurs, efforts need to be 
made in the form of plans that are made 
together actively when facing a disaster, 
monitoring disaster risk events and making 
warnings that require attention from the 
community itself and the local government. 
These efforts can be increased by having 
experience in managing disaster 
preparedness in flood-prone areas. This is 
in line with research the other research on 
perceptions and preparedness in 
Bangladesh showing 75% of respondents 
who have had experience of earthquakes 
and tsunamis, have carried out activities to 
reduce the risk of natural disasters coming 
back.6 With the experience of disaster 
preparedness management in disaster-
prone areas that have been carried out 
before, it will have an impact on reducing 
the symptoms or problems that cause 
anxiety. This is also supported by another 
research found that using a qualitative 
study of respondents in Japan who have an 
interest in disaster preparedness and have 
self-help groups to be able to manage 
anxiety when they are dealing with 
disasters.7 There are three themes 
associated with perceived anxiety, which 
are storing needed items, staying in a safe 
place and friends who can be invited to 
share to avoid anxiety. This shows the need 
for the closest support groups that the local 
community has to exchange ideas, 
information, and experiences in preparing 
so that local residents can jointly prepare 
properly when their regions face flooding 
by forming discussion groups. 

Table 3.  
Head of family Final Modeling Results of 
Preparedness Factors for Anxiety Rates 

Indicators B p  OR      CI 95% 
Knowledge -7,689 0,003 0,000 0,000-0,070 
Experience 8,415 0,000 5,125 3,968-5,130 
Constant 19,048    

 

 

DISCUSSION 

The results of this study found that the 
average head of family experienced mild 
anxiety was 47.6%. Anxiety occurs when 
individuals have difficulty facing problems, 
situations and life goals as a result of the 
stress of life faced, where the anxiety is 
influenced by predisposing and 
precipitation factors. Predisposing factors 
are factors that can affect a person 
experiencing stress which includes 
biological, psychological and socio-cultural. 
And precipitation factors that can challenge, 
threaten or prosecute individuals who need 
additional energy and can result in tension 
and stressor, which includes experiencing 
or witnessing trauma, threats to physical 
integrity and threats to the self system6. 
This is in line with research conducted on 
families who were in the pre-disaster storm, 
showing that stressors experienced are 
significantly related to anxiety symptoms, 
as well as the sources that cause damage 
and trauma are significantly related to 
anxiety symptoms7.  

Experience in dealing with disasters can 
provide capabilities that have been done 
before so as to help prevent physical and 
psychological impacts of individuals when 
in a potentially flooded area such as 
symptoms of anxiety that can be felt and can 
evacuate quickly and act accordingly when 
the warning is given so that the impact 
occurring due to a disaster can be avoided. 
The results of other research found that 
experience has seven different influences 
on the preparedness process, namely: 
encouraging thinking and speaking; 
increase awareness and knowledge; helping 
individuals understand the consequences of 
a disaster; develop trust; develop 
preparedness; affect emotions and feelings, 
and encourage community interaction on 
disaster issues.8 

Changes in preparedness behavior will have 
a positive impact, so there is a need for 
mutual coordination and communication 
between groups in the community so that 



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Dwi Rahmah Fitriani / The Relation Between Knowledge and Experience of Facing Flood Toward The Anxiety 
Level of Head Families in The Flood-Prone Areas 

recommendations and first handling can be 
done immediately during an emergency 
which can reduce the level of anxiety. To 
predict preparedness, behavioral models 
usually use variables at the level of 
individual analysis, such as risk perception 
and assessment of the effectiveness of 
possible actions (response-efficacy). The 
other research on 629 Dutch citizens in The 
Hague in an area below sea level shows that 
the influence has a direct and indirect effect 
on the level of preparedness. Where more 
and more people participate in their 
communities the more they are prepared 
and the better use of social networks in 
facilitating citizens' preparedness for 
danger.9 

Anxiety can have an impact on life and make 
individuals feel uncomfortable, but with 
anxiety can help give warnings to 
individuals about the coming danger so it is 
expected to help improve the ability of 
individuals to carry out activities to fight 
danger and threats.10 Most of the family 
heads in Lempake Village are facing 
flooding mostly experienced mild anxiety. 
According to the researchers' opinion, this 
could happen because the Lempake 
Kelurahan area is an area designated as a 
disaster-resilient region and already has 
disaster volunteers so that the possibility of 
local residents already have the preparation 
and capability in flood preparedness.  

Anxiety can have an impact on life and make 
individuals feel uncomfortable, but the 
anxiety can help give warnings to 
individuals about the coming danger so it is 
expected to help improve the ability of 
individuals to carry out activities to fight 
danger and threats.11 This thing is in line 
with the research of showing three 
respondents whose homes are along the 
river banks, feel anxiety and fear of greater 
flooding and fear that if the embankment 
cannot hold water, their residence will sink 
down.2 This is also supported by research 
showing the results that 23% of 
respondents experience psychosocial stress 
when they are in a region prone to storms.12 

Relation of knowledge with the level of 
anxiety of the Head of Family.  

In this study, knowledge about flood 
preparedness was related to the level of 
anxiety of household heads in disaster-
prone areas (p = 0.001; α = 0.05). Further 
analysis showed that there were significant 
differences in knowledge with a mild, 
moderate and severe head of household 
anxiety. This is in line with research 
conducted showing that education is 
associated with increasing disaster 
preparedness capability and also showing 
that disaster-related training is very 
effective given to individuals with higher 
education.13 This is also in line with 
research using multi-regression analysis 
that the factors that most contribute to 
disaster preparedness are prior knowledge 
and experience of disasters.14 And research 
conducted which shows that the clarity of 
information received by disaster victims is 
very helpful in overcoming anxiety 
disorders and other physical complaints 
due to stressors experienced.  

According to differences in knowledge 
between individuals can also be influenced 
by several external factors, namely 
environmental and socio-cultural and 
internal factors namely education, work, 
and age, where knowledge can be obtained 
through education or information obtained. 
Information is needed by individuals in 
threatening situations in order to be able to 
solve problems faced by both personal 
problems or family problems that can have 
a direct impact on daily life. Information 
provided and in accordance with the 
conditions and situations can suppress the 
emergence of new stressors because 
relevant information will have a positive 
impact on individuals. The results also 
showed that 23% of respondents answered 
no to the questions about temporary 
shelters that were known before the 
disaster. This shows that there is still a lack 
of information about where to evacuate if 
there’s a flood coming. 



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Dwi Rahmah Fitriani / The Relation Between Knowledge and Experience of Facing Flood Toward The Anxiety 
Level of Head Families in The Flood-Prone Areas 

The results showed that 63% of family 
heads had sufficient knowledge in dealing 
with floods, this was due to the lack of 
information about preparedness given 
directly to the community. Research 
conducted on people's perceptions about 
floods and preparedness in Japan, shown 
that some respondents who do not have 
enough knowledge about disaster 
preparedness have high concerns about the 
dangers posed by disasters that could arise 
suddenly and do not understand the 
preparations and efforts made in dealing 
with floods.15 This explained that when 
people did not have enough knowledge, 
then the individual can not make readiness 
in dealing with disasters and can cause 
anxiety. This is supported by research 
stated in his research in the Philippines that 
respondents' knowledge must be prepared 
before a disaster event to increase 
knowledge and ability to deal with disasters 
through training and seminars.16 

Relation of Preparedness Experiences 
with the level of Anxiety of the Head of 
Family.   

Relationship of Preparedness Experiences 
with Levels of Head of Household Anxiety In 
this study experience in dealing with floods 
was related to the level of head of household 
anxiety in disaster-prone areas (p = 0.001; α 
= 0.05). Further analysis showed that there 
were significant differences in experience 
factors with a mild, moderate and severe 
head of household anxiety. Previous 
experience in dealing with floods made 
individuals able to respond to readiness 
when needed so that they can avoid the 
feeling of stress and anxiety when the area 
has the potential to experience disaster 
again. The experience of the head of the 
family in preparing preparedness was in the 
moderate category (69.8%), where there 
were 22% of respondents who did not 
prepare according to the management 
training that had been followed, because 
when faced with flooding previously only 
made preparations in accordance with the 
emergency at the time.  

Previous experience can increase 
preparedness in facing disasters and 
provide information on disasters indirectly 
to individuals about the impact of disasters 
so that they can do better activities in 
carrying out disaster preparedness.16,17 In 
line with research conducted on floods and 
preparedness shows that the experience of 
having been prepared before had a high 
relationship with community preparedness 
in dealing with flooding.  

The previous experience can provide 
capabilities that have been done previously 
so as to help prevent physical and 
psychological impacts of an individual when 
in a potentially flooded area such as anxiety 
symptoms that can be felt and can evacuate 
quickly and act accordingly when the 
warning is given so that the impact occurs 
due to disaster can be avoided. 

Research conducted explained that the 
factor reported contributing to anxiety in 
daily life was a history of previous stress 
and natural disaster events of 22.8% which 
was a source of stress in life.18 Previous 
experience could increase preparedness in 
the face of natural disasters that can provide 
more information to individuals to do things 
that are likely to have an impact on 
preparedness to be better.19 There were 
several studies that indicate that previous 
experience provides a positive relationship 
to preparedness that can be influenced by 
the effectiveness of the preparedness and 
frequency of experience in dealing with 
disasters.20 

There are still family heads who experience 
severe anxiety because they are currently in 
a potentially catastrophic region, namely 
the condition of the house is located close to 
the source of the flood and during this 
research, there is often rain with high 
enough rainfall so that the head of the family 
experiences anxiety when a sudden flood 
occurs especially at night. Based on this, it is 
expected that the head of the family has 
good experience in preparedness by having 
an independent group to exchange 



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Dwi Rahmah Fitriani / The Relation Between Knowledge and Experience of Facing Flood Toward The Anxiety 
Level of Head Families in The Flood-Prone Areas 

experiences so that each head of the family 
can have different preparedness 
experiences.  

This is in accordance with explaining the 
previous experience in pre-disaster 
preparedness is related to the preparedness 
and stress behavior of respondents and 
respondents who have made preparedness 
in the face of a disaster can make individuals 
not easily experience anxiety which can 
have a detrimental impact. 

CONCLUSION 

This research found that most of the anxiety 
possessed by the head of the family was low 
anxiety, but there were still those who 
experienced moderate and severe anxiety. 
The results showed that knowledge and 
experience in dealing with flooding were 
related to the level of anxiety of household 
heads. Further analysis found that there 
was a significant difference between 
knowledge and experience in dealing with 
floods with a mild, moderate and severe 
head of household anxiety in flood-prone 
areas. With experience in dealing with 
flooding was the most related factor to the 
level of anxiety of household heads in flood-
prone areas. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Thank you to all of the respondents and 
those who have helped this research and 
support from the Ministry of Technology 
and Education Research and Rector of the 
University of Muhammadiyah Kalimantan 
Timur. 

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST 

Neither of the authors has any conflicts of 
interest that would bias the findings 
presented here.  

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Level of Head Families in The Flood-Prone Areas 

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