Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 1 | 16 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfac- tion: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 Agima Ljaljevic1, Helmut Wenzel2, Ulrich Laaser3 1 University of Podgorica, Montenegro; 2 Freelance consultant, Konstanz, Germany; 3 Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia. Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. med. Ulrich Laaser, Section of International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Address: POB 10 01 31, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany; E-mail: ulrich.laaser@uni-bielefeld.de. Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 2 | 16 Abstract Aim: Montenegrin government is increasingly aware of the key role of women in the society and attempts to improve social cohesion among Montenegrin people. Precondition is a high degree of life satisfaction and happiness. Methods: We used the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) of 2018 to analyse the distribu- tion and interaction of 22 potential determinants out of 383 variables available. The participation rate was 77.7 or 2,276 women aged 15-49 years out of 2,928 invited. As data quality turned out to be limited, we employed a data mining approach, i.e. an interactive Classification and Regression Tree (C&RT). Happiness was measured ranging from very happy to very unhappy on a categorical scale of 5 steps Results: Of all Montenegrin women 70.7% declared themselves as very happy. Likewise, a 10- point scale of life satisfaction classifies 82.0% of the sample in the top ranks 8-10. Furthermore, 73.6% of the women expect the next year to be even better. Wealth, younger age, and marriage or living in union determine the status of happiness. Conclusion: Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of self-reported happiness and life sat- isfaction. Montenegrin policies should continue to support the role of women in the society. Keywords: happiness, life satisfaction, MICS, Montenegro, women. Conflicts of interest: None declared. Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 3 | 16 Introduction Building up its own institutions and services, Montenegro is striving to advance human capital development and increase internation- alization and visibility (1). During the last years, Montenegrin government became in- creasingly aware that the role of women in the society has to get priority in order to de- velop successful strategies to improve the so- cial cohesion in the Montenegrin society (2). Inclined to Diener et al., (3) a positive social web may have three components, happiness related to moods, but frequently a conse- quence of life satisfaction (evaluative happi- ness (4)) or in other words subjective (and ob- jective) success in life including social acknowledgement, and well-being as a con- sequence of both (5) and feeling secure as re- lated to the social environment. We prefer to follow this use of the terminology although some authors understand happiness and life satisfaction as synonyms (6). Others make a clear distinction (7,8). For Nemati et al. (9) life satisfaction is a factor that influences both happiness and resilience. Resilience on its part has an influence on happiness. Deter- minants that possibly contribute to happiness according to e.g. Galletta (10) or Graham (11) are mostly seen in the categories of so- cio-demography, location of birth/residence, and wealth (12). As Montenegro is a small country of less than one million inhabitants and limited resources, the last Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, executed by the Statistical Office of Monte- negro (13) provides a good opportunity to in- terpret the information available regarding the position and role of women in the Monte- negrin society. Our paper therefore tries to identify politically meaningful determinants of “Happiness” and “Life satisfaction” of the female population which would allow the government to further improve their stabilis- ing role in the Montenegrin society. Methods The database of the Multiple Indicator Clus- ter Survey Montenegro in (MICS) (13) in- cludes the file ‘wm.sav’ referring to 2018 with 2,928 women 15-49 years of age. The response rate was 77.7% or 2.276 women who participated in the highly standardized interview employed, 99.8% of the interviews executed from October to December 2018. However, in the protocols of the interviews several variables show a very high rate of non-response and therefore had to be elimi- nated from further consideration (we decided on a minimum response level of >=50% for a variable to be included). From the 383 varia- bles available in the data file N = 22, listed in Table 1, part I remained as relevant to have a potential impact on “happiness” respectively “life satisfaction” in other words are of “cul- tural relevance” and have a sufficiently high response rate. The 4 variables referring to happiness and life satisfaction (together un- derstood as well-being) are listed in Table 1, part II. Because of their high potential relevance we employed for two variables with a relatively high percentage of missing values (M7 - Mar- ried or lived with a man once or more than once and WAGEM - Age at first mar- riage/union of woman) a MD imputation us- ing a k-NN approach (14) to estimate missing values. The k-Nearest Neighbours is an algo- rithm that is used for simple classification. The algorithm uses ‘feature similarity’ to pre- dict the values of any new data points. This means that the new point is assigned a value based on how closely it resembles the points in the training set (15). Several other indica- tors of high interest as for example “Age at Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 4 | 16 first sexual intercourse” could not be used, ei- ther because of an identified non-response rate of mostly >80% or because of a mono- categorical formulation of the interview question (a complete table with all variables considered including those eliminated is at- tached as Annex). Nevertheless, the 26 vari- ables selected in Table 1 cover the categories mentioned above but their quality does not fully satisfy the suitability requirements for further statistical processing like multiple re- gression techniques. Therefore, we employ a data mining approach, i.e. an interactive Classification and Regression Tree (iC&RT) (14). This tree allows to analyse what-if-sce- narios either by automatic splitting or manu- ally according to specific research questions. In 1984 Breiman (16) used a C&RT algo- rithm to identify high-risk patients, today it is also used to identify specific customers. The result of the analysis is then shown as a tree. At the various levels and nodes of the tree selected variables are used to split the data pool. A C&RT approach uses automatic (algorithmic) methods, user-defined rules and criteria specified with the help of a highly interactive graphical user interface (brushing tools). With this approach it is possible to provide an interactive environment for build- ing classification or regression trees (via clas- sic C&RT methods or a Chi-square Auto- matic Interaction Detector (CHAID)) to ena- ble users to try various predictors and split criteria. This allows to bring in expert knowledge of the researchers, instead of fol- lowing only an automatic procedure. To eval- uate the quality or appropriateness of the classification outcomes, several tools can be applied (14,15). Table 1. Selection of the 26 most relevant variables from the MICS database (UNICEF 2019) having a sufficiently high response rate, at least bi-categorical answers, and missing values below 50% (full list in Annex) Part I: Potential determinants of Happiness and Life Satisfaction Line numbers Variable Code Long name Variable format Missing values 11 WM6M Month of interview 2019 Cat. none 30 WB4 Age of woman Quant. 22.26% missing values 32 WB6A Highest level of school attended cat. 23.4% missing values 42 WB15 Duration of living in current place Quant. 22.26% missing values 45 CM1 Ever given birth cat. 22.27% missing values 46 CM2 Any sons or daughters living with you cat. 45.28% missing values 49 CM5 Any sons or daughters not living with you cat. 45.29% missing values 191 CP3 Ever used a method to avoid preg- nancy cat. 34.4% missing values 229 UN17 Availability of private place for washing during last menstrual pe- riod cat. 26.33% missing values 234 DV1C If she argues with husband: wife beating justified cat. 22.26% missing values Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 5 | 16 235 DV1D If she refuses sex with husband: wife beating justified cat. 22.26% missing values 236 DV1E If she burns the food: wife beating justified cat. 22.27% missing values 259 VT20 Feeling safe walking alone in neighbourhood after dark cat. 22.27% missing values 260 VT21 Feeling safe at home alone after dark cat. 22.27% missing values 268 MA1 Currently married or living with a man cat. 22.27% missing values 272 MA7 Married or lived with a man once or more than once cat. 42.69% missing values 294 HA1 Ever heard of HIV or AIDS cat. 22.27% missing values 325 HA31 Children living with HIV should be allowed to attend school with other children cat. 26.47% missing values 331 IA1 Do any vaccines cause serious ad- verse reactions after vaccination cat. 22.27% missing values 351 WAGE Age-class 15-19, 20-24… Quant. & cat. 22.27% missing values 353 WAGEM Age at first marriage/union of woman Quant. 42.69% missing values 369 HH7 Region cat. none 373 Windex10 Wealth index Decile Quant. & cat. mixture of category and numbers Part II: Happiness and Life Satisfaction 345 LS1-cat Estimation of overall happiness Quant. & cat. 22.27% missing values/ no response as category 346 LS2 Satisfaction with ladder step Quant. & cat. 22.27% missing values / no response as category 347 LS3 Life satisfaction in comparison with last year cat. 22.27% missing values / no response as category 348 LS4 Life satisfaction expectation one year from now cat. 22.27% missing values / no response as category Results The descriptive Table 2 shows the distribu- tion of the selected variables potentially de- termining happiness and life satisfaction. With the exception of variables 5, 6, 9, 16, and 18 in Table 2, missing values count for <800 or <27.3% out of a grand total of N = 2.928. Variable 3 covering the ‘Highest level of school attended’ points to a relatively well educated population with 55.1% having at- tended the secondary level and 33.1% levels higher than that, together 88.2%. This corre- sponds to a stable population where only 23.6% live at the present location for less than 15 years (variable 4); likewise, 98.1% indicate children living in the same house- hold (variable 5), however, with a high num- ber of missing answers, presumably being due to a large part of women without children as 29.6% indicate to have never given birth (variable 8). Households seem to be well es- tablished as almost all women (97.7%) indi- cate that they have a private place for wash- ing during the last menstrual period (Variable 7). For a relatively traditional society speaks that 87.9% deny - or may be too reluctant to admit - to have used birth control methods ever (variable 9). However, if it comes to vi- olence in the family the position is very clear: more than 98.4%% of females do not accept Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 6 | 16 to be beaten by the husband (variables 10, 11 and 12). Although only 39.2% live in rural areas (variable 13) 86.0% feel safe walking alone in the neighbourhood after dark (varia- ble 14) and 94.7% feel safe alone at home (variable 15). In 64.4% age at first marriage is between 15 and 25 years of age (variable 16) and 69.3% are currently married or live with a man (variable 17); almost all (96.1%) live in marriage or union only once (variable 18). Almost all (variable 19) have heard of HIV/AIDS (95.0%), however, regarding the question, whether children with HIV should be allowed to attend school (variable 20) 32.7% say “No”. Likewise, the opinion about vaccines (variable 21) is somewhat divided as 19.8% believe that vaccines could cause serious adverse reactions. The Wealth Index - potentially of considerable impact – distrib- utes quite evenly throughout the Montenegrin population (variable 22). Table 2. Distribution of the variables listed in Table 1, part I (N=22) Name of variable and categories* Number Percentage Missing Women 15-49, grand total 2.928 1) Month of interview 2019 (WM6M) January 5 0.2 October 1212 41.4 November 1219 41.6 December 492 16.8 2928 100.0 none 2) Age (WB4) 15-24 501 22.0 25-34 769 33.8 35-49 1,006 44.2 15-49 2276 100.0 652 3) Schooling (WB6A) Primary 264 11.8 Secondary 1,235 55.1 Higher 743 33.1 2.242 100.0 686 4) Residence (WB15) Since birth 1.370 60.2 >15 years 370 16.3 <15 years 536 23.6 2.276 100.0 652 5) Children who are living with you (CM2) Yes 1.572 98.1 No 30 1.9 1.602 100.0 1326 6) Children who are not living with you (CM5) Yes 170 10.6 No 1,432 89.4 1,602 100.0 1326 7) Private place for washing (UN17) Yes 2,102 97.7 No 50 2.3 Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 7 | 16 2,152 100.0 776 8) Ever given birth (CM1) Yes 1,602 70.4 No 674 29.6 2,276 100.0 652 9) Ever used birth control methods(CP3) Yes 230 12.1 No 1.675 87.9 1.905 100.0 1.023 10) Beating by husband justified if she refuses sex (DV1D) Yes 21 0.9 No 2.232 99.1 2.253 100.0 675 11) Beating by husband justified if she burns food (DV1E) Yes 20 0.9 No 2,239 99.1 2,259 100.0 669 12) Beating by husband justified if she argues(DV1C) YES 37 1.6 NO 2,210 98.4 2,928 100.0 681 13) Area living (HH7) Urban 1779 60.8 Rural 1149 39.2 2,928 100.0 0 14) Feeling safe walking alone (VT20) Yes 1.952 86.0 No 319 14.0 2.271 100.0 657 15) Feeling safe at home alone (VT20) Very safe 1,123 49.9 Safe 1,008 44.8 Unsafe 119 5.3 2,250 100.0 678 16) Age at first marriage (WAGEM) 10-14 21 1.3 15-24 1.081 64.4 25-34 527 31.4 35-49 49 2.9 1.678 100.0 1.250 17) Currently married or living with a man (MA1) Yes 1.575 69.3 No 699 30.7 2.274 100.0 654 18) Married or lived in Union (MA7) Only once 1,623 96.9 More than once 52 3.1 1,675 100.0 1,250 19) Ever heard of HIV/AIDS (HA1) Yes 2153 95.0 No 114 5.0 2267 100,0 661 Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 8 | 16 20) Children with HIV should attend school (HA31) Yes 978 45.9 No 698 32.7 Depends 457 21.4 2.133 100.0 795 21) Vaccines cause serious adverse reactions (IA1) Yes 449 19.8 No 1.360 60.0 No opinion 456 20.1 2.265 100.0 663 22) Wealth Index Deciles (windex10) 1. Decile 199 8.7 2. Decile 217 9.6 3. Decile 240 10.5 4. Decile 218 9.6 5. Decile 237 10.4 6. Decile 235 10.3 7. Decile 237 10.4 8. Decile 262 11.5 9. Decile 225 9.9 10. Decile 206 9.1 2.276 100.0 652 * Names of variables abbreviated, Codes in brackets. Life satisfaction was asked with a retrospec- tive and a prospective projection of one year. Life satisfaction relates to criteria like rank- ing according to income and social status whereas happiness has an emotional conno- tation. Table 3 classifies life satisfaction in the upper third of a 10-point scale (ranks 8, 9, and 10) with N = 1.773 or 82.0%. However, with regard to the foregoing year only 46.8% or 1062 women consider it as better than the present one but on the other hand even 73.6% expect that regarding the next year. Table 3. Frequency distribution of life satisfaction (LS2-4) Present levels Number Percentage 0-4 34 1.2 5-7 463 16.8 8-10 (highest) 1.773 82.0 Total 2.270 100,0 Levels last year Worse 82 3.6 About the same 1.124 49.6 Better 1.062 46.8 Total 2.268 100.0 Levels next year Worse 14 0.6 About the same 580 25.8 Better 1656 73.6 Total 2250 100.0 Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 9 | 16 Happiness was measured in the survey on a categorical scale with 5 steps (variable ranging from very happy to very unhappy). The interviewers asked to tick the appropriate category in the ques- tionnaire. According to the data in Table 4, 96.7% of females 15-49 in Montenegro are very or somewhat happy. Table 4. Frequency distribution of Happiness (LS1) Categories Number Percentage Very happy 1609 70.7 Somewhat happy 592 26.0 Neither nor 57 2.5 Somewhat unhappy 10 0.4 Very unhappy 3 0.1 No response 5 0.2 Total 2276 100.0 The result of the C&RT analysis of likely de- terminants of happiness is shown in Figure 1 below. From this tree we can induce general rules to predict who is likely to be very happy. The splitting process creates three lev- els of splitting. At each level the starting pool of the survey population is divided by predic- tors, i.e., variables that allow to break down the rating of happiness by expected variables of influence. At the first level 70.7% of the interviewed women according to their an- swers are very happy and 26.1% are some- what happy. These figures seem to be rela- tively high, but change when breaking down the numbers by splitting variables. The 2,276 interviewees are split first according to their level of wealth. This level of wealth (win- dex10) groups the interviewees into deciles. In the tree 893 women belong to the category of lower wealth. For splitting the following categories of lower wealth were used accord- ing to their relevance in this specific popula- tion: 2nd, 5th, 3rd and 1st deciles. The variable level of wealth contributes most to the group- ing of the interviewees; nevertheless, the re- maining variables were also taken into ac- count, but with less importance. In this group of lower wealth 61.3% are very happy and 32.9% somewhat happy. In the richer cate- gory with 1,383 women, 76.8% are very happy and 21.6% somewhat happy. If one splits then the group of lower wealth further by the age of women (WB4), from the 582 women in the age of 38 or younger 67.0% are very happy and 28.4% are somewhat happy, whereas in the group of 311 women that are older than 38 years 50.5% are very happy and 41.5% are somewhat happy. To characterise the better off group of 1,383 women, which is according to relevance described by 6th, 4th, 9th, 10th, 7th and 8th wealth deciles, the soft- ware splits it according to marital status re- spectively living in union: 383 women not living in union 66.8% are very happy. They split according to age into 200 women <=24 (74.5% very happy) and 183 women >24 (58.5% very happy). Of those 1,000 women living in union 80.6% are very happy. They split into 144 women of (relatively) lower wealth - 70.1% of them being very happy and into 856 of higher wealth and 82.4% of them very happy. Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 10 | 16 Figure 1. C&RT graphic of selected variables with impact upon happiness* Tree graph for LS1_cat Num. of non-terminal nodes: 5, Num. of terminal nodes: 6 Model: C&RT ID=1 N=2276 VERY HAPPY 70.69% ID=2 N=893 VERY HAPPY 61.25% ID=3 N=1383 VERY HAPPY 76.79% ID=6 N=383 VERY HAPPY 66.84% ID=7 N=1000 VERY HAPPY 80.60% ID=4 N=582 VERY HAPPY 67.01% ID=5 N=311 VERY HAPPY 50.48% ID=8 N=200 VERY HAPPY 74.5% ID=9 N=183 VERY HAPPY 58.47% ID=16 N=144 VERY HAPPY 70.14% ID=17 N=856 VERY HAPPY 82.36% w index10 Lower wealth Higher wealth Age <= 38 > 38 Marital status = NOT IN UNION = IN UNION Age <= 24 > 24 windex10 = Lower wealth (1) = Higher wealth (1) VERY HAPPY SOMEWHAT HAPPY NEITHER HAPPY NOR UNHAPPY SOMEWHAT UNHAPPY NO RESPONSE VERY UNHAPPY * For the variables M7 (‘in marriage or union once or more’) and WAGE (‘age at first marriage/union’) the missing values have been estimated (TIBCO Software Inc. 2017). Discussion The strength of this study is the fact that it is one of the very first which tries to make use of the available data and analyses how women in Montenegro think about their life. The optimistic view of the future, i.e. the ex- pectation to be even happier next year, under- lines that positive feelings dominate in the Montenegrin culture. The C&RT analysis shows for Montenegro that in all sub-group- ings the category “Very happy” dominates with percentages between 55.5 and 82.4% in any of the subgroups, bypassing e.g. the global spectrum between North America with 49% being very happy at the upper end and sub-Saharan Africa at the lower end with only 7% (4). Hart et al. (17) found positive relations between happiness and the areas of living as well as social relations, determi- nants which are not dominant in our study, partly because not sufficiently covered in the MICS dataset. This is a drawback of many studies in that the focus on individual-level strategies leaves out contextual factors. Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 11 | 16 The C&ART analysis we employed identifies only 3 predictors (or splitting variables) as most important, namely wealth, living in un- ion, and age. Education, residence or the ex- perience of violence and discrimination seem to have a lower impact on the dominant feel- ing of being happy or at least somewhat happy. This is supported by the equally prev- alent indication of high satisfaction with life, reaching 82.0% at present, 76.6% expecting even higher levels next year. The high level of well-being in Montenegro may be plausi- ble looking at available data at national level and compare Montenegro with the neigh- bouring countries: its national GDP reached with 21,470 USD PPP in 2019 the highest level whereas e.g. Serbia ranges lowest with 18,233 USD PPP (18). Likewise, female life expectancy in 1919 reaches in Montenegro 79.3 years vs. Serbia with 78.4 years and North Macedonia in between with 78.8 years. Last but not least, in Montenegro 49.9% of females share the labour force as compared to Serbia with 47.1 and North Macedonia with 44.9%. Taken together this seems to support the relatively high level of happiness and life satisfaction. Another variable, not included in the C&ART analysis because of the high number of missing values (45.3%), is the fact that 98.1% answer that they live together with their children in the same household, which indicates a healthy social family con- text. Upbringing and parenting may define to a large degree later happiness and satisfaction with life (19). This would support the Monte- negrin policy to advance the societal status and role of women to strengthen social cohe- sion in the Montenegrin society. However, we did not include in our analysis the perceived service quality of maternal care, available as antenatal care, delivery as- sistance and postnatal care as it would be rel- evant only for a smaller group of women. Yet, it would be interesting to relate our re- sults to the mortality patterns in Montenegro as the impact of a reduced health status and of death on happiness has been looked at (20) but especially the reverse relationship lacks sufficient consideration. The British Million Women Study (21) analysed both options but did not find an impact of happiness on mor- tality. The difficulties of research in this field are well analysed by Viswanath et al. (22) point- ing especially to the lack of a well-acknowl- edged definition of happiness. Limitations of our study are in the first place the varying and for several variables very high number of missing information which led to their exclu- sion from the analysis. Secondly, answers may be more positive than is true because of traditional elements in the Montenegrin cul- ture which lead women to hide weaknesses as others do not need to recognize them. On the other hand, the scales from 1-10 used in the survey are closed at both ends although per- sonal experience may go far below or be- yond. Likewise, it is not clear how reliable is the information about wealth, especially as women often do not oversee all incomes cre- ated by their husband and facilities/house- hold equipment as used in the survey may not correspond to the actual wealth. Finally, to get the full picture a retrospective analysis as well as a comparative study in the region of South Eastern Europe should follow also in- cluding similar analyses of other family members i.e. fathers and children. Conclusion Montenegrin policies support the societal role of the family and of women in general. This analysis indicates a high degree of hap- piness and life satisfaction in Montenegro also of women at older age, not living in mar- ital union, and at lower levels of wealth. Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 12 | 16 Montenegrin policies should continue to sup- port the role of women in the society. References 1. United Nations Development Pro- gramme (UNDP). National human development report: People are the greatest wealth of a country. 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Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 14 | 16 ANNEXED DATA Annex: Categorisation of all variables of potential relevance Line Variable Code Long name Level of Measure- ment Missing values or Coding Problems Suitable for Analy- sis 10 WM6D Day of interview i None no 11 WM6M Month of interview cat. None yes 12 WM6Y Year of interview i None yes 29 WB3Y Year of birth of woman i 22.26% missing val- ues yes 30 WB4 Age of woman i 22.26% missing val- ues yes 31 WB5 Ever attended school cat. 22.26% missing val- ues no 32 WB6A Highest level of school attended cat. 23.4% missing values yes 33 WB6B Highest grade attended at that level cat. 23.46% missing val- ues no 34 WB7 Ever completed that grade/year cat. 23.4% missing values no 35 WB9 Attended school during current school year cat. 83% missing values no 36 WB10A Level of education attended current school year cat. 89.2% missing values no 37 WB10B Grade attended at that level during current school year i 89.2% missing values no 38 WB11 Attended school previous school year cat. 83% missing values no 39 WB12A Level of education attended previous school year cat. 88% .25% missing values no 40 WB12B Grade attended at that level during previ- ous school year cat. 88% .25% missing values no 41 WB14 Can read part of the sentence cat. 97.78% missing val- ues no 42 WB15 Duration of living in current place i 22.26% missing val- ues yes 43 WB16 Place of living prior to moving to current place cat. 69.057% missing val- ues no 44 WB17 Region prior to moving to current place cat. 69.057% missing val- ues no 45 CM1 Ever given birth cat. 22.27% missing val- ues yes 46 CM2 Any sons or daughters living with you cat. 45.28% missing val- ues yes 47 CM3 Sons living with you i 46.31% missing val- ues no 49 CM5 Any sons or daughters not living with you cat. 45.29% missing val- ues yes 50 CM12 Confirm total number of children ever born cat. 22.26% missing val- ues /1 code only "yes" no Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 15 | 16 58 CM15Y Year of last birth i 42.29% missing val- ues yes 60 CM16BY Year of first birth i 54.04% missing val- ues yes 75 CM32B No wish to have a child/another child cat. 97.13% missing val- ues no 77 CM32D Preferring to have a boy, while a girl was expected cat. 97.13% missing val- ues no 78 CM32E Preferring to have a girl, while a boy was expected cat. 97.13% missing val- ues no 81 CM32H The parents were unmarried cat. 97.13% missing val- ues no 93 MN4AU Weeks or months pregnant at first prenatal care - unit cat. 85.42% missing val- ues no 96 MN6A Blood pressure cat. 85.42% missing val- ues no 101-106 MN19A etc. Assistance at delivery: Doctor etc. cat. 97% and more missing values/ 1 code only no 111 MN23 After the birth, baby was put directly on the bare skin of mother's chest cat. 85.24% missing val- ues no 116 MN32 Size of child at birth cat. 85.24% missing val- ues no 119 MN34 Weight at birth (Kilograms) i 85.38% missing val- ues no 121 MN36 Ever breastfeed cat. 85.24% missing val- ues no 140 PN5 Mother's health checked before leaving health facility cat. 85.31% missing val- ues no 148-154 PN13N etc. How long after delivery did the first check of baby happen - number etc. i& cat. 86% to 100% missing values no 181 UN12D Reason: Hysterectomy cat. 98.9% missing values no 183 CP0I Heard of: Diaphragm cat. 98.9% missing values no 191 CP3 Ever used a method to avoid pregnancy cat. 34.4% missing values yes 229 UN17 Availability of private place for washing during last menstrual period cat. 26.33% missing val- ues yes 234 DV1C If she argues with husband: wife beating justified cat. 22.26% missing val- ues yes 235 DV1D If she refuses sex with husband: wife beat- ing justified cat. 22.26% missing val- ues yes 236 DV1E If she burns the food: wife beating justi- fied cat. 22.27% missing val- ues yes 239 VT3 Number of times victimisation happened in the last year cat. 99.96% missing val- ues no 251 VT13 Number of people involved in committing the offence cat. 99.6% missing values no 259 VT20 Feeling safe walking alone in neighbour- hood after dark cat. 22.27% missing val- ues yes Ljaljevic A, Wenzel H, Laaser U. Women in Montenegro exhibit a high degree of happiness and life satisfaction: Data from the Multiple Independent Cluster Survey 2018 (Original research). SEEJPH 2021, posted: 27 January 2021. DOI: 10.11576/seejph-4116 P a g e 16 | 16 260 VT21 Feeling safe at home alone after dark cat. 22.27% missing val- ues yes 268 MA1 Currently married or living with a man cat. 22.27% missing val- ues yes 270 MA5 Ever married or lived with a man cat. 77.13% missing val- ues no 271 MA6 Marital status cat. 96.6% missing values no 272 MA7 Married or lived with a man once or more than once cat. 42.7% missing values yes 284 SB1 Age at first sexual intercourse i& cat. 22.7% missing values/ mixed coding no 290 SB7 Sex with any other person in the last 12 months cat. 36.68% missing val- ues yes 294 HA1 Ever heard of HIV or AIDS cat. 22.27% missing val- ues yes 325 HA31 Children living with HIV should be al- lowed to attend school with other children cat. 26.47% missing val- ues yes 331 IA1 Do any vaccines cause serious adverse re- actions after vaccination cat. 22.27% missing val- ues yes 345 LS1 Estimation of overall happiness i 22.27% missing val- ues/ no response extra category yes - LS1_cat Estimation of overall happiness (catego- ries) cat. 22.27% missing val- ues yes 346 LS2 Satisfaction with ladder step i& cat. 22.27% missing val- ues / no response as category yes 347 LS3 Life satisfaction in comparison with last year cat. 22.yesyes27% missing values / no response as category Yes 348 LS4 Life satisfaction expectation one year from now cat. 22.27% missing val- ues / no response as category yes 353 WAGEM Age at first marriage/union of woman i 42.69% missing val- ues yes 361 welevel Education cat. 22.7% missing values yes 364 migration Length of stay in current place of resi- dence cat. 22.27% missing val- ues yes 369 HH7 Region cat. none yes 373 windex5 Wealth index quintile i& cat. mixture of category and numbers yes