The effectiveness of garlic, black turmeric, and red betel vine solutions to maintain scalp hygiene (pediculicide efficacy test toward head lice)


 

 
Corresponding author: 
Amin Samiasih 
aminsamiasih@unimus.ac.id 
South East Asia Nursing Research, Vol 2 No 4, December 2020 
ISSN:2685-032X 
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26714/seanr.2.4.2020.1-7  

 
 

 
 
 
 
 

 

Original Research 
 

The effectiveness of garlic, black turmeric, and red betel vine solutions to 
maintain scalp hygiene (pediculicide efficacy test toward head lice)  
 
Amin Samiasih1, Ayu Dianingsih1, Richa Jannet Ferdisa1, Fitria Wati1, Tri Hartiti1, 
Ernawati1, Arief Yanto1 

1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Indonesia 

 
Article Info  Abstract 

Article History: 
Submit Nov 19th, 2020 
Accepted Dec 13th, 2020 
Published Dec 30th 2020 
 
Keywords:  
Garlic; Black Turmeric; Red 
Betel Vine; Pediculicide; Lice 

 Head lice (Pediculosis humanus capitis) is a parasite sticking on the scalp 
and in between the hair. It lives by laying its eggs on some strands of hair 
and sucking blood from the scalp, which results in itching, inflammation, 
restless sleep, and concentration degradation. Lice could also lower self-
esteem. The infection may also lead to anaemia, which affects the learning 
pattern and cognitive function of children. However, the use of chemical 
insecticide may have a harmful effect. Therefore, this research tested three 
natural ingredients, namely garlic, black turmeric, and red betel vine, as the 
pediculicide. This research was aimed to find safe, natural ingredients to 
eliminate head lice while maintaining personal hygiene. It was an 
experimental research with Randomized Posttest Only Control Grup Design. 
This research's subject was 28 lice, which were grouped into seven 
treatments with four lice in each group. The seven treatments included the 
treatment by spraying garlic, black turmeric, and red betel vine solution. The 
concentration of those natural ingredients was determined at 8% and 16%. 
The control group was sprayed by using water. The finding showed the 
significance of black turmeric (p-value 0.000), garlic (p-value 0.000), and red 
betel vine (p-value 0.001) as the effective pediculicide. The effective 
concentration as pediculicide was a 16% solution. 

 

INTRODUCTION  

Scalp infection is usually caused by head lice 
or Pediculosis humanus capitis. Head lice 
(pediculus) is a parasite sticking on the 
scalp and in between the hair. It lives by 
laying its eggs on some strands of hair and 
sucking blood from the scalp, which results 
in itching, inflammation, restless sleep, and 
concentration degradation. Lice could also 
lower self-esteem. The infection may also 
lead to anaemia, which affects children’s 
learning patterns and cognitive function. 1 

The elimination of Pediculosis humanus 
capitis by using chemical insecticide may 
result in negative effects. The pediculicide 
sold in the market contains a high chemical 
element, which may result in allergy and 
poisoning. One of the natural ingredients 
potent to be antioxidant and anti-
inflammation is banana skin extract.2 It is 
effective and could be planted in our yard.  
This research was aimed to find out the 
effectiveness of three natural ingredients to 
eliminate head lice. They were black 

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South East Asia Nursing Research, Vol 2 No 4, December 2020/ page 132-138 133 

 

Amin Samiasih / The effectiveness of garlic, black turmeric, and red betel vine solutions to maintain scalp 
hygiene (pediculicide efficacy test toward head lice) 

turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa roxb), garlic 
dan red betel vine (Piper crocatum). 

Black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa roxb) 
is known to be useful for skin health. It 
contains beneficial essential oil, 
curcuminoid, alkaloid, and saponin.3 The 
essential oil is effective in killing head lice. It 
is because essential oil has its antibacterial 
effect, which keeps the scalp from damage. 
The antibacterial property in black turmeric 
is mainly contributed by terpene 
compounds, which are monoterpene and 
sesquiterpene.4 

Garlic is effective in killing head lice as it 
contains ethanol with an 8% concentration. 
It was proven to e effective in killing head 
lice within 0.030 hours 5. Besides, garlic is 
often used for its antifungal and 
antibacterial properties. Garlic contains 
essential oil, allicin, scordinin, and saponin.6  

Red betel vine extract could also kill head 
lice as it contains 0.8 – 1.8% essential oil 
(consists of chavicol, chavibetol (betel 
phenol), allylprocatechol 
(hydroxychavikol), allypyrocatechol-mono 
dan diacetate), vitamin c, sugar, cineole, 
caryophyllene, cadinene, estragole, 
riboflavin, starch, sesquiterpene, terpene, 
phenylpropane, tannin, diastase, carotene, 
p.cymene, thiamine, carvacrol, eugenol and 
amino acid.7 

METHODS 

This study consisted of three kinds of 
research with the same research technique, 
design, and the number of groups. It was 
mainly experimental research with 
Randomized Posttest Only Control Grup 
Design. The subject of this research was 
head lice obtained from five female children 
who lived at Sendangguwo District of 
Semarang with Pediculosis humanus capitis 
infection. The sample used was a group of 

adult head lice, with 12 head lice for each 
research sample. The research group was 
divided into three groups of treatment, with 
four head lice for each treatment group. 
Treatment 1 used herbal spray with a 
concentration of 8%, treatment 2 used a 
concentration of 16%, and treatment group 
3 used only water. The natural ingredients 
used were garlic, black turmeric, and red 
betel vine.  

In preparing the solution, garlic, black 
turmeric, and red betel vine were weighed 
based on its planned concentration size as 
presented by figure B. the ingredients were 
grounded, strained, and mixed with water-
based on the demanded concentration, 
which was 8% and 16% as presented by 
figure C. the solution was strained by using 
a strainer (figure D), put into a spray bottle 
(figure E). the cup and for lice media added 
with 2g of threads to make present, the 
similar condition with the real head 
condition was prepared (figure F). 

The treatment was started by experimental 
animal adaptation. The adaptation was 
carried out in two hours. Four lice were put 
into the cup and propped with 2 grams of 
white threads (figure G). the 10ml sprayer 
was used to spray the experimental group 
three times. Meanwhile, the control group 
was given only a water sprayer.  

The research was divided into seven 
treatment groups. Treatment group 1 (X1) 
was sprayed using 8% garlic solution, group 
2 (X2) was sprayed using 16% garlic 
solution, group 2 (X3) was sprayed using 
8% black turmeric solution, group 4 (X4) 
using 16% black turmeric solution, group 5 
(X5) using 8% red betel vine solution, group 
6 (X6) using 16% red betel vine solution, 
and group 7 (X7) using only water. The 
killing effect was measured by using a 
stopwatch, while the dead lice were 
observed and noted (figure H). 



South East Asia Nursing Research, Vol 2 No 4, December 2020/ page 132-138 134 

 

Amin Samiasih / The effectiveness of garlic, black turmeric, and red betel vine solutions to maintain scalp 
hygiene (pediculicide efficacy test toward head lice) 

    
Figure A 

The collection of lice 
sample 

Figure B 
Herb weighing 

Figure C 
The herbal solution 

making process 

Figure D 
Straining the solution 

 

    
Figure E 

Herbal solution 
sprayer 

Figure F 
The media for lice 

observation 

Figure G 
The process of lice 

spraying 

Figure H 
Observing the 

solutions’ killing effect 

RESULTS 

The total sample of the research was 28 lice 
from five children (figure A). each group of 
treatment consisted of four lice put into a 
cup with 2 grams of thread (figure F). the 
duration of research was two hours for lice 
adaptation and 45 minutes for data 
collection. The research data was in the 
form of killing the power duration of the 
herbal solution. It was measured by using a 
stopwatch for 45 minutes. It was shown that 
the most effective was the 16% red betel 
vine solution with a minimum of 4 minutes, 
a maximum of 6 minutes, and an average of 
5 minutes of pediculicide duration. The 
slowest pediculicide duration was in 8% 
garlic solution with a minimum of 19 
minutes, a maximum of 25 minutes, and an 
average of 22 minutes, as presented by table 
1. 

The difference of garlic, black turmeric, and 
red betel vine concentration toward the 
mean of pediculicide duration showed that 
the 16% concentration was more effective 
than the 8% solution. The most effective 
pediculicide was 16% red betel vine 
solution (X6 group), with the mean of 
pediculicide was 5 minutes. On the other 
hand, the least effective pediculicide was 
8% black turmeric (X3 group), with the 

mean of pediculicide was 24 minutes, as 
presented by graphic 1.  

The statistical data analysis was 
implemented for each herbal solution and 
the control group. The statistical test used 
was from the Mann-Whitney test or 
Kruskal-Wallis test. The correlation 
between the implementation of garlic 
solution with the shown pediculicidal effect 
was p-value = 0.000. It means that the garlic 
solution spraying was significant to the 
pediculicide period. The correlation 
between the implementation of black 
turmeric solution with the shown 
pediculicidal effect was p-value = 0.000. It 
means that the black turmeric solution 
spraying was significant to the pediculicide 
period. The correlation between the red 
betel vine solution's implementation with 
the shown pediculicidal effect was p-value = 
0.001. it means that the red betel vine 
solution spraying was significant to the 
pediculicide period. The three mentioned 
natural ingredients were significant to kill 
lice. In other words, the three natural 
ingredients were potential natural 
insecticide to eliminate head lice. 

 
 
 
 
 



South East Asia Nursing Research, Vol 2 No 4, December 2020/ page 132-138 135 

 

Amin Samiasih / The effectiveness of garlic, black turmeric, and red betel vine solutions to maintain scalp 
hygiene (pediculicide efficacy test toward head lice) 

Table 1  
the pediculicide duration based on the garlic, black turmeric, and red betel vine solutions’ concentration. 

 pediculicide duration (minute) 
Groups  minimum maximum mean 
Treatment group 1 (X1) garlic 8% 19 25 22 
Treatment group 2 (X2) garlic 16% 13 15 13.75 
Treatment group 3 (X3) black turmeric 8% 23 25 24 
Treatment group 4 (X4) black turmeric 16% 19 20 19.25 
Treatment group 5 (X5) red betel vine 8% 10 15 12.75 
Treatment group 6 (X6) red betel vine 16% 4 6 5 
Treatment group 7 (X7) control group only water 30 30 30 

 

 

Graphic 1  
The difference of the natural ingredients (garlic, black turmeric, and red betel vine) concentration toward the 

mean of pediculicide duration 

 

DISCUSSION 

Spraying 16% black turmeric solution (X4 
group) resulted in an average of 19.25 
minutes of pediculicide effect. The black 
turmeric solution is significant toward the 
pediculicide effect with a p-value 0.000. 
Based on the analysis, the low concentration 
of black turmeric resulted in a bacteriostatic 
effect and bactericidal effect in high 
concentrations. This research proved that 
16% black turmeric solution (X4 group) 
was more effective than the 8% black 
turmeric (X3 group). It was supported by 

another research that stated that the higher 
the black turmeric concentration, the higher 
the active antimicrobial element in it, the 
higher ability to prevent microbial 
development. The low concentration black 
turmeric could perform as bacteriostatic, 
and the high concentration black turmeric 
could perform as bactericidal. The 
antibacterial property is contributed by 
terpenoid compounds in the form of 
monoterpene and sesquiterpene, which are 
the main components of black turmeric. The 
terpene compounds in black turmeric are 
the result of the secondary metabolism of 

1
7

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8

7
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2
4

1
9

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5

1
2

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5

5

3
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T R E A T M E N T  
G R O U P  1  ( X 1 )

G A R L I C  8 %

T R E A T M E N T  
G R O U P  2  ( X 2 )  

G A R L I C  1 6 %

T R E A T M E N T  
G R O U P  3  ( X 3 )

B L A C K  T U R M E R I C  
8 %

T R E A T M E N T  
G R O U P  4  ( X 4 )

B L A C K  T U R M E R I C  
1 6 %

T R E A T M E N T  
G R O U P  5  ( X 5 )

R E D  B E T E L  V I N E   
8 %

T R E A T M E N T  
G R O U P  6  ( X 6 )

R E D  B E T E L  V I N E  
1 6 %

T R E A T M E N T  
G R O U P  7  ( X 7 )

C O N T R O L  G R O U P  
O N L Y   W A T E R  

P
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T H E  D I F F E R E N C E  O F  T H E  N A T U R A L  I N G R E D I E N T S  C O N C E N T R A T I O N
( G A R L I C ,  B L A C K  T U R M E R I C  D A N  R E D  B E T E L  V I N E )  

T O W A R D  T H E  M E A N  O F  P E D I C U L I C I D E  E F F E C T



South East Asia Nursing Research, Vol 2 No 4, December 2020/ page 132-138 136 

 

Amin Samiasih / The effectiveness of garlic, black turmeric, and red betel vine solutions to maintain scalp 
hygiene (pediculicide efficacy test toward head lice) 

the plant, which is useful to avoid microbe 
(Bobarala, 2012). Black turmeric also 
contains essential oil, which helps prevent 
the growth of S. aureus and B. subtitis in 
certain concentrations. 8,9 

The mean of the group's pediculicide effect, 
with a 16% garlic solution (X2 group), was 
13.75 minutes. The garlic spray was 
significant, with a p-value of 0.000. it was in 
line with research mentioned that 4% garlic 
solution could kill lice in 0.4450 hours, 6% 
garlic solution could kill lice in 0.1380 
hours, and 8% garlic solution could be an 
effective insecticide for head lice as 
mentioned that the higher solution of garlic 
was the better able to kill head lice or 
pediculosis capitis.5 Another researcher 
also stated that garlic extract is mortal for 
plant lice (M. persicae). In that research, the 
0% garlic solution (control group) could kill 
34.67% plant lice, 45% garlic solution killed 
54.00% lice, and 60% garlic solution killed 
72.33% 10,11. The chemical compounds in 
garlic such as allicin, saponin, and flavonoid 
are believed to perform as an insecticide for 
head lice, safe for health and the 
environment.5 

In this research, the treatment group 7 (X7) 
as the control group was only receiving 
water spray. The mean of the pediculicide 
effect was 30 minutes. This research was 
supported by other researches that if the 
control group didn't receive any treatment, 
the pediculicide effect was performed in 
8.974 hours. It was because head lice could 
live for ten days at 5°C without any blood 
intake and died at 40°C8. Head lice could not 
live without blood intake in 15-20 hours.12 
Head lice need a warm and humid climate 
for their incubation period. Meanwhile, for 
reproduction, they need an optimum 
temperature of 28°C - 32°C. another 
research stated that pediculosis capitis 
could stay alive for 1-2 days out of the 
human head. The eggs could stay for a week 
outside the human head8. The long lifespan 
of pediculosis capitis, either with or without 
blood intake, could boost lice growth. The 
rapid growth and the effect of lice bite result 

in the itching, which stimulates scratching 
to eliminate the itching. The itching as the 
effect of lice's saliva and excretion which is 
absorbed by the scalp. 9,13,14 

The treatment by using garlic is not only 
killing the lice but also reducing the itching 
and inflammation in the head. It was 
supported by research that garlic contains a 
chemical compound in its essential oil has 
antibacterial and antiseptic property.6 The 
essential oil in garlic could also perform 
antifungal property to prevent candida 
Albicans growth.15 The other chemical 
compounds in garlic, which are allicin, have 
a strong aroma, which is powerful to 
damage disease germ protein. The active 
element in allicin is assumed to have a 
powerful antibiotic function.6,16,17 

The treatment using red betel vine in this 
research proved that the 8% red betel vine 
solution (X5 group) killed the lice in 12.75 
minutes, and 16% red betel vine solution 
(X6 group) could kill in five minutes. The 
red betel vine solution was significant to kill 
head lice with a p-value 0.001. This research 
was in line with the previous research using 
different concentrations of red betel vine 
solution for Sitophilus oryzae’s mortality. 
The higher concentration of red betel vine 
extract, the higher Sitophilus oryzae’s 
mortality. The higher concentration of the 
essential oil resulted in a higher aromatic 
effect which is avoided by insects.18 The 
higher concentration also increases the 
poisoning effect for an insect, which could 
inhibit the growth and kill the insect.14 

The compound in red betel vine, which is 
lethal for lice, is tannin. Tannin acts as 
contact and stomach poison for the insect. 
The mechanism is when lice had direct 
contact with the solution, the tannin-
containing poison absorbed by the wall of 
the lice body and slowly kill the lice. Tannin 
functions as the protection inside or outside 
the body tissue. Besides, tannin could also 
shrink the tissue and close the protein on 
the skin and mucosa structure. Meanwhile, 
the tannin in red betel vine could kill lice. 



South East Asia Nursing Research, Vol 2 No 4, December 2020/ page 132-138 137 

 

Amin Samiasih / The effectiveness of garlic, black turmeric, and red betel vine solutions to maintain scalp 
hygiene (pediculicide efficacy test toward head lice) 

Besides, tannin could also act as a stomach 
poison. The nutrition intake in lice's body 
could not be digested as it is intervened by 
tannin from the red betel vine directly 
sprayed on the lice. Indigestion in lice leads 
to death.15,18 

Besides tannin, red betel vine also contains 
phenolic compounds which could kill 
Pediculosis humanus capitis. Phenol is an 
active compound that could initiate typical 
biological activity such as toxicity to inhibit 
nutrition, act as an ant parasite, and 
pesticide. Therefore, the phenolic 
compound in red betel vine could kill results 
in death in Pediculosis humanus capitis.15,19 

Red betel vine also contains alkaloids, which 
could act as a stomach poison in insects and 
lead to death. Alkaloid decreases and 
damages the cell's membrane. This way, 
alkaloids could infiltrate and poison 
Pediculosis humanus capitis. Death is 
mainly caused by indigestion.20 

The effectiveness of red betel vine solution 
to kill Pediculosis humanus capitis was 
represented by the pediculicide effect 
shown by the certain herbal concentration. 
The 16% herbal concentration showed a 
quicker pediculicide effect compared to the 
8% herbal concentration. The other proof of 
effectiveness could also be presented by the 
difference of Pediculosis humanus capitis 
condition when it was sprayed by using red 
betel vine solution and that one sprayed by 
using only water. The success in using red 
betel vine could be beneficial for the people 
as they could get natural insecticide to 
inhibit Pediculosis humanus capitis growth 
and avoid the use of chemical insecticide to 
eliminate Pediculosis humanus capitis. 

CONCLUSION 

The three natural ingredient solutions were 
significant to kill head lice (Pediculosis 
humanus capitis). They were black turmeric 
(p-value 0.000), garlic (p-value 0.000) and 
red betel vine (p-value 0.001). The effective 
concentration as pediculicide was 16%. 

The use of natural ingredients black 
turmeric, garlic, and red betel vine to 
eliminate head lice (Pediculosis humanus 
capitis) was safer. The natural ingredients 
are easy to get and could result in harmful 
side effects. The effective solution was the 
solution with a 16% concentration. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The researcher would like to say thank you 
to all respondents who participated in this 
research.  

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST 

Neither of the authors has any conflicts of 
interest that would bias the findings 
presented here. 

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