item: #1 of 648 id: hivmed-10 author: Sogbanmu, Olufunso Oladipupo; John, Melanie-Anne Amanda; Lalloo, Umesh title: Management of cryptococcal meningitis in adults at Mthatha Hospital Complex, Eastern Cape, South Africa date: 2014-09-08 words: 3676 flesch: 59 summary: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldh043] 5. Baradkar V, Mathur M, De A, Kumar S, Rathi S. Prevalence and clinical presentation of cryptococcal meningitis among HIV seropositive patients. The Mthatha complex manages 6 - 10 cases of CM in AIDS patients per month. keywords: africa; amb; cases; cryptococcal; csf; hiv; management; meningitis; patients cache: hivmed-10.pdf plain text: hivmed-10.txt item: #2 of 648 id: hivmed-100 author: None title: HIV 871 date: None words: 4707 flesch: 51 summary: Metabolic outcomes in a randomized trial of nucleoside, nonnucleoside and protease inhibitor-sparing Regimens for initial HIV treatment. Metabolic outcomes in a randomized trial of nucleoside, nonnucleoside and protease inhibitor-sparing Regimens for initial HIV treatment. keywords: data; fat; hiv; lipodystrophy; metabolic; patients; treatment cache: hivmed-100.htm plain text: hivmed-100.txt item: #3 of 648 id: hivmed-1000 author: Hofmeyr, Graham P.; Georgiou, Tom; Baker, Carol W. title: The Keiskamma AIDS Treatment programme: Evaluation of a community-based antiretroviral programme in a rural setting date: 2009-03-23 words: 2566 flesch: 60 summary: Because the treatment centre is recently established, it is important to review patient outcomes. It should also be noted that the majority of bedridden patients who died did so shortly after initiating treatment, before the ARVs had therapeutic effect. keywords: health; kat; patients; programme; treatment cache: hivmed-1000.pdf plain text: hivmed-1000.txt item: #4 of 648 id: hivmed-1001 author: Innes, S.; Schaaf, H. S.; Cotton, M. F. title: Cavitation of the Ghon focus in an HIV-infected infant who acquired tuberculosis after the initiation of HAART date: 2009-03-23 words: 1638 flesch: 54 summary: We present an HIV-infected infant in whom TB infection and subsequent cavitation of the Ghon focus appeared to coincide with immune reconstitution due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Wallgren documented that the development of the hypersensitivity response to TB in normal children (as shown by a positive tuberculin skin test or erythema nodosum) and the clinical manifestations of primary TB occur between 5 and 6 weeks after infection, although in exceptional cases, this may occur up to 8 weeks after infection.2 Therefore, according to Wallgren’s ‘timetable of tuberculosis’ it is very unlikely that the manifestation of primary TB would have been delayed by 4 months. keywords: haart; hiv; iris; months cache: hivmed-1001.pdf plain text: hivmed-1001.txt item: #5 of 648 id: hivmed-1002 author: None title: hivmed-1002 date: None words: 5677 flesch: 58 summary: Challenges to HIV treatment adherence amongst adolescents in a low socio-economic setting in Cape Town. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v20i1.1002 Original Research Challenges to HIV treatment adherence amongst adolescents in a low socio-economic setting in Cape Town Brian E. van Wyk, Lee-Ann C. Davids Received: 26 June 2019; Accepted: 24 July 2019; Published: 28 Oct. 2019 Copyright: © 2019. keywords: adherence; adolescents; care; clinic; group; health; hiv; participants; school; status; study; treatment cache: hivmed-1002.htm plain text: hivmed-1002.txt item: #6 of 648 id: hivmed-101 author: None title: HIV 875 date: None words: 937 flesch: 54 summary: Lactic acidosis was defined by persistently increased blood lactate levels (>5 mmol/l) in association with acidosis (pH <7.35) and a bicarbonate level ≤ 20 mmol/l.5 Among female patients, elevated lactate levels developed in 18/29 (62%) treated with 40 mg stavudine, but only 13/37 (35%) treated with 30 mg of stavudine (range 2.3 - 9.8 mmol/l). HIV 875 SCIENTIFIC LETTER Stavudine dosage reduction: Effect on symptomatic hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis in patients at Dr George Mukhari Hospital, Pretoria To the Editor: A range of studies have demonstrated that symptomatic hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis are associated with antiretroviral combinations containing stavudine.1 , 2 The HIV treatment programme in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, which began using stavudine as a first-line therapy in 2003, reported approximately 10% of patients switching from stavudine to the alternative drug after 12 months due to hyperlactataemia.3 Following a meta-analysis showing that lower doses of stavudine are safer and as effective, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a statement that only a low dose of stavudine (30 mg) should be used.4 This retrospective review included patients treated at the adult HIV clinic at Dr George Mukhari Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa. keywords: lactate; stavudine cache: hivmed-101.htm plain text: hivmed-101.txt item: #7 of 648 id: hivmed-1010 author: None title: hivmed-1010 date: None words: 4006 flesch: 51 summary: However, most of the literature related to respiratory symptoms in HIV infection emanate from North America. Uncontrolled HIV infection, and hence inflammation and a high risk of pulmonary infections, would likely result in an increased incidence of respiratory symptoms. keywords: center utrecht; group; health; hiv; julius; negative; participants; sciences; study; symptoms; utrecht; utrecht university cache: hivmed-1010.htm plain text: hivmed-1010.txt item: #8 of 648 id: hivmed-1013 author: None title: hivmed-1013 date: None words: 14771 flesch: 49 summary: The latter is a global trend and affects PLWHIV 10–15 years earlier than their peers with similar tumours.64,65 TABLE 5: Recommendations for cannabinoid use in symptom management of HIV/palliative care.72 Establishing early linkage to care, particularly to palliative and HIV care, is essential if the goal of improved survival and the relief of suffering is to be reached. The long-term model of HIV palliative care: In this scenario, ART, prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, isoniazid (INH) and vaccination against influenza, the pneumococcus, hepatitis B and regular clinic visits form the routine background of care. keywords: africa; aids; appendix; art; cancer; care; chronic; conditions; control; death; disease; drug; end; example; health; hiv; infection; life; management; medical; need; non; pain; palliative; palliative care; patients; risk; south; support; table; therapy; treatment; use cache: hivmed-1013.htm plain text: hivmed-1013.txt item: #9 of 648 id: hivmed-1016 author: None title: hivmed-1016 date: None words: 3909 flesch: 54 summary: The primary objective was to assess and compare the coverage and timeliness of HIV VL testing between the two time periods. HIV VL testing was assessed by presence of results on the results sheet in the patient’s chart or the result log in the clinical chart or a specimen lab sticker in the file, or the note of the doctor’s order for the test. keywords: anniversary; coverage; group; hiv; implementation; patients; testing; timeliness; vls cache: hivmed-1016.htm plain text: hivmed-1016.txt item: #10 of 648 id: hivmed-102 author: None title: HIV 893 date: None words: 3381 flesch: 49 summary: Centre for HIV & STI: HIV Virology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg; 2. Retention in care is required for optimal clinical outcomes in patients with HIV infection. keywords: art; children; hiv; patients; resistance; sex; treatment; university cache: hivmed-102.htm plain text: hivmed-102.txt item: #11 of 648 id: hivmed-1025 author: None title: hivmed-1025 date: None words: 5439 flesch: 46 summary: This related to the integration of TB programme data with general health information management, and to the broader notion that the TB programme should move with the time: ‘Anyone looking for TB data in the country must get data from the TB programme (and not from Health Information Management like with all other programmes). In contrast, TB programme data remained separate from other health programmes, where TB nurses capture patient information into facility level paper-based TB registers (Figure 1). keywords: africa; data; electronic; facility; health; hiv; implementation; level; programme; register; south; system cache: hivmed-1025.htm plain text: hivmed-1025.txt item: #12 of 648 id: hivmed-1027 author: None title: hivmed-1027 date: None words: 4471 flesch: 42 summary: However, as in the 6 to < 10 kg group, some children had low trough concentration (Ctrough) levels with high inter-participants variability; further PK data are required for this group and children weighed between 3 kg and < 6 kg, highlighting complexities of HIV treatment in younger age groups.22 A study from Zimbabwe analysed results of genotypic resistance testing in 160 of 185 children with virological failure on first and second line regimens, and calculated a total genotypic susceptibility score (tGSS) for a switch to protease inhibitor (PI)- or DTG-based regimens, respectively.23 The tGSS demonstrated that therapy with the tenofovir–lamivudine–dolutegravir (TLD) combination tablet may result in DTG monotherapy, due to dual NRTI resistance with associated risks of virologic failure and future DTG resistance.23 Data from the International epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS Southern Africa collaboration (IeDEA-SA) showed that between 2004 and 2017 perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents had suboptimal retention in care, suboptimal VL suppression rates and mortality, with particular risk for those who initiate ART at older ages and more severe immunosuppression. Barrett S, Teller R, Forster S, et al. Extended-duration MK-8591-eluting implant as a candidate for HIV treatment and prevention. keywords: aids; children; city; conference; hiv; homepage; international; internet; jul; mexico; mexico city; n.d; society cache: hivmed-1027.htm plain text: hivmed-1027.txt item: #13 of 648 id: hivmed-103 author: Raemaekers, Melissa title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2013-02-26 words: 637 flesch: 59 summary: The transition for young people living with HIV from paediatric/adolescent HIV healthcare providers to adult HIV healthcare providers is a major challenge. Regarding partner concurrency and HIV: 4. keywords: art; healthcare; hiv cache: hivmed-103.pdf plain text: hivmed-103.txt item: #14 of 648 id: hivmed-1030 author: None title: hivmed-1030 date: None words: 12123 flesch: 43 summary: Acridine orange fluorescent microscopy is more sensitive than India ink light microscopy in the rapid detection of cryptococcosis among CrAg positive HIV patients. If the patient was on the preferred 1-week amphotericin B and flucytosine regimen, fluconazole may be added to amphotericin B, and extension of amphotericin B treatment to a second week should be considered. keywords: africa; amphotericin; art; crag; cryptococcal; csf; daily; day; dose; fluconazole; flucytosine; hiv; medicine; meningitis; patients; pressure; recommendation; screening; south; treatment; university cache: hivmed-1030.htm plain text: hivmed-1030.txt item: #15 of 648 id: hivmed-1036 author: None title: hivmed-1036 date: None words: 888 flesch: 52 summary: Is there evidence that ‘covering the tail’ after stopping NNRTI-based ART reduces the risk of developing NNRTI resistance, and is the practice relevant in the era of ART for all? In this edition of the journal, Ajibola et al.3 suggest that ‘covering the tail’ after stopping efavirenz-based ART might reduce the risk of developing NNRTI resistance (please see https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1023). Because of these study limitations, we still lack good evidence that that ‘covering the tail’ after stopping NNRTI-based ART reduces the risk of developing NNRTI resistance. keywords: art; efavirenz; nnrti; tail cache: hivmed-1036.htm plain text: hivmed-1036.txt item: #16 of 648 id: hivmed-1037 author: None title: hivmed-1037 date: None words: 4935 flesch: 64 summary: South Afr J HIV Med. South Afr J HIV Med. keywords: afr; africa; art; comment; editor; hiv; months; south; study; viz cache: hivmed-1037.htm plain text: hivmed-1037.txt item: #17 of 648 id: hivmed-1039 author: None title: hivmed-1039 date: None words: 4549 flesch: 51 summary: Groups that need to be offered PrEP include female and male sex workers; serodiscordant couples, that is, the HIV seronegative partner; adolescent girls and young women; pregnant women in relationships with men of unknown status and high-risk men, for example, men who have sex with men (MSM); prisoners; long-distance truck drivers; and transgender people.4 A fixed-dose regimen of either Tenofovir 300 mg and Emtricitabine 200 mg (TDF/FTC) or Tenofovir 300 mg and Lamivudine 300 mg (TDF/3TC) has been recommended for once-daily oral administration during the period an individual is at risk of contracting HIV infection.4 Zimbabwe has adopted The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS 90-90-90 global goals to help reduce new infections and end the HIV pandemic.5 A bivariate logistic regression model was utilised to identify predictors of PrEP use. keywords: barriers; fsws; hiv; knowledge; likelihood; participants; prep; prophylaxis; sex; study; use; zimbabwe cache: hivmed-1039.htm plain text: hivmed-1039.txt item: #18 of 648 id: hivmed-104 author: None title: HIV INSERT date: None words: 2841 flesch: 51 summary: Antiretroviral regimen complexity, self-reported adherence, and HIV patients’ understanding of their regimens: Survey of Women in HER Study. Antiretroviral regimen complexity, self-reported adherence, and HIV patients’ understanding of their regimens: Survey of Women in HER Study. keywords: 3tc; efv; fdc; patients; tdf; treatment cache: hivmed-104.htm plain text: hivmed-104.txt item: #19 of 648 id: hivmed-1045 author: None title: hivmed-1045 date: None words: 2547 flesch: 45 summary: TABLE 2: Associations between socio-demographic variables, initiation CD4 count and abnormal cervical smear results (n = 176).5 In multivariable analyses, late initiators of ART had a higher risk of abnormal cervical smears when compared to early initiators (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.71, 95% CI 1.04–2.80). cervical changes.2 Cervical cancer is preventable either through HPV vaccination of girls before sexual debut, which was rolled out in South Africa from 2014, or screening and treatment of precancerous cervical lesions. keywords: africa; art; cd4; hiv; south; study; university; women cache: hivmed-1045.htm plain text: hivmed-1045.txt item: #20 of 648 id: hivmed-1047 author: None title: hivmed-1047 date: None words: 4908 flesch: 52 summary: They include opportunistic central nervous system (CNS) infections, behavioural problems and psychiatric disorders, as well as neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy.4 Epilepsyis a potentially disabling disease whose treatment is challenging in sub-Saharan Africa,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 particularly among children with HIV infection, who are often orphaned and have to face poverty.14 The prevalence of seizures in children with confirmed HIV infection has been reported to range from 2% to 14%,9,15,16,17,18 and the prevalence of epilepsy is estimated between 0.29% and This wide variation is believed to be a result of differences of risk factors in different regions.22 Epilepsy in HIV-infected persons may occur as a result of several different processes: direct viral damage to the brain by uncontrolled viral replication; following a CNS infection by opportunistic pathogens; as a result of malignancies; following the use of some medications; as a result of metabolic and electrolyte derangements; or as a secondary acquired pathology because of HIV encephalopathy.4 Of interest, Bearden et al.19 argued that earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) might prevent the manifestation of epilepsy in children with HIV infection. keywords: africa; art; children; data; diagnosis; epilepsy; health; hiv; immunodeficiency; infection; south cache: hivmed-1047.htm plain text: hivmed-1047.txt item: #21 of 648 id: hivmed-1050 author: Office, Editorial title: Acknowledgement to reviewers date: 2019-12-12 words: 561 flesch: 29 summary: http://www.sajhivmed.org.za Open Access Page 1 of 1 Reviewer Acknowledgement Acknowledgement to reviewers In an effort to facilitate the selection of appropriate peer reviewers for the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, we ask that you take a moment to update your electronic portfolio on https:// sajhivmed.org.za for our files, allowing us better access to your areas of interest and expertise, in order to match reviewers with submitted manuscripts. The editorial team of the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine recognises the value and importance of peer reviewers in the overall publication process – not only in shaping individual manuscripts, but also in shaping the credibility and reputation of our journal. keywords: hiv; https://sajhivmed.org.za; journal; medicine; reviewers cache: hivmed-1050.pdf plain text: hivmed-1050.txt item: #22 of 648 id: hivmed-1062 author: None title: hivmed-1062 date: None words: 2557 flesch: 49 summary: Only rare cases of emergence of resistance to DTG have been reported when it has been used as a component of ART regimens in treatment-experienced patients, unless there has been prior use of the first-generation integrase inhibitors, raltegravir and elvitegravir.1 In the case reported here of a treatment-experienced patient, DTG resistance was detected after 8 months on a regimen of AZT, 3TC and DTG. Another factor that may have contributed to the development of DTG resistance in this patient was the drug interaction with rifampicin. keywords: dolutegravir; dtg; patient; resistance; rifampicin; treatment cache: hivmed-1062.htm plain text: hivmed-1062.txt item: #23 of 648 id: hivmed-1068 author: Office, Editorial title: Table of Contents Vol 20, No 1 (2019) date: 2019-12-19 words: 2732 flesch: -44 summary: http://www.sajhivmed.org.za Open Access Table of Contents iii Original Research Occupational blood and body fluid exposures and human immunodeficiency virus post-exposure prophylaxis amongst intern doctors Sunday J. Aigbodion, Feroza Motara, Abdullah E. Laher Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 20, No 1 | a958 | 22 ISSN: 1608-9693 (print) | ISSN: 2078-6751 (online)Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine Epidemiology and Prevention Original Research Targeted mentoring for human immunodeficiency virus programme support in South Africa Geoffrey Jobson, Moyahabo Mabitsi, Jean Railton, Cornelis J. Grobbelaar, James A. McIntyre, Helen E. Struthers, Remco P.H. Peters Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 20, No 1 | a873 | 14 February 2019 Original Research Knowledge about male circumcision and perception of risk for HIV among youth in Harare, Zimbabwe Kudzaishe Mangombe, Ishmael Kalule-Sabiti Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 20, No 1 | a855 | 30 April 2019 keywords: african journal; case; choice; editor; hiv medicine; journal; june; report; research; research hiv; southern; southern african; van; vol cache: hivmed-1068.pdf plain text: hivmed-1068.txt item: #24 of 648 id: hivmed-107 author: None title: HIV 878 date: None words: 994 flesch: 49 summary: HIV 878 MESSAGE From the Editor This edition of the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine is coming out slightly earlier than scheduled, timed to coincide with the first Southern African HIV Clinicians Society Conference in Cape Town. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2012;13(4):182-184. keywords: hiv; journal; women cache: hivmed-107.htm plain text: hivmed-107.txt item: #25 of 648 id: hivmed-1075 author: None title: hivmed-1075 date: None words: 4575 flesch: 47 summary: Smoking cessation interventions with female smokers living with HIV/AIDS: In resource-constrained settings, pharmacological smoking cessation interventions are unfeasible because of their high cost. keywords: aids; authors; baps; botswana; cessation; clinical; hiv; intervention; pilot; smokers; smoking; study; tobacco; trial cache: hivmed-1075.htm plain text: hivmed-1075.txt item: #26 of 648 id: hivmed-1077 author: None title: hivmed-1077 date: None words: 5274 flesch: 56 summary: Easing the transition of HIV infected adolescents to adult care. Retention in care after initiation on ART was higher amongst younger adolescents (10-14 years), compared with older adolescents (15-19 years). keywords: adolescents; art; cape; care; health; hiv; initiation; months; post; ric; years cache: hivmed-1077.htm plain text: hivmed-1077.txt item: #27 of 648 id: hivmed-1079 author: None title: hivmed-1079 date: None words: 5936 flesch: 44 summary: In response, the new 2019 PMTCT guideline outlines strategies that focus strongly on maintaining maternal HIV viral suppression, strengthening and integrating care for mother-infant pairs, and supporting and protecting breastfeeding as a major child survival strategy. The PMTCT ‘Option B Plus’, namely the provision of lifelong ART irrespective of CD4 count or clinical disease severity, was implemented in South Africa in January 2015, and significantly improved access to ART for pregnant women in the public sector.3,4 As a result, more than 95% of women with unknown HIV status are currently tested for HIV during antenatal care, and more than 90% of WLWH are on ART.5 Vertical transmission rates within the first two months of life dropped dramatically from 23% in 20036 to 0.7% in 2019.7 Whilst the achievements in reducing HIV transmission at birth are noteworthy, the Global Plan target1 of elimination of vertical transmission will remain elusive due to SA’s high HIV prevalence rates. keywords: africa; art; breastfeeding; care; child; delivery; health; hiv; infant; mother; pretoria; south; transmission; women cache: hivmed-1079.htm plain text: hivmed-1079.txt item: #28 of 648 id: hivmed-108 author: None title: HIV 879 date: None words: 320 flesch: 63 summary: SANAC announced that the incidence of mother-to-child transmission of HIV was down and life expectancy was up – all very good news. Lastly, if you have not yet made travel arrangements to attend the conference of the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society in Cape Town from 25 to 28 November 2012, you should get onto it as soon as possible. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-108.htm plain text: hivmed-108.txt item: #29 of 648 id: hivmed-1087 author: None title: hivmed-1087 date: None words: 4255 flesch: 35 summary: These cases have been photographed to illustrate microscopic aspects and will be accompanied by a literature review of opportunistic infections in the context of HIV infection. This article highlights aspects of fungal, parasitic, viral and selected bacterial infections encountered in the context of HIV infection and immunosuppression. keywords: biopsy; case; clinical; diagnosis; diseases; examination; figure; fungal; hiv; infection; magnification; stain; tissue; virus cache: hivmed-1087.htm plain text: hivmed-1087.txt item: #30 of 648 id: hivmed-1088 author: None title: hivmed-1088 date: None words: 5792 flesch: 51 summary: An internet-based HIV self-testing program to increase HIV testing uptake among men who have sex with men in Brazil: Descriptive cross-sectional analysis. Keywords: HIV self-test; digitisation; mobile app; monitoring and evaluation; digital health. keywords: africa; app; aspecttm; data; hcw; health; hiv; hivst; information; mobile; participants; results; self; south; study; testing cache: hivmed-1088.htm plain text: hivmed-1088.txt item: #31 of 648 id: hivmed-1089 author: None title: hivmed-1089 date: None words: 5209 flesch: 49 summary: Some of these have been shown to induce apoptosis of latent HIV infected cells in vitro, leading to speculation that PADs may contribute to a future cure. Conclusion: Future approaches to clearing the latent reservoir may bypass latency reversal through the use of drugs that selectively induce apoptosis in infected cells. keywords: apoptosis; autophagy; cart; cells; cure; et al; hiv; killing; latency; latent; reservoir; tcm; therapy; virus cache: hivmed-1089.htm plain text: hivmed-1089.txt item: #32 of 648 id: hivmed-109 author: None title: HIV 874 date: None words: 6690 flesch: 47 summary: Resistance can be minimised by uninterrupted supply of medication, scientifically sound prescribing practices, long-term adherence support, viral load (VL) monitoring, and rapid responses to demonstrated virological failure with timeous changes of therapy.1 We developed consensus guidelines for HIV resistance testing that consider international best practice and the financial constraints encountered in southern Africa. The guidelines, presented here, are based on the levels of resistance in the community as reported in the 2012 World Health Organization (WHO) HIV drug resistance report.2 The North American and British resistance testing guidelines,3 , 4 , 5 although ideal, are not affordable nor applicable in most southern African situations. keywords: adherence; africa; art; arv; drug; et al; hiv; line; patients; resistance; testing; therapy cache: hivmed-109.htm plain text: hivmed-109.txt item: #33 of 648 id: hivmed-1094 author: None title: hivmed-1094 date: None words: 1780 flesch: 52 summary: Abstract Introduction: Toxic side effects from antiretroviral overdose in children have not been widely reported. Paediatric antiretroviral overdose: A case report from a resource-poor area. keywords: abacavir; case; children; hiv; lamivudine; overdose; report cache: hivmed-1094.htm plain text: hivmed-1094.txt item: #34 of 648 id: hivmed-1095 author: None title: hivmed-1095 date: None words: 5380 flesch: 42 summary: Kidney tubular abnormalities in the absence of impaired glomerular function in HIV patients treated with tenofovir. 2015;4(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajcpath15.001 Narayanan Ramesh V. To study the renal and electrolyte disturbances in HIV infected patients. keywords: abnormalities; african; calcium; diabetes; electrolyte; hiv; levels; mmol; patients; plwh; serum; study cache: hivmed-1095.htm plain text: hivmed-1095.txt item: #35 of 648 id: hivmed-11 author: Ibeto, Mary; Giddy, Janet; Cox, Vivian title: Closing the gaps: Steps towards elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV date: 2014-09-08 words: 2529 flesch: 47 summary: This finding is of particular concern when considered in the context of the SA PMTCT evaluation study reported intention to obtain infant PCR testing at 6 weeks; the study found that only 35% of HIV-positive mothers indicated that they planned to obtain early infant diagnosis for their infant during their 6-week immunisation visit. The main risk factors for MTCT identified in this study were late presentation for antenatal care, inadequate antenatal PMTCT prophylaxis and a lack of viral load monitoring. keywords: antenatal; art; hiv; infants; pcr; pmtct cache: hivmed-11.pdf plain text: hivmed-11.txt item: #36 of 648 id: hivmed-110 author: None title: HIV 861 date: None words: 4500 flesch: 52 summary: However, some patients experience poor CD4 cell count responses despite achieving viral suppression. Prognostic factors of combined viral load and CD4+ cell count responses under triple antiretroviral therapy, Aquitaine cohort, 1996-1998. keywords: antiretroviral; art; cd4; cell; count; hiv; immune; patients; response; therapy cache: hivmed-110.htm plain text: hivmed-110.txt item: #37 of 648 id: hivmed-1102 author: None title: hivmed-1102 date: None words: 5811 flesch: 49 summary: Whilst significant efforts have been made towards HIV control in Zimbabwe, untreated or under-treated NCDs can potentially negate the gains achieved through the national ART roll-out. Results Demographics of study participants Equal numbers of cases and controls (100 participants each) were enrolled into each arm. keywords: cases; controls; costs; days; health; hiv; medication; ncd; participants; study cache: hivmed-1102.htm plain text: hivmed-1102.txt item: #38 of 648 id: hivmed-1103 author: None title: hivmed-1103 date: None words: 4860 flesch: 53 summary: This demonstrates the failure of SSA countries to align and implement country guidelines timeously with the WHO. The themes identified were: how different SSA countries adopted WHO and ART initiation policy guidelines at country level, timely implementation levels of the policies by different SSA countries, the barriers and facilitators to WHO and ART initiation policy adoption in SSA and the similarities in country characteristics in policy implementation in different SSA countries. keywords: art; articles; cd4; countries; guidelines; health; hiv; implementation; initiation; policy; ssa cache: hivmed-1103.htm plain text: hivmed-1103.txt item: #39 of 648 id: hivmed-1104 author: None title: hivmed-1104 date: None words: 3359 flesch: 53 summary: The knowledge and the implementation of cervical cancer screening guidelines The knowledge of the respondents about cervical cancer screening in WLWH was assessed on a Likert scale. Mbali T. Makhubo Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Thinagrin D. Naidoo Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Grey’s Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Citation Makhubo MT, Naidoo TD.Healthcare worker compliance with cervical cancer screening guidelines. keywords: cancer; guidelines; hcws; hiv; knowledge; screening; study; wlwh cache: hivmed-1104.htm plain text: hivmed-1104.txt item: #40 of 648 id: hivmed-1105 author: None title: hivmed-1105 date: None words: 6422 flesch: 53 summary: These efforts include the expansion of condom distribution, a national voluntary medical male circumcision program, prevention of mother-to-child transmission, as well as initiatives to increase knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS in communities utilising healthcare, in educational infrastructures and social media.2,4 However, despite sustained efforts and innovative measures, critical coverage gaps remain, with an estimated 10% of HIV-positive South Africans unaware of their status5 and with 15% of new global infections occurring in the country.2 The first critical step to meeting the 90-90-90 target is HIV testing. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), HIV prevalence in EDs may be high, for example, 19% in Papua New Guinea and 50% in Uganda.15,16 Provision of HIV testing in the ED could thus be a critical intervention in curbing the epidemic. keywords: africa; analysis; care; data; department; emergency; hct; health; hiv; national; pain; patients; south; study; testing cache: hivmed-1105.htm plain text: hivmed-1105.txt item: #41 of 648 id: hivmed-111 author: None title: HIV 837 date: None words: 2495 flesch: 58 summary: However, the association between HIV status and unemployment was significant, because it linked unemployment to HIV risk, rather than the more simplistic factor of homelessness. HIV risk factors were identified by uni- and multivariate logistic regression analysis. keywords: aids; hiv; homeless; infection; risk; south; sti cache: hivmed-111.htm plain text: hivmed-111.txt item: #42 of 648 id: hivmed-1113 author: None title: hivmed-1113 date: None words: 5412 flesch: 48 summary: Other characteristics of FGD participants are shown in Table 3. TABLE 3: Characteristics of focus group discussions of people living with human immunodeficiency virus and comorbid non-communicable diseases (n = 72).† Challenges faced by patients in accessing non-communicable diseases care and related coping mechanisms The analysis of data generated from the FGDs revealed the non-availability of BP and RBS measurement services, the non-availability of HTN and DM medication at ART sites, the unaffordable cost of medication at private pharmacies and the challenges of transportation costs when seeking medical care or medication, as common challenges faced by patients in accessing care for HTN and DM. Interrupted provision of screening services can negatively affect diagnosis of new cases and ultimately result in lower than actual incidence and prevalence rates being observed for HTN and DM, as has been found in other studies.11 Erratic availability of HTN and DM medication at ART sites was reported as another common challenge faced by patients, as observed in other similar studies.4,12,13 For the majority of patients who could not afford medication from private pharmacies, alternative approaches were taken. keywords: art; data; health; hiv; htn; medication; non; plwh; screening; sites; study cache: hivmed-1113.htm plain text: hivmed-1113.txt item: #43 of 648 id: hivmed-1115 author: None title: hivmed-1115 date: None words: 28978 flesch: 51 summary: ➢ Antiretroviral therapy drugs with anti-HBV activity are TDF + 3TC (or FTC). ➢ Antiretroviral therapy drugs taken once daily, or the evening doses of drugs taken twice daily, should be given after the haemodialysis session on dialysis days to prevent the drug from being dialysed out. keywords: 3tc; adherence; africa; antiretroviral; art; art regimen; cd4; copies; count; daily; dolutegravir; dose; drug; dtg; efv; failure; ftc; hiv; interactions; line; line art; line regimen; line therapy; months; patients; regimen; resistance; risk; table; tdf; test; testing; therapy; treatment; use cache: hivmed-1115.htm plain text: hivmed-1115.txt item: #44 of 648 id: hivmed-1118 author: None title: hivmed-1118 date: None words: 1138 flesch: 45 summary: Medicine stock-outs are an unfortunate possibility for treatment discontinuation and the emergence of drug resistance.3 Following the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, the Egyptian guidelines set the combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) plus dolutegravir (DTG) as the preferred first-line treatment regimen for adults and TDF/FTC/efavirenz (EFV) as an alternative first-line regimen.4,5 Egypt is reported to have very low HIV prevalence; however, it has the fastest increasing epidemic in the Middle East and North African regions.6,7 The Medicines Policy and Standards (PSM) system can guarantee uninterrupted ART supply when the framework cycle is properly functioning at all levels of the healthcare system. However, the priority under the current circumstances is to ensure uninterrupted ART supply. keywords: egypt; homepage; internet; june cache: hivmed-1118.htm plain text: hivmed-1118.txt item: #45 of 648 id: hivmed-112 author: None title: HIV 864 date: None words: 4622 flesch: 52 summary: However, this would result in the best protection for the health of pregnant women and infants, and contribute to reduced HIV transmission among sero-discordant couples according to the latest evidence.23 Rosen S, Fox M. Retention in HIV care between testing and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. keywords: art; health; hiv; mother; option; pregnancy; transmission; treatment; women cache: hivmed-112.htm plain text: hivmed-112.txt item: #46 of 648 id: hivmed-1120 author: None title: hivmed-1120 date: None words: 6699 flesch: 60 summary: Gaps are noted: continuing high patient volumes, the ongoing and urgent priority of ART-initiation, the need for and absence of dedicated pharmacists in HIV clinics and so on. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v20i1.823 Editor’s comment: Whilst the estimated prevalence of HIV infection in the United Kingdom (UK) is low, namely, ≤ 1.5 per 1000 persons, that of UK immigrants from Eastern and Southern Africa is far higher, namely, 25–50 per 1000 persons. keywords: afr; afr j; africa; art; children; comment; editor; hiv; j hiv; med; patients; south; study; therapy; years cache: hivmed-1120.htm plain text: hivmed-1120.txt item: #47 of 648 id: hivmed-1123 author: None title: hivmed-1123 date: None words: 5361 flesch: 53 summary: Persistence rate of cervical human papillomavirus infections and abnormal cytology in Rwanda. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212927 Richter K, Becker P, Horton A, Dreyer G. Age-specific prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus infection and cytological abnormalities in women in Gauteng Province. keywords: cancer; cohort; hiv; hrhpv; human; infection; papillomavirus; prevalence; risk; screening; study; women; years cache: hivmed-1123.htm plain text: hivmed-1123.txt item: #48 of 648 id: hivmed-1129 author: None title: hivmed-1129 date: None words: 4433 flesch: 47 summary: Abstract Adolescent human immunodeficiency virus risk and pre-exposure prophylaxis The public health and human rights imperative to ensure adolescent access to pre-exposure prophylaxis The current legal framework for child consent to health interventions Establishing the meaning of a statutory term Implications of pre-exposure prophylaxis falling within the scope of medical treatment for adolescent consent approaches Conclusions and recommendations Acknowledgements References About the Author(s) Furthermore, many adolescents are deterred from accessing abortion and contraception services by parental consent because they fear parental disappointment, sanction or retaliation.15 Similarly, there are concerns that parental consent might impede access to HIV prevention packages for adolescents for similar reasons.4,16 The current legal framework for child consent to health interventions Self-consent to specified health interventions The Children’s Act states that full legal capacity is attained at 18 years; however, persons below this age may, in certain circumstances, legally self-consent to a range of specified health services, as we have noted elsewhere.2,3,16 Sections 12 and 129–135 of the Children’s Act13 deal with the consent requirements for medical treatment, surgical operations, HIV testing, male circumcision and contraceptives.2,3 keywords: adolescents; consent; health; hiv; interventions; medical; prep; risk; south; treatment cache: hivmed-1129.htm plain text: hivmed-1129.txt item: #49 of 648 id: hivmed-113 author: None title: HIV 789 date: None words: 4366 flesch: 53 summary: An estimated 70% of adults presenting with new cases of TB in SA are co-infected with HIV, with TB being the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals.9 TB is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, causing 15% of all maternal mortality in high HIV prevalence settings, and 15 - 34% of indirect obstetric maternal mortality.10 In SA between 2008 and 2010, TB accounted for 27% of deaths in women who died of AIDS-related complications during pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium.2 The findings of a study in Durban revealed a 3-fold higher maternal mortality ratio (MMR) among HIV-infected women with TB (12 170/100 000 live births) compared with TB-infected HIV-uninfected women (3 850/100 000 live births) in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART).11 Of the women diagnosed with TB, 79% were co-infected with HIV.11 Similarly high MMRs in TB/HIV-co-infected women have been observed in a number of studies in sub-Saharan Africa.4 , 12 , 13 , However, HIV infection and the use of ART were not taken into account. keywords: hiv; ipt; isoniazid; therapy; tuberculosis; women cache: hivmed-113.htm plain text: hivmed-113.txt item: #50 of 648 id: hivmed-1133 author: None title: hivmed-1133 date: None words: 6496 flesch: 43 summary: Increased risk of dialysis and end-stage renal disease among HIV patients in Denmark compared with the background population. Renal function and incidence of chronic kidney disease in HIV patients: A Danish cohort study. keywords: africa; art; donor; hiv; immunodeficiency; johannesburg; negative; organ; patients; positive; recipients; risk; south; transplantation; virus cache: hivmed-1133.htm plain text: hivmed-1133.txt item: #51 of 648 id: hivmed-1134 author: None title: hivmed-1134 date: None words: 5058 flesch: 58 summary: Available from: http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/data/The-2013-National-Antental-Sentinel-HIV-Prevalence-Survey-South-Africa.pdf Rosenberg J. FDA warns of neural tube birth defects from HIV drug dolutegravir [homepage on the Internet]. Neural tube defects in the Free State province from 2012 to 2016. keywords: africa; cases; data; defects; health; hiv; incidence; neural; ntds; south; study; tube cache: hivmed-1134.htm plain text: hivmed-1134.txt item: #52 of 648 id: hivmed-114 author: None title: HIV 858 date: None words: 1404 flesch: 61 summary: We have argued that self-testing in SA may have an enormous positive effect on HIV testing uptake and early diagnosis. Section 2.13.5.8(h) adds that ‘pharmacists must not sell HIV tests for patients to perform at home.’ keywords: hiv; home; self; testing cache: hivmed-114.htm plain text: hivmed-114.txt item: #53 of 648 id: hivmed-1143 author: None title: None date: None words: 608 flesch: 69 summary: Dr Dennis Sifris: Note: Photo of Dr Dennis Sifris provided by Lauren Jankelowitz. keywords: dennis; hiv; south cache: hivmed-1143.htm plain text: hivmed-1143.txt item: #54 of 648 id: hivmed-1147 author: None title: hivmed-1147 date: None words: 1656 flesch: 49 summary: We consider eight potential reasons fast food is popular amongst adolescents and how these concepts could be extended to optimise healthcare delivery and increase uptake. A convenient geospatial location is a high priority for fast-food outlets who prioritise foot traffic and proximity to transport routes, which are positively associated with increased uptake.8 Decentralisation of healthcare services through mobile clinics and school health programmes that provide screening services, medication collection and basic treatment with onward referrals could increase spatial access and decongest facilities. keywords: adolescent; food; health; healthcare; outlets; services; university cache: hivmed-1147.htm plain text: hivmed-1147.txt item: #55 of 648 id: hivmed-115 author: None title: HIV 863 date: None words: 4803 flesch: 44 summary: The safety of the clinician, other patients and staff must be ensured. Psychiatric co-morbidities potentially compromise adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and can complicate HIV diagnosis and treatment. keywords: anxiety; depression; disorder; dose; drug; effects; hiv; interactions; patients; symptoms; treatment cache: hivmed-115.htm plain text: hivmed-115.txt item: #56 of 648 id: hivmed-1150 author: None title: hivmed-1150 date: None words: 3851 flesch: 51 summary: Keywords: Depression; condom use; HIV; Iran; sleep. Those with more severe depression were more likely not to use a condom or to misuse it.13 Although studies of condom use have been conducted in various countries, the generalisability of these to Iranian PLWH is uncertain in view of significant cultural, social and economic differences. keywords: condom; depression; health; hiv; participants; people; plwh; quality; sleep; study; tehran; use cache: hivmed-1150.htm plain text: hivmed-1150.txt item: #57 of 648 id: hivmed-1152 author: None title: hivmed-1152 date: None words: 6360 flesch: 50 summary: https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182801081 Kibengo FM, Ruzagira E, Katende D, et al. Safety, adherence and acceptability of intermittent tenofovir/emtricitabine as HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among HIV-uninfected Ugandan volunteers living in HIV-serodiscordant relationships: A randomized, clinical trial. Defining success with HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: A prevention-effective adherence paradigm. keywords: africa; drug; exposure; hiv; oral; prep; prevention; prophylaxis; risk; south; tenofovir; university; use; women cache: hivmed-1152.htm plain text: hivmed-1152.txt item: #58 of 648 id: hivmed-1153 author: None title: hivmed-1153 date: None words: 5065 flesch: 42 summary: However, these have shown mixed results, with each intervention also being found not to produce significant effects in some settings.5 Despite this, interest is increasing in the role of out-of-facility or community-based ART initiation (CB-ARTi) as an essential approach for universal access to HIV care. Three technical experts on HIV care and treatment were also contacted by e-mail for comment on the appropriateness of the identified literature and additional articles. keywords: art; arti; care; community; facility; group; hiv; initiation; models; review cache: hivmed-1153.htm plain text: hivmed-1153.txt item: #59 of 648 id: hivmed-1154 author: None title: hivmed-1154 date: None words: 5011 flesch: 47 summary: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.21.2614 Boonchai W, Laohasrisakul R, Manonukul J, Kulthanan K. Pruritic papular eruption in HIV seropositive patients: A cutaneous marker for immunosuppression. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to assess the possible association between skin disease category and patient demographics (gender and ethnicity) or HIV disease characteristics (CD4+ cell count, viral load and duration of ART). keywords: art; dermatoses; disease; hiv; medicine; patients; prevalence; skin; south; spectrum; study cache: hivmed-1154.htm plain text: hivmed-1154.txt item: #60 of 648 id: hivmed-1157 author: None title: hivmed-1157 date: None words: 5287 flesch: 42 summary: Table 1 shows the summary of the baseline characteristics of the study population according to the availability of sexual behaviour data at 3 months post-circumcision. No other baseline characteristics were significantly associated with the response at 3 months post-VMMC. TABLE 1: Distribution of baseline characteristics of N = 509 HIV-negative, sexually active adult men who underwent voluntary medical male circumcision according to the availability of sexual behaviour data at 3 months post-voluntary medical male circumcision and association of these characteristics with data availability. keywords: baseline; behaviour; botswana; circumcision; follow; health; hiv; men; months; partners; post; risk; study; vmmc cache: hivmed-1157.htm plain text: hivmed-1157.txt item: #61 of 648 id: hivmed-116 author: None title: HIV 869 date: None words: 2611 flesch: 56 summary: Although the handful of cases of birth defects that may be associated with EFV use are widely discussed, much less attention has been given to reports of much more common toxicities associated with NVP use. Apart from regimen simplicity across all CD4 cell counts, there are a number of conditions unique to pregnancy (including pre-eclampsia; the haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet (HELLP) syndrome; and acute fatty liver) that may mimic NVP toxicity, leading to inappropriate withdrawal of ART. keywords: art; efv; health; hiv; nevirapine; nvp cache: hivmed-116.htm plain text: hivmed-116.txt item: #62 of 648 id: hivmed-1161 author: None title: hivmed-1161 date: None words: 11575 flesch: 51 summary: Table of contents Executive summary Introduction 1.1 Harm reduction 1.2 Drugs and drug use 1.2.1 Patterns of use 1.2.2 Methods of drug use 1.2.3 Drug classifications and common drugs 1.2.4 Epidemiology of drug use in southern Africa 1.2.5 Drug-related harms 1.2.6 Reasons for drug use 1.2.7 We support the decriminalisation of drug use as much as we oppose the criminalisation of sex work, mandatory HIV disclosure and policing of sexual preferences. keywords: africa; box; brief; care; drug use; drugs; evidence; guidelines; harm; harm reduction; health; hiv; interventions; online; opioid; people; policy; prevention; reduction; risk; screening; serial; services; south; substance; substance use; support; table; therapy; treatment; use; world cache: hivmed-1161.htm plain text: hivmed-1161.txt item: #63 of 648 id: hivmed-1164 author: None title: hivmed-1164 date: None words: 3400 flesch: 51 summary: Abstract Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) face new challenges such as accelerated ageing and higher rates of comorbidities including cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases as they age. Objectives: To profile the demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly patients receiving HIV care at Newlands Clinic (NC), Harare, Zimbabwe, as of 01 October 2019. In this study, we profiled the demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly patients receiving comprehensive HIV care at Newlands Clinic (NC), Harare, Zimbabwe, as of 01 October 2019. keywords: art; care; clinic; comorbidities; hiv; newlands; patients; plwh; study; therapy; women cache: hivmed-1164.htm plain text: hivmed-1164.txt item: #64 of 648 id: hivmed-1167 author: None title: hivmed-1167 date: None words: 1939 flesch: 44 summary: Available from: https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/arv-update-2019-policy/en/ WHO newsroom, access to HIV medicines severely impacted by COVID-19 as AIDS response stalls Seventy-three countries reported such a risk of ARV stockouts.8 Based on a recent UNAIDS study that explores challenges facing global HIV programmes, reduced production and availability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and issues with transportation have negatively affected dependent regions.9 Remedial action has been required by countries and stakeholders. keywords: africa; covid-19; egypt; hiv; homepage; internet; national; sept cache: hivmed-1167.htm plain text: hivmed-1167.txt item: #65 of 648 id: hivmed-117 author: None title: HIV 852 date: None words: 2096 flesch: 44 summary: Risk factors for acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) – results of a multinational case-control study (EuroSCAR). Risk factors for acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) – results of a multinational case-control study (EuroSCAR). keywords: acute; agep; cape; drug; hiv; pustulosis; town cache: hivmed-117.htm plain text: hivmed-117.txt item: #66 of 648 id: hivmed-1170 author: None title: hivmed-1170 date: None words: 1479 flesch: 47 summary: Besides, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the implementation of telemedicine in many countries, but not so much in Egypt.9 The use of telemedicine services for HIV prevention and management represents an innovative and a possibly more effective way of providing HIV services and for implementation of MMD in Egypt. Six countries recommend TDF/3TC for PrEP in addition to TDF/FTC, namely, Kenya, Namibia, Pakistan, South Sudan, Zambia and Zimbabwe, whilst Lesotho’s guidelines recommend exclusively TDF/3TC.5 Pre-exposure prophylaxis is a ‘game changer’ for HIV prevention. keywords: cairo; covid-19; egypt; health; hiv; prep; world cache: hivmed-1170.htm plain text: hivmed-1170.txt item: #67 of 648 id: hivmed-1171 author: None title: hivmed-1171 date: None words: 3002 flesch: 51 summary: Although the availability of ART has led to a decrease in HIV-associated CCM (HIV/CCM) in high-income countries,5 the condition remains responsible for 10% – 20% of HIV-related deaths in SSA.6 Notwithstanding improved access to ART, many remain outside of care or on failing treatment and at risk of opportunistic disease.7 The initial (induction phase) management of HIV/CCM requires the following: (1) combination antifungal therapy including IV amphotericin B and oral flucytosine (first week only) and high-dose oral fluconazole 1200 mg daily (second week), after that an 8-week consolidation phase of oral fluconazole 800 mg daily, (2) control of raised intracranial pressure (rIP) with therapeutic lumbar punctures (LPs) to maintain the ‘opening-pressure’ (CSF-OP) at < 25 cm of water and (3) minimising the risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) by delaying the initiation of ART until 4 to 6 weeks after the start of antifungal therapy.8,9,10,11,12 In the absence of a spinal manometer, the SA guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and management of CCM recommend performing an LP to remove 20 mL – 30 mL of CSF if the symptoms and signs of rIP are present.12 However, in clinical practise only 23% – 30% of CCM patients with signs and symptoms receive ‘therapeutic’ LPs.13,14 Therapeutic lumbar punctures and hospital mortality A total of 496 LPs were performed. keywords: ccm; cryptococcal; hiv; hospital; lps; meningitis; mortality; patients; study; therapy cache: hivmed-1171.htm plain text: hivmed-1171.txt item: #68 of 648 id: hivmed-1179 author: None title: hivmed-1179 date: None words: 1638 flesch: 61 summary: Criminalising people who use drugs is a damaging distraction from the most effective means we have to reduce the consequences of drug use: harm reduction. These harm reduction guidelines embody empirically indicated and rights-respecting doctrine in both decriminalising drug use and adopting best clinical practice to reduce the spread of HIV and other blood-borne viruses amongst people who use and inject drugs. keywords: drugs; harm; hiv; people; use cache: hivmed-1179.htm plain text: hivmed-1179.txt item: #69 of 648 id: hivmed-118 author: None title: 770 date: None words: 1571 flesch: 55 summary: Discussion The prevalence of HIV infection in children aged 2 - 14 years in South Africa is approximately 2.5%.4 The incidence of herpes zoster in children aged <10 years is approximately 0.74 per 1 000 per year.1 This incidence is higher in HIV-positive children (164 per 1 000 per year) and possibly even higher in children with a low CD4 count.5 Bladder dysfunction secondary to herpes zoster is uncommon, affecting 3.5 - 4.2% of people with VZV infection, but occurs more often when the lumbosacral dermatomes are involved (28.6%).5 Voiding dysfunction caused by herpes zoster may be classified as cystitis-associated, neuritis-associated or myelitis-associated.5 Neuritis-associated dysfunction leads to an acontractile bladder and hypoesthesia. In our patient, the clinical picture was in keeping with VZV rather than HSV infection, and the serological tests were compatible with a diagnosis of acute VZV infection.   keywords: hiv; infection; virus; zoster cache: hivmed-118.htm plain text: hivmed-118.txt item: #70 of 648 id: hivmed-1180 author: None title: hivmed-1180 date: None words: 463 flesch: 22 summary: About the Author(s) Maren Kummerow Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Erica J. Shaddock Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Roos B. Barth Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Diederick E. Grobbee Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands W.D. Francois Venter Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Charles Feldman Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Alinda Vos Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Citation Kummerow M, Shaddock EJ, Klipstein-Grobusch K, et al. Erratum: Unexpected low frequency of respiratory symptoms in an HIV-positive urban sub-Saharan population compared to an HIV-negative control group. keywords: center utrecht; utrecht university cache: hivmed-1180.htm plain text: hivmed-1180.txt item: #71 of 648 id: hivmed-1182 author: None title: hivmed-1182 date: None words: 3817 flesch: 50 summary: Although NVP hypersensitivity has been associated with higher CD4 cell counts in adults (> 250 cells/µL in females and > 400 cells/µL in males), the above case reports show SJS and TEN occurring at any stage of immune suppression in paediatric populations.8 Our result, and the true estimate, may however be higher than previously estimated and instead be congruent with the estimated incidence of NVP hypersensitivity in adults.8,16 We postulate that the reasons for the higher than expected incidence rate may be related to a genetic predisposition to developing NVP-induced SJS/TEN in this cohort of patients. keywords: case; children; drug; hiv; johnson; nvp; patients; series; sjs; stevens; stock; syndrome cache: hivmed-1182.htm plain text: hivmed-1182.txt item: #72 of 648 id: hivmed-1183 author: None title: hivmed-1183 date: None words: 5145 flesch: 51 summary: Maternal viral load (VL) monitoring measures the protective efficacy of the programme.7 The use of ARVs in this way is infant- PEP and is an important component of the PMTCT programme in Zambia. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission programmes prevent infant HIV infections and deaths.2 The awareness that high level of adherence was needed in order to prevent HIV transmission made participants worry when their babies did not swallow all the medication: keywords: challenges; child; healthcare; hiv; infants; mother; participants; pep; prevention; study; transmission; women; years cache: hivmed-1183.htm plain text: hivmed-1183.txt item: #73 of 648 id: hivmed-1184 author: None title: hivmed-1184 date: None words: 5380 flesch: 48 summary: Method: Routinely collected data were analysed to derive an estimate of patients meeting criteria for third-line referral and compared with patients who were referred. Patients with a 6-month gap in dispensing were less likely to be referred (aOR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.17–0.81). keywords: analysis; art; cape; criteria; data; line; line art; patients; referral; study cache: hivmed-1184.htm plain text: hivmed-1184.txt item: #74 of 648 id: hivmed-1185 author: None title: hivmed-1185 date: None words: 4224 flesch: 50 summary: The developed in-house nested HIV-2 PCR needs further evaluation with more HIV-2 positive specimens, including other subtypes and addition of more HIV-1 only specimens. An in-house nested HIV-2 PCR assay targeting the 5′-long terminal repeats (5′-LTR) region was evaluated and used as a confirmatory test. keywords: antibodies; antibody; assay; hiv-1/2; house; immunodeficiency; laboratory; pcr; results; south; specimens; study; virus cache: hivmed-1185.htm plain text: hivmed-1185.txt item: #75 of 648 id: hivmed-1186 author: None title: hivmed-1186 date: None words: 2490 flesch: 50 summary: Misdiagnosis of HIV infection during a South African community-based survey: Implications for rapid HIV testing. List of HIV Diagnostic test kits and equipments classified according to the Global Fund Quality Assurance Policy keywords: africa; case; child; health; hiv; results; south; tests cache: hivmed-1186.htm plain text: hivmed-1186.txt item: #76 of 648 id: hivmed-1187 author: None title: hivmed-1187 date: None words: 5694 flesch: 57 summary: Keywords: 90-90-90 strategy; implementation; HIV testing; ART initiation; retention in HIV care; HIV care access by children. We modelled the ITS data using segmented regression analysis which, as suggested by Wagner et al., has the advantage of adjusting for baseline level and trend, in this case, the HIV test-and-treat policy changes.11 For HIV testing, ART initiation and retention in HIV care, we compared the time series pattern 9 months before and after January 2016 when the 90-90-90 strategy implementation was rolled out in the COJ to assess differences. keywords: adults; art; care; children; hiv; implementation; number; strategy; study; testing; years cache: hivmed-1187.htm plain text: hivmed-1187.txt item: #77 of 648 id: hivmed-119 author: Raemaekers, Melissa title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2012-10-04 words: 593 flesch: 47 summary: According to the new South African ART resistance testing guidelines, all infants newly diagnosed with HIV infection should have HIV genotyping, with particular concern related to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant mutations. 10. According to the new South African ART resistance testing guidelines, all adults newly diagnosed with HIV infection should have HIV genotyping, with particular concern related to protease inhibitor (PI)-resistant mutations. 11. keywords: hiv; testing cache: hivmed-119.pdf plain text: hivmed-119.txt item: #78 of 648 id: hivmed-1192 author: None title: hivmed-1192 date: None words: 2684 flesch: 32 summary: https://doi.org/10.1080/10291954.2017.1414349 Nyere, L. & Wesson, N., 2019, ‘Factors influencing dividend payout decisions: Evidence from South Africa’, South African Journal of Business Management 50(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v50i1.1302 Oosthuizen, G., 2009, ‘Analysing cash retained by companies declaring scrip dividend on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange’, Master’s thesis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch. Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 infection occurs either because of altered haemostasis, severe inflammation, endothelial dysregulation or disseminated intravascular coagulation.1 The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients living with HIV (PLHIV) is increased in patients who are antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve, those with a low cluster of differentiation (CD4) counts and virally unsuppressed.6 Dentan and colleagues showed that tuberculosis is significantly associated with VTE. keywords: african; covid-19; dividend; hiv; journal; patient; pulmonary; south cache: hivmed-1192.htm plain text: hivmed-1192.txt item: #79 of 648 id: hivmed-1193 author: None title: hivmed-1193 date: None words: 3389 flesch: 49 summary: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6740 Saini N, Hasija S, Kaur P, Kaur M, Pathania V, Singh A. Study of prevalence of ocular manifestations in HIV positive patients. Ocular manifestations of people living with HIV in Tunisia. keywords: eyes; faculty; hiv; manar; manifestations; medicine; patients; study; tunis; tunisia cache: hivmed-1193.htm plain text: hivmed-1193.txt item: #80 of 648 id: hivmed-1195 author: Office, Editorial title: Acknowledgement to Reviewers date: 2020-12-22 words: 528 flesch: 29 summary: http://www.sajhivmed.org.za Open Access Page 1 of 1 Reviewer AcknowledgementPage 1 of 1 Reviewer Acknowledgement Acknowledgement to reviewers In an effort to facilitate the selection of appropriate peer reviewers for the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, we ask that you take a moment to update your electronic portfolio on https:// sajhivmed.org.za for our files, allowing us better access to your areas of interest and expertise, in order to match reviewers with submitted manuscripts. The editorial team of the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine recognises the value and importance of peer reviewers in the overall publication process – not only in shaping individual manuscripts, but also in shaping the credibility and reputation of our journal. keywords: hiv; journal; reviewer cache: hivmed-1195.pdf plain text: hivmed-1195.txt item: #81 of 648 id: hivmed-1196 author: None title: hivmed-1196 date: None words: 7579 flesch: 38 summary: However, in the same study, as reported in other studies,2,19 the majority of NIMART nurses did not have a qualification in Primary Care (Health Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment and Care). Nurses had less than optimal knowledge of virological failure and drug–drug interactions.22 In KwaZulu-Natal, most NIMART nurses knew the correct ART regimens, ART eligibility criteria and when blood for CD4 count and viral load should be taken, although worrying gaps were identified.28 Human resources constraints Human resources constraints, increased workloads and administrative duties such as paperwork, were cited in many studies as negatively influencing the implementation of NIMART,14,19,20,21,23,25,27,32,35,39 with doctors reportedly not fully supporting the NIMART programme.25 Excessive workloads also interfere with the completion of mentorship programmes.24 In one study, 55% of nurses reported seeing more than 30 patients a day and 30% saw more than 40 patients a day.21 As a result of integration of HIV management in primary care, NIMART-trained nurses also have other tasks to perform.22,25 Nurses reported the inability to delegate tasks to lower cadres and also reported having to do non-nursing tasks such as collection of drugs from depots27 or using their own transport to collect drugs.25 Despite human resource challenges, NIMART nurses display resilience. keywords: africa; barriers; care; guidelines; health; hiv; implementation; lack; management; mentoring; nimart; nurses; patients; south; south africa; study; support; training; treatment cache: hivmed-1196.htm plain text: hivmed-1196.txt item: #82 of 648 id: hivmed-1197 author: None title: hivmed-1197 date: None words: 4522 flesch: 52 summary: Ithaka use Figure 2 shows the cascade of Ithaka use from the point of enrolment to reporting HIV results. HIV smart app [homepage on the Internet]. 2016 keywords: africa; app; health; hiv; hivst; ithaka; participants; results; self; south; study; testing; users cache: hivmed-1197.htm plain text: hivmed-1197.txt item: #83 of 648 id: hivmed-1198 author: None title: hivmed-1198 date: None words: 539 flesch: 40 summary: Acknowledgements About the Author(s) Michael T. Boswell Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa Liam Robinson Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Nelesh Govender Centre for HAIs, AMR and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Citation Boswell MT, Robinson L, Govender N. Skin and mucosal manifestations of an AIDS-related systemic mycosis. 2021;22(1), a1198. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1198 Clinical Images Skin and mucosal manifestations of an AIDS-related systemic mycosis Michael T. Boswell, Liam Robinson, Nelesh Govender Received: 23 Nov. 2020; Accepted: 09 Dec. 2020; Published: 28 Jan. 2021 Copyright: © 2021. keywords: africa; pretoria; south cache: hivmed-1198.htm plain text: hivmed-1198.txt item: #84 of 648 id: hivmed-1199 author: None title: hivmed-1199 date: None words: 1529 flesch: 69 summary: S Afr J HIV Med. S Afr J HIV Med. keywords: african; guideline; hiv cache: hivmed-1199.htm plain text: hivmed-1199.txt item: #85 of 648 id: hivmed-12 author: Soma, Prashilla; Kara, Sita title: The diagnostic value of lymph node biopsy to detect Castleman’s disease date: 2014-09-08 words: 1790 flesch: 42 summary: It was � rst described in a case report by Castleman and Towne in 1954.[2] Classi� cation of disease types is based on histopathological features, and two major subtypes are identi� ed: the hyaline-vascular type and the plasma-cell type. In patients who are HIV-negative, multicentric disease is often symptomatic. keywords: castleman; disease; hiv; lymph; multicentric; type cache: hivmed-12.pdf plain text: hivmed-12.txt item: #86 of 648 id: hivmed-1202 author: None title: hivmed-1202 date: None words: 6641 flesch: 47 summary: This analysis was conducted before basic descriptive analysis to determine whether we can create reliable measurement scales using service area quality items. Relationship between service area quality scores and national indicator data set Weak to moderate associations existed between service area quality scores and the national indicator data set (Table 6). keywords: area; audit; cqi; data; facilities; facility; health; healthcare; hiv; improvement; items; performance; quality; scores; service; service area; study cache: hivmed-1202.htm plain text: hivmed-1202.txt item: #87 of 648 id: hivmed-1205 author: None title: hivmed-1205 date: None words: 3265 flesch: 57 summary: global HIV policy report: Policy barriers to HIV progress [homepage on the Internet]. 2020 This decline in HIV incidence in KZN was confirmed in population-based surveillance studies.8 keywords: africa; aids; global; health; hiv; policy; progress; south cache: hivmed-1205.htm plain text: hivmed-1205.txt item: #88 of 648 id: hivmed-1206 author: None title: hivmed-1206 date: None words: 3746 flesch: 47 summary: For absolute plasma and CSF tenofovir concentrations, 10 polymorphisms in ABCG2, ABCC5, SLCO1A2 and ABCC4 for plasma and six in ABCB1, ABCG2, ABCC5, SLCO1A2 and ABCC4 for CSF had p-values less than 0.01 (data not shown). An increase in tenofovir plasma concentrations were independently associated with ABCC4 4131T→G (genotype TG or GG) in 150 Thai HIV-infected adults.14 ABCB1 rs3213619 was associated with increased tenofovir bioavailability in a predominantly African-American patient population (n = 45) and thought to be a result of decreased P-glycoprotein function.21 A genome-wide and candidate gene association analyses with tenofovir pharmacokinetics showed that SLC17A1 rs12662869 was associated with an increase in tenofovir clearance (p = 7.1 × 10−9) but failed to show significant associations in candidate genes (including ABCC4, ABCC10, ABCB1, ABCC2, SLC22A11, AK2 and AK3) after correction for multiple comparisons.15 Our study has limitations. keywords: africans; allele frequencies; concentrations; csf; data; emtricitabine; plasma; polymorphisms; south; south africans; table; tenofovir cache: hivmed-1206.htm plain text: hivmed-1206.txt item: #89 of 648 id: hivmed-1219 author: Office, Editorial title: Table of Contents Vol 21, No 1 (2020) date: 2020-12-23 words: 2832 flesch: -58 summary: Is it really different in North and South Africa? Ahmed Cordie, Menna-t-allah El-Kotamy, Gamal Esmat Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 21, No 1 | a1118 | 30 July 2020 118 Guideline Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guidelines for solid organ transplantation in human immunodeficiency virus: An evidence-based framework for human immunodeficiency virus-positive donors and recipients Jeremy S. Nel, Francesca Conradie, Jean Botha, Harriet Etheredge, June Fabian, Leon Levin, Ahmad H. Mazanderani, Michelle Moorhouse, Elmi Muller, Caroline Tiemessen, David Thomson, Julia Turner Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 21, No 1 | a1133 | 15 October 2020 Guideline Southern African guidelines on the safe, easy and effective use of pre-exposure prophylaxis: 2020 Linda-Gail Bekker, Benjamin Brown, Dvora Joseph-Davey, Kathrine Gill, Michelle Moorhouse, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, Landon Myer, Catherine Orrell, Kevin Rebe, W.D. Francois Venter, Carole L. Wallis Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 21, No 1 | a1152 | 10 December 2020 A scoping review Sabina M. Govere, Moses J. Chimbari Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 21, No 1 | a1103 | 30 September 2020 Review Article A rapid review and synthesis of the effectiveness of programmes initiating community-based antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa Raymond Chimatira, Andrew Ross Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 21, No 1 | a1153 | 05 November 2020 Scientific Letter Drug resistance after cessation of efavirenz-based antiretroviral treatment started in pregnancy Globahan Ajibola, Christopher Rowley, Dorcas Maruapula, Jean Leidner, Kara Bennett, Kathleen Powis, keywords: african journal; choice; december; editor; guidelines; hiv medicine; immunodeficiency; journal; research; southern; southern african; therapy; virus; vol cache: hivmed-1219.pdf plain text: hivmed-1219.txt item: #90 of 648 id: hivmed-122 author: None title: 865 date: None words: 1013 flesch: 53 summary: Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2012;13(3):152-155. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2012;13(3):152-155. keywords: hiv; journal; medicine cache: hivmed-122.htm plain text: hivmed-122.txt item: #91 of 648 id: hivmed-1220 author: None title: hivmed-1220 date: None words: 4134 flesch: 50 summary: Clin Infect Dis. 2020:ciaa1793. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1793 Cabello A, Zamarro B, Nistal S, et al. COVID-19 in people living with HIV: A multicenter case-series study. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa880 Stoeckle K, Johnston CD, Jannat-Khah DP, et al. COVID-19 in hospitalized adults with HIV. keywords: 2019; analysis; association; coronavirus; covid-19; disease; hiv; infection; med; meta; mortality; patients; review; studies; study cache: hivmed-1220.htm plain text: hivmed-1220.txt item: #92 of 648 id: hivmed-1222 author: None title: hivmed-1222 date: None words: 1767 flesch: 44 summary: The taste of the solution was greatly improved, so this method of application could very well help young children swallow the medication more easily. The standard pharmacokinetic testing protocol for the examination of antiretroviral plasma concentrations in small children allows sampling at the following time points: at 0, 1 and 2 h after the dosing interval. keywords: children; glucose; lopinavir; lpv; syrup cache: hivmed-1222.htm plain text: hivmed-1222.txt item: #93 of 648 id: hivmed-1226 author: None title: hivmed-1226 date: None words: 4853 flesch: 49 summary: The multi-centre TB-NEAT trial performed AlereLAM on biobanked urine samples and concluded that AlereLAM results would have no impact on decreasing time to initiation of TB treatment if chest X-ray facilities are available on-site and where rates of empiric TB treatment are high.13 Despite a high burden of TB in our study’s community and generally higher healthcare resources in South Africa than some other comparable high-burden settings, the clinics in this study do not have access to on-site chest X-ray. With availability of AlereLAM, we saw that the rates of empiric TB treatment decreased significantly, and the number of patients being initiated on TB treatment on the same day as presentation tripled. keywords: alerelam; arm; cape; cape town; cd4; criteria; patients; study; town; treatment cache: hivmed-1226.htm plain text: hivmed-1226.txt item: #94 of 648 id: hivmed-123 author: None title: 865 date: None words: 311 flesch: 71 summary: There is not going to be a one-size-fits-all for HIV prevention, but each new intervention will contribute in some way. Michelle did not want anyone to buy this gel and to think that they were protected from HIV. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-123.htm plain text: hivmed-123.txt item: #95 of 648 id: hivmed-1237 author: None title: hivmed-1237 date: None words: 5807 flesch: 53 summary: Disproportionate impact of new HIV infections on key and vulnerable populations Of the 1.7 million new HIV infections in 2019, 62% occurred in key populations and their sexual partners.6 Key populations include men who have sex with men,65 people who inject drugs,66 female sex workers67 and transgender people.6 Vulnerable populations at increased HIV risk in ESA include prisoners,6,68 long-haul truck drivers,69 mobile mining workers,70 migrants71 and serodiscordant couples.6 Also at disproportionately high risk of HIV infection are young women,72 who are 2–3 times73,74 more likely to be newly infected than their 15–24-year-old male counterparts. Abstract Introduction State of the global epidemic HIV epidemiology in ESA Challenges for achieving 95-95-95 in ESA The impending challenge of acute HIV infections Disproportionate impact of new HIV infections on key and vulnerable populations Recommendations for research priorities Conclusion Acknowledgements References About the Author(s) keywords: acute; africa; aids; art; care; esa; et al; health; hiv; infection; mozambique; new; risk; testing; treatment; unaids; united cache: hivmed-1237.htm plain text: hivmed-1237.txt item: #96 of 648 id: hivmed-124 author: None title: 857 date: None words: 1332 flesch: 53 summary: In this latest revision, the following principles were considered: • continued use of the standardised World Health Organization (WHO) weight bands2 • provision of target doses or dose ranges (mg/kg or mg/m2 ) • use of WHO weight-band dosing recommendations, differing where necessary, based on characteristics of currently available antiretroviral (ARV) drug formulations in the South African public sector, or local evidence-based practice, where possible • avoidance of dosing any ARV drug below 90% of the target dose or dose range, or higher than 25% above the target dose or dose range, adjusting WHO-recommended dosing if indicated, and taking into account that younger children (beyond the neonatal period) may frequently require relatively higher doses to achieve drug exposures similar to those of older children and adults • where evidence is available, incorporation of the option of once-daily dosing for treatment simplification, to promote adherence and support harmonisation of paediatric and adult ART regimens • incorporation of flexibility, wherever practical and available formulations allow, by providing both liquid and solid formulation dosing recommendations for up to a 25 kg body weight, while retaining the principle of moving children from liquid to solid formulations whenever possible • use of one formulation (either liquid or solid) for any given dose • avoidance of different morning and evening doses for a given drug, where possible • use of fractions of tablets (no less than half) only where available tablets are scored, and warning about which tablet formulations are film-coated and must be swallowed whole (not chewed, divided or crushed). The purpose of the chart is to provide an accurate and reliable antiretroviral therapy (ART) dosing guide for South African practitioners initiating and managing ART in children and adolescents. keywords: children; daily; dosing cache: hivmed-124.htm plain text: hivmed-124.txt item: #97 of 648 id: hivmed-1241 author: None title: hivmed-1241 date: None words: 3630 flesch: 34 summary: Conclusion Our hypothesis of increased cardiac calcifications in young HIV-infected individuals, incidentally detected on CT chest radiography, shows distinct promise and definitely warrants further imaging, best with a prospective study detailing cardiovascular risk stratification in this select population, which will positively impact patient outcomes. The CT imaging protocol included pre-contrast only or both pre- and post-contrast, plus a routine 100-mL bolus of Omnipaque 300 contrast at a flow rate of 3 mL/s. The date of the scan, age, gender and HIV status were collected retrospectively from the CT request forms. keywords: age; calcifications; cardiac; hiv; patients; status; study cache: hivmed-1241.htm plain text: hivmed-1241.txt item: #98 of 648 id: hivmed-1246 author: None title: hivmed-1246 date: None words: 4850 flesch: 48 summary: Our findings can be used as a baseline for future planning for resource allocation for comprehensive management of HIV and the prediction of the likely economic implications for HIV care. Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) currently has the largest burden of HIV infection in the world and 69.65% of people living with HIV (PLWH) were reported to be on antiretroviral treatment (ART) in 2019.1 The countries with the highest burden of HIV include Swaziland, Botswana and Lesotho, with approximately 25% of the general population infected.2 keywords: art; cmd; diabetes; hiv; hypertension; incidence; lesotho; mellitus; months; patients; risk; study; treatment cache: hivmed-1246.htm plain text: hivmed-1246.txt item: #99 of 648 id: hivmed-125 author: None title: HIV 862 date: None words: 19178 flesch: 51 summary: Patients who return after defaulting therapy We recommend restarting the same regimen if patients return to care after defaulting therapy and repeating HIV viral load measurements after 3 months; switching to a second-line regimen should be considered if the viral load is not suppressed at this point. A small number of patients who start with a very high viral load may not be fully suppressed at 3 months despite 100% adherence, but such patients would have had a >2 log drop in viral load from baseline; therefore, the 3-month result should be interpreted in relation to the baseline viral load. keywords: 3tc; adherence; art; azt; cd4; dose; drug; efv; et al; hepatitis; hiv; infection; line; load; nvp; patients; pis; resistance; risk; tdf; therapy; treatment; use cache: hivmed-125.htm plain text: hivmed-125.txt item: #100 of 648 id: hivmed-1257 author: None title: hivmed-1257 date: None words: 525 flesch: 42 summary: Acknowledgements About the Author(s) Jeremy Nel Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Prudence Ive Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Carolina Nel Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa Citation Nel J, Ive P, Nel C. Giant bacillary angiomatosis. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1257 Clinical Images Giant bacillary angiomatosis Jeremy Nel, Prudence Ive, Carolina Nel Received: 09 May 2021; Accepted: 12 May 2021; Published: 20 July 2021 Copyright: © 2021. keywords: health; nel cache: hivmed-1257.htm plain text: hivmed-1257.txt item: #101 of 648 id: hivmed-126 author: None title: 822 date: None words: 4041 flesch: 59 summary: Concerns about overprescribing of the drug, particularly to adults, led to an analysis of ABC use in public sector ART programmes. Patterns of ABC use among HIV-positive paediatric patients followed national ART treatment guidelines on the application of the drug. keywords: abc; adults; art; children; hiv; jhb; patients; years cache: hivmed-126.htm plain text: hivmed-126.txt item: #102 of 648 id: hivmed-1266 author: None title: hivmed-1266 date: None words: 3880 flesch: 49 summary: TABLE 1: The basic indicators for advanced HIV disease care. Notwithstanding the rapid roll-out of ART globally, data from South Africa show that about a third of individuals entering or cycling in and out of HIV care have advanced disease, with minimal change over the last decade.3 Similarly, in Uganda and Botswana approximately 20% – 25% of persons entered care with advanced HIV in 2020.4,5 Considering that most AHD is diagnosed among ART-experienced persons,6 ART non-adherence with treatment failure will remain a significant contributor to incident OIs despite expanded ART initiation.7 Based on the WHO guidance, each person diagnosed with HIV should have a CD4 test performed.1 keywords: ahd; care; cd4; crag; department; disease; health; hiv; persons; testing; treatment cache: hivmed-1266.htm plain text: hivmed-1266.txt item: #103 of 648 id: hivmed-127 author: None title: HIV 833 date: None words: 5071 flesch: 55 summary: The proportion of TB patients aware of their HIV status increased from 39% before TB diagnosis to 66% at time of TB treatment initiation, and to 75% during TB treatment (Fig. 1). TB treatment was initiated in only 81% (65/80) of TB suspects who were positive on smear microscopy and 26% (7/27) of smear-negative suspects with a positive culture. keywords: activities; art; care; clinic; count; health; hiv; patients; plwh; positive cache: hivmed-127.htm plain text: hivmed-127.txt item: #104 of 648 id: hivmed-1275 author: None title: hivmed-1275 date: None words: 5264 flesch: 44 summary: Head HIV/AIDS Programmes, Public Health Specialist Avalos, A. 2021, HIV Specialist Physician Botswana, Technical Advisor MOHW. Fiscal resources for HIV-AIDS spending Fortunately, the lower projected costs for HIV spending under the GOALS-2021 scenario appears to be manageable even within the reduced overall envelope for public spending. keywords: aids; botswana; covid-19; epidemic; global; health; hiv; infections; national; spending; strategy; unaids cache: hivmed-1275.htm plain text: hivmed-1275.txt item: #105 of 648 id: hivmed-1278 author: None title: hivmed-1278 date: None words: 2995 flesch: 44 summary: Of these new infections, 84% occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, with around 95 000 HIV-related deaths in children reported in 2019.1 While South Africa’s prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme has been successful in decreasing the rate of vertical transmission of HIV to 3% (from 16% in 2010), paediatric HIV treatment programmes have not been as successful.2 In 2019, HIV-related deaths in South African children declined to 4100, and the number of children living with HIV remained more or less stable at 340 000.1 As part of working towards ending the HIV pandemic by 2030, attaining and maintaining virological suppression is critical. In addition, the lack of fixed-dose combinations (FDC) for children results in complicated dosing regimens that negatively affect long-term adherence and retention in care. keywords: africa; children; dtg; formulations; hiv; paediatric; south; treatment cache: hivmed-1278.htm plain text: hivmed-1278.txt item: #106 of 648 id: hivmed-128 author: None title: HIV 782 date: None words: 7483 flesch: 54 summary: Self report measures of antiretroviral therapy adherence: a review with recommendations for HIV research and clinical management. Self report measures of antiretroviral therapy adherence: a review with recommendations for HIV research and clinical management. keywords: adherence; aids; antiretroviral; art; depression; drug; et al; group; health; hiv; infection; med; patients; study; therapy; treatment cache: hivmed-128.htm plain text: hivmed-128.txt item: #107 of 648 id: hivmed-1281 author: None title: hivmed-1281 date: None words: 2744 flesch: 44 summary: Because of this, HOPE conferences were primarily case based and followed the ‘mentoring the mentor’ model to support South African, Zimbabwean, US, Haitian, Dominican and Indian clinicians. A prime example of global communication to advance health occurred during the roll-out of HIV treatment throughout the world. keywords: clinicians; global; health; hiv; hope; programme; south cache: hivmed-1281.htm plain text: hivmed-1281.txt item: #108 of 648 id: hivmed-1283 author: None title: hivmed-1283 date: None words: 2487 flesch: 54 summary: Abstract Acknowledgements References About the Author(s) Leon J. Levin Department of Paediatrics, Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa Juliet L. Horak Department of Paediatrics, Dora Nginza Hospital, Gqeberha, South Africa James Nuttall Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Citation Levin LJ, Horak JL, Nuttall J. Looking back at paediatric HIV treatment in South Africa. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1283 Opinion Paper Looking back at paediatric HIV treatment in South Africa. keywords: africa; art; children; hiv; paediatric; patients; south; treatment cache: hivmed-1283.htm plain text: hivmed-1283.txt item: #109 of 648 id: hivmed-1284 author: None title: hivmed-1284 date: None words: 7936 flesch: 50 summary: The association between serum vitamin D and body composition in South African HIV-infected women. The association between serum vitamin D and body composition in South African HIV-infected women Samuel Mwango, Janet Carboo, Christa Ellis, Marike Cockeran, Carina M.C. Mels, Herculina S. Kruger Received: 02 July 2021; Accepted: 12 Aug. 2021; Published: 30 Sept. 2021 Copyright: © 2021. keywords: 25(oh)d; association; bmd; body; bone; composition; fat; health; hiv; lean; mass; participants; postmenopausal; serum; south; study; total; vitamin; vitamin d; women; years cache: hivmed-1284.htm plain text: hivmed-1284.txt item: #110 of 648 id: hivmed-129 author: None title: 847 date: None words: 1609 flesch: 44 summary: Co-existing opportunistic infections, such as TB and CMV, among HIV-infected patients increase the risk of developing Addison’s disease.3 , 4 Biochemical evidence of primary adrenal insufficiency is more common in the late stages of HIV infection and with severe immunosuppression, as in this case.5 , 6 European studies of hospitalised patients with advanced HIV infection reported a 17 - 22% prevalence of Addison’s disease.6 , 7 However, a varying prevalence has been documented in Africa. Evangelia Z, George C. Dysfunction of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis in HIV infection and disease. keywords: addison; adrenal; disease; hiv; patients cache: hivmed-129.htm plain text: hivmed-129.txt item: #111 of 648 id: hivmed-1295 author: None title: hivmed-1295 date: None words: 452 flesch: 40 summary: About the Author(s) Linda-Gail Bekker Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Benjamin Brown Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa Dvora Joseph-Davey Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Kathrine Gill Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Michelle Moorhouse Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Sinead Delany-Moretlwe Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Landon Myer Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Catherine Orrell Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Kevin Rebe Life Vincent Pallotti Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa W.D. Francois Venter Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Carole L. Wallis BARC-SA, Speciality Molecular Division, Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, South Africa How to cite this correction: Bekker L-G, Brown B, Joseph-Davey D, keywords: cape town; university cache: hivmed-1295.htm plain text: hivmed-1295.txt item: #112 of 648 id: hivmed-1299 author: None title: hivmed-1299 date: None words: 15448 flesch: 52 summary: Sexually transmitted infections Transgender and gender diverse clients are not a single category. It has been well established that access to competent and dignified gender-affirming healthcare (GAHC) is not only safe but also plays a significant role in improving measurable outcomes for TGD clients. keywords: affirming; african; aug; cape; care; change; client; consent; department; doctor; experience; feminising; gender; health; health south; healthcare; hiv; hormone; hormone therapy; identity; impact; information; provider; risks; sexual; south; south africa; support; surgery; table; tgd; therapy; town; transgender; transgender health; treatment; use cache: hivmed-1299.htm plain text: hivmed-1299.txt item: #113 of 648 id: hivmed-13 author: Myer, Landon title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2014-09-08 words: 650 flesch: 58 summary: HIV infection is not considered in the acute diarrhoea guidelines; only as an opportunistic infection that causes chronic diarrhoea. Expression of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNRs in the placentas of HIV-positive women 6. Without any form of ART or prohylaxis, most vertical transmission of HIV occurs via the virus crossing the placenta. keywords: children; hiv cache: hivmed-13.pdf plain text: hivmed-13.txt item: #114 of 648 id: hivmed-130 author: None title: 848 date: None words: 5018 flesch: 56 summary: Most infected individuals who are not treated with ART advance to AIDS over approximately a decade.1 Since first investigated in the late 1990s, it has been shown that not all elite controllers follow the same natural history; some control the virus but eventually progress and others control the virus without progression.1 , 2 Whether HIV elite controllers are ‘ultra-slow progressors’ or totally non-progressive remains to be determined. Torre D. Is it time to treat HIV elite controllers with combined antiretroviral therapy? keywords: aids; controllers; elite; et al; hiv; immune; patients; progression; virus cache: hivmed-130.htm plain text: hivmed-130.txt item: #115 of 648 id: hivmed-1301 author: None title: hivmed-1301 date: None words: 6438 flesch: 54 summary: Texting improves testing: A randomised trial of two-way SMS to increase postpartum prevention of mother-to-child transmission retention and infant HIV testing. Missed opportunities for early infant HIV diagnosis: Results of a national study in South Africa. keywords: adherence; eid; follow; health; hiv; infant; mothers; participants; pcr; pmtct; prophylaxis; sms; study; testing; weeks cache: hivmed-1301.htm plain text: hivmed-1301.txt item: #116 of 648 id: hivmed-1309 author: None title: hivmed-1309 date: None words: 4342 flesch: 67 summary: 2021).A third of those who enter or who cycle in and out of HIV care have AHD. Despite the passage of three decades, people living with HIV in South Africa are still at risk of serious morbidity and inappropriate mortality from HIV. keywords: africa; art; care; cd4; children; hiv; med; reading; south cache: hivmed-1309.htm plain text: hivmed-1309.txt item: #117 of 648 id: hivmed-1312 author: None title: hivmed-1312 date: None words: 5708 flesch: 52 summary: This research study aims to investigate whether HIV infection and ART use are associated with pulmonary function, given the high frequency of pulmonary infections, including tuberculosis (TB), associated with HIV. Within the first year of HIV infection, the risk of active TB doubles.12 Tuberculosis is thought to mediate the effect of HIV and ART on OLDs, as HIV increases the susceptibility to TB, which is strongly related to adverse pulmonary function.12,13,14 However, only a few studies on the influence of HIV on pulmonary function have taken into account the possible contribution of TB. keywords: africa; analysis; art; fev1; function; health; hiv; infection; participants; post; pulmonary; spirometry; study; utrecht cache: hivmed-1312.htm plain text: hivmed-1312.txt item: #118 of 648 id: hivmed-1315 author: None title: hivmed-1315 date: None words: 576 flesch: 42 summary: Acknowledgements About the Author(s) Mithra John Department of Health, Internal Medicine, Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa Stacey Norsworthy Department of Health, Internal Medicine, Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa Lauren Richards Department of Health, Internal Medicine, Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa Citation John M, Norsworthy S, Richards L. Cutaneous lesions in the setting of disseminated Cryptococcus neoformans infection. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1315 Clinical Images Cutaneous lesions in the setting of disseminated Cryptococcus neoformans infection Mithra John, Stacey Norsworthy, Lauren Richards Received: 09 Sept. 2021; Accepted: 21 Sept. 2021; Published: 29 Oct. 2021 Copyright: © 2021. keywords: helen joseph; joseph hospital; medicine cache: hivmed-1315.htm plain text: hivmed-1315.txt item: #119 of 648 id: hivmed-1316 author: None title: hivmed-1316 date: None words: 4262 flesch: 48 summary: A review focussing on Western countries found that food insecurity had deleterious consequences of emotional, cognitive and behavioural outputs in children and adolescents.32 A UK-based study found that cognitive differences in food insecurity groups could be explained by poverty levels, and behavioural development could be explained by environmental and parental treatment in the home; emotional problems were, however, ascribed to food insecurity alone.33 The contribution of food insecurity to such impairments has not been explored. keywords: adolescents; behaviour; cape; children; food; food insecurity; group; health; insecurity; phiv+; south; town cache: hivmed-1316.htm plain text: hivmed-1316.txt item: #120 of 648 id: hivmed-1317 author: None title: hivmed-1317 date: None words: 3097 flesch: 45 summary: At the time of the launch of the journal in 2000, Prof. Des Martin (MBBCH, MMed, FCPath, DTM&H, DPH), the first President of the SAHCS and the first Editor-in-Chief of the SAJHIVMED wrote: This first issue of the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine coincides with the International AIDS conference in Durban, SA, and it is hoped that it will find a place in the reading of medical, scientific and allied professionals dealing with HIV disease in our region. The Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine (SAJHIVMED) is focused on HIV, in particular disease prevention and treatment, and includes topics relevant to clinical and public health practices. keywords: editor; health; hiv; journal; medicine; prof; sahcs cache: hivmed-1317.htm plain text: hivmed-1317.txt item: #121 of 648 id: hivmed-1319 author: None title: hivmed-1319 date: None words: 2414 flesch: 36 summary: Abstract Introduction: HIV infection is a common disease in the South African population. Mycobacterium avium complex: A rare cause of pancytopenia in HIV infection. keywords: faculty; hiv; infection; mac; mycobacterium; parvovirus; patient; sciences cache: hivmed-1319.htm plain text: hivmed-1319.txt item: #122 of 648 id: hivmed-1326 author: None title: hivmed-1326 date: None words: 4393 flesch: 46 summary: FIGURE 2: Pie chart displaying the percentage of HIV serology sample rejections by ward type at the Department of Virology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, South Africa between 01 June 2019 and 31 December 2019. To calculate the total cost of rejection, the cost per test was multiplied by the total number of HIV serology rejections. keywords: cost; data; health; hiv; laboratory; phase; rejection; samples; serology; south; testing; total cache: hivmed-1326.htm plain text: hivmed-1326.txt item: #123 of 648 id: hivmed-1329 author: None title: hivmed-1329 date: None words: 5315 flesch: 53 summary: Participants unable to undergo study procedures for any reason or unwilling to share HIV test results or with unknown HIV status were excluded from the study. The influence of smoking and HIV infection on pulmonary function. keywords: africa; analysis; data; fev1; function; health; hiv; lung; participants; pulmonary; respiratory; smoking; south; study; years cache: hivmed-1329.htm plain text: hivmed-1329.txt item: #124 of 648 id: hivmed-1335 author: None title: hivmed-1335 date: None words: 5670 flesch: 50 summary: Data on EVA in PLWH, especially in SSA, are scant as the majority of studies have been carried out on HIV-1 subtype B. However, a previous study carried out by our group found an indication of accelerated vascular ageing in older, never treated HIV-positive South Africans (aged > 50 years), as well as probable early atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction.17 Diabetes mellitus18 and dysglycaemia,19 as well as factors related to an unhealthy lifestyle,20,21,22 also lead to acceleration of the vascular ageing process.23 Vascular comorbidities, such as arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis,5,6 as well as cardiometabolic disturbances,24,25 become increasingly evident with the prolonged life expectancy of PLWH because of the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment (ART).26 Hanna et al. indicated that the effect of HIV on the vasculature may differ through the lifespan of PLWH.27 HIV and/or ART-related vascular alterations may contribute to EVA.8,9,10,28 However, there is a lack of literature regarding the development of EVA in PLWH from South Africa, where the vast majority are infected with HIV type-1 subtype C phenotype.29 Therefore, we investigated whether HIV infection relates to vascular structure and function in South African adults on first-line ART at different ages. Objective: We aimed to investigate whether HIV infection relates to vascular structure and function in black South African adults and whether this relationship is age dependent. keywords: africa; age; blood; cardiovascular; data; endoafrica; groups; health; hiv; hypertension; plwh; pressure; south; studies; study; vascular cache: hivmed-1335.htm plain text: hivmed-1335.txt item: #125 of 648 id: hivmed-134 author: None title: from the editor.html date: None words: 502 flesch: 43 summary: Two case series explore common complications of advanced HIV disease, including CMV retinitis (Laher), suggesting reasonable outcomes despite the absence of systemic therapy, and Pneumocystis pneumonia (Shaddock), providing evidence for lung fibrosis in individuals with advanced disease requiring ventilation. In another interesting piece, Gounden et al. investigate a case of how host genetics – here, allelic variation in the genes that promote tumour necrosis factor-alpha – may influence HIV disease progression. keywords: disease; hiv cache: hivmed-134.htm plain text: hivmed-134.txt item: #126 of 648 id: hivmed-135 author: None title: MESSAGE FROM EXECUTIVE.html date: None words: 600 flesch: 65 summary: We have made many remarkable achievements in the diagnosis, care and treatment of HIV infection, and we need to repeat this for TB. We decided that our objectives would now include partnering with governments to implement optimal HIV programmes and policies. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-135.htm plain text: hivmed-135.txt item: #127 of 648 id: hivmed-1351 author: None title: hivmed-1351 date: None words: 562 flesch: 32 summary: South Africa Charles Feldman Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Roos E. Barth Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands Diederick E. Grobbee Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands Willem D.F. Venter Ezintsha, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Alinda G. Vos Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands Ezintsha, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Citation Van den Berg OE, Shaddock EJ, Stacey SL, Instead of Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands, it should be Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. keywords: health; utrecht cache: hivmed-1351.htm plain text: hivmed-1351.txt item: #128 of 648 id: hivmed-1352 author: None title: hivmed-1352 date: None words: 4637 flesch: 53 summary: Prior studies of facility HIVST have reported an increase in HIV testing compared to standard HIV testing. Abstract Background: HIV testing is the first step for linkage to HIV prevention or treatment services. keywords: africa; client; clinic; data; facility; health; hiv; hivst; implementation; self; south; study; testing cache: hivmed-1352.htm plain text: hivmed-1352.txt item: #129 of 648 id: hivmed-1357 author: Office, Editorial title: Acknowledgement to reviewers date: 2021-12-21 words: 586 flesch: 32 summary: The editorial team of the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine recognises the value and importance of peer reviewers in the overall publication process – not only in shaping individual manuscripts, but also in shaping the credibility and reputation of our journal. http://www.sajhivmed.org.za Open Access Page 1 of 1 Reviewer AcknowledgementPage 1 of 1 Reviewer Acknowledgement Acknowledgement to reviewers In an effort to facilitate the selection of appropriate peer reviewers for the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, we ask that you take a moment to update your electronic portfolio on https:// sajhivmed.org.za for our files, allowing us better access to your areas of interest and expertise, in order to match reviewers with submitted manuscripts. keywords: https://sajhivmed.org.za; journal; medicine; reviewer cache: hivmed-1357.pdf plain text: hivmed-1357.txt item: #130 of 648 id: hivmed-136 author: None title: SOUTHERN.html date: None words: 7972 flesch: 54 summary: • What is the effect of PrEP on sexual behaviour and HIV risk? The use of oral antiretrovirals to prevent HIV infection among HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) has been shown to be safe and efficacious. keywords: adherence; africa; clients; exposure; hepatitis; hiv; infection; men; msm; prep; prevention; risk; sex; south; use cache: hivmed-136.htm plain text: hivmed-136.txt item: #131 of 648 id: hivmed-1363 author: None title: hivmed-1363 date: None words: 3148 flesch: 41 summary: in a case of a potentially preventable maternal death in South Africa, due to complications of hydatid cysts rupture.13 Surgical intervention of the cysts during the latter stages of pregnancy carries a greater chance of cyst rupture and may potentially precipitate early onset labour.9 Due to the limited data available in managing splenic hydatid disease in pregnancy, experts suggest a case-by-case assessment.7,9 Albendazole should be avoided in the first trimester due to potential teratogenic effects and all invasive therapeutic interventions that are deemed necessary should ideally be performed at 20–24 weeks gestation.10 Anti-helminthic drugs are considered safe in the latter stages of pregnancy; however, in the published studies where albendazole had been used in obstetric patients, the reported doses used were far lower than those required in hydatid disease.13 Medical management alone may be required in certain instances where the patient refuses surgical intervention, such as the case described by Tyagi et al. where albendazole was shown to reduce the size of daughter cysts although it had a limited affect in cyst reduction where the cysts were large.14 Despite a number of successful case reports, there is currently no data available to support medical treatment alone for hydatid disease in pregnancy.13 Hydatid disease has a post-surgical recurrence rate of about 10%; however, this risk is increased when the surgical procedure is performed in pregnancy.7 This is thought to be due to the decrease in cell-mediated immunity in the gravid state.7 Peritoneal recurrence can even present 4–15 years after splenectomy.15 The potential use of exogenous steroids has been explored in hydatid disease. Splenic hydatid disease in pregnancy. keywords: case; cysts; disease; hydatid; management; patient; pregnancy; report; spleen; splenic cache: hivmed-1363.htm plain text: hivmed-1363.txt item: #132 of 648 id: hivmed-1365 author: Office, Editorial title: Table of Contents Vol 22, No 1 (2021) date: 2021-12-30 words: 2703 flesch: -96 summary: Leon J. Levin, Juliet L. Horak, James Nuttall Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 22, No 1 | a1283 | 16 September 2021 Original Research Geographical variation in HIV testing in South Africa: Evidence from the 2017 national household HIV survey Sean Jooste, Musawenkosi Mabaso, Myra Taylor, Alicia North, Yolande Shean, Leickness C. Simbayi, Tarylee Reddy, Leonard Mwandingi, Tenielle Schmidt, Portia Nevhungoni, Samuel Manda, Khangelani Zuma Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 22, No 1 | a1273 | 31 August 2021 Original Research Five years after Treat All implementation: Botswana’s HIV response and future directions in the era of COVID-19 Keith Jefferis, Ava Avalos, Heston Phillips, Mpho Mmelesi, Dinah Ramaabya, Bornapate Nkomo, Charles Muthoga, Joseph N. Jarvis, Siphiwe Ratladi, Robert Selato, John Stover Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 22, No 1 | a1275 | 15 October 2021 362 366 369 378 http://www.sajhivmed.org.za Open Access Table of Contents Correction Erratum: Unexpected low frequency of respiratory symptoms in an HIV-positive urban sub-Saharan population compared to an HIV-negative control group Maren Kummerow, Erica J. Shaddock, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Roos B. Barth, Diederick E. Grobbee, W.D. Francois Venter, Charles Feldman, Alinda Vos Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 22, No 1 | a1180 | 19 April 2021 389 Correction Corrigendum: Southern African guidelines on the safe, easy and effective use of pre-exposure prophylaxis: 2020 Linda-Gail Bekker, Benjamin Brown, Dvora Joseph-Davey, Kathrine Gill, Michelle Moorhouse, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, Landon Myer, Catherine Orrell, Kevin Rebe, W.D. Francois Venter, Carole L. Wallis Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 22, No 1 | a1295 | 08 December 2021 Reviewer Acknowledgement Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 22, No 1 | a1357 | 21 December 2021 390 391 Page iv of iv Paula Vaz, Marco Vitoria, Lucas Molfino, Rachel T. Idowu, Nilesh Bhatt, Denise Naniche, Peter N. Le Souëf Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 22, No 1 | a1237 | 28 May 2021 Original Research Administering human immunodeficiency virus post-exposure prophylaxis: challenges experienced by mothers in Lusaka, Zambia Mildred Lusaka, Talitha Crowley Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 22, No 1 | a1183 | 27 January 2021 1 4 31 36 49 56 67 keywords: african; african journal; august; hiv medicine; journal; march; october; research; south africa; southern; southern african; venter; vol cache: hivmed-1365.pdf plain text: hivmed-1365.txt item: #133 of 648 id: hivmed-1366 author: None title: hivmed-1366 date: None words: 4490 flesch: 44 summary: Tracking adverse drug reactions and medication errors in the Central Chronic Medicine Dispensing and Distribution (CCMDD) programme in South Africa. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v23i1.1366 †, 1969–2021 Original Research Tracking adverse drug reactions and medication errors in the Central Chronic Medicine Dispensing and Distribution (CCMDD) programme in South Africa Kennedy Otwombe, Maggie Munsamy, Mukesh Dheda, Nishana Ramdas, Corlee Herbst, Merlin Pillay, Tanya van Tonder, Celicia Serenata, Samanta Lalla-Edward Received: 20 Dec. 2021; Accepted: 25 Feb. 2022; Published: 19 May 2022 Copyright: keywords: adrs; ccmdd; errors; health; medication; national; patients; programme; regimen; south; tld cache: hivmed-1366.htm plain text: hivmed-1366.txt item: #134 of 648 id: hivmed-1368 author: None title: hivmed-1368 date: None words: 2118 flesch: 42 summary: Conclusion: Patients with acquired EV require thorough, frequent examination for skin lesions with possible malignant transformation. The histology of acquired EV lesions is similar to that of inherited EV, with typical blue cells with pallor and mild acanthosis.3,10 keywords: epidermodysplasia; hiv; hpv; lesions; skin; verruciformis cache: hivmed-1368.htm plain text: hivmed-1368.txt item: #135 of 648 id: hivmed-137 author: None title: CLINICAL.html date: None words: 481 flesch: 58 summary: One-star cases are basic cases directed towards clinicians who are new to the practice of HIV or who intend to start providing HIV care. Case studies will be added on a regular basis to form a library of resources available to all Society members. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-137.htm plain text: hivmed-137.txt item: #136 of 648 id: hivmed-1371 author: None title: hivmed-1371 date: None words: 3342 flesch: 62 summary: Can southern Africa end new HIV infections by 2030? In 2014, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) launched an initiative to reduce HIV infections by 2020.2 Implementation of the 90-90-90% targets by 2020 began the following year. keywords: africa; aids; art; conference; hiv; new; south; treatment; women cache: hivmed-1371.htm plain text: hivmed-1371.txt item: #137 of 648 id: hivmed-1376 author: None title: hivmed-1376 date: None words: 3475 flesch: 41 summary: FIGURE 1: Anti-tuberculosis drug rechallenge following drug-induced liver injury in N-acetylcysteine randomised controlled trial participants. TABLE 3: Sequence of anti-tuberculosis drug rechallenge. keywords: anti; att; cape; cape town; drug; participants; rechallenge; town; tuberculosis cache: hivmed-1376.htm plain text: hivmed-1376.txt item: #138 of 648 id: hivmed-1377 author: None title: hivmed-1377 date: None words: 4758 flesch: 50 summary: Despite the high rate of condom usage among study respondents, findings revealed negative attitudes towards condom usage as 51/106 (48.1%) of respondents believed that condoms reduce sexual pleasure and 47/106 (44.3%) felt it was embarrassing for them to buy or collect condoms. Study population and sampling strategy Inclusion criteria were prospective respondents living with either vertically- or horizontally-acquired HIV and receiving HIV treatment, care and support from participating clinics, aged 18–24 years old, and willing to participate. keywords: africa; care; condom; data; health; hiv; people; respondents; sexual; south; srh; study; yplhiv cache: hivmed-1377.htm plain text: hivmed-1377.txt item: #139 of 648 id: hivmed-1378 author: None title: hivmed-1378 date: None words: 575 flesch: 51 summary: About the Author(s) Jackie L. Dunlop Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South AfricaDivision of Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Carol L. Tait Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa Moyahabo Mabitsi Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa Kate Rees Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South AfricaDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Citation Dunlop JL, Tait CL, Mabitsi M, Rees K. Where are the children? Naomi model estimates were compared with case finding data from the District Health Information System and universal HIV testing data from 10 primary health care clinics. keywords: health; johannesburg cache: hivmed-1378.htm plain text: hivmed-1378.txt item: #140 of 648 id: hivmed-1379 author: None title: hivmed-1379 date: None words: 614 flesch: 46 summary: About the Author(s) Carol L. Tait Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa Njabulo Mbanda Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa Rudairo Tumba Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa Marnie J. Vujovic Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa Kate Rees Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South AfricaSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Citation Tait CL, Mbanda N, Tumba R, Vujovic MJ, Rees K. Psychosocial support for adolescents and youth living with HIV during COVID-19: A differentiated approach is needed. The authors would like to thank the implementing psychosocial team from Anova Health Institute for embracing new ways to care for adolescents and youth despite the challenges, and also to the Department of Health teams for managing these clients at health facilities with dedication. keywords: health; johannesburg; south cache: hivmed-1379.htm plain text: hivmed-1379.txt item: #141 of 648 id: hivmed-138 author: None title: APPROACHES.html date: None words: 1000 flesch: 60 summary: When TDF stocks are adequate, patients can transition immediately back to TDF from d4T or AZT if they are virologically controlled and have normal creatinine levels. Peripheral neuropathy can be caused by d4T, so avoid in patients with pre-existing peripheral neuropathy. • Short-term side-effects of AZT include nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, fatigue, weakness and muscle pain. keywords: patient cache: hivmed-138.htm plain text: hivmed-138.txt item: #142 of 648 id: hivmed-1385 author: None title: hivmed-1385 date: None words: 5500 flesch: 42 summary: For Research Ethics Committees, conflicting positions in statutes, regulations and ethical guidelines about who provides informed consent for adolescent involvement in health research can be a significant barrier to approving adolescent research. Ethically acceptable consent approaches to adolescent research in South Africa. keywords: act; adolescents; africa; children; community; consent; engagement; guidelines; health; hiv; minors; research; south; south africa; university cache: hivmed-1385.htm plain text: hivmed-1385.txt item: #143 of 648 id: hivmed-139 author: None title: INTER.html date: None words: 4065 flesch: 62 summary: Relationship between CD4 count and CD4% in HIV infected people. Relationship between CD4 count and CD4% in HIV infected people. keywords: agreement; cd4; cells/µl; count; hours; lab; laboratories; laboratory cache: hivmed-139.htm plain text: hivmed-139.txt item: #144 of 648 id: hivmed-1391 author: None title: hivmed-1391 date: None words: 5841 flesch: 45 summary: Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccine; vaccine acceptance; Middle East; HIV Introduction For four decades, HIV/AIDS has been one of the world’s most serious public health challenges, with an estimated 36 million AIDS-related deaths worldwide since the start of the pandemic, and nearly 38 million people currently living with HIV.1 Despite having the lowest estimated HIV prevalence rates in the world (< 0.1%), the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is an area of growing concern, with a 47% increase in new infections and a 57% increase in AIDS-related deaths compared to 2010.2,3 In addition, in this region it is estimated that only 52% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) are aware of their status, and only 43% of all PLHIV are on antiretroviral treatment.2,4 In the midst of global and regional efforts to control the HIV epidemic, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emerged, continuing to threaten hard-won gains made against HIV through service disruption, COVID-19 myths among PLHIV, and potential unknown implications of Long-COVID and HIV comorbidity.5,6,7 As of December 2021, more than 17 million cases of COVID-19 and some 312 000 deaths have been reported across the region.8 Several MENA countries adopted strict containment measures to decrease the spread of COVID-19, including closing borders, schools, religious sites and public places, and imposing a full lockdown for certain periods of time.9 However, some of these measures intensified existing challenges to HIV care by impeding access to prevention, clinical care and treatment services,5,6 and by generating or exacerbating stress, depression and isolation among PLHIV.10 Increased risk of COVID-19 mortality among PLHIV, compared to their HIV-negative counterparts, was demonstrated in South Africa and the United Kingdom.11,12,13 Similarly, a study of over 15 000 cases of COVID-19 in PLHIV from 24 countries conducted by the World Health Organization found that PLHIV were at higher risk of severe or critical illness at the time of hospital admission and in-hospital mortality after controlling for age, gender and comorbidity burden.14 Vaccination is the most effective intervention to prevent severe illness and death from COVID-19.15 As of December 2021, over eight billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered globally, and 56% of the world population has received at least one dose.16 Despite this global progress, vaccination coverage remains very low in low- and lower-middle income countries, including those in the MENA region.17 Slow COVID-19 vaccine coverage reflects global supply issues as well as decreased demand due to vaccine hesitancy. The most significant predictors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance included feeling less worried about COVID-19 transmission post-vaccination (221.0% higher odds), and believing the disease is vaccine-preventable (160.0% higher odds). keywords: acceptance; cairo; covid-19; covid-19 vaccine; department; health; hiv; infectious; medicine; medicine department; plhiv; region; saudi; study; university; vaccination; vaccine; vaccine acceptance cache: hivmed-1391.htm plain text: hivmed-1391.txt item: #145 of 648 id: hivmed-1396 author: None title: hivmed-1396 date: None words: 5390 flesch: 48 summary: The authors did not objectively measure adherence to TB treatment once participants had been discharged, potentially introducing uncertainty into their measurement of the association between treatment status and mortality. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020436 Hirasen K, Berhanu R, Evans D, Rosen S, Sanne I, Long L. High rates of death and loss to follow-up by 12 months of rifampicin resistant TB treatment in South Africa. keywords: africa; cape town; faculty; health; hiv; mortality; participants; patients; sciences; south; study; treatment; tuberculosis cache: hivmed-1396.htm plain text: hivmed-1396.txt item: #146 of 648 id: hivmed-1398 author: None title: hivmed-1398 date: None words: 2607 flesch: 47 summary: TABLE 3: Integrase population and single genome sequences indicating associated drug resistance mutations. patients.5,6 The R263K mutation is commonly associated with the emergence of DTG resistance but reduces viral fitness and DNA integration.7,8 Here we describe a case of very slow viral decline (~42 months) in a treatment-experienced, INSTI-naïve patient on a DTG-based triple therapy regimen. keywords: department; drug; dtg; load; medicine; patient; resistance cache: hivmed-1398.htm plain text: hivmed-1398.txt item: #147 of 648 id: hivmed-140 author: None title: LUNG.html date: None words: 3571 flesch: 55 summary: The high mortality seen in this cohort of PcP patients was due to intractable respiratory failure from interstitial lung fibrosis. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) is one of the most common opportunistic infections found in patients with HIV. keywords: alveolar; carinii; failure; fibrosis; patients; pcp; pmid; pneumocystis; pneumonia cache: hivmed-140.htm plain text: hivmed-140.txt item: #148 of 648 id: hivmed-1405 author: None title: hivmed-1405 date: None words: 6103 flesch: 53 summary: Keywords: HIV; men who have sex with men; transgender women; sexually transmitted infections; pre-exposure prophylaxis; HIV prevention; South Africa. This prevalence varies geographically, with estimates as high as 30% in Cape Town to 51% in Port Elizabeth.5 South African MSM face high levels of societal stigma and discrimination as a result of traditional and conservative attitudes within the general population.6,7 There is also a lack of knowledge and training around managing the particular health needs and vulnerabilities of MSM, making it especially difficult for MSM to obtain clinically and culturally competent sexual health and HIV prevention services.8 keywords: adherence; africa; cape; days; hiv; men; msm; participants; prep; prevention; prophylaxis; sex; south; study; town cache: hivmed-1405.htm plain text: hivmed-1405.txt item: #149 of 648 id: hivmed-141 author: None title: LOCALISED.html date: None words: 3322 flesch: 52 summary: It has been noted, however, that systemic CMV symptoms have been misdiagnosed as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and tuberculosis, among others.14 No participant received systemic ganciclovir, but 6 reported symptom combinations suggesting systemic CMV: shortness of breath (n=3), diarrhoea (n=3) and/or central nervous system complaints (n=3). keywords: africa; art; cmv; ganciclovir; intravitreal; retinitis; south; study cache: hivmed-141.htm plain text: hivmed-141.txt item: #150 of 648 id: hivmed-1412 author: None title: hivmed-1412 date: None words: 5824 flesch: 48 summary: https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.1.20697 Sun J, Patel RC, Zheng Q, et al. COVID-19 disease severity among people with HIV infection or solid organ transplant in the United States: A nationally-representative, Multicenter, Observational Cohort Study [homepage on the Internet]. 2021, p. 21261028. Abstract Background: HIV infection causes immune dysregulation affecting T-cell and monocyte function, which may alter coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology. Objectives: We investigated the associations among clinical phenotypes, laboratory biomarkers, and hospitalisation outcomes in a cohort of people hospitalised with COVID-19 in a high HIV prevalence area. keywords: admission; africa; age; cd4; covid-19; department; disease; hiv; hospital; levels; mortality; patients; people; plwh; pretoria; south cache: hivmed-1412.htm plain text: hivmed-1412.txt item: #151 of 648 id: hivmed-1413 author: None title: hivmed-1413 date: None words: 5997 flesch: 53 summary: The WHO growth standard charts were constructed using growth reference data of exclusively breastfed infants and children from six socio-economically advantaged regions.22 One should consider the significant variability in child growth across different populations, such as in CLHIV compared to healthy children. Child growth according to maternal and child HIV status in Zimbabwe. keywords: art; children; clhiv; data; follow; gain; growth; health; hiv; infants; initiation; month; study; waz; weight; weight gain cache: hivmed-1413.htm plain text: hivmed-1413.txt item: #152 of 648 id: hivmed-1417 author: None title: hivmed-1417 date: None words: 4715 flesch: 45 summary: Methods Study design We conducted a cross-sectional study using secondary analysis of routinely collected programmatic data under the MSM and TG comprehensive HIV prevention programmes implemented by BZ through sub-recipients (SRs). Ethical considerations This study involved secondary analysis of routinely collected HIV prevention programme data that were collected as part of routine programme service delivery. keywords: africa; data; hiv; hrvs; men; msm; people; rights; south; violations cache: hivmed-1417.htm plain text: hivmed-1417.txt item: #153 of 648 id: hivmed-142 author: None title: ASSOCIATION.html date: None words: 5895 flesch: 55 summary: Pociot F, Briant L, Jongeneel CV, et al. Association of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and class II major histocompatibility complex alleles with the secretion of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta by human mononuclear cells: a possible link to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Pociot F, Briant L, Jongeneel CV, et al. Association of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and class II major histocompatibility complex alleles with the secretion of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta by human mononuclear cells: a possible link to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. keywords: -308; alpha; apoptosis; cd4; cell; factor; necrosis; polymorphism; promoter; tnf cache: hivmed-142.htm plain text: hivmed-142.txt item: #154 of 648 id: hivmed-1424 author: None title: hivmed-1424 date: None words: 4199 flesch: 52 summary: What this study adds: Evidence presented that HIV VL testing and suppression rates in children and adolescents in a high burden setting were sustained through the COVID pandemic. In addition, despite increased demands on laboratory testing for COVID-19, HIV VL testing capacity remained high and guidelines on VL testing remained unchanged throughout the study period. keywords: africa; art; children; covid-19; data; health; hiv; lockdown; pandemic; south; study; testing cache: hivmed-1424.htm plain text: hivmed-1424.txt item: #155 of 648 id: hivmed-1426 author: None title: hivmed-1426 date: None words: 6531 flesch: 54 summary: Financial incentivisation has become a popular strategy in different fields of HIV care and in other diseases with varied results.27 Yotebieng et al. conducted a study on prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) and concluded that small financial incentives improved the uptake of available services and boosted retention in the PMTCT cascade.28 El-Sadr et al. found a link between financial incentivisation and viral suppression in PLHIV.29 However, a Ugandan study found no effect of financial incentives on viral suppression,30 as did a study on improved linkage and retention of newly diagnosed PLHIV in Cape Town, South Africa.31 Such conflicting results cannot be fully understood solely by an analysis of quantitative data. Experiences in receiving financial incentives to access HIV care in Johannesburg, South Africa. keywords: africa; care; food; health; hiv; incentives; incentivisation; intervention; money; participants; people; research; south; study; years cache: hivmed-1426.htm plain text: hivmed-1426.txt item: #156 of 648 id: hivmed-1428 author: None title: hivmed-1428 date: None words: 1578 flesch: 42 summary: Risk factors associated with emergent dolutegravir resistance include intermittent adherence, drug-drug interactions, high baseline HIV-1 RNA and active opportunistic infections.9 Further research is needed to better understand the risks associated with the development of dolutegravir resistance and particularly when combined with pre-existing resistance to NRTIs, as well as strategies to mitigate dolutegravir resistance selection and second-line failure. There is, therefore, a need for appropriate surveillance programmes to monitor the emergence of dolutegravir resistance in second-line ART. keywords: art; cape town; dolutegravir; line; resistance; tenofovir cache: hivmed-1428.htm plain text: hivmed-1428.txt item: #157 of 648 id: hivmed-143 author: None title: LEVELS.html date: None words: 4849 flesch: 54 summary: Neopterin was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the HIV/TB co-infection group than in those without TB. Higher neopterin levels at baseline were associated with a decline in CD4 counts over the ensuing 6-month period, and patients with higher baseline neopterin levels developed more complications over the 6-month period. Conclusions. Higher neopterin levels at baseline were associated with a decline in CD4 counts and the development of more complications over the ensuing 6-month period. keywords: art; baseline; cd4; counts; group; hiv; infection; levels; neopterin; patients; procalcitonin cache: hivmed-143.htm plain text: hivmed-143.txt item: #158 of 648 id: hivmed-1435 author: None title: hivmed-1435 date: None words: 1813 flesch: 44 summary: However, emerging evidence from the NADIA, VISEND and DAWNING trials appears reassuring that viral suppression despite the presence of NRTI mutations is achievable.3,4,5 Despite the good virological suppression rates achieved in these trials, it is of concern that a small percentage of participants developed treatment emergent DTG resistance; 4.0% of NADIA partcipants at week 96 and 0.6% of DAWNING participants. In a systematic review, Cevik et al. report 15 cases of emergent InSTI resistance in patients on DTG: 5 cases in ART-naïve patients and 10 cases in ART experienced patients.1 As increasing numbers of cases of DTG resistance are reported, the question arises as to whether patients who are treatment experienced may be at higher risk of InSTI resistance. keywords: adherence; dtg; insti; patients; resistance; treatment cache: hivmed-1435.htm plain text: hivmed-1435.txt item: #159 of 648 id: hivmed-1439 author: None title: hivmed-1439 date: None words: 4501 flesch: 50 summary: A proposed management algorithm for late onset efavirenz neurotoxicity. Finally, efavirenz levels were compared between different subgroups in our case series. keywords: ataxia; data; efavirenz; hiv; late; levels; onset; participants; patients; pretoria; study; toxicity cache: hivmed-1439.htm plain text: hivmed-1439.txt item: #160 of 648 id: hivmed-144 author: None title: IS STAVUDINE.html date: None words: 827 flesch: 62 summary: Activists will argue that we should continue to lobby for increases in funding and reductions in drug cost. We commonly use inferior treatments owing to cost constraints; just one example is the use of amphoteracin B monotherapy to treat cryptococcal meningitis rather than the superior but more expensive combination of liposomal amphoteracin B and flucytosine. keywords: hiv; stavudine cache: hivmed-144.htm plain text: hivmed-144.txt item: #161 of 648 id: hivmed-1442 author: None title: hivmed-1442 date: None words: 3199 flesch: 51 summary: Conclusion: Egyptian HIV-infected patients show a high incidence rate of HCV infection especially among those who have a history of IDU. HIV prevalence in the general population.14 Over the past 10 years, incidence of HIV increased by 25% – 35% every year with men who have sex with men (MSM) and PWID being the most affected groups.14 There are scarce data about the burden of and risk factors for HCV infection among PLHIV in Egypt. keywords: cairo; egypt; hcv; hepatitis; hiv; incidence; infection; medicine; patients; rate cache: hivmed-1442.htm plain text: hivmed-1442.txt item: #162 of 648 id: hivmed-1446 author: None title: hivmed-1446 date: None words: 5658 flesch: 52 summary: The role of CHWs in HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa include educating families, caregivers, and communities about HIV/AIDS and its symptoms, as well as preparing PLWH for ART and the possible side effects they may experience.6 Since low health literacy has been associated with poor health outcomes,7 there is growing interest in ways to improve patients’ health literacy in order to improve retention in care and treatment adherence.8,9 Traditional ways of patient education have met with limited success10,11 and many health disciplines have started experimenting with gamification, where gaming techniques are used to engage audiences and make everyday tasks more fun and engaging. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v17i1.476 Mwai GW, Mburu G, Torpey K, Frost P, Ford N, Seeley J. Role and outcomes of community health workers in HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. keywords: adherence; care; control; games; group; health; hiv; intervention; months; participants; retention; study; treatment; wbphcot cache: hivmed-1446.htm plain text: hivmed-1446.txt item: #163 of 648 id: hivmed-145 author: Raemaekers, Melissa title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2012-06-07 words: 542 flesch: 44 summary: Regarding anaemia in the context of HIV infection 17. Regarding pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection 18. keywords: hiv; levels cache: hivmed-145.pdf plain text: hivmed-145.txt item: #164 of 648 id: hivmed-1450 author: None title: hivmed-1450 date: None words: 7953 flesch: 42 summary: Conclusion Acknowledgements References About the Author(s) Remco P.H. Peters Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, East London, South Africa Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Nigel Garrett Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Nomathemba Chandiwana Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Ranmini Kularatne Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Adrian J. Brink Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Karen Cohen Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Katherine Gill Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Thato Chidarikire National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa Camilla Wattrus Southern African HIV Clinicians Society (SAHCS), Johannesburg, South Africa Jeremy S. Nel Helen Joseph Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Mahomed Y.S. Moosa Department of Infectious Disease, Division of Internal Medicine, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Linda-Gail Bekker Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Citation Peters RPH, Garrett N, Chandiwana N, et al. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.228486 Unemo M, Bradshaw CS, Hocking JS, et al. keywords: africa; et al; gonorrhoeae; health; hiv; infection; management; patients; resistance; screening; sex; south; sti; syphilis; table; testing; trachomatis; transm; treatment; women cache: hivmed-1450.htm plain text: hivmed-1450.txt item: #165 of 648 id: hivmed-1452 author: None title: hivmed-1452 date: None words: 4120 flesch: 47 summary: Effect of obesity on dolutegravir exposure in Black Southern African adults living with HIV. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v23i1.1452 Original Research Effect of obesity on dolutegravir exposure in Black Southern African adults living with HIV Enkosi Mondleki, Clifford G. Banda, Nomathemba C. Chandiwana, Simiso Sokhela, Lubbe Wiesner, Francois Venter, Gary Maartens, Phumla Z. Sinxadi Received: 31 Aug. 2022; Accepted: 31 Oct. 2022; Published: 13 Dec. 2022 Copyright: keywords: africa; cape; dolutegravir; exposure; gain; hiv; obesity; participants; pharmacokinetic; south; study; town; weight cache: hivmed-1452.htm plain text: hivmed-1452.txt item: #166 of 648 id: hivmed-1455 author: None title: hivmed-1455 date: None words: 3844 flesch: 47 summary: This approach is contrary to recommendations from other settings for increased frequency of cervical cancer screening and follow-up amongst people living with HIV due to faster progression of disease.1 Targeted vaccination with the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is recommended as data suggest that this decreases the risk of developing cervical cancer, although it does not remove the need for screening.2 Limited data from other settings3,4,5 and anecdotal evidence suggested that the burden of cervical abnormalities might be substantial in young women with perinatally acquired or early childhood HIV infection. Keywords: perinatal HIV; young women; visual inspection with acetic acid; cervical cancer screening; Africa. keywords: abnormalities; age; botswana; cancer; data; hiv; prevalence; screening; women; years; youth cache: hivmed-1455.htm plain text: hivmed-1455.txt item: #167 of 648 id: hivmed-1458 author: None title: hivmed-1458 date: None words: 2000 flesch: 45 summary: We present the first paediatric case of DTG resistance identified in a treatment-experienced integrase strand inhibitor (InSTI)-naïve adolescent in KwaZulu-Natal. In this case, family issues with a lack of supervision resulted in suboptimal adherence, which resulted in the emergence of DTG resistance. keywords: adherence; case; dtg; hiv; resistance; treatment cache: hivmed-1458.htm plain text: hivmed-1458.txt item: #168 of 648 id: hivmed-146 author: van den Berg, Karen title: A review of the use of blood and blood products in HIV-infected patients date: 2012-06-07 words: 18613 flesch: 55 summary: GUIDELINE COVER FINAL COVER.indd June 2012, Vol. 13, No. 2 SAJHIVMED 87 R EV IEW ‘Blood transfusion is like marriage: it should not be entered upon lightly, unadvisedly or wantonly, or more often than is absolutely necessary. There have been numerous requests from members of the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society for guidance and direction on blood transfusion in HIV-infected patients. keywords: anaemia; blood; blood products; blood transfusion; cause; cell; deficiency; disease; e.g.; hiv; infection; iron; loss; management; marrow; patients; platelet; practice; products; risk; t t; therapy; thrombocytopaenia; transfusion; treatment; use cache: hivmed-146.pdf plain text: hivmed-146.txt item: #169 of 648 id: hivmed-1464 author: Office, Editorial title: Acknowledgement to reviewers date: 2022-12-14 words: 580 flesch: 34 summary: The editorial team of the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine recognises the value and importance of peer reviewers in the overall publication process – not only in shaping individual manuscripts, but also in shaping the credibility and reputation of our journal. za for our files, allowing us better access to your areas of interest and expertise, in order to match reviewers with submitted manuscripts. keywords: access; https://sajhivmed.org.za; journal; medicine; reviewer; van cache: hivmed-1464.pdf plain text: hivmed-1464.txt item: #170 of 648 id: hivmed-1465 author: None title: hivmed-1465 date: None words: 689 flesch: 31 summary: About the Author(s) Remco P.H. Peters Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, East London, South Africa Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Nigel Garrett Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Nomathemba Chandiwana Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Ranmini Kularatne Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Adrian J. Brink Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Karen Cohen Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Katherine Gill Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Thato Chidarikire National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa Camilla Wattrus Southern African HIV Clinicians Society (SAHCS), Johannesburg, South Africa Jeremy S. Nel Helen Joseph Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Mahomed Y.S. Moosa Department of Infectious Disease, Division of Internal Medicine, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Linda-Gail Bekker Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Citation Peters RPH, Garrett N, Chandiwana N, et al. keywords: cape town; south africa; university cache: hivmed-1465.htm plain text: hivmed-1465.txt item: #171 of 648 id: hivmed-1467 author: None title: hivmed-1467 date: None words: 2626 flesch: 46 summary: COP26 special report on climate change and health: the health argument for climate action. Wealthy nations must step up support for Africa and vulnerable countries in addressing past, present and future impacts of climate change The 2022 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) paints a dark picture of the future of life on earth, characterised by ecosystem collapse, species extinction, and climate hazards such as heatwaves and floods.1 These are all linked to physical and mental health problems, with direct and indirect consequences of increased morbidity and mortality. keywords: africa; change; chief; climate; department; editor; faculty; health; medicine; university; world cache: hivmed-1467.htm plain text: hivmed-1467.txt item: #172 of 648 id: hivmed-1470 author: None title: hivmed-1470 date: None words: 4301 flesch: 44 summary: Conclusion: Antiretroviral prescribing errors in the form of drug omissions in ART regimens, incorrect dosing and dosing frequencies, lack of formulation considerations, and inadequate monthly supplies of antiretrovirals were commonly observed in this review. Introduction In South Africa (SA), since 2010, nurses have taken on various HIV care tasks, such as HIV diagnosis and prescribing antiretroviral treatment (ART), adopting the task-shifting approach developed by the World Health Organization (WHO).1,2 This decision led to the decentralisation of ART services to rural primary healthcare (PHC) facilities, where professional nurses were trained and capacitated in the Nurse-Initiated Management of ART (NIMART) programme.3,4,5,6,7,8,9 keywords: aids; art; children; dosing; errors; health; hiv; medication; nurses; prescribed; prescribing; south; study; therapy; treatment cache: hivmed-1470.htm plain text: hivmed-1470.txt item: #173 of 648 id: hivmed-1471 author: None title: hivmed-1471 date: None words: 3257 flesch: 43 summary: Unique gut microbiome in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) suggests association with chronic inflammation. The impact of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis on mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. keywords: art; capd; dialysis; hiv; kidney; patients; peritonitis; plwh; survival cache: hivmed-1471.htm plain text: hivmed-1471.txt item: #174 of 648 id: hivmed-1475 author: Office, Editorial title: Table of Contents Vol 23, No 1 (2022) date: 2022-12-31 words: 2185 flesch: -199 summary: Report Multiple opportunistic infections (pulmonary tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex and parvovirus B19) in a single patient Midhun T. John, Michelle Venter, Jenifer Vaughan, Marianne Black, Daniel Prince, Aishwarya M. Luke, Mithra John Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 23, No 1 | a1319 | 25 January 2022 Case Report Alere Determine-tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan positivity in disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacteria: An illustrative case series Riana Greyling, Graeme Meintjes, Bianca Sossen Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 23, No 1 | a1369 | 04 April 2022 Case Report Splenic hydatid disease in pregnancy Kirstie F. Thomson, Florence Mahlobo, Denasha L. Reddy Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 23, No 1 | a1363 | 26 May 2022 Case Report Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in vertically acquired HIV and epidermodysplasia verruciformis Linda A. Mandikiyana Chirimuta, Francis J. Ndowa, Margaret J. Pascoe Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 23, No 1 | a1368 | 27 June 2022 Case Report Emergent dolutegravir resistance in integrase-naïve, treatment experienced patients from Zimbabwe Linda A. Mandikiyana Chirimuta, Margaret J. Pascoe, Sara Lowe Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 23, No 1 | a1435 | 26 October 2022 Conference Abstracts Where are the children? A differentiated approach is needed Carol L. Tait, Njabulo Mbanda, Rudairo Tumba, Marnie J. Vujovic, Kate Rees Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 23, No 1 | a1379 | 14 April 2022 Conference Abstracts Understanding patients reinitiating antiretroviral therapy in two South African districts Kate Rees, Melanie Bisnauth, Cara O’Connor, Tshifhiwa Ramvhulela, Nomzamo Vali Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 23, No 1 | a1380 | 14 April 2022 Correction Corrigendum: The influence of HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment on pulmonary function in individuals in an urban setting in sub-Saharan Africa Oda E. van den Berg, Erica J. Shaddock, Sarah L. Stacey, Charles Feldman, Roos E. Barth, Diederick E. Grobbee, Willem D.F. Venter, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Alinda G. Vos Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 23, No 1 | a1351 | 20 May 2022 Correction Erratum: Southern African HIV Clinicians Society 2022 guideline for the management of sexually transmitted infections: Moving towards best practice Remco P.H. Peters, Nigel Garrett, Nomathemba Chandiwana, Ranmini Kularatne, Adrian J. Brink, Karen Cohen, Katherine Gill, Thato Chidarikire, Camilla Wattrus, Jeremy S. Nel, Mahomed Y.S. Moosa, Linda-Gail Bekker Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 23, No 1 | a1465 | 24 November 2022 Reviewer Acknowledgement Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 23, No 1 | a1464 | 14 December 2022 257 258 259 260 261 keywords: african journal; april; hiv medicine; linda; research; southern; southern african; van; vol cache: hivmed-1475.pdf plain text: hivmed-1475.txt item: #175 of 648 id: hivmed-1482 author: None title: hivmed-1482 date: None words: 4940 flesch: 52 summary: The high positivity rate highlights the importance of providing a sero-neutral approach to HIV testing, including integrating prevention messaging and linkage to PrEP services. Keywords: index contacts testing; routine data; HIV case-finding; seroconversion; sero-different couples; pre-exposure prophylaxis; REDCAP; U=U. What this study adds: This study has found high positivity rates in people who have recently tested for HIV and provides evidence for the importance of integrating prevention messaging and services into HIV testing. keywords: africa; art; health; hiv; index; negative; people; prep; prevention; project; services; south; testing cache: hivmed-1482.htm plain text: hivmed-1482.txt item: #176 of 648 id: hivmed-149 author: None title: From the editor.html date: None words: 551 flesch: 49 summary: For better or worse, infant feeding is likely to remain an important topic for years to come. More generally, these two ongoing debates raise important questions about what we know and how well we know it. keywords: evidence; stavudine cache: hivmed-149.htm plain text: hivmed-149.txt item: #177 of 648 id: hivmed-1490 author: None title: hivmed-1490 date: None words: 3756 flesch: 48 summary: Furthermore, it has been shown that coverage of cervical cancer screening in South Africa may be as low as 19.3%.2 The South African Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (SASOG) currently recommends that in WLWH cervical cancer screening should start at the time of HIV diagnosis and continue three-yearly in low-resource settings, or annually in high-resource settings, and continue throughout the woman’s lifetime. Despite recommendations for a screening target of 70%, the reported rate of cervical cancer screening in South Africa is 19.3%. keywords: africa; cancer; department; health; hiv; johannesburg; screening; south; women; years cache: hivmed-1490.htm plain text: hivmed-1490.txt item: #178 of 648 id: hivmed-1497 author: None title: hivmed-1497 date: None words: 5328 flesch: 48 summary: More than 40 years after the discovery of HIV and AIDS, one of the last remaining HIV vaccine candidates in late-stage clinical trials (MOSAIC trial) failed to show efficacy in preventing HIV infection compared to a placebo.1 In the continued absence of an effective HIV vaccine, alternative HIV prevention approaches remain critical to stemming the ongoing high annual incidence of new HIV infections.2 While an effective approach, this was viewed as unpalatable by most and unfeasible by many, and failed to stem the tide of HIV infections that was to come. keywords: acting; africa; cab; cabotegravir; exposure; hiv; injectable; long; oral; prep; prevention; prophylaxis; women cache: hivmed-1497.htm plain text: hivmed-1497.txt item: #179 of 648 id: hivmed-150 author: None title: message from executive.html date: None words: 468 flesch: 70 summary: It seems a great pity to have made such massive progress in HIV treatment, and then lose our people to TB. We must ensure that our guidelines for all aspects of HIV care and prevention are challenged and aligned with international guidelines. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-150.htm plain text: hivmed-150.txt item: #180 of 648 id: hivmed-1500 author: None title: hivmed-1500 date: None words: 1007 flesch: 47 summary: The South African ADVANCE study reported more weight gain in participants randomised to dolutegravir than efavirenz, which was more marked among women.3 This observation has caused concern because women in sub-Saharan Africa have a higher prevalence of both HIV and obesity than men.4 There are two hypotheses for the greater weight gain observed with dolutegravir than efavirenz: dolutegravir may be causing weight gain or efavirenz may be impairing weight gain. Weight gain is most marked if ART is started with CD4 counts below 200 cells/μL.1 Women gain more weight after starting ART than men.1 keywords: dolutegravir; efavirenz; gain; weight cache: hivmed-1500.htm plain text: hivmed-1500.txt item: #181 of 648 id: hivmed-1506 author: None title: hivmed-1506 date: None words: 1454 flesch: 55 summary: South Africa’s recently released 2023 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV2 come with many welcome improvements for infants and children living with HIV. South Africa has lagged behind other countries in offering daily dosing of palatable, simple, well-tolerated and effective paediatric antiretroviral formulations to children with HIV.1 keywords: africa; children; health; hiv; south cache: hivmed-1506.htm plain text: hivmed-1506.txt item: #182 of 648 id: hivmed-151 author: None title: maternal.html date: None words: 6105 flesch: 55 summary: HIV transmission can occur throughout the period of breastfeeding, therefore complete abstention from breastfeeding will obviously not permit any transmission to occur via this route. The basis for this claim is mathematical modelling, conducted by several different groups (including myself)29 in the 1990s, calculating the competing risks of HIV transmission associated with breastfeeding v. the increased risk of uninfected child deaths owing to abstention from breastfeeding. keywords: breastfeeding; child; et al; formula; health; hiv; infant; transmission cache: hivmed-151.htm plain text: hivmed-151.txt item: #183 of 648 id: hivmed-153 author: None title: why have.html date: None words: 2796 flesch: 52 summary: Conclusion The key to Uganda’s success in rapidly bringing down HIV rates was the way Uganda fairly rapidly recognised the importance of encouraging ‘zero grazing’ or reducing extra partners.17 Unfortunately, HIV is still viewed by too many in South Africa as being a disease of poverty and inequality. Kenyon C. “Differential poverty rates are responsible for the racial differentials in HIV prevalence in South Africa”; an enduring and dangerous epidemiological urban legend? keywords: africa; concurrency; factors; hiv; prevalence; south cache: hivmed-153.htm plain text: hivmed-153.txt item: #184 of 648 id: hivmed-154 author: None title: low-dose.html date: None words: 2544 flesch: 56 summary: The study design is not controversial; however, the choice of study drug has attracted critical attention. due to antiretroviral toxicity or contraindication in the first 3 years of antiretroviral therapy in a large South African cohort. keywords: abacavir; children; hiv; stavudine; study; tenofovir; toxicity cache: hivmed-154.htm plain text: hivmed-154.txt item: #185 of 648 id: hivmed-155 author: None title: why it's time.html date: None words: 3254 flesch: 55 summary: The study found people receiving ongoing and concurrent TB treatment to be at increased risk of toxicity leading to stavudine substitution, irrespective of stavudine dose (30 and 40 mg). HIV i-Base 3 Treatment Action Campaign 4 Médecins Sans Frontières, South Africa 5 Treatment Action Group Editor’s note: The previous issue of the SAJHIV (December 2011) carried an Opinion piece by Innes, Cotton and Venter regarding the potential value of low-dose of stavudine (20 mg twice a day). keywords: dose; line; regimen; stavudine; study; tenofovir; treatment cache: hivmed-155.htm plain text: hivmed-155.txt item: #186 of 648 id: hivmed-156 author: None title: access.html date: None words: 5480 flesch: 62 summary: POSTERIOR ESTIMATES OF MODEL PARAMETERS Symbol Mean (95% CI) Parameters for untreated adults Annual rate of progression from CD4 >500 to 350 - 500 λ1 0.34 (0.28 - 0.39) Annual rate of progression from CD4 350 - 500 to 200 - 349 λ2 0.48 (0.40 - 0.58) Annual rate of progression from CD4 200 - 349 to <200 λ3 0.32 (0.25 - 0.39) Annual rate of HIV mortality if CD4 <200 λ4 0.21 (0.16 - 0.27) Ratio of HIV mortality at CD4 200 - 349 to HIV mortality at CD4 <200 θ 0.13 (0.05 - 0.24) Parameters for treated adults Probability of permanent loss to care in first 6 months after ART start κ0 0.078 (0.028 - 0.141) Annual probability of permanent loss to care after first 6 months of ART κ1 0.048 (0.018 - 0.087) Proportion of permanent loss to care that is due to death ν 0.74 (0.53 - 0.92) TABLE 2. keywords: africa; art; cd4; hiv; model; patients; south; treatment cache: hivmed-156.htm plain text: hivmed-156.txt item: #187 of 648 id: hivmed-157 author: None title: safety.html date: None words: 7293 flesch: 56 summary: The choice of an ART regimen for pregnant women is complicated by the need to take into account the health and safety of both the mother and baby. According to the latest South African National Antenatal Survey (2010), 30.2% of pregnant women in South Africa were HIV-positive,3 maternal mortality was 6 times higher among HIV-positive women, and more than half of all maternal deaths were attributable to HIV.4 About 40 000 children in South Africa are infected with HIV each year, with HIV/AIDS a major contributor to infant mortality in South Africa.5 keywords: africa; aids; efavirenz; efv; hiv; nevirapine; november; nvp; pregnancy; risk; south; women cache: hivmed-157.htm plain text: hivmed-157.txt item: #188 of 648 id: hivmed-158 author: None title: chronic.html date: None words: 1902 flesch: 43 summary: Risks for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization or infection among patients with HIV infection. Risks for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization or infection among patients with HIV infection. keywords: aureus; hiv; infection; methicillin; mrsa; staphylococcus cache: hivmed-158.htm plain text: hivmed-158.txt item: #189 of 648 id: hivmed-159 author: Raemaekers, Melissa title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2012-03-13 words: 730 flesch: 61 summary: Although lipo-atrophy occurs with stavudine, it is highly reversible after stopping stavudine use. Neuropathy is a complication of stavudine use that may be more likely in patients receiving TB co-treatment. 19. keywords: answer cache: hivmed-159.pdf plain text: hivmed-159.txt item: #190 of 648 id: hivmed-16 author: Myer, Landon title: Message from the Editor date: 2014-05-23 words: 1007 flesch: 42 summary: Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(2):50- 54. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(2):46-49. keywords: health; hiv; journal; medicine cache: hivmed-16.pdf plain text: hivmed-16.txt item: #191 of 648 id: hivmed-162 author: None title: FEEDING HIV-EXPOSED.html date: None words: 738 flesch: 43 summary: But far from ending the debate on infant feeding, these new policies have refreshed the discussion. We hope the Society will take up the challenge of developing guidelines on infant feeding in the coming months, as this is an important time to present a balanced voice on a topic that remains contentious. keywords: debate; feeding; hiv cache: hivmed-162.htm plain text: hivmed-162.txt item: #192 of 648 id: hivmed-163 author: None title: executive date: None words: 115 flesch: 70 summary: The prior Executive and interim Board have created a strong, well-run organisation, and the new Board will be responsible for making it even better. By the time you read this, there will be a new Board for the Society, a new President and a new Memorandum of Association (legal speak for a constitution) for the Society in place. keywords: executive cache: hivmed-163.htm plain text: hivmed-163.txt item: #193 of 648 id: hivmed-164 author: None title: HIV AND INFANT.html date: None words: 3718 flesch: 54 summary: A failure to meet any of these requirements will mean that transmission rates of infant HIV could start escalating again. This position is contrary even to the 2010 WHO HIV and infant feeding policy, on which the South African policy is based, which recommended that decisions be made by ‘national or sub-national health authorities’ in recognition of in-country variances.15 THE NEW PROPOSAL IS RETROGRESSIVE IN TERMS OF SUPPORTING WOMEN’S CHOICE AND ANTI-POOR Arguing that parents can pay for formula from their own pockets if they choose this option may seem reasonable, but this denies access to an estimated 25 000 infants in whom formula feeding may be safely undertaken, but is unaffordable. keywords: breastfeeding; child; children; feeding; health; hiv; replacement; south cache: hivmed-164.htm plain text: hivmed-164.txt item: #194 of 648 id: hivmed-165 author: None title: 11-13.html date: None words: 3161 flesch: 60 summary: It is unclear whether pre-ART care services are currently being offered to large numbers of patients, and it is our opinion that comprehensive guidelines based on effective models of pre-ART care are urgently needed. Pre-ART patients are prescribed multivitamins or co-trimoxazole and counts of returned pills are used to assess readiness for ART. keywords: africa; art; care; health; hiv; patients; south; therapy cache: hivmed-165.htm plain text: hivmed-165.txt item: #195 of 648 id: hivmed-166 author: None title: WHY SHOULD WE.html date: None words: 2233 flesch: 56 summary: The impact of reducing stavudine dose versus switching to tenofovir on plasma lipids, body composition and mitochondrial function in HIV-infected patients. The impact of reducing stavudine dose versus switching to tenofovir on plasma lipids, body composition and mitochondrial function in HIV-infected patients. keywords: antiretroviral; dose; hiv; stavudine cache: hivmed-166.htm plain text: hivmed-166.txt item: #196 of 648 id: hivmed-167 author: None title: identifying missed.html date: None words: 6226 flesch: 54 summary: Possible factors contributing to this problem include mothers who test at a clinic and then deliver in hospital; ‘cryptic’ written communication between health facilities about patients’ HIV status in an attempt to maintain confidentiality; women’s reluctance to disclose HIV status due to stigma; and health care workers’ reluctance to offer HIV testing or to enquire about HIV status. South Africa has 5.6 million people living with HIV, including approximately 280 000 children1 who suffer disproportionate morbidity and double the mortality of their HIV-uninfected counterparts.2 , 3 Past progress in reducing national child mortality has been reversed by paediatric HIV, with under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) increasing from 56 to 67 deaths per 1 000 live births between 1990 and 2008.4 Much of the increase in the U5MR can be accounted for by deaths in young HIV-infected infants, many of whom progress rapidly to AIDS and death from opportunistic infections, without early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART).5 , 6 South Africa introduced the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART programmes nationwide in 2001 and 2004, respectively. keywords: africa; age; art; children; health; hiv; hospital; infants; months; mortality; paediatric; pmtct; south; status cache: hivmed-167.htm plain text: hivmed-167.txt item: #197 of 648 id: hivmed-168 author: None title: PREVALENCE OF POSTNATAL.html date: None words: 4960 flesch: 59 summary: Depressive symptoms and AIDS-related mortality among a multisite cohort of HIV positive women. Depressive symptoms and AIDS-related mortality among a multisite cohort of HIV positive women. keywords: depression; et al; health; hiv; postnatal; social; support; women cache: hivmed-168.htm plain text: hivmed-168.txt item: #198 of 648 id: hivmed-169 author: None title: SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT.html date: None words: 3066 flesch: 49 summary: The prospective randomised and controlled Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial reported that oral prednisone alone had no benefit over placebo and may increase the future risk of repeat episodes of optic neuritis, while intravenous methylprednisolone 1 g daily for 3 days followed by 11 days of oral prednisone 1mg/kg/day was associated with slightly faster visual recovery compared with placebo.17 Nevertheless, visual recovery within 2 weeks was marked for most participants, regardless of treatment arm.17 Treatment for atypical optic neuritis includes treating the underlying cause. We report a case of a young HIV-infected woman who developed optic neuritis as her presenting manifestation of HIV infection. keywords: eye; hiv; infection; neuritis; neuropathy; ophthalmol; optic; patients; treatment cache: hivmed-169.htm plain text: hivmed-169.txt item: #199 of 648 id: hivmed-17 author: Conradie, Francesca title: Message from the Executive date: 2014-05-23 words: 443 flesch: 65 summary: • Patients who are receiving TDF, 3TC and EFV as single drugs can be changed to the FDC at their next dispensing or medical visit. M E S S A G E A5 HIV 2014 advert -lanscape.indd 1 2014/05/13 11:30 AM 44 SAJHIVMED JUNE 2014, Vol. 15, No. 2 MESSAGE From the Executive When the Minister of Health announced that the National Department of Health was introducing fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) into the antiretroviral programme in December 2012, as HIV clinicians we welcomed the decision. keywords: fdc cache: hivmed-17.pdf plain text: hivmed-17.txt item: #200 of 648 id: hivmed-170 author: None title: KHAYELITSHA 2001.html date: None words: 5033 flesch: 49 summary: KHAYELITSHA 2001.html REVIEW KHAYELITSHA 2001 - 2011: 10 YEARS OF PRIMARY CARE HIV AND TB PROGRAMMES Daniela Belen Garone1,2, MD, PhD Katherine Hilderbrand1,2, BSc, MSc Andrew M Boulle2, MB ChB, MSc, FCPHM, PhD David Coetzee2, MB ChB, MSc, FCPHM Eric Goemaere1,2, MD, DSc Gilles Van Cutsem,1,2 MD, DTM&H, MPH Donela Besada1,2, BSc, MPH 1Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa 2Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV care in Khayelitsha, and in South Africa as a whole, has overcome numerous obstacles in the past three decades. The evolution of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV care in Khayelitsha, and in Africa as a whole, has overcome numerous obstacles in the past three decades: poor leadership in acknowledging the HIV crisis, inadequate provision of appropriate scientific interventions, and scepticism about the feasibility of treatment programmes in settings challenged with extreme resource constraints. keywords: art; care; community; health; hiv; khayelitsha; patients; south; treatment cache: hivmed-170.htm plain text: hivmed-170.txt item: #201 of 648 id: hivmed-171 author: None title: MISINTERPRETATION.html date: None words: 1297 flesch: 40 summary: Participants explained that this would make it easy to mobilise individuals and communities to abstain from sex or engage in safe sex, as it can be done without distinction of whether one is HIV-positive or negative. To the Editor: We refer to the letter to the editor by MacPhail et al. 1 discussing the specifics of Whiteside and Parkhurst’s article in the April 2010 issue of the Journal.2 MacPhail et al. reported that they theoretically agreed with Whiteside and Parkhurst that refraining from sex during the acute HIV infection period might reduce the rate of HIV transmission when implemented on a wide scale.1 They summarised the scientific logic of the ‘safe sex/no sex’ prevention strategy, and explained what the acute HIV infection period is and how critical it is in the transmission of HIV. keywords: hiv; sex cache: hivmed-171.htm plain text: hivmed-171.txt item: #202 of 648 id: hivmed-172 author: Fani, Gertrude title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2011-12-01 words: 672 flesch: 58 summary: True (A) or false (B): Postnatal depression does not have HIV-related risk factors (e.g. related to stigmatisation of HIV infection or non-disclosure of HIV status) and does not appear more commonly in HIV-infected compared with uninfected women. Regarding the development of HIV services in Khayelitsha, Cape Town: 14. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-172.pdf plain text: hivmed-172.txt item: #203 of 648 id: hivmed-175 author: None title: pg4-5.html date: None words: 538 flesch: 46 summary: A case report on HIV and primary lymphoma of the breast (Barnardt) reminds us of the unusual complications that can accompany advanced HIV disease, while another case report demonstrates the value of simple microscopy in diagnosing a deep fungal infection in an HIV-infected child (Crous). FROM THE EDITOR New directions at the Journal As some readers of the South African Journal of HIV Medicine will know, Professor Linda-Gail Bekker has elected to step down as editor, and I am moving into this position beginning with the September issue. keywords: hiv; journal cache: hivmed-175.htm plain text: hivmed-175.txt item: #204 of 648 id: hivmed-176 author: None title: pg4-5.html date: None words: 271 flesch: 67 summary: The plan suggests that there will be more firm targets on everything from monitoring the number of people on ART to human rights abuses to drug stock-outs, and some dramatic ‘game changers’. Through its members, the Society has contributed a lot to the draft that it is hoped will be out in the next few weeks. keywords: plan cache: hivmed-176.htm plain text: hivmed-176.txt item: #205 of 648 id: hivmed-177 author: None title: HIV Immunopaedia.html date: None words: 1938 flesch: 47 summary: We will use clinical case studies to highlight common diagnostic decision points as a mechanism to educate clinicians on laboratory tools and interpretation of results. Workshop participants evaluate case study material. keywords: case; hiv; immunology; immunopaedia; learning; south cache: hivmed-177.htm plain text: hivmed-177.txt item: #206 of 648 id: hivmed-178 author: None title: pg9-11.html date: None words: 2894 flesch: 58 summary: This is a vital question in HIV treatment and prevention services. In San Francisco, new HIV diagnoses decreased along with mean community viral load from 2004 to 2008.9 In Taiwan, there was a more than 50% decrease in HIV infections ascertained by community surveillance after the introduction of free ART.10 In British Columbia from 1996 to 2009, the number of people receiving ART increased from 837 to 5 413, while the number of new HIV diagnoses fell over 50% from 702 to 338 per year.11 Because of the possibility of confounding factors, these observational studies alone do not prove a causal effect, although they are strongly suggestive. keywords: art; hiv; therapy cache: hivmed-178.htm plain text: hivmed-178.txt item: #207 of 648 id: hivmed-179 author: None title: pg12-13.html date: None words: 2086 flesch: 42 summary: There are no data available to suggest a viral load at which HIV transmission is unlikely to occur with an antenatal invasive procedure, and data from general MTCT studies cannot be extrapolated to cases with invasive procedures. There is limited literature on invasive obstetric procedures in the context of maternal HIV infection. keywords: hiv; procedure; risk cache: hivmed-179.htm plain text: hivmed-179.txt item: #208 of 648 id: hivmed-18 author: Strode, Ann; Richter, Marlise; Wallace, Melissa; Toohey, Jacintha; Technau, Karl title: Failing the vulnerable: Three new consent norms that will undermine health research with children date: 2014-05-23 words: 3647 flesch: 54 summary: Furthermore, such children may not volunteer for health research, as they do not have an adult with the legal authority to provide proxy consent. Strode A, Slack C. Using the concept of parental responsibilities and rights to identify adults able to provide proxy consent to child research in South Africa. keywords: africa; children; consent; government; health; hiv; parents; research; section; south cache: hivmed-18.pdf plain text: hivmed-18.txt item: #209 of 648 id: hivmed-180 author: None title: pg14-20.html date: None words: 7439 flesch: 59 summary: Chandra et al., who assessed HIV knowledge among a group of Indian patients with mental illness at baseline and 5 days later after an HIV risk reduction programme, showed that brief HIV-focused educational intervention can improve knowledge.16 However, different methodologies employed in the various studies make it difficult to ascertain accurate knowledge among psychiatric patients. Sullivan G, Koegel P, Kanouse DE, et al. HIV and people with serious mental illness: the public sector's role in reducing HIV risk and improving care. keywords: aids; et al; health; hiv; illness; knowledge; patients; psychiatric; risk; sex; study cache: hivmed-180.htm plain text: hivmed-180.txt item: #210 of 648 id: hivmed-181 author: None title: pg21-22.html date: None words: 1885 flesch: 62 summary: 3. SOMA vision – virtual simulator picture for the patient with breast lymphoma. Primary breast lymphoma in a male patient. keywords: aids; breast; cancer; lymphoma cache: hivmed-181.htm plain text: hivmed-181.txt item: #211 of 648 id: hivmed-182 author: None title: pg23-25.html date: None words: 1305 flesch: 56 summary: Discussion HIV-1 infection has been established as a risk factor for fungaemia in both children3 and adults.4 The routine use of fungal blood cultures remains controversial, being advocated by some authors6 and discouraged by others.7 Microscopic examination of the peripheral blood smear revealed a significant leucopenia, despite contradicting automated counts. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:598-599. 7. Mess T, Daar E. Utility of fungal blood cultures for patients with AIDS. keywords: blood; clin; count; dis; infect cache: hivmed-182.htm plain text: hivmed-182.txt item: #212 of 648 id: hivmed-183 author: None title: pg26-31.html date: None words: 3390 flesch: 48 summary: Consideration is being given to providing state-funded ART to everyone at a CD4 count of 350 cells/µl or less; this would be especially beneficial to MSM, since the risk of HIV transmission is much higher during unprotected penile-anal sex than during unprotected penile-vaginal sex, and lowering the viral load of positive MSM is likely to provide a large reduction in HIV transmission. Until recently, African MSM have been under-researched and under-resourced, and this has contributed to their stigmatisation. keywords: africa; care; health; hiv; msm; prevention; sex; south; treatment cache: hivmed-183.htm plain text: hivmed-183.txt item: #213 of 648 id: hivmed-184 author: None title: pg32.html date: None words: 526 flesch: 52 summary: These groups of skin conditions are ‘Blisters’, ‘Papulosquamous conditions’, Papules and nodules’, ‘Ulcers’, ‘Nails’, ‘Oral lesions’, ‘Miscellaneous’ and ‘Antiretroviral therapy’. pg32.html BOOK REVIEW Written by two dermatologists from the University of KwaZulu-Natal’s Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, the much-needed 2nd edition of the Atlas of Skin Conditions in HIV/AIDS is now available. keywords: conditions; skin cache: hivmed-184.htm plain text: hivmed-184.txt item: #214 of 648 id: hivmed-185 author: Fani, Gertrude title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2011-09-30 words: 701 flesch: 51 summary: In contexts where the invasive obstetric procedure is urgent and an HIV- infected woman has not received any form of antiretrovirals, initiation of therapy immediately before or after the procedure may still provide some measure of protection against HIV transmission. In terms of post-exposure prophylaxis, unprotected anal intercourse is a low-risk activity for HIV transmission, and it is appropriate to use 2-drug PEP. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-185.pdf plain text: hivmed-185.txt item: #215 of 648 id: hivmed-188 author: None title: message_from_editor.html date: None words: 383 flesch: 52 summary: HIV testing has evolved since the onset of the era of successful treatment, and HIV testing is now less of a privacy issue and more of a health issue. Nixon and colleagues remind us that rehabilitation and the rehabilitation sciences are important in HIV care. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-188.htm plain text: hivmed-188.txt item: #216 of 648 id: hivmed-189 author: None title: message_from_executive.html date: None words: 192 flesch: 62 summary: I'll be particularly interested in the sessions on the revamping of primary care in South Africa and on nurse-initiated ART (NiMART). The meeting is a major event on the conference circuit, and is jam-packed with exciting events, talks and seminars, as well as debates about everything from behaviour change to the responsibilities of donors. keywords: care cache: hivmed-189.htm plain text: hivmed-189.txt item: #217 of 648 id: hivmed-190 author: None title: pg6-11.html date: None words: 2483 flesch: 47 summary: The main objectives are to integrate HIV testing into routine medical care, thereby facilitating early diagnosis. POST-TEST COUNSELLING Positive Negative  • Inform client of positive test result  • Inform the client of negative test result  • Explore client’s understanding of results and their implications and supports client in adjusting to result, or refers client to on-site lay counsellor  • Give client messages about prevention and how to remain negative, e.g. medical male circumcision, condom use, and reduction in the number of concurrent sexual partners  • Inform client of need for HIV care, treatment, support and re-infection  • Guide client to develop a risk reduction and behaviour change plan  • Advise client of need to get partner/s tested as partner/s may be negative  • Advise client that partner needs to be tested  • Encourage disclosure to an at-risk third party; discuss to whom, when and how this will be done  • Offer tuberculosis questionnaire assessment and refer for investigation if necessary  • Offer tuberculosis questionnaire assessment and refers for investigation if necessary  • Reinforce the need for annual testing  • Perform WHO clinical staging  • Make an appointment for retesting at 32 weeks for pregnant women  • Collect blood for CD4 count and make follow-up appointment for results  • Refer client to nearby community-based resources for: • partner testing • window period retesting for people at risk of recent exposure • additional prevention counselling  • Cervical screening (Pap smear) and pregnancy test for females    • Refer to appropriate support service as required    • Nutrition    • Psychosocial support    • For pregnant women, discuss: • plans for childbirth • the availability and use of antiretroviral drugs where indicated to prevent mother-to-child transmission • infant feeding options and support for the mother in implementing her infant feeding choice • HIV testing for the infant and the necessary follow-up • partner testing    • Record all information required in the client records     Fig. keywords: client; counselling; health; hiv; pict; testing cache: hivmed-190.htm plain text: hivmed-190.txt item: #218 of 648 id: hivmed-191 author: None title: pg12-17.html date: None words: 3707 flesch: 47 summary: Similarly, the South African Disability Alliance in co-operation with the South African National AIDS Council identified that people living with HIV are at increased risk for developing disability.21 Furthermore, a recent research meeting in KwaZulu-Natal identified the disabling effects of HIV as a priority.22 We argue that this is the beginning of a trend that will see rehabilitation become a key component of HIV care. A CRUCIAL COMPONENT IN THE FUTURE OF HIV CARE AND SUPPORT Stephanie Nixon, BHSc (Physiotherapy), PhD Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Canada, International Centre for Disability and Rehabilitation, Canada, and Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Lisa Forman, LLB, SJD Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto, Canada Jill Hanass-Hancock, DrPhill HEARD, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Muriel Mac-Seing, BScN (Nursing), MSc Handicap International, Kenya Norbert Munyanukato, MD UNHCR/COOPI, Chad Hellen Myezwa, MCSP (Physiotherapy), PhD Department of Physiotherapy, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Chiara Retis, BSc (Physiotherapy) Handicap International, France Provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not an end in itself but a means to achieving improved wellness for people living with HIV. keywords: africa; aids; care; disability; health; hiv; people; rehabilitation; south cache: hivmed-191.htm plain text: hivmed-191.txt item: #219 of 648 id: hivmed-192 author: Menon, Sonia title: Cervical cancer prevention in settings of high HIV prevalence date: 2011-05-26 words: 2898 flesch: 51 summary: In contrast to a very small subset of the many immunocompetent women infected with oncogenic types of HPV who develop cervical cancer, women infected with HIV are thought to be 3 - 5 times more likely to develop cervical lesions that can become cancerous.4 Both pre-invasive disease and invasive cervical cancer have been reported to have a much poorer outcome in HIV-infected women than in the general population.5 Similar to cervical disease progression, recurrent disease after treatment is correlated with low CD4 cell counts.6 The impact of HAART has led to some improved resolution of abnormal Pap smears, but has not made a significant impact on the risk of cervical cancer in HIV-infected women.7 keywords: cancer; high; hiv; hpv; prevalence; screening; women cache: hivmed-192.pdf plain text: hivmed-192.txt item: #220 of 648 id: hivmed-193 author: None title: pg22-24.html date: None words: 1709 flesch: 48 summary: Cervical HIV RNA was dichotomised as detectable (>=40 copies/ml) or undetectable. TABLE I. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENROLLED WOMEN AND ASSOCIATION WITH DETECTION OF CERVICAL HIV RNA   Detection of cervical HIV RNA     N keywords: flora; hiv; rna; women cache: hivmed-193.htm plain text: hivmed-193.txt item: #221 of 648 id: hivmed-194 author: None title: pg25-26.html date: None words: 1857 flesch: 53 summary: Most series have reported Kaposi’s sarcoma to be the commonest malignancy in HIV patients, mainly as a result of the documented association between this malignancy and HIV infection.15 Purulent pericarditis was noted in the majority of HIV-negative patients. Staphylococcus aureus pericarditis in HIV infected patients. keywords: effusion; hiv; patients cache: hivmed-194.htm plain text: hivmed-194.txt item: #222 of 648 id: hivmed-195 author: None title: pg27-30.html date: None words: 3389 flesch: 59 summary: IPT, together with intensified case finding and infection control, is collectively referred to as the ‘3 Is’ strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO).2 In a recent meta-analysis of 12 trials and 8 578 randomised HIV-infected subjects >13 years of age, TB preventive therapy (any anti-TB drug) versus placebo resulted in a lower incidence of active TB (relative risk (RR) 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54 - 0.85). IPT for HIV-infected adults refers to giving INH to those without active TB. keywords: children; exposure; hiv; ipt; isoniazid; therapy; tuberculosis cache: hivmed-195.htm plain text: hivmed-195.txt item: #223 of 648 id: hivmed-196 author: None title: pg31-44.html date: None words: 12335 flesch: 51 summary: When these discussions do take place, patients report that the tone is strongly judgemental – often discouraging individuals from childbearing regardless of their desires – with an exclusive focus on the need for contraception and condom use.6 IEnsuring that patients have a basic understanding of HIV transmission and conception is fundamental to safer conception in HIV. If you have any questions ask your counsellor or health care provider. TABLE I. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COMMON CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, AND THEIR SAFETY IN HIV INFECTION Method Failure rate/100 woman-years Impact on disease progression Increased HIV transmission to partner Impact on HAART or tuberculosis treatment Oral combined oral contraceptive 0.2 - 3 No conclusive evidence of harm: can use No conclusive evidence of harm: can use Drug interaction with some NNRTIs: do not use Drug interaction with rifampicin and related TB drugs: do not use DMPA and NET-EN (injectable progestins) 0 - 2 No conclusive evidence of harm: can use No conclusive evidence of harm: can use HAART: can use, no need to increase dose or injection frequency TB drugs: can use, no need to increase dose or injection frequency Male condom Careful use: 0.4 - 8 Typical use: around 10 None: may prevent re-infection Barrier method protects partner N/A Female condom Careful use: 5 Typical use: 21 None: may prevent re-infection Barrier method protects partner N/A Copper IUCD 0.1 - 0.3 Evidence on safety reassuring: can use Limited evidence but reassuring: can use No interactions Levonorgestrel IUCD 20 0.1 - 0.3 Limited evidence of safety reassuring: can use Little evidence but extrapolating from Cu IUCD can use No interactions Male and female sterilisation Female 0 - 0.5 Male 0 - 0.2 keywords: art; care; cd4; child; conception; couples; fertility; health; hiv; load; male; partner; pregnancy; resource; risk; study; transmission; use; women cache: hivmed-196.htm plain text: hivmed-196.txt item: #224 of 648 id: hivmed-197 author: None title: pg45-46.html date: None words: 1935 flesch: 64 summary: Breast tuberculosis: diagnosis, clinical features and management. Breast tuberculosis: diagnosis, clinical features and management. keywords: breast; hiv; med; report; tuberculosis cache: hivmed-197.htm plain text: hivmed-197.txt item: #225 of 648 id: hivmed-198 author: None title: pg47-48.html date: None words: 1186 flesch: 49 summary: The impact of oesophageal cancer and its treatment on survival in AIDS patients can only be ascertained with long-term follow-up. However, the recent improvement in life expectancy in AIDS patients means that oesophageal malignancies should be treated aggressively to ensure maximal survival in this challenging subgroup. keywords: aids; cancer; oesophageal; patient cache: hivmed-198.htm plain text: hivmed-198.txt item: #226 of 648 id: hivmed-199 author: Fani, Gertrude title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2011-05-26 words: 504 flesch: 68 summary: HIV transmission is independent of HIV viral load in the blood. Concerning safer conception in HIV infected couples: True (A) or false (B):10. Pre-exposure prophylaxis involves giving antiretroviral therapy to HIV-uninfected individuals to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition. keywords: true cache: hivmed-199.pdf plain text: hivmed-199.txt item: #227 of 648 id: hivmed-20 author: Mnyani, Coceka Nandipha; Marinda, E; Struthers, H; Gulley, M; Machepa, R; McIntyre, J title: Timing of antenatal care and ART initiation in HIV-infected pregnant women before and after introduction of NIMART date: 2014-05-23 words: 1539 flesch: 49 summary: DOI:10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1009 It is widely acknowledged that the highest risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV is in HIV-infected women with low CD4+ counts, who are eligible for antiretroviral therapy (ART).[1] Timely initiation of ART in this group is critical to decreasing paediatric HIV infection and HIV-related maternal morbidity and mortality.[2,3] ART initiation in pregnancy is also associated with better maternal immunological and virological outcomes compared with starting ART after pregnancy.[4] Prior to the current prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) guidelines, criteria for ART initiation in pregnant women were based on a CD4+ count of ≤350 cells/µl, or World Health Organization (WHO) stage 3 or 4 disease regardless of CD4+ count.[5] This led to delays in referral and initiating treatment, and as a result, a significant proportion of ART- eligible pregnant women would go through pregnancy with- out starting treatment.[7] Nurse-initiated and managed ART (NIMART) in antenatal clinics was introduced to address these challenges, supported by evidence that integration of ART with antenatal care decreases time to initiation and increases the proportion of pregnant women initiated.[8-10] Pregnant women need to access antenatal care early for timeous treatment initiation. keywords: antenatal; art; health; initiation; women cache: hivmed-20.pdf plain text: hivmed-20.txt item: #228 of 648 id: hivmed-202 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: From the Editor date: 2011-04-19 words: 909 flesch: 60 summary: We are encouraged to harness the energy of young people for an HIV prevention revolution, revitalise the push towards achieving universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support by 2015, work with countries to make HIV programmes more cost effective, efficient and sustainable, promote the health, human rights and dignity of women and girls, and ensure mutual accountability to translate commitments into action. A recently released report by United Nations Secretary- General Ban Ki-moon, titled Uniting for Universal Access: Towards Zero New HIV Infections, Zero Discrimination and Zero AIDS-related Deaths, highlights the facts that the global rate of new HIV infections is declining, treatment access is expanding, and the world has made significant strides in reducing transmission from mother to child. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-202.pdf plain text: hivmed-202.txt item: #229 of 648 id: hivmed-203 author: Venter, Francois title: Message from the Executive date: 2011-04-19 words: 909 flesch: 60 summary: We are encouraged to harness the energy of young people for an HIV prevention revolution, revitalise the push towards achieving universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support by 2015, work with countries to make HIV programmes more cost effective, efficient and sustainable, promote the health, human rights and dignity of women and girls, and ensure mutual accountability to translate commitments into action. A recently released report by United Nations Secretary- General Ban Ki-moon, titled Uniting for Universal Access: Towards Zero New HIV Infections, Zero Discrimination and Zero AIDS-related Deaths, highlights the facts that the global rate of new HIV infections is declining, treatment access is expanding, and the world has made significant strides in reducing transmission from mother to child. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-203.pdf plain text: hivmed-203.txt item: #230 of 648 id: hivmed-204 author: Campbell, Laura Mary title: Children’s palliative care in South Africa: An urgent need for an evidence base date: 2011-04-19 words: 1186 flesch: 51 summary: I N E There is an urgent need to develop and/or expand palliative care for children in South Africa, and this editorial emphasises the scarcity of an evidence base on which to base clinical and operational decisions. Research elsewhere in Africa shows that when a nurse-led community-based children’s palliative care intervention is available there are increased referrals, increased prescriptions of essential drugs and improved compliance with treatment regimens.8,9 However, the findings from such studies cannot be directly transcribed to the South African context, where care of children is conducted by relatively unskilled home- based care workers, perhaps with little or no support from professionals trained in palliative care. keywords: africa; care; children; palliative cache: hivmed-204.pdf plain text: hivmed-204.txt item: #231 of 648 id: hivmed-205 author: Gounden, Rianna title: A clinical assessment of antiretroviral-treated patients referred from the private sector to the South African government antiretroviral (ARV) programme: A retrospective analysis date: 2011-04-19 words: 3549 flesch: 61 summary: Stavudine was used in regimens of 96% of all government patients compared with 50% of private sector patients. The index subjects (private group) were patients previously on ART in the private sector who entered the government programme, and the control subjects A CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF ANTIRETROVIRAL-TREATED PATIENTS REFERRED FROM THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN GOVERNMENT ANTIRETROVIRAL (ARV) PROGRAMME: keywords: cd4; government; group; median; patients; sector cache: hivmed-205.pdf plain text: hivmed-205.txt item: #232 of 648 id: hivmed-206 author: Pfaff, Colin; de Beer, Johriaan title: Expanding acess to HIV counselling and testing at schools – The Manguzi experience date: 2011-04-19 words: 3016 flesch: 62 summary: Drama has been recognised as a key medium to reach young people and has been used successfully to motivate adolescents to undertake HIV testing, both in South Africa18 and in Malawi.19 In Khayelitsha HIV testing increased by 172% in sites that had received a drama presentation compared with sites that had not.18 However, none of these drama programmes were combined with offering HIV testing as part of the same programme. In Uganda the Kitovu mission hospital has successfully provided a mobile VCT service in school settings whereby, at one outpost, a van is parked at the school and offers same-day testing.17 Mpilonhle, a non-governmental organisation working 200 km further south in the same district as TU,20 has developed a similar strategy, offering HIV testing as part of a general health check using mobile caravans on site at schools. keywords: counselling; drama; hiv; programme; south; testing; vct cache: hivmed-206.pdf plain text: hivmed-206.txt item: #233 of 648 id: hivmed-207 author: Boulle, A; Thompson, M L; Laubscher, R; Johnson, L F; Sayed, R; Brody, L L; Draper, B; Cotton, M F; Abdullah, F; Myers, J E; Bourne, D E title: Provincial differences in infant deaths in South Africa – an effect of antiretroviral interventions? date: 2011-04-19 words: 3212 flesch: 68 summary: Further, we did not attempt to analyse mortality trends by cause of death, owing to the low proportion of HIV- related deaths recorded as being due to HIV.23 We have, however, demonstrated previously that the peak at 2 - 3 months of age was absent in the small proportion of infant deaths where HIV was unlikely to be related to the underlying cause.8 We have identified a single province out of 9 South African provinces in which a peak in early infant deaths at 2 - 3 months of age did not occur during the period 1997 - 2007. It is possible that these interventions have averted the greater increase in early infant deaths seen in the rest of South Africa over this period. keywords: africa; age; deaths; health; hiv; infant; months; south cache: hivmed-207.pdf plain text: hivmed-207.txt item: #234 of 648 id: hivmed-208 author: Tathiah, N; Parboosing, R; Pudifin, D; Mahabeer, S title: HIV and serum protein electrophoresis patterns in Kwazulu Natal: A retrospective study date: 2011-04-19 words: 1655 flesch: 55 summary: The hallmark of HIV infection is impairment and dysregulation of the immune system. Specific defects in the humoral arm of the immune system, such as polyclonal activation of B cells, have been widely described in HIV infection. keywords: hiv; monoclonal; patients cache: hivmed-208.pdf plain text: hivmed-208.txt item: #235 of 648 id: hivmed-209 author: Mendelson, Marc title: Management of HIV-hepatitis B co-infection date: 2011-04-19 words: 6104 flesch: 52 summary: I N E HBV infection is increased in intravenous drug users (IVDUs), men who have sex with men (MSM) and partners of HBsAg-positive patients, Other high-risk groups that might be targeted include sex workers, patients with chronic liver disease, home-based caregivers of HBV patients, travellers, prisoners, police, traditional healers, and people involved in high-risk contact sports such as boxing. However, two studies from urban clinics in Johannesburg documented HBsAg positivity rates in HIV patients of 5%8 and 4.8%,9 with a higher rate of 17% reported from an industrial clinic setting.10 This guideline is intended to update and expand on those included in the ‘Antiretroviral therapy in adults’ guideline published in the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine of January 2008 (Vol. 9, No. 1 (Summer issue), pp. 18-31). keywords: art; cd4; disease; hbsag; hbv; hepatitis; hiv; infection; liver; patients; vaccination cache: hivmed-209.pdf plain text: hivmed-209.txt item: #236 of 648 id: hivmed-210 author: Goodier, Matthew; Rubin, Grace title: Nonspecific radiographic manifestations of cytomegalovirus infection in 4 HIV-positive adults – diagnosis through transbronchial biopsy date: 2011-04-19 words: 1593 flesch: 53 summary: Bronchoscopic biopsy confirmed CMV infection. In a study comparing CT findings in these two infections in 58 immunocompromised HIV- negative patients, small and centrilobular nodules, unsharp demarcation of the ground-glass infiltrates and consolidation favoured CMV pneumonia, while an apical distribution and the occurrence of a mosaic pattern suggested PCP.1 keywords: cmv; diagnosis; patients cache: hivmed-210.pdf plain text: hivmed-210.txt item: #237 of 648 id: hivmed-211 author: Malek, Liat; Rubin, Grace; Lucas, Susan title: HIV and bullous lung disease date: 2011-04-19 words: 1238 flesch: 54 summary: Spontaneous pneumothoraces were a common complication in patients with bullous lung disease. Other studies also emphasise the role of HIV in premature emphysema and bullous lung disease. keywords: disease; hiv; lung cache: hivmed-211.pdf plain text: hivmed-211.txt item: #238 of 648 id: hivmed-212 author: Dolan, R; Maritz, D; Wallis, L; Parak, M title: Bilateral lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy due to HIV seroconversion date: 2011-04-19 words: 1163 flesch: 60 summary: The presence of acute HIV infection in this case is supported by the low CD4 count and high viral load. Investigations showed aseptic meningitis, with a low CD4 count of 352 cells/µl and an elevated viral load (5 300 counts/ml, log = 3.72), in keeping with acute HIV infection. keywords: hiv; palsy cache: hivmed-212.pdf plain text: hivmed-212.txt item: #239 of 648 id: hivmed-213 author: Ucciferri, Claudio; Falasca, Katia; Mancino, Paola; Tommasi, Roberto; Tatasciore, Alfonso; Vecchiet, Jacopo title: Effects of dual renin-angiotensin system blockade on proteinuria in a hypertensive black African HIV-infected patient date: 2011-04-19 words: 1784 flesch: 50 summary: Several studies support the use of combination therapy with angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in the general population,4 but there are no data on dual RAS blockade effects in HIV- positive patients with proteinuria. Several studies have reported beneficial effects of dual RAS blockade on kidney disease progression and proteinuria reduction in the general population. keywords: disease; hiv; ras; renal cache: hivmed-213.pdf plain text: hivmed-213.txt item: #240 of 648 id: hivmed-214 author: Kenyon, Chris; Wearne, Nicci; Burton, Rosie; Meintjes, Graeme title: The risks of concurrent treatment with tenofovir and aminoglycosides in patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis date: 2011-04-19 words: 2555 flesch: 50 summary: Kidney tubular abnormalities in the absence of impaired glomerular function in HIV patients treated with tenofovir. Importantly, in 11 of the 17 studies in the meta-analysis patients with abnormal renal function at baseline were excluded, and the majority of the studies reviewed were clinical trials from which patients on other nephrotoxic medications were likely to have been excluded.15 These studies may therefore have underestimated the risk of tenofovir nephrotoxicity by excluding patients at higher risk. keywords: creatinine; hiv; patients; renal; tenofovir; treatment cache: hivmed-214.pdf plain text: hivmed-214.txt item: #241 of 648 id: hivmed-215 author: MacPhail, C; Pettifor, A; Corneli, A title: Feasibility and acceptability of sexual abstinence for interruption of HIV transmission among individuals with acute HIV infection - formative data from chavi 001 date: 2011-04-19 words: 811 flesch: 47 summary: The authors suggest that a limited period of population-wide sexual abstinence might be an effective and low-cost method of interrupting the transmission of HIV, particularly among individuals with acute HIV infection (AHI). Pilcher CD, Tien HC, Eron JJ, Jr., Vernazza PL, Leu SY, Stewart PW, et al. Brief but efficient: acute HIV infection and the sexual transmission of HIV. keywords: hiv; individuals; infection cache: hivmed-215.pdf plain text: hivmed-215.txt item: #242 of 648 id: hivmed-216 author: Regondi, Ilaria title: Book review date: 2011-04-19 words: 1187 flesch: 70 summary: The book succinctly takes stock of what the world of HIV has achieved, what it could have done differently, and what it should do today to ensure that 2031, the anniversary marking 50 years since AIDS was first reported, will be a party and not a funeral. It is no coincidence, for instance, that the HIV/AIDS co-ordinating body for Swaziland, a country with one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world, was named the National Emergency Response Council on HIV and AIDS (NERCHA). keywords: aids; hiv cache: hivmed-216.pdf plain text: hivmed-216.txt item: #243 of 648 id: hivmed-217 author: Fani, Gertrude title: CPD questionaire date: 2011-04-19 words: 649 flesch: 64 summary: Concerning hepatitis B infection in HIV: 13. True (A) or false (B) – click on the correct answer: Vaccinate patients with hepatitis B vaccine regardless of CD4 count. keywords: answer cache: hivmed-217.pdf plain text: hivmed-217.txt item: #244 of 648 id: hivmed-22 author: Zingela, Zukiswa; Bronkhorst, A; Qwesha, W M; Magigaba, B P title: Fatal nevirapine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome with HIV-associated mania date: 2014-05-23 words: 1388 flesch: 55 summary: HIV enters the central nervous system early in the course of HIV infection and causes a range of neuropsychiatric complications, inclu- ding HIV encephalopathy, depression, ma- nia, cognitive disorders and frank demen tia. The fatal outcome raises questions regarding the initiation of ART in patients with similar presentations and the role played by the following factors in the development and clinical outcome of SJS/TEN: HIV infection, CD4+ count, causative drug, age, gender and use of steroids during the acute stages. keywords: art; day; hiv; nevirapine; sjs; syndrome cache: hivmed-22.pdf plain text: hivmed-22.txt item: #245 of 648 id: hivmed-220 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: From the Editor date: 2010-11-04 words: 803 flesch: 59 summary: Cassim and colleagues re-ignite the hope that we can eradicate paediatric HIV in South Africa with a report on the outcomes of HAART-based PMTCT in the private sector in KZN. Many will feel a sense of foreboding or déjà vu as authors Kao and Hung make a plea for thinking of HIV co-infection in patients with extra-pulmonary TB. keywords: hiv; journal cache: hivmed-220.pdf plain text: hivmed-220.txt item: #246 of 648 id: hivmed-221 author: Venter, Francois title: Message from the Executive date: 2010-11-04 words: 803 flesch: 59 summary: Cassim and colleagues re-ignite the hope that we can eradicate paediatric HIV in South Africa with a report on the outcomes of HAART-based PMTCT in the private sector in KZN. Many will feel a sense of foreboding or déjà vu as authors Kao and Hung make a plea for thinking of HIV co-infection in patients with extra-pulmonary TB. keywords: hiv; journal cache: hivmed-221.pdf plain text: hivmed-221.txt item: #247 of 648 id: hivmed-222 author: Cassim, Shakira M; Botha, Julia H title: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission outcomes in the private sector in central Durban date: 2010-11-04 words: 1557 flesch: 64 summary: 2. Geddes R, Knight S, Reid S, Giddy J, Esterhuizen T, Roberts C. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme: low vertical transmission in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The authors of that paper also reported results of two studies in the public sector, in 2002 and 2006, respectively, where transmission rates of 8.7% and 20.8% were achieved with a PMTCT drug regimen comprising single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP).2 These were in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal respectively, while in the Western Cape in 2003 a rate of 8.8% was recorded for women given dual therapy of zidovudine (ZDV) from 34 weeks and sdNVP.3 keywords: hiv; infants; transmission cache: hivmed-222.pdf plain text: hivmed-222.txt item: #248 of 648 id: hivmed-223 author: Kwaan, Leith; Kindra, Gurpreet; Mdutyana, Lulama; Coutsoudis, Anna title: Prevention is better than cure – the art of avoiding non-adherence to antiretroviral treatment date: 2010-11-04 words: 2698 flesch: 51 summary: I N E Strategies for improving patient behaviour and enhancing drug adherence exist but are often complex, requiring much one-to-one patient counselling, and they are often implemented too late, once poor habits have already been established. Our programme compares favourably with other studies that report mean adherence measured by medicine returns. keywords: adherence; art; hiv; mean; patients; programme; treatment cache: hivmed-223.pdf plain text: hivmed-223.txt item: #249 of 648 id: hivmed-224 author: Walwyn, David R; Maitshotlo, Boitumelo title: The role of South African traditional health practitioners in the treatment of HIV/AIDS; A study of their practices and use of herbal medicines date: 2010-11-04 words: 4701 flesch: 49 summary: Although some progress is evident, THP approaches to HIV treatment fail to conform to minimum standards proposed by the World Health Organization and other organisations, and represent a considerable challenge to the integration of THPs with the biomedical sector and the antiretroviral treatment programme in South Africa. Considering that HIV patients on traditional medicines are taking on average less than 150 mg of the active compound(s), the net dose is only a fraction of the required therapeutic dose, and the possibility that a level of viral control is achieved is remote. keywords: african; aids; health; hiv; medicine; patients; sector; south; thps; traditional; treatment cache: hivmed-224.pdf plain text: hivmed-224.txt item: #250 of 648 id: hivmed-225 author: Katusiime, Christine; Ocama, Ponsiano; Kambugu, Andrew title: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome among adolescents: A report of cases in a resource-limited setting (Uganda) date: 2010-11-04 words: 2174 flesch: 58 summary: IRIS in HIV-infected patients results from a pathological inflammatory response to pre-existing infective, host or other antigens, alive or dead, causing clinical deterioration after initiating ART.1 The most common forms of IRIS occur in association with mycobacterial and herpesvirus infections.2 Adolescents and young adults comprise an increasing proportion of new HIV infections both in developing and developed countries, and little is known regarding HIV IRIS in this group. ‘Tuberculosis’ after commencing antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients from countries where Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is common. keywords: blood; hiv; iris cache: hivmed-225.pdf plain text: hivmed-225.txt item: #251 of 648 id: hivmed-226 author: van den Berg, Karin title: SANBS's policy on blood donations from men who have sex with men date: 2010-11-04 words: 2174 flesch: 58 summary: IRIS in HIV-infected patients results from a pathological inflammatory response to pre-existing infective, host or other antigens, alive or dead, causing clinical deterioration after initiating ART.1 The most common forms of IRIS occur in association with mycobacterial and herpesvirus infections.2 Adolescents and young adults comprise an increasing proportion of new HIV infections both in developing and developed countries, and little is known regarding HIV IRIS in this group. ‘Tuberculosis’ after commencing antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients from countries where Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is common. keywords: blood; hiv; iris cache: hivmed-226.pdf plain text: hivmed-226.txt item: #252 of 648 id: hivmed-227 author: Clayden, Polly; Black, Vivian; Boulle, Andrew; Coovadia, Ashraf Hassen; Venter, Francois title: Efavirenz in pregnancy date: 2010-11-04 words: 4921 flesch: 58 summary: Birth defect data were recorded at study visits. Ford N, Mofenson L, Kranzer K, et al. Safety of efavirenz in first trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes from observational cohorts. keywords: birth; defects; efavirenz; nevirapine; pregnancy; trimester; women cache: hivmed-227.pdf plain text: hivmed-227.txt item: #253 of 648 id: hivmed-228 author: Kao, Kuo-Yao; Hung, Tsung-I title: Tuberculous abdominal abscess in an HIV-infected man: Neither infection previously diagnosed date: 2010-11-04 words: 4128 flesch: 51 summary: More data are required to establish the cost-effectiveness of offering HIV testing to TB patients in a region of high TB and relatively low HIV prevalence, such as Taiwan. HIV infection was considered, and a Western blot test was positive for HIV. keywords: anaemia; diagnosis; disease; hiv; infection; patient; treatment; tuberculosis cache: hivmed-228.pdf plain text: hivmed-228.txt item: #254 of 648 id: hivmed-229 author: van de Vyver, Annemarie; Visser, Adele title: Gastro-intestinal Mycobacterium avium complex as a cause of anaemia date: 2010-11-04 words: 4128 flesch: 51 summary: More data are required to establish the cost-effectiveness of offering HIV testing to TB patients in a region of high TB and relatively low HIV prevalence, such as Taiwan. HIV infection was considered, and a Western blot test was positive for HIV. keywords: anaemia; diagnosis; disease; hiv; infection; patient; treatment; tuberculosis cache: hivmed-229.pdf plain text: hivmed-229.txt item: #255 of 648 id: hivmed-23 author: Ngene, Nnabuike Chibuoke; Onyia, Chioma Obiageli; Moodley, Jagidesa; Titus, Mokete Joseph title: Needlestick injury in a pregnant inpatient in an overcrowded hospital date: 2014-05-23 words: 2007 flesch: 45 summary: appropriately Adhere to standard operating procedures regarding the safe use/ sterilisation of equipment and waste disposal Counsel patients before any medical procedure Avoid unnecessary admission of patients for inhospital care To address patient overcrowding of a health facility: consider discharging stable patients; inform the supervisor; discuss with management, etc. Engage in community health promotion so as to prevent illnesses Patients and their visitors Ask questions when in doubt Report concerns to HCWs (and to management if not satisfied) Adhere to medical advice Be aware of patient and visitor rights Adhere to health policies such as appropriate referral routes and facility visiting hours NSI = needlestick injury; HCW = healthcare worker. Provide appropriate laboratory facilities To address patient overcrowding of a health facility: provide additional space where patients can be cared for; support referral of patients to alternative facilities; redeploy additional staff to work in the overcrowded unit; educate patients; support the establishment of a primary healthcare centre within or near the health facility for management of low-risk patients; if possible ensure that patients do not share one bed; inform district/ municipal authority in charge of overcrowding should it persist despite appropriate measures having been taken, etc. Establish appropriate referral routes HCWs Adhere to guidelines on NSIs Avoid inappropriate prescription of parenteral therapies Educate patients on what to do if there is an NSI Use needle-free devices where possible, e.g. needle-free syringes and intravenous infusion sets Show empathy, support and provide medical care to any patient who sustains an NSI Ensure that all intravenous fluid administration sets are properly fastened to prevent inadvertent disconnection Report NSIs Monitor patients with intravenous/intra-arterial lines Adhere to treatment protocols and consult senior colleagues for advice if necessary Remove intravenous access as soon as there is no indication for their use Manage patients at risk of injury (such as children, the mentally ill, the blind and unconscious patients, etc.) keywords: antenatal; health; hiv; hospital; nsi; patient; ward cache: hivmed-23.pdf plain text: hivmed-23.txt item: #256 of 648 id: hivmed-230 author: Black, Andrew title: Abdominal mycobacterial infection in HIV - Invited Comment date: 2010-11-04 words: 4128 flesch: 51 summary: More data are required to establish the cost-effectiveness of offering HIV testing to TB patients in a region of high TB and relatively low HIV prevalence, such as Taiwan. HIV infection was considered, and a Western blot test was positive for HIV. keywords: anaemia; diagnosis; disease; hiv; infection; patient; treatment; tuberculosis cache: hivmed-230.pdf plain text: hivmed-230.txt item: #257 of 648 id: hivmed-231 author: Katusiime, Christine; Ocama, Ponsiano; Kambugu, Andrew title: A case of palatal perforation caused by toxoplasmosis date: 2010-11-04 words: 948 flesch: 46 summary: Ficarra G. Oral lesions of iatrogenic and undefined etiology and neurologic disorders associated with HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 73(2): 201-211. 3. Penneys N, Hicks B. Unusual cutaneous lesions associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. keywords: case; history; hiv; patient cache: hivmed-231.pdf plain text: hivmed-231.txt item: #258 of 648 id: hivmed-232 author: Mitha, Mohammed; Cupido, Gordon; Taljaard, Jantjie title: A rare phenomenon of atypical lipodystrophy in a patient on HAART in the absence of a protease inhibitor regimen date: 2010-11-04 words: 1042 flesch: 53 summary: A S E S T U DY Mohammed Mitha, MB ChB, Dip HIV Man (SA) Gordon Cupido, BSc, MB ChB, FCP (SA) Jantjie Taljaard, MB ChB, MMed (Intern), DTM&H Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, W Cape 37 Lipodystrophy is a complication of patients on antiretroviral (ARV) medication; however, it is commonest in patients on long-term treatment and those on protease inhibitor (PI) It is important that clinicians are aware of this rare and atypical form of lipodystrophy, which can apparently occur in patients taking nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. keywords: hiv; lipodystrophy; lipomas; patient cache: hivmed-232.pdf plain text: hivmed-232.txt item: #259 of 648 id: hivmed-233 author: Samuel, Catherine Mary; Maistry, Sairita; Meyer, Estie; Whitelaw, Andrew title: Pneumocystis jirovecii infection of the external auditory canal date: 2010-11-04 words: 1304 flesch: 46 summary: Extrapulmonary infection becomes more evident when prophylaxis is focused on the respiratory tract, and this may explain the correlation with the use of aerosolised prophylactic pentamidine.1,4 Although the mechanism of primary otic pneumocystosis is as yet unclear, it has been suggested that it may follow airborne invasion by trophozoites of the external auditory canal6 and that the middle ear may become involved after spread from nasopharyngeal carriage via the eustachian tube. Individuals with otic pneumocystosis may have nonspecific symptoms of otorrhoea, otalgia, hearing loss, vertigo and tinnitus. We report a rare case of P. jirovecii infection of the external auditory canal. keywords: extrapulmonary; hiv; infection; jirovecii; pneumocystis cache: hivmed-233.pdf plain text: hivmed-233.txt item: #260 of 648 id: hivmed-234 author: Fani, Gertrude title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2010-11-04 words: 894 flesch: 62 summary: 2. True (A) or false (B) – click on the correct answer: IRIS is a typical manifestation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) commencement in early HIV infection in pregnant women. Payments may be made by cheque or electronic transfer payable to: ‘Southern African HIV Clinicians Society’, Nedbank Campus Square, Branch code: 158-105 Account No: 1581 048 033. keywords: answer; hiv cache: hivmed-234.pdf plain text: hivmed-234.txt item: #261 of 648 id: hivmed-237 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: From the Editor date: 2010-04-30 words: 1450 flesch: 61 summary: He describes his own testing experience and makes a case for why the human rights activism around testing is less relevant in the era of effective HIV treatment, and why HIV testing should be normalised. In this edition, we already begin to examine some of these key scale-up questions: Jerome Singh explores the ethics and legality of traditional healers performing HIV testing (I know many have asked why this HAS to be the domain of nurses only). keywords: african; health; hiv; treatment cache: hivmed-237.pdf plain text: hivmed-237.txt item: #262 of 648 id: hivmed-238 author: Venter, Francois title: Message from the Executive date: 2010-04-30 words: 1450 flesch: 61 summary: He describes his own testing experience and makes a case for why the human rights activism around testing is less relevant in the era of effective HIV treatment, and why HIV testing should be normalised. In this edition, we already begin to examine some of these key scale-up questions: Jerome Singh explores the ethics and legality of traditional healers performing HIV testing (I know many have asked why this HAS to be the domain of nurses only). keywords: african; health; hiv; treatment cache: hivmed-238.pdf plain text: hivmed-238.txt item: #263 of 648 id: hivmed-239 author: Cameron, Edwin title: Stigma, human rights, testing and treatment – time for action: Ruben Sher Memorial Lecture, 26 November 2009 date: 2010-04-30 words: 9649 flesch: 56 summary: The suggestion involves a provocative corollary: that the human rights protections, carefully and necessarily erected during the early stages of the epidemic to pro- tect against discrimination, have themselves become a potent source of harm.30 Particularly in HIV testing, human rights safeguards have become harmful because they emphasise the dif- ferentness of AIDS. This was because of the same authors’ assertion that ‘the emphasis on human rights in HIV/AIDS prevention has reduced the importance of public health and social justice, which offer a framework for prevention efforts in Africa that might be more relevant to people’s daily lives, and more likely to be effective’.32 On the other side, human rights advocates have re- sisted the medical ‘normalisation’ of HIV diagnosis, principally on the premise that expanded HIV testing infringes patient autonomy, and that it exposes those subjected to it to violation of their rights.33 Instead of radically and immediately increasing access to testing to diminish the deficit between treatment and death in Africa, we have been told that we must focus on the anxieties of ‘the disempowered and still fearful ... by demanding investment in dignified health systems and protection from harmful social and legal effects of their health status being known’.34 keywords: africa; aids; discrimination; disease; epidemic; health; hiv; medical; people; r n; rights; south; stigma; testing; treatment cache: hivmed-239.pdf plain text: hivmed-239.txt item: #264 of 648 id: hivmed-240 author: Parkhurst, Justin O; Whiteside, Alan title: Innovative responses for preventing HIV transmission: The protective value of population-wide interruptions of risk activity. date: 2010-04-30 words: 2042 flesch: 55 summary: Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, Puren A. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 trial. Indonesia, for instance, has a low national prevalence rate, estimated to only be around 0.2%, but Papua province has a ma- jority Christian population and an HIV prevalence of 2.4%, over 10 times the national rate.11 There are, however, cases where HIV prevalence ap- pears to be unusually low in Muslim areas, even given high levels of risk activity. keywords: behaviour; hiv; period; population; prevalence; risk; sex cache: hivmed-240.pdf plain text: hivmed-240.txt item: #265 of 648 id: hivmed-241 author: Kenyon, Chris title: 'Differential poverty rates are responsible for the racial differentials in HIV prevalence in South Africa'; an enduring and dangerous epidemiological urban legend? date: 2010-04-30 words: 5643 flesch: 63 summary: The argumenT ThaT class deTermines racial differences in hiV preValence A salient feature of the literature on this topic is how commonly it is assumed (with little or no substanti- ating evidence) that racial differences in HIV rates in South Africa can all be explained by socio-economic differentials. A more convincing argument is that HIV is a disease of poverty and inequality, and black Africans’ ongoing state of economic deprivation (both relative and abso- lute) is the underlying determinant of the racial diver- gences in HIV rates. keywords: africa; aids; concurrency; differences; evidence; hiv; poverty; prevalence; race; racial; rates; south cache: hivmed-241.pdf plain text: hivmed-241.txt item: #266 of 648 id: hivmed-242 author: Serenata, Celicia title: Changes to the ART guidelines – an overview date: 2010-04-30 words: 1355 flesch: 61 summary: nATiOnAl RegiMen FOR MOTHeRs Infant Regimen Comment Mother on lifelong ART NVP at birth and then daily for 6 weeks irrespective of infant feeding choice Mother on PMTCT NVP at birth and then daily for 6 weeks continued If formula fed, baby can stop NVP at as long as any breastfeeding 6 weeks Mother did not get any ARV NVP as soon as possible and daily for at least Assess ART eligibility for the mother- before or during delivery 6 weeks continued as long as any breastfeeding within 2 weeks Unknown maternal status Give NVP immediately because orphaned or abandoned Test infant with rapid HIV test. AZT + 3TC + NVP Not eligible for ART, i.e. CD4 >350/µl and AZT from 14 weeks WHO stage 1 or 2 sdNVP + keywords: art cache: hivmed-242.pdf plain text: hivmed-242.txt item: #267 of 648 id: hivmed-243 author: Laher, Fatima; Ashford, Gail; Cescon, Angela; Cullen, Claire; Lazarus, Erica; Puren, Adrian; Visser, Linda title: Held to Ransom: CMV Treatment in South Africa date: 2010-04-30 words: 2819 flesch: 53 summary: A recent development in March 2009 is a CMV vac- cine that may offer future public health benefits for pregnant women by eliminating congenital CMV.25 HOW CAN VALGANCICLOVIR PRICE REDUCTION BE ACHIEVED IN SOUTH AFRICA? Currently, the cost of CMV treatment makes it unaf- fordable to most. Letters of concern on behalf of the South African HIV Clinicians Society have been sent to Roche urging price reduction of CMV treatments in the sub-Saharan Af- rican region. keywords: africa; aids; cmv; cytomegalovirus; hiv; patients; retinitis; south; treatment; valganciclovir cache: hivmed-243.pdf plain text: hivmed-243.txt item: #268 of 648 id: hivmed-244 author: Pathai, Sophia title: Invited Comment date: 2010-04-30 words: 541 flesch: 41 summary: A recent survey in Botswana suggests that up to 16.5% of individuals accessing HAART in a hospital setting have CMVR, in alignment with the findings of Visser, based in Durban.3,4 The high burden of HIV disease and the increasing scale-up of HAART provision in South Africa (with patients often initiating treatment at low CD4 counts) suggest that cytomegalovirus disease, whether ocular or systemic, will have a huge impact on HIV-related morbidity and mortality. Detection of systemic CMV disease may need to be augmented by diagnostic laboratory tests, as outlined by the authors. keywords: cmv; disease cache: hivmed-244.pdf plain text: hivmed-244.txt item: #269 of 648 id: hivmed-245 author: Vaughan Williams, C H title: Analysis of trends in total deaths and AIDS-related deaths certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal, from 2003 to 2008 date: 2010-04-30 words: 1710 flesch: 71 summary: Age at death, cause of death, patterns of deaths grouped by age, gender and cause of death. Since 2005 there has been a decline in deaths in the 20 - 59 age group and an increase in average age at death. keywords: age cache: hivmed-245.pdf plain text: hivmed-245.txt item: #270 of 648 id: hivmed-246 author: Moosa, M Y H; Jeenah, F Y title: Feelings of hopelessness in stable HIV-positive patients on antiretrovirals date: 2010-04-30 words: 3998 flesch: 64 summary: A study by Rush et al.35 showed that depressed patients treated with cognitive therapy showed a more rapid reduction in hopelessness scores than a comparison group of de- pressed patients treated with an antidepressant drug. The coping skills and styles individuals utilise to deal with the stress of HIV infection greatly influence the psychological impact of this illness and potential consequent feelings of hopelessness. keywords: bhs; coping; hiv; hopelessness; patients; study; suicide cache: hivmed-246.pdf plain text: hivmed-246.txt item: #271 of 648 id: hivmed-247 author: Omo-Aghoja, L O; Abe, E; Omo-Aghoja, V W; Onowhakpor, A; Feyi-Waboso, P title: Is pregnancy associated with biochemical and haematological changes in HIV-infected Nigerian women? date: 2010-04-30 words: 2765 flesch: 58 summary: THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE                                                              april  2010 The rate of HIV infection in pregnancy is high.1-7 There is evidence that HIV infection in pregnant women is as- sociated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.2,5,6 The effects of HIV infection include severe anaemia, in- fectious morbidities and vertical transmission.2,5,8-14 In a Malawian study, AIDS and anaemia were the leading causes of maternal mortality,15 and in Zaire maternal mortality rates in HIV-infected women were 10 times those of HIV-negative women.16 The summary odds ratios for the risk of an adverse maternal outcome re- lated to HIV infection and pregnancy were 1.8 (85% confidence interval (CI) 0.99 - 3.3) for death, 1.41 (95% CI 0.85 - 2.33) for HIV disease progression, and 1.63 (95% CI 1.00 - 2.67) for progression to an AIDS-defin- ing illness. keywords: cases; controls; hiv; maternal; mean; pregnancy; study; women cache: hivmed-247.pdf plain text: hivmed-247.txt item: #272 of 648 id: hivmed-248 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2010-04-30 words: 633 flesch: 73 summary: True (A) or false (B) – click on the correct answer: Valganciclovir can be used in the oral form to initiate and maintain CMV treatment in HIV CMV retinitis. 19. True (A) or false (B) – click on the correct answer: Intravenous ganciclovir in pregnancy can reduce congenital abnormalities in HIV co-infected women. keywords: answer cache: hivmed-248.pdf plain text: hivmed-248.txt item: #273 of 648 id: hivmed-25 author: Nye, Ingrid title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2014-05-23 words: 589 flesch: 52 summary: Ability to detect HIV in genital secretions is associated with higher plasma HIV viral loads. Regarding shedding of HIV in the female genital tract: 9. keywords: art; hiv cache: hivmed-25.pdf plain text: hivmed-25.txt item: #274 of 648 id: hivmed-251 author: Cotton, Mark; Levin, Leon title: Treating HIV-infected children date: 2009-12-14 words: 2813 flesch: 63 summary: We then address prevention of vertical transmission of HIV, the key to the elimination of HIV infection in chil- dren. I found the concept fascinating and wondered if there was any value in using e-mails as a vehicle for educat- ing health care providers about paediatric HIV. keywords: african; art; guidelines; health; hiv; mark; southern cache: hivmed-251.pdf plain text: hivmed-251.txt item: #275 of 648 id: hivmed-252 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: From the editor date: 2009-12-14 words: 2813 flesch: 63 summary: We then address prevention of vertical transmission of HIV, the key to the elimination of HIV infection in chil- dren. I found the concept fascinating and wondered if there was any value in using e-mails as a vehicle for educat- ing health care providers about paediatric HIV. keywords: african; art; guidelines; health; hiv; mark; southern cache: hivmed-252.pdf plain text: hivmed-252.txt item: #276 of 648 id: hivmed-253 author: Venter, Francois title: Message from the Executive date: 2009-12-14 words: 2813 flesch: 63 summary: We then address prevention of vertical transmission of HIV, the key to the elimination of HIV infection in chil- dren. I found the concept fascinating and wondered if there was any value in using e-mails as a vehicle for educat- ing health care providers about paediatric HIV. keywords: african; art; guidelines; health; hiv; mark; southern cache: hivmed-253.pdf plain text: hivmed-253.txt item: #277 of 648 id: hivmed-254 author: Levin, Leon title: Southern African HIV Clinicians Society Paediatric Discussion Group date: 2009-12-14 words: 2813 flesch: 63 summary: We then address prevention of vertical transmission of HIV, the key to the elimination of HIV infection in chil- dren. I found the concept fascinating and wondered if there was any value in using e-mails as a vehicle for educat- ing health care providers about paediatric HIV. keywords: african; art; guidelines; health; hiv; mark; southern cache: hivmed-254.pdf plain text: hivmed-254.txt item: #278 of 648 id: hivmed-255 author: Jaspan, H B; Li, R; Johnson, L; Bekker, L-G title: The emerging need for adolescent-focused HIV care in South Africa date: 2009-12-14 words: 2225 flesch: 53 summary: Of a French cohort of perinatally infected children born before 1993, 58% were still alive and receiving HIV care 13 years later.2 In the UK the proportion of HIV-infected children in care aged 10 - 19 years increased from 11% to 44% between 1996 and 2005.3 HIV interferes with these normal developmental proc- esses by delaying physical and intellectual development. keywords: adolescents; africa; aids; care; children; health; hiv; south cache: hivmed-255.pdf plain text: hivmed-255.txt item: #279 of 648 id: hivmed-256 author: Coovadia, Ashraf Hassen; Goga, Ameena Ebrahim; Schowalter, Laurie title: Call To action - Prevention of mother To child transmission of HIV date: 2009-12-14 words: 3987 flesch: 57 summary: In 1999 the Ugandan HIVNET 012 study, conducted in a breastfeeding population, found that just a single dose of nevirapine (NVP) to the mother and a single dose to the child could reduce HIV transmission to 13%,6 making PMTCT now acces- sible in resource-limited settings. Strengthened/re- vised drug regimens for PMTCT are essential but insufficient for measureable decreases in HIV transmission and improvements in maternal and child health. keywords: care; child; health; hiv; mother; national; pmtct; programme; south; transmission cache: hivmed-256.pdf plain text: hivmed-256.txt item: #280 of 648 id: hivmed-257 author: Cotton, M; Kim, S; Rabie, H; Coetzee, J; Nachman, S title: A window into a public program for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: Evidence from a prospective clinical trial date: 2009-12-14 words: 3089 flesch: 62 summary: Logistic regression was used to evaluate the ef- fectiveness of PMTCT components. National HIV and Syphilis Seroprevalence Survey South Africa 2005. keywords: antenatal; hiv; infants; pmtct; programme; transmission cache: hivmed-257.pdf plain text: hivmed-257.txt item: #281 of 648 id: hivmed-258 author: Goga, Ameena Ebrahim title: Infant feeding and HIV date: 2009-12-14 words: 8190 flesch: 49 summary: 4 This paper aims to contribute to the debate on how postnatal HIV transmission can best be minimised, INFANT FEEDING AND HIV Towards a new policy and implementation plan for minimising postnatal HIV transmission and maximising infant HIV-free survival REVIEW Ameena Ebrahim Goga, FCPaed, MSc MCH, MSc (Epidemiol) Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, and Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Limpopo, Medunsa campus, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria Recent studies on antiretroviral prophylaxis during breastfeeding show that maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (alone or with 1, 4 or 24 weeks’ infant prophylaxis) or infant prophylaxis alone for 6, 14 or 24 weeks (with limited maternal prophylaxis) reduces HIV transmission through breastmilk (postnatal transmission). For resource-limited public health settings or countries, including South Africa, that are seeking to minimise postnatal HIV transmission, three main issues need to be considered when deciding on which ARV regimen to include in a national policy: (i) the basic science: efficacy and possible effectiveness of various postnatal prophylactic regimens using HIV transmission and HIV- free survival as the main outcomes; (ii) the feasibility of each regimen from a user perspective, i.e. for pregnant women, for mothers who may need treatment after delivery, and for infants who may need treatment after delivery; and (iii) feasibility of each regimen from a health system/service perspective, including cost, cost-benefit, procurement, packaging and delivery systems. keywords: breastfeeding; breastmilk; feeding; hiv; infant; months; nvp; postnatal; prophylaxis; risk; transmission; weeks; women cache: hivmed-258.pdf plain text: hivmed-258.txt item: #282 of 648 id: hivmed-259 author: Cotton, Mark; Levin, Leon; Meyers, Tammy title: Guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in children - November 2009 version date: 2009-12-14 words: 10694 flesch: 54 summary: This covers: n Exploration of the caregiver’s lifestyle (e.g. work, daily routine, sleep, other responsibilities) n Exploration of the caregiver’s personality traits (e.g. sense of organisation, self-discipline and responsibility) n Assessment of the caregiver’s own HIV status and health and lifestyle choices (use of alcohol and drugs) (remember – HIV infection in adults not yet on ART can cause cognitive impairment) n Possible use of alternative/complementary medicine n Exploration of the caregiver’s financial and material resources. IRIS is usually associated with improvements in surrogate markers of HIV infection (virological, immunological, clinical). keywords: adherence; african; art; caregiver; cd4; children; dose; drug; hiv; nvp; regimen; resistance; rtv; therapy; treatment; years cache: hivmed-259.pdf plain text: hivmed-259.txt item: #283 of 648 id: hivmed-260 author: McIlleron, Helen; Gous, Hermien title: Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in infancy date: 2009-12-14 words: 8230 flesch: 67 summary: Drug doses used dur- ing infancy are often based on extrapolation from other age groups. Dumon C, Solas C, Thuret I, et al. Relationship between efficacy, tolerance, and plasma drug concentration of ritonavir in children with advanced HIV infection. keywords: drug; infants cache: hivmed-260.pdf plain text: hivmed-260.txt item: #284 of 648 id: hivmed-261 author: Cotton, Mark F; Rabie, Helena; Feucht, Ute; Violari, Avy title: When to start antiretroviral therapy in infants and children date: 2009-12-14 words: 2854 flesch: 67 summary: Both of these conditions are markers for advanced HIV disease. Most importantly, there was a real risk of death at high CD4 counts and percentages. keywords: age; art; cd4; children; disease; hiv cache: hivmed-261.pdf plain text: hivmed-261.txt item: #285 of 648 id: hivmed-262 author: Nuttall, James J C title: Weight-band dosing tables: Simplifying paediatric ART date: 2009-12-14 words: 7994 flesch: 64 summary: Unlike adults, children require changes in antiretroviral dose as they grow and become older, and rely upon adult caregivers to administer medicines.4 Children have traditionally been dosed according to body surface area (BSA) (e.g. zidovudine (AZT), dida- nosine (ddI), lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)), weight (mg/kg) (e.g. stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC), abacavir (ABC), nevirapine (NVP)) or dose per weight band (efavirenz (EFV)). Interventions include the use of adult or preferably paediatric fixed-dose combinations (FDCs), selection of doses based on weight band rather than individual mg/kg or BSA doses, prescription of pills or capsules rather than liquids, and identification of reliable once- daily regimens. keywords: dosing; m g; m l cache: hivmed-262.pdf plain text: hivmed-262.txt item: #286 of 648 id: hivmed-263 author: Rabie, Helena; Meyers, Tammy; Cotton, Mark F title: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in children date: 2009-12-14 words: 5527 flesch: 57 summary: Two-thirds of the admissions are related to bacte- rial infection and pneumonia.36,37 Withholding antibiotic therapy and other interventions at initial presentation is therefore very dangerous when TB IRIS is suspected. As in adults, therapy for TB IRIS includes the anti-TB therapy and continuation of HAART. keywords: children; dis; haart; hiv; immune; infect; iris; reconstitution; syndrome; therapy; tuberculosis cache: hivmed-263.pdf plain text: hivmed-263.txt item: #287 of 648 id: hivmed-264 author: Innes, Steve; Levin, Leon; Cotton, Mark title: Lipodystrophy syndrome in HIV-infected children on HAART date: 2009-12-14 words: 4506 flesch: 60 summary: Ene L, Goetghebuer T, Hainaut M, et al. Prevalence of lipodystrophy in HIV- infected children: a cross-sectional study. Aldrovandi GM, Lindsey JC, Jacobson DL, et al., for the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group P1045 team. keywords: children; dose; fat; hiv; lipodystrophy; stavudine; study cache: hivmed-264.pdf plain text: hivmed-264.txt item: #288 of 648 id: hivmed-265 author: Rabie, Helena; Lorenc Henning, Kristin; Schoeman, Pierre; de Villiers, Nico; Pretorius, G HJ; Cotton, Mark F title: Abacavir: it’s use and hypersensitivity date: 2009-12-14 words: 3209 flesch: 57 summary: ABC HSR has been reported in adults and children. However, this assessment was performed before identification of the genetic link to HSR.13 HLA-B*5701 AND HSR An association with ABC HSR was described with HLA- B*5701, HLA-DR7 and HLA-DQ3. keywords: abacavir; abc; children; hla; hsr; hypersensitivity; patients; symptoms cache: hivmed-265.pdf plain text: hivmed-265.txt item: #289 of 648 id: hivmed-266 author: Levin, Leon title: Changing antiretroviral therapy in children date: 2009-12-14 words: 5009 flesch: 57 summary: S Afr Med J 2009; 99: 730-737. 5. Paterson DL, Swindells S, Mohr J, et al. Barbour JD, Wrin T, Grant RM, et al. Evolution of phenotypic drug susceptibility and viral replication capacity during long-term virologic failure of protease inhibitor therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. keywords: art; cd4; children; drug; et al; hiv; patients; regimen; resistance; therapy cache: hivmed-266.pdf plain text: hivmed-266.txt item: #290 of 648 id: hivmed-267 author: Clayden, Polly title: Paediatric overview, IAS 2009 date: 2009-12-14 words: 4836 flesch: 58 summary: Early antiretroviral therapy is associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcome in HIV infected infants: evidence from the CHER (Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral Therapy) trial. Treatment of children who are HIV-infected despite exposure to single-dose nevirapine through PMTCT is an- other challenge, as is what to do in the longer term with exposed children initiated on a protease inhibitor-con- taining HAART to overcome the risks of NNRTI resistance. keywords: abstract; children; dose; hiv; infants; investigators; months; nvp; study; treatment; trial cache: hivmed-267.pdf plain text: hivmed-267.txt item: #291 of 648 id: hivmed-268 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: CPD questionnaire date: 2009-12-14 words: 677 flesch: 73 summary: True (A) or false (B) – click on the correct answer: Fever is the most common manifestation of ABC HSR, occurring in 80% of cases. True (A) or false (B) – click on the correct answer: Isolated gastro-intestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain may be a feature of ABC HSR, and ABC should be discontinued promptly if they occur. keywords: answer cache: hivmed-268.pdf plain text: hivmed-268.txt item: #292 of 648 id: hivmed-271 author: Venter, Francois title: Message from the executive date: 2009-11-05 words: 2059 flesch: 53 summary: The topic of neurocognitive impairment in HIV/AIDS is discussed in detail (Singh) with a short report on the white matter changes that take place in the brain over the course of HIV disease (Hoare) as well as a piece of empirical research inves- tigating the clinical utility of one commonly used tool to identify neurocognitive deficits in HIV (Ogunrin). This special issue of the journal aims to address this need through a series of focused contributions from leaders in HIV mental health from across South Africa. keywords: care; disorders; health; hiv; management; treatment cache: hivmed-271.pdf plain text: hivmed-271.txt item: #293 of 648 id: hivmed-272 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: From the editor date: 2009-11-05 words: 2059 flesch: 53 summary: The topic of neurocognitive impairment in HIV/AIDS is discussed in detail (Singh) with a short report on the white matter changes that take place in the brain over the course of HIV disease (Hoare) as well as a piece of empirical research inves- tigating the clinical utility of one commonly used tool to identify neurocognitive deficits in HIV (Ogunrin). This special issue of the journal aims to address this need through a series of focused contributions from leaders in HIV mental health from across South Africa. keywords: care; disorders; health; hiv; management; treatment cache: hivmed-272.pdf plain text: hivmed-272.txt item: #294 of 648 id: hivmed-273 author: Myer, Landon; Joska, John title: Addresssing mental health in routine HIV care and treatment date: 2009-11-05 words: 2059 flesch: 53 summary: The topic of neurocognitive impairment in HIV/AIDS is discussed in detail (Singh) with a short report on the white matter changes that take place in the brain over the course of HIV disease (Hoare) as well as a piece of empirical research inves- tigating the clinical utility of one commonly used tool to identify neurocognitive deficits in HIV (Ogunrin). This special issue of the journal aims to address this need through a series of focused contributions from leaders in HIV mental health from across South Africa. keywords: care; disorders; health; hiv; management; treatment cache: hivmed-273.pdf plain text: hivmed-273.txt item: #295 of 648 id: hivmed-274 author: Ogunrin, Olubunmi A; Eze, Emeka U; Alika, Francis title: Usefulness of the HIV Dementia Scale in Nigerian patients with HIV/AIDS date: 2009-11-05 words: 4359 flesch: 59 summary: The HDS (especially the modified and international versions, which exclude a difficult-to-administer anti- saccadic task) has been shown to be simpler to admin- ister than most cognitive tests used in HIV patients and may be useful for screening of cognitive dysfunction in clinics with no neurologist or neuropsychologist on the staff, as it does not require special training.13,14 This at- tribute makes it appealing in the African setting, where it is likely to be applied by primary care providers be- cause of the dearth of neuropsychologists in health care facilities. The International HIV Dementia Scale: a new rapid screening test for HIV dementia. keywords: aids; asymptomatic; dementia; hds; hiv; patients cache: hivmed-274.pdf plain text: hivmed-274.txt item: #296 of 648 id: hivmed-275 author: Boyles, Tom H; Joska, John A title: The behaviourally disturbed patient with HIV/AIDS date: 2009-11-05 words: 1688 flesch: 61 summary: Primary psychiatric disorders are frequently seen in the setting of HIV infection. One such problem is that once the diag- nosis of HIV infection is made there is a tendency to attribute multiple symptoms to the HIV itself without a full consideration of other possibilities. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-275.pdf plain text: hivmed-275.txt item: #297 of 648 id: hivmed-276 author: Clayden, Polly title: The Virus, Vitamins & Vegetables: The South African HIV/AIDS Mystery date: 2009-11-05 words: 852 flesch: 58 summary: The authors, some of South Africa’s key writers, activ- ists and doctors, take us down the bewildering path- way of AIDS denialism (normally relegated to the rant- ings of a lunatic fringe) placed firmly at the centre of government policy in the face of a massive epidemic. Michael Cherry’s chapter reveals how the giants of AIDS denialism were gathered together by government to make up the majority of a panel of experts, to ‘ex- plore all aspects of ... developing prevention and treat- ment strategies that are appropriate to the African reality’ – meanwhile denying the provision of proven antiretroviral prophylaxis strategies to reduce perina- tal transmission in HIV-positive women. keywords: aids; hiv cache: hivmed-276.pdf plain text: hivmed-276.txt item: #298 of 648 id: hivmed-277 author: Thom, Rita title: Common mental disorders in people living with HIV/AIDS date: 2009-11-05 words: 4699 flesch: 64 summary: Ideally, psychiatric and mental health care services should be offered on site in HIV treatment services, but this may not always be possible and specialist services are not required to effectively diagnose and manage many common mental disorders. In addition, there is evidence from internation- al research that untreated depressive and anxiety dis- orders lead to poor antiretroviral adherence23 and may speed HIV disease progression.24-26 The management of mental disorders requires a holistic approach with at- tention to biological as well as psychosocial factors. keywords: anxiety; depressive; disorders; health; hiv; times; use cache: hivmed-277.pdf plain text: hivmed-277.txt item: #299 of 648 id: hivmed-278 author: Pingo, Janine; Seedat, Soraya title: The management of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in HIV-infected individuals date: 2009-11-05 words: 3770 flesch: 59 summary: p t s d Janine Pingo, MB ChB Lentegeur Hospital, Mitchell’s Plain, Cape Town Soraya Seedat, MB ChB, FC Psych, MMed Psych (US), PhD Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape Women are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic and also carry a higher burden of early childhood trauma, other life traumas (e.g. rape and partner violence) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).1,2 Yet PTSD and other common psychiatric disorders (e.g. depression, alcohol abuse) are commonly under-detected in HIV care settings. Post-traumatic stress disorder in women: epidemiological and treatment issues. keywords: care; disorder; hiv; patient; ptsd; stress; trauma cache: hivmed-278.pdf plain text: hivmed-278.txt item: #300 of 648 id: hivmed-279 author: Jonsson, G; Joska, John A title: Assessment and treatment of psychosis in people living with HIV/AIDS date: 2009-11-05 words: 3799 flesch: 50 summary: Singh D, Goodkin K. Choice of antipsychotic in HIV infected patients. Substance abuse and psychiatric disorders in HIV positive patients: Epidemiology and impact on antiretroviral therapy. keywords: disorders; hiv; patient; psychiatric; psychosis; r n cache: hivmed-279.pdf plain text: hivmed-279.txt item: #301 of 648 id: hivmed-28 author: None title: SAJHIV MESSAGE FROM EDITOR date: None words: 1743 flesch: 65 summary: Here, Ann Moore13 talks about the practical lessons learnt in providing HIV care and treatment to infected children and their families in Cape Town, while Kathryn Stinson and colleagues14 describe the changing paradigms of services for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Khayelitsha, and the central role that maternal ART plays in preventing paediatric HIV infections. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):7-8. keywords: art; hiv; hiv medicine; journal; medicine cache: hivmed-28.htm plain text: hivmed-28.txt item: #302 of 648 id: hivmed-280 author: Singh, Dinesh title: Neurocognitive impairment in PLWHA: Clinical features and assessment date: 2009-11-05 words: 3441 flesch: 52 summary: 7. Nath A, Schiess N, Venkatesan A, Rumbaugh J, Sacktor N, McArthur J. Evolution of HIV dementia with HIV infection. The earliest to most advanced stages are asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), minor neurocognitive disorder (MND) and HIV dementia (HAD), respectively. keywords: dementia; domains; haart; hand; hiv; impairment; motor; neurocognitive; patients; test cache: hivmed-280.pdf plain text: hivmed-280.txt item: #303 of 648 id: hivmed-281 author: Hoare, Jackie title: The imaging of HIV-related brain disease date: 2009-11-05 words: 1733 flesch: 52 summary: Ferrando S, van GW, McElhiney M, Goggin K, Sewell M, Rabkin J. Highly active antiretroviral treatment in HIV infection: benefits for neuropsychological function. In addition, there is growing recognition that many HIV-infected individuals will develop neuropsychiat- ric disorders relatively early in the course of HIV disease, in many cases before CD4 cell counts drop below 500 cells/µl.3 However, it is not known who in the earlier phases of the disease will go on to develop neurocognitive disorders, or who will respond to treatment.4,5 New approaches in neuro-imaging have the potential to detect early HIV-associated damage in the brain. keywords: brain; diffusion; dti; hiv; matter; patients; white cache: hivmed-281.pdf plain text: hivmed-281.txt item: #304 of 648 id: hivmed-282 author: Parker, John title: Psychotropic prescribing in HIV date: 2009-11-05 words: 4008 flesch: 51 summary: The interaction between HIV infection and psychiatric illness is complex, with many authors suggesting that psychiatric disorders in HIV-positive individuals are fre- quently under-recognised and under-treated.2,3 It is well established that there is an increase in the prevalence of a number of psychiatric disorders in HIV-infected in- dividuals, internationally4,5 and in South Africa.6,7 There may also be changes in the clinical picture in patients with psychiatric disorders after HIV infection8 and an in- teractive effect between HIV infection and vulnerability to psychiatric illness.9 In patients on ART who may require psychotropic medi- cation important considerations include possible side- effects of existing antiretroviral medications, as well as potential interactions between ART and psychotropics. The use of psychiatric medication in patients with HIV infection is a complex area, but given the high rates of psychiatric disorder in this population – possibly as high as 50%1 – it deserves further consideration. keywords: agents; aids; anxiety; depression; disorders; hiv; interactions; patients; psychiatric; treatment; use cache: hivmed-282.pdf plain text: hivmed-282.txt item: #305 of 648 id: hivmed-283 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: CPD Quesionnaire date: 2009-11-05 words: 669 flesch: 60 summary: 5. True (A) or false (B) – click on the correct answer: In an HIV-infected individual presenting with an acute psychotic episode, the possibility of an underlying primary psychiatric disorder (that is unrelated to HIV infection) warrants consideration. True (A) or false (B) – click on the correct answer: Fluoxetine is safe and effective for treatment of depression in HIV infection, but the potential for drug-drug interactions requires consideration. keywords: answer cache: hivmed-283.pdf plain text: hivmed-283.txt item: #306 of 648 id: hivmed-29 author: None title: SAJHIV MESSAGE FROM EXEC date: None words: 965 flesch: 71 summary: Finally, the fixed-dose combination means that most patient have to swallow just one pill once a day. At the academic ward rounds that I attend every six weeks, we are now seeing older patients presenting with malignancies or long-term complications of antiretroviral therapy (ART). keywords: clinic; hiv; patients cache: hivmed-29.htm plain text: hivmed-29.txt item: #307 of 648 id: hivmed-294 author: Strode, Ann; Slack, Catherine title: Sex, lies and disclosures: Researchers and the reporting of under-age sex date: 2009-07-30 words: 1922 flesch: 49 summary: If researchers opt for formalistic compliance they could do this through submitting a monthly sheet of names of adolescents having committed the sexual of- fences of consensual sex or sexual activity under the age of 16 with a member of their peer group, using a brief form. n If anyone engages in consensual sexual activity (which includes penetration) with a child between the ages of 12 and 16, they are both committing the crime of statutory rape. keywords: act; age; consensual; sex cache: hivmed-294.pdf plain text: hivmed-294.txt item: #308 of 648 id: hivmed-295 author: Price, Leigh title: Conserving (not preserving) culture: Avoiding the damage to culture of veiled moralism in HIV education date: 2009-07-30 words: 3758 flesch: 56 summary: For example, UNESCO’s main health and culture project is called ‘Culture, HIV and AIDS’.5 A key aspect of the cultural approaches to HIV education involves education around gender is- sues; it is assumed that women’s lack of empowerment, which is largely culturally defined, is linked to women’s inability to negotiate safer sex. From the perspective of reducing HIV infection, trying to ‘amend’ people’s ‘immorality’ at the same time as their safer sex behaviour might be counter-productive; some people turn away from safer sex education alto- gether if it seems too foreign to their moral norms.20 Perhaps further evidence of the conflation of Western morality and HIV education is that traditional practices that may limit the spread of HIV, such as the tradi- tional pre-marriage practice of thigh sex (hlobonga in Zulu), have not been adequately explored. keywords: africa; culture; education; hiv; polygamy; practice; sex; southern cache: hivmed-295.pdf plain text: hivmed-295.txt item: #309 of 648 id: hivmed-296 author: van deventer, C; Radebe, M title: The role of a multidisciplinary team meeting in an antiretroviral treatment programme date: 2009-07-30 words: 2309 flesch: 55 summary: Lack of trust between clinician and patient, active drug and alcohol use, ac- tive mental illness (e.g. depression), lack of patient education, inability of patients to identify their medi- cations, and lack of reliable access to primary medical care or medication may all contribute to inadequate adherence. In several studies of patients with HIV infection, chronic illness, mental illness, older age and male gender were associ- ated with decreased adherence. keywords: adherence; clinic; patients cache: hivmed-296.pdf plain text: hivmed-296.txt item: #310 of 648 id: hivmed-297 author: Aniebue, P N; Aniebue, U U title: HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, sexual practices and predictors of condom use among long-distance truck drivers in Nigeria date: 2009-07-30 words: 2248 flesch: 62 summary: The high rate of condom use in societies such as Thai- land could be explained by low resistance to their use.9 Our finding of lower rates of consistent condom use may reflect the fact that in Nigeria there is an aver- sion to condom use, which is generally believed to be a licence to sexual promiscuity. The correct and consistent use of condoms is an im- portant component in the prevention of STIs, including HIV infection, and is reported to be the most reliable method of prevention other than abstinence.3 Although knowledge about condoms is relatively high and in- creasing in many African countries, including Nigeria, there has as yet been no commensurate increase in their use.3 The aim of this study was to determine HIV/AIDS-re- lated knowledge, sexual practices and predictors of condom use among LDTDs in Nigeria. keywords: aids; condom; drivers; hiv; nigeria; use cache: hivmed-297.pdf plain text: hivmed-297.txt item: #311 of 648 id: hivmed-298 author: von Mollendorf, Claire title: Acute HIV: What is new and how do we treat? date: 2009-07-30 words: 3928 flesch: 51 summary: Most of these gaps involve the first few days and weeks of infection, i.e. the period of acute HIV infection. The classic mononucleosis-like symptoms of acute HIV-1 infection (fever, joint pain, inguinal lymphadenopathy and night sweats) may last several days to weeks and are found in at least 47% of patients with AHI.4,5 Several studies suggest that individuals with acute HIV infection can be identified in sexually transmitted infec- tion (STI) clinics and perhaps other high-risk settings.5,6 The detection of acute HIV infection is important not only from a research and prevention point of view but because it may also allow for early treatment that could modify the natural history of the disease.7 MEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched using the keywords ‘Acute HIV’, ‘natural history of HIV’, ‘HIV in Africa’ and ‘immunology of HIV’. keywords: acute; cd4; cell; february; hiv; hiv-1; infection; treatment cache: hivmed-298.pdf plain text: hivmed-298.txt item: #312 of 648 id: hivmed-299 author: Firnhaber, Cynthia S; Michelow, Pam title: Cervical cancer and the human immunodeficiency virus: A review date: 2009-07-30 words: 5302 flesch: 56 summary: A study by Yamada and co-workers in Kenya23 demonstrated cervical HPV infection in 17% of HIV-negative and 49% of HIV-positive women. Cervical cancer was made an AIDS-de- fining diagnosis by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in 1993. keywords: cancer; cervical; high; hiv; hpv; human; infection; negative; papillomavirus; screening; south; types; women cache: hivmed-299.pdf plain text: hivmed-299.txt item: #313 of 648 id: hivmed-30 author: None title: SAJHIV 1031 date: None words: 1525 flesch: 53 summary: Bor J, Herbst AJ, Newell ML, Barnighausen T. Increases in adult life expectancy in rural South Africa: Bor J, Herbst AJ, Newell ML, Barnighausen T. Increases in adult life expectancy in rural South Africa: keywords: africa; art; hiv; programme; south cache: hivmed-30.htm plain text: hivmed-30.txt item: #314 of 648 id: hivmed-300 author: Scientific Committee, Track rapporteurs and members of the title: 'Scaling up for success': The 4th Southern African AIDS Conference: 31 March - 3rd April 2009, Durban date: 2009-07-30 words: 5358 flesch: 55 summary: Integration of services, including HIV services, with family planning, sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics, cervical screening, and TB services, was found to be acceptable to clients and providers, and resulted in increase in uptake of HIV testing and other services (Menziwa, Chabikulu, Leon, Bomela). The need for dedicated health care worker programmes that offer psychosocial support, encourage HIV testing and TB screening and provide HIV treatment and sup- port if a worker tests positive was raised (Vazi et al.). keywords: art; care; health; hiv; r n; services; track cache: hivmed-300.pdf plain text: hivmed-300.txt item: #315 of 648 id: hivmed-301 author: Churchyard, Gavin J; Eldred, Lois J title: The 3I’s Satellite Symposium: Reducing the risk of tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals: 4th Southern African AIDS Conference, 31 March 2009, Durban date: 2009-07-30 words: 8315 flesch: 60 summary: She added that TB treatment, isoniazid preventive therapy and ART are all part of TB IC. Globally, about 1.4 million TB cases are co-infected with HIV - leading to about 0.5 million deaths each year - while in South Africa there are about 350 000 co-infected cases of TB (for an HIV infection rate of about 70% among TB patients). keywords: art; health; hiv; ipt; patients; people; r n; south; treatment cache: hivmed-301.pdf plain text: hivmed-301.txt item: #316 of 648 id: hivmed-302 author: Burrell, E title: SA AIDS 2009 MSM Satellite Conference, Research and Advocacy: Sharing the strength, bridging the gap, 30-31 March 2009, Durban date: 2009-07-30 words: 1225 flesch: 68 summary: Valentine M. Multidimensional approach to MSM sex and its impact on risk behaviour. SA AIDS 2009 MSM Satellite Conference, 30 - 31 March 2009, Durban. keywords: aids; conference; satellite cache: hivmed-302.pdf plain text: hivmed-302.txt item: #317 of 648 id: hivmed-303 author: Fani, Gertrude title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2009-07-30 words: 930 flesch: 68 summary: Payments may be made by cheque or electronic transfer payable to: ‘Southern African HIV Clinicians Society’, Nedbank Campus Square, Branch code: 158-105 Account No: 1581 048 033. True (A) or false (B) – click on the correct answer: A strong relationship exists between HIV and HPV, two sexually transmitted viruses. keywords: answer; hiv cache: hivmed-303.pdf plain text: hivmed-303.txt item: #318 of 648 id: hivmed-305 author: None title: None date: None words: 5524 flesch: 46 summary: Unfortunately, such case reports in the literature are scanty and the evidence for optic nerve infiltration is mostly speculative.32 In our cohort of patients, optic nerve infiltration was uncommon, as evidenced by the lack of nerve signal changes and enhancement on MRI, and the dissimilar magnetic resonance diffusion parameters to that of optic neuritis.7 Optic nerve infiltration possibly results from direct cryptococcal invasion from the peri-optic CSF, or perhaps develops from retrograde extension of the meningo-encephalitis from the thalamus and other diencephalic structures that seem particularly susceptible to cryptococcal infiltration. Remarkably, the rapid visual loss group in Rex's series had elevated CSF pressure (90%), thickened optic nerves on computed tomography (CT) scan (22%) and symmetrical visual loss (93%). keywords: cryptococcal; csf; infiltration; intracranial; loss; meningitis; nerve; optic; papilloedema; patients; pmid; pressure; visual cache: hivmed-305.htm plain text: hivmed-305.txt item: #319 of 648 id: hivmed-309 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: From the editor date: 2009-03-23 words: 846 flesch: 59 summary: FRANCOIS VENTER President SUMMER  2009                                                            THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE                                                   Dr Francois Venter (HIV Clinicians Society), Jonathan Berger (AIDS Law Project), Mark Heywood (ALP, South African National AIDS Council), Minister Barbara Hogan (Department of Health), Adila Hassan (ALP), and Professor Helen Rees (SANAC, Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit). This edition of the journal is the usual smorgasbord of HIV issues from guidelines to clinical, ethics and debate. keywords: health; hiv; south cache: hivmed-309.pdf plain text: hivmed-309.txt item: #320 of 648 id: hivmed-31 author: None title: SAJHIV 1030 date: None words: 1020 flesch: 64 summary: Few medical aids covered HIV treatment, despite the evidence that even with the high cost of ART at the time, treating HIV was more cost-effective than the costs associated with managing opportunistic infections in very sick patients requiring hospital admission. I wanted to help as many patients as we could in this way. keywords: hiv; patients cache: hivmed-31.htm plain text: hivmed-31.txt item: #321 of 648 id: hivmed-310 author: Team, SANAC Treatment Task title: Criteria for expedited antiretroviral initiation and emergency triage date: 2009-03-23 words: 1170 flesch: 50 summary: While the reasons for this situation are complex, at least some of the morbidity and mortality relates to delayed initiation owing to a lack of urgency in staging, referral, counselling and the clinical process of ART initiation. No deserving patient should have to experience unreasonable delays for appoint- ments or ART initiation. keywords: art; hiv; initiation cache: hivmed-310.pdf plain text: hivmed-310.txt item: #322 of 648 id: hivmed-313 author: Office, Editorial title: CPD date: 2009-03-23 words: 652 flesch: 69 summary: 7. True (A) or false (B) – click on the correct answer: Hepatitis B surface antigen (infectious agent) is the first serological marker to appear after infection, and persistence for >6 months indicates chronic HBV infection. 8. True (A) or false (B) – click on the correct answer: HIV increases the risk of acute HBV infection progressing to a chronic active infection (positive HBsAg for >6 months) by at least 3-fold. keywords: answer cache: hivmed-313.pdf plain text: hivmed-313.txt item: #323 of 648 id: hivmed-32 author: None title: SAJHIV 1026 date: None words: 2560 flesch: 57 summary: Anova Health Institute, in partnership with the provincial Departments of Health (DoHs) and with support and funding from the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)/ United States Agency for International Development (USAID) launched Health4Men, the first state sector programme aimed at addressing MSM sexual health and wellness.6 These include: most PEP is required after hours when experienced HIV clinics are closed; the need to be screened for HIV (often performed by MSM-insensitive staff who are unable to provide appropriate counselling); and the myth that PEP is only available in state clinics for the prevention of nosocomial HIV or following sexual assault. keywords: health; hiv; men; msm; services; sex; south cache: hivmed-32.htm plain text: hivmed-32.txt item: #324 of 648 id: hivmed-323 author: None title: None date: None words: 2387 flesch: 43 summary: This point also raises the interesting question of whether HIV patients with an increased risk for malignancies develop these at earlier ages and whether these tumours are more aggressive. HIV infection is strongly associated with specific malignancies. keywords: aids; cancer; hiv; nf1; patient; tumour cache: hivmed-323.htm plain text: hivmed-323.txt item: #325 of 648 id: hivmed-324 author: Office, Editorial title: ‘Excelling in Clinical Care’: Southern African HIV Clinicians Society Conference date: 2014-01-05 words: 3796 flesch: 53 summary: Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) reduces female to male HIV transmission by ~60%, and is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) as a priority intervention in high- HIV prevalence settings. However, there is a need to assess the safety of PrePex among HIV-positive clients, as HIV testing in Mozambique is recommended but not required in routine VMMC service delivery. keywords: africa; art; data; hiv; months; outcomes; patients; south; treatment cache: hivmed-324.pdf plain text: hivmed-324.txt item: #326 of 648 id: hivmed-325 author: Arowolo, O. A.; Agbakwuru, E. A.; Obonna, G. C.; Onyia, C. U.; Akinkuolie, A. A.; Olaogun, J. G. title: Safety of the surgeon: ‘Double-gloving’ during surgical procedures date: 2014-01-05 words: 3379 flesch: 58 summary: Surgical glove perforation and the risk of surgical site infection. Surgical glove perforation. keywords: glove; hiv; operating; patients; perforation; puncture; status; surgeon; surgery cache: hivmed-325.pdf plain text: hivmed-325.txt item: #327 of 648 id: hivmed-326 author: Office, Editorial title: CPD QUESTIONNAIRE date: 2014-01-05 words: 601 flesch: 57 summary: In patients who are seroconverting (newly infected with HIV), immediate ART initiation may be associated with improved viral control and long-term health outcomes. If HIV diagnosis is made using rapid tests outside of the laboratory, confirmation of HIV infection using a laboratory-based test (viral load or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) is advised before ART initiation to rule out false positive rapid-test results. keywords: art; patients cache: hivmed-326.pdf plain text: hivmed-326.txt item: #328 of 648 id: hivmed-327 author: Myer, Landon title: From the Editor date: 2014-01-05 words: 650 flesch: 56 summary: Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014; 15(4): 144- 147. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014; 15(4):144-147. keywords: hiv; journal; medicine cache: hivmed-327.pdf plain text: hivmed-327.txt item: #329 of 648 id: hivmed-328 author: Conradie, Francesca title: From the Executive date: 2014-01-05 words: 453 flesch: 72 summary: But most of all, I was affected by the realisation that I have the privilege to head up a fantastic membership organisation of HIV clinicians. While the programme focused on clinical aspects of HIV, I received many positive comments about the ethics sessions, and as usual, the skills- building sessions were oversubscribed. keywords: conference; hiv cache: hivmed-328.pdf plain text: hivmed-328.txt item: #330 of 648 id: hivmed-33 author: None title: SAJHIV 1010 date: None words: 570 flesch: 61 summary: The first three months of practising were a steep learning curve, particularly in HIV medicine. With some basic teaching in HIV and tuberculosis (TB), we (the UK doctors) were very soon thrown into the deep end. keywords: art; hiv cache: hivmed-33.htm plain text: hivmed-33.txt item: #331 of 648 id: hivmed-330 author: Meintjes, G. title: Adult antiretroviral therapy guidelines 2014 date: 2014-01-05 words: 22505 flesch: 52 summary: Patients who return after defaulting therapy We recommend restarting the same regimen if patients return to care after defaulting therapy. Treatment decisions for patients should be made by their responsible clinicians, with due consideration for individual circumstances. keywords: 3tc; abc; adherence; art; azt; cd4; cells; count; daily; dose; drug; efv; failure; hepatitis; hiv; line; months; nrtis; nvp; patients; pis; regimen; resistance; risk; table; tdf; therapy; treatment; use cache: hivmed-330.pdf plain text: hivmed-330.txt item: #332 of 648 id: hivmed-331 author: Demas, D.; Rabie, H.; Cotton, M. F. title: Managing the HIV-infected neonate: A rural doctor’s perspective date: 2014-01-05 words: 868 flesch: 56 summary: If we are unable to prevent vertical HIV transmission, the next best option is early recognition and rapid access to therapy. In the longer term, Kaletra is superior to nevirapine in infants regardless of prior nevirapine exposure, although there are few data in the first 2 - 3 weeks of life, with exposure being lower than in older infants.[2] The social issues that have caused poor/incomplete access to prevention programmes often persist and complicate management. keywords: hiv; infants; mother cache: hivmed-331.pdf plain text: hivmed-331.txt item: #333 of 648 id: hivmed-336 author: None title: hivmed-336 date: None words: 2521 flesch: 49 summary: the potential problem of HBV monotherapy with the existing first-line ART regimen and an estimated 5% HIV-HBV co-infection rate, the Provincial Government of the Western Cape province in South Africa introduced a policy on hepatitis B screening of HIV patients and the substitution of tenofovir for stavudine in July 2008.13 Subsequently, all patients attending the ART clinics to initiate treatment were to be screened using the serum HBsAg test. HIV patients presenting to the TC Newman ART Centre for ART initiation from 01 October 2008 until end of April 2010, when a new ART protocol was introduced and the routine HBsAg screening was omitted. keywords: hbv; hepatitis; hiv; infection; patients; south cache: hivmed-336.htm plain text: hivmed-336.txt item: #334 of 648 id: hivmed-337 author: None title: None date: None words: 3334 flesch: 48 summary: In this context, increasing access to HIV testing as the gateway to HIV prevention and treatment is important, and international best practice requires innovative HIV testing strategies to reach those at risk.2 It is against this background that the recently introduced Public Health Act (2013) which deals directly with HIV testing services in Botswana should be reviewed.3 The present article maintains that the approach adopted by the Public Health Act does not follow a rights-based approach to accessing HIV testing as set out in international norms. New law on HIV testing in Botswana: The implications for healthcare professionals. keywords: act; botswana; health; hiv; rights; testing cache: hivmed-337.htm plain text: hivmed-337.txt item: #335 of 648 id: hivmed-338 author: None title: None date: None words: 3525 flesch: 48 summary: There was a discrepancy between sites regarding which staff categories were assigned NTP responsibilities, but answers also differed between staff members working at the same site. TABLE 3: Distribution of Nutrition Therapeutic Programme responsibilities amongst primary health clinics site staff categories. Evaluation of selected aspects of the Nutrition Therapeutic Programme offered to HIV-positive women of child-bearing age in Western Cape Province, South Africa In This Original Research... Open Access • Abstract • Introduction • Methods    • Study sites and participants    • Data collection methods • Results    • Characteristics of the clients    • Food insecurity    • Clients’ experiences of the Nutrition Therapeutic Programme    • Staff members’ characteristics    • Knowledge, training and responsibilities of staff members regarding the Nutrition Therapeutic Programme • Discussion    • Limitations • Conclusion • Acknowledgements    • keywords: clients; food; members; ntp; nutrition; programme; staff; supplements; women cache: hivmed-338.htm plain text: hivmed-338.txt item: #336 of 648 id: hivmed-34 author: None title: SAJHIV 1028 date: None words: 1011 flesch: 62 summary: At that point, the focus was on HIV awareness for public sector workers, and success was measured by the availability of condoms. I had already been working in public health since 1993, and had been on the fringes of HIV, through the interdepartmental HIV and AIDS committee. keywords: health; hiv; plan cache: hivmed-34.htm plain text: hivmed-34.txt item: #337 of 648 id: hivmed-344 author: None title: None date: None words: 2413 flesch: 44 summary: Introduction Top ↑ Infection with the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan Africa affected an estimated 22.5 million people, of whom 5.9 million were in South Africa, however, in the recent 2014 UNAIDS progress report, for the first time since 2009, a 17% decline was reported in the rate of newly diagnosed HIV cases for women of reproductive age, living in sub-Saharan Africa.1 May et al. found that, between 1996 and 2008, the life expectancy of people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) had increased by an average of 15 years.2 People with HIV infection live longer as a result of ART, and consequently are at risk of developing illnesses associated with ageing, chronic illnesses and malignancies. HIV Med. 2013;14:195–207. keywords: aids; cells; chemotherapy; disease; hiv; patients; risk cache: hivmed-344.htm plain text: hivmed-344.txt item: #338 of 648 id: hivmed-346 author: None title: None date: None words: 3805 flesch: 47 summary: Factors associated with optimal adherence to TB treatment after antiretroviral therapy initiation Employment status was the only factor associated with optimal (100%) adherence following ART initiation. Results: ART tended to negatively affect adherence to TB treatment, with an 8% – 10% decrease in the proportion of patients adherent according to pill count and an 18% – 22% decrease in the proportion of patients adherent according to eMEMS in the first month following ART initiation, independent of the cut-off used to define adherence (90%, 95% or 100%). keywords: adherence; art; count; emems; initiation; patients; pill; study; treatment cache: hivmed-346.htm plain text: hivmed-346.txt item: #339 of 648 id: hivmed-347 author: None title: None date: None words: 4025 flesch: 54 summary: LTFU patients were identified and those with contact details were contacted for telephonic interview to determine if they were still on ART and/or their reasons for becoming LTFU. Monthly visits, non-adherent defaulters and LTFU patients were tracked by an electronic system (SOZO). keywords: art; clinic; follow; hiv; ltfu; patients; shmc; staff; study; treatment cache: hivmed-347.htm plain text: hivmed-347.txt item: #340 of 648 id: hivmed-35 author: None title: SAJHIV 1033 date: None words: 1225 flesch: 69 summary: Knowledge about the natural course and management of HIV was limited, even among healthcare professionals. On the wards if a patient had ‘the label’ (coded in various subtle ways in the doctors’ notes), then doctors and nurses would often not fully address whatever the presenting problem was – even if it was unrelated to HIV. keywords: hiv; patients; people cache: hivmed-35.htm plain text: hivmed-35.txt item: #341 of 648 id: hivmed-352 author: None title: None date: None words: 2603 flesch: 43 summary: A diagnosis of disseminated fungal infection with secondary HLH was made and intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate 1 mg/kg/day commenced 14 days later. Six months earlier, HIV infection was diagnosed at a primary health care clinic. keywords: case; emmonsia; fungal; hiv; hospital; infection; range; south; species cache: hivmed-352.htm plain text: hivmed-352.txt item: #342 of 648 id: hivmed-353 author: None title: None date: None words: 1965 flesch: 51 summary: Only 6% of condoms taken from the youth clinic were Choice condoms. Condoms in Khayelitsha Top ↑ Khayelitsha township has one of the most successful condom distribution programmes in the country, with approximately 1 million Choice condoms distributed per month by the Treatment Action Campaign to a population of 391 749.15 With permission from the City of Cape Town, MSF conducted a trial on the popularity of alternatives to Choice in a youth clinic in Khayelitsha, using condoms donated by the organization ‘Condomize’. keywords: africa; choice; condoms; health; hiv; south; use cache: hivmed-353.htm plain text: hivmed-353.txt item: #343 of 648 id: hivmed-355 author: None title: None date: None words: 4119 flesch: 54 summary: The HIV epidemic in South Africa is driven by deeply entrenched social and structural factors including gender inequality, poverty and migration.29,30 Even if the structural inadequacies of the healthcare system are addressed, a one-size-fits-all approach to HIV treatment and prevention will not work. Since those bleak days of AIDS denialism, and increasingly from 2005,5 South Africa has expanded its HIV services and today has the world’s largest ART programme, reaching about 2.1 million people.1 Like most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa tries to base its health policy on World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. keywords: africa; aids; art; health; hiv; policy; prevention; public; south; test; treatment; universal cache: hivmed-355.htm plain text: hivmed-355.txt item: #344 of 648 id: hivmed-36 author: None title: SAJHIV 1034 date: None words: 661 flesch: 62 summary: The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) brought about an exciting, yet some­how scary period in terms of treatment and care in our health facilities. In 2004, when the rollout of ART started, I was fortunate to have been working in one of the first facilities to be accredited as an ART site in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan district. keywords: art; programme cache: hivmed-36.htm plain text: hivmed-36.txt item: #345 of 648 id: hivmed-360 author: None title: None date: None words: 2146 flesch: 47 summary: However, further reduction in MTCT may be possible if newborns at high risk of acquiring HIV infection (high-risk infants) after intrapartum exposure are routinely identified and administered an intensified post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen comprising 2 or 3 ARVs.3 The recently updated hospital-level Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List, and the 2014 National Consolidated HIV Guidelines, include risk stratification for newborns.4,5 The latter document recommends one of several neonatal PEP regimens depending on the risk of MTCT: (1) for low-risk infants whose mothers were on lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy, daily nevirapine (NVP) for 6 weeks is recommended, (2) for high-risk infants because their mothers were on ART for < 4 weeks prior to delivery, or because their mothers were diagnosed with HIV infection within 72 h of delivery, or because their mothers tested HIV positive > 72 h post-delivery, daily NVP for 12 weeks is recommended if breastfed, (3) for infants of breastfeeding mothers with newly diagnosed HIV infection, dual NVP/zidovudine (AZT) prophylaxis is recommended with revision based on the infant's immediate HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result and (4) for high-risk infants born to mothers whose latest viral load results were > 1000 copies/mL, dual NVP/AZT prophylaxis is recommended.5 These recommendations may be difficult for the average clinician to digest and remember. South Africa's practice of routine HIV DNA PCR testing at 6 weeks of life for HIV-exposed infants fails to recognise HIV infection during the first 6 weeks of life, which may be too late to initiate ART at 7.4 weeks of age as per the CHER trial and has reduced sensitivity for detecting HIV infection in infants who receive a minimum of 6 weeks of ARVs for PMTCT.3 Birth HIV DNA PCR testing of HIV-exposed neonates coupled with early ART initiation in HIV-infected neonates should be liberalised so as to reduce the observed increase in mortality between 1 and 3 months of age in untreated infants. keywords: africa; age; art; hiv; infants; risk; south; weeks cache: hivmed-360.htm plain text: hivmed-360.txt item: #346 of 648 id: hivmed-361 author: None title: None date: None words: 6351 flesch: 48 summary: Amongst the 96 neonates, 7 were on treatment for neonatal HIV infection. HIV drug resistance mutations in plasma virus were determined using population sequencing in 230 newly-diagnosed HIV-infected children < 2 years of age in Johannesburg in 2011. keywords: age; cart; children; dose; dosing; drug; hiv; infants; neonatal; neonates; nvp; treatment; weeks cache: hivmed-361.htm plain text: hivmed-361.txt item: #347 of 648 id: hivmed-362 author: None title: hivmed-362 date: None words: 2538 flesch: 47 summary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu068 Haeri Mazenderani AF, Du Plessis NM, Thomas WN, Venter E, Avenant T. Loss of detectability and indeterminate results: Challenges facing HIV infant diagnosis in South Africa’s expanding ART programme. As the majority of women deliver in health facilities in South Africa, identifying all HIV-infected women at delivery coupled with birth HIV PCR testing would yield three-quarters of all perinatal HIV infections with close to 90% coverage. keywords: age; birth; hiv; infants; infection; pcr; testing; weeks cache: hivmed-362.htm plain text: hivmed-362.txt item: #348 of 648 id: hivmed-364 author: None title: None date: None words: 4321 flesch: 42 summary: A few suggested increasing the number and location of sites where scholars can work. Discussion Top ↑ The present study identified factors influencing the attraction and retention of South African medical doctors into HIV prevention research; increasing the understanding of the resources and support needed to ensure their success; and eliciting suggestions to inform design of clinical research development programmes, such as SHAPe. Unstable funding sources and inadequate local funding support were identified as barriers to promoting HIV research careers. keywords: africa; career; development; doctors; hiv; medical; participants; research; south; training; vaccine cache: hivmed-364.htm plain text: hivmed-364.txt item: #349 of 648 id: hivmed-365 author: None title: None date: None words: 2123 flesch: 53 summary: Timing of maternal HIV testing and uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission interventions among women and their infected infants in Johannesburg, South Africa. This fact highlights the importance of preventing and promptly detecting maternal HIV infection in pregnancy and breastfeeding if MTCT is to be further reduced. keywords: art; cases; health; hiv; maternal; pmtct; south cache: hivmed-365.htm plain text: hivmed-365.txt item: #350 of 648 id: hivmed-367 author: None title: None date: None words: 4759 flesch: 50 summary: Some facilities now provide minimal ART preparation owing to prioritising fast-tracking, whilst others continue to require prior attendance of 3 (and sometimes more when co-infected with TB) education and adherence counselling sessions. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), along with its partners (see acknowledgements), developed a revised approach to ART initiation counselling which supports rapid initiation without failing to adequately prepare a patient for lifelong adherence to treatment, including those who are co-infected with TB or pregnant. BOX 1: Adherence steps addressed in antiretroviral treatment initiation counselling model. keywords: adherence; africa; art; counselling; hiv; initiation; patients; session; south; study; treatment cache: hivmed-367.htm plain text: hivmed-367.txt item: #351 of 648 id: hivmed-368 author: None title: None date: None words: 3635 flesch: 49 summary: A previous study documented a higher incidence (30%) of positive syphilis serology amongst black women with cervical cancer than in their white and mixed race counterparts.12 The younger age of HIV-positive cervical cancer patients confirms previous studies of HIV in cervical cancer cases. In a South African study, the mortality rate after treatment of stage III cervical cancer was the highest in the first 6 months after treatment.12 In Kenya, a 41% loss to follow-up occurred in women receiving treatment for cervical cancer.20 Tracking of women after missed appointments is not done routinely owing to resource constraints.18 Verifying HIV-related deaths by checking death certificates is subject to 90% misclassification of HIV deaths in South Africa.21 Limitations of the present study include a short follow-up subsequent to completion of therapy. keywords: cancer; follow; hiv; negative; patients; qol; study; treatment; women cache: hivmed-368.htm plain text: hivmed-368.txt item: #352 of 648 id: hivmed-37 author: None title: SAJHIV 1020 date: None words: 1340 flesch: 60 summary: When I first started, many children were being cared for by family members or foster carers because their mothers had died. Small children grow up into big children and adolescents, and they need progressive disclosure so that they are fully informed about their status well before puberty. keywords: children; clinic; family cache: hivmed-37.htm plain text: hivmed-37.txt item: #353 of 648 id: hivmed-371 author: None title: None date: None words: 5030 flesch: 45 summary: Factors strongly associated with increased transmission risk are: high maternal VL, low maternal CD4 count, the absence of maternal ART, and preterm labour with prolonged rupture of membranes.11 Whilst the first three factors are associated with increased transmission in all risk periods, preterm labour, especially with prolonged rupture of membranes, appears only to increase intra-partum transmission risk. Therefore, AZT is important to enhance infant PEP in order to reduce intra-partum transmission risk when maternal virus is likely to be NNRTI resistant. keywords: breastfeeding; exposure; hiv; infant; labour; maternal; partum; pep; prophylaxis; risk; transmission; weeks cache: hivmed-371.htm plain text: hivmed-371.txt item: #354 of 648 id: hivmed-375 author: None title: None date: None words: 6230 flesch: 49 summary: Feasibility of early infant HIV diagnosis and ART initiation in primary and tertiary care settings in Cape Town, South Africa. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.06.053 Haeri Mazanderani AF, Du Plessis NM, Thomas WN, Venter E, Avenant T. Loss of detectability and indeterminate results: Challenges facing HIV infant diagnosis in South Africa’s expanding ART programme. keywords: african; antiretroviral; art; birth; care; children; hiv; infants; neonatal; risk; south; testing; therapy; transmission; treatment; weeks cache: hivmed-375.htm plain text: hivmed-375.txt item: #355 of 648 id: hivmed-376 author: None title: None date: None words: 2661 flesch: 46 summary: By promoting a decentralised model of early infant diagnosis at birth, programmes will ensure access to care for some of the most vulnerable patients with HIV infection. In addition to being well received by primary care doctors, mentorship on primary care ART initiation for stable infants was well received by the local district hospital, as it reduces the burden on their overstretched services. keywords: art; birth; care; hiv; infants; initiation; mother; primary cache: hivmed-376.htm plain text: hivmed-376.txt item: #356 of 648 id: hivmed-377 author: None title: None date: None words: 3498 flesch: 46 summary: An innovative programme in Soweto demonstrated that a modest relactation counselling program had reasonable success in achieving full lactation after infant HIV diagnosis, even in mothers who had abstained entirely from breastfeeding until infant diagnosis around 12 weeks of age.7 Preterm and low birthweight neonates Top ↑ Preterm and LBW infants are generally at higher risk of perinatal HIV transmission than term, normal birthweight infants. Thirdly, risk estimation linked to targeted testing or augmented infant prophylaxis will identify women with suboptimal cART, including those who have not yet accessed care, those who deliberately avoided care, those who are non-adherent, those who are failing cART, late starters, etc. Counselling around infant feeding for this group will need to balance HIV transmission risks against the adverse and potentially fatal outcomes associated with abstinence from breastfeeding, particularly in preterm and LBW infants. HIV-infected neonates Top ↑ Infant feeding counselling in PMTCT programmes has mostly ignored the scenario of known HIV-infected neonates. keywords: breastfeeding; health; hiv; infants; milk; mother; neonates; preterm; risk; transmission cache: hivmed-377.htm plain text: hivmed-377.txt item: #357 of 648 id: hivmed-38 author: None title: SAJHIV 1032 date: None words: 365 flesch: 67 summary: In the occupational health world, we have integrated HIV testing into our periodic medicals along with blood pressure and fasting glucose. Spending a nauseous month on Combivir, I became aware that HIV had come to visit me and my family. keywords: health; hiv cache: hivmed-38.htm plain text: hivmed-38.txt item: #358 of 648 id: hivmed-386 author: None title: None date: None words: 2500 flesch: 38 summary: Article Information Authors: Palesa Nkomo1 Natasha Davies2 Gayle Sherman3,4 Sanjana Bhardwaj5 Vundli Ramokolo1 Nobubelo K. Ngandu1 Nobuntu Noveve1 Trisha Ramraj1 Vuyolwethu Magasana1 Yages Singh1 Duduzile Nsibande1 Ameena E. Goga1,6 Affiliations: 1Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa 2Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa 3National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa 4Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa 5The United Nations Children's Fund, Pretoria, South Africa 6Department of Paediatrics, University of Pretoria, South Africa Correspondence to: Palesa Nkomo Email: palesa.nkomo@mrc.ac.za Postal address: Private Bag X385, Pretoria 0002, South Africa Dates: Received: 15 Apr. 2015 Accepted: 06 Aug. 2015 South African Medical Research Council, National Department of Health of South Africa and PEPFAR/US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. keywords: african; care; child; guidelines; health; hiv; prevention; research; south cache: hivmed-386.htm plain text: hivmed-386.txt item: #359 of 648 id: hivmed-39 author: None title: SAJHIV 1039 date: None words: 766 flesch: 66 summary: SAJHIV 1039 REFLECTIONS Reflections on a decade of HIV in my life C Friend, MB ChB, DipHIVMan Corresponding author: C Friend (chantelfriend@gmail.com) Chantél Friend is affiliated with the Qhakaza Mbokodo Research Centre, Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa But most importantly, I saw life after HIV: a man on death’s door walking back to work in a few months; a skeleton of a child smiling with her new toy after a few weeks of antiretrovirals; and Venus, who encouraged me at every consultation, despite being left blind and in a wheelchair after cryptococcal meningitis, and deserted by her family, but just managing to force the words out of her facial-palsied mouth, ‘thank you’. keywords: hiv; ribbon cache: hivmed-39.htm plain text: hivmed-39.txt item: #360 of 648 id: hivmed-390 author: None title: None date: None words: 4905 flesch: 64 summary: The objective of the present study was to explore the expressed needs of secondary school students regarding HCT provision at schools, and to add the voice of youth to the discussion regarding school-based HCT. Reasons included not wanting to be seen by other students when going for testing; concerns about confidentiality at school; and perceiving the quality of service at the clinic as being better. keywords: age; counselling; hct; health; hiv; school; service; students; testing; youth cache: hivmed-390.htm plain text: hivmed-390.txt item: #361 of 648 id: hivmed-398 author: None title: hivmed-398 date: None words: 5035 flesch: 54 summary: Design: Prospective substudy on feeding practices nested in a pilot study investigating the innate immune abnormalities in HEU infants compared to HU infants. HIV and infant feeding: Guidelines for decision makers. keywords: age; breastfeeding; children; feeding; health; heu; hiv; infants; months; mothers; nutrition; practices; study; world cache: hivmed-398.htm plain text: hivmed-398.txt item: #362 of 648 id: hivmed-399 author: None title: None date: None words: 9932 flesch: 45 summary: Given the very high background prevalence of HIV infection in the southern African region, HIV exposure risk outside the occupational setting is high, and the distinction between occupational and non-occupational exposure is less helpful for decision-makers. Scale of the problem • Core principles of post-exposure prophylaxis    • Balancing risks and benefits in post-exposure prophylaxis • Prevention of exposure    • Prevention of HIV exposure in the workplace • Special situations: Healthcare situations • Other situations    • Sexual exposure outside of a relationship, where disclosure concerning the exposure is not desired    • Children • Selecting patients for antiretroviral interventions    • Potentially infectious material    • Selecting antiretroviral regimens for post-exposure prophylaxis       • Recommended post-exposure prophylaxis antiretroviral regimen       • Justification for three versus two drugs and for choice of antiretrovirals preferred for post-exposure prophylaxis       • Justification for choice of antiretrovirals preferred for preferred for post-exposure       • Justification for duration preferred for post-exposure • Routine baseline and follow-up investigations    • Investigating the source individual       • HIV testing       • HIV and hepatitis B virus testing       • Hepatitis C virus testing       • Other blood-borne pathogens    • Investigating the exposed individual       • HIV testing       • Hepatitis B testing       • Hepatitis C virus testing       • Other blood-borne pathogens       • Sexually transmitted infections       • Pregnancy       • Tetanus    • Follow-up: Monitoring for adverse drug reactions       • Side-effects       • Comorbidities       • Medical comorbidities and antiretroviral selection for preferred for post-exposure       • Drug safety in pregnancy    • Key issues regarding counselling       • Adherence       • Anxiety management       • Risk-taking interventions • Acknowledgements    • Competing interests    • Authors’ contributions • References Abstract Top ↑ keywords: blood; drug; effects; exposure; guidelines; hiv; individual; management; occupational; pep; post; prophylaxis; regimens; risk; source; testing; transmission; use cache: hivmed-399.htm plain text: hivmed-399.txt item: #363 of 648 id: hivmed-4 author: Myer, Landon title: Message from the Editor date: 2014-09-08 words: 654 flesch: 56 summary: Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(3):77-78. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(3):81- 96. keywords: hiv; journal; medicine; southern cache: hivmed-4.pdf plain text: hivmed-4.txt item: #364 of 648 id: hivmed-40 author: None title: SAJHIV 1035 date: None words: 1274 flesch: 47 summary: However, given the challenges outlined above and in line with our philosophy that rural care should not be second rate, we have emphasised the need for accessibility to quality care. Service delivery model of HIV care at Zithulele Hospital. keywords: care; hospital; patients; programme cache: hivmed-40.htm plain text: hivmed-40.txt item: #365 of 648 id: hivmed-41 author: None title: SAJHIV 1025 date: None words: 2730 flesch: 57 summary: Lessons learnt from programme implement­ation assisted the early development of ART services for adults and children in the province.6 Incorporating ART services within the ANC service was uncommon at the time, but it decreased loss to follow-up and limited delays by removing complex referral processes between facilities. keywords: art; cape; health; hiv; khayelitsha; programme; south; women cache: hivmed-41.htm plain text: hivmed-41.txt item: #366 of 648 id: hivmed-418 author: None title: hivmed-418 date: None words: 5955 flesch: 58 summary: J AIDS HIV Res. 2013;5(12):472–478. Armistead L, Tannenbaum L, Forehand R, Morse E, Morse P. Disclosing HIV status: Are mothers telling their children? keywords: adolescents; africa; aids; awareness; children; community; female; hiv; parents; participants; south; status; study; years cache: hivmed-418.htm plain text: hivmed-418.txt item: #367 of 648 id: hivmed-42 author: None title: SAJHIV 1036 date: None words: 1065 flesch: 56 summary: Yes, HIV treatment is today where TB treatment was a couple of years ago: it is largely governed by national protocols, has been handed over to primary healthcare clinics and is done by dedicated nursing staff in those facilities. During ward rounds, no matter whether in casualty, adult or maternity wards, a young eager colleague presents a patient as ‘known HIV and TB patient, on treatment, now admitted because of shortness of breath, diarrhoea, abdominal pains, etc.’ . keywords: cards; patient; treatment cache: hivmed-42.htm plain text: hivmed-42.txt item: #368 of 648 id: hivmed-424 author: None title: hivmed-424 date: None words: 3339 flesch: 54 summary: TABLE 1: Total sudden, unexplained and unexpected death cases and HIV prevalence information in the Pretoria Medico-Legal Laboratory. TB and HIV co-infected patients have a five times greater risk of dying within 2 years of receiving TB treatment.10 Other studies have determined that 31% of all new TB cases in the African region can be attributed to HIV infection: ‘TB was the cause of 11% of all adult AIDS-related deaths’. keywords: cases; death; hiv; population; pretoria; prevalence; south; study; suu cache: hivmed-424.htm plain text: hivmed-424.txt item: #369 of 648 id: hivmed-425 author: None title: hivmed-425 date: None words: 4433 flesch: 52 summary: Therefore, the aim of the study was to describe the profile and frequency of risk factors of medical patients admitted with non-invasive ultrasound-diagnosed DVT. Research method and design The identification and primary prevention of risk factors using risk assessment and stratification with subsequent anti-thrombotic prophylaxis in moderate- to severe-risk categories is the most rational means of reducing morbidity and mortality. keywords: deep; dvt; factors; hiv; hospital; med; patients; risk; study; thrombosis; vein; venous cache: hivmed-425.htm plain text: hivmed-425.txt item: #370 of 648 id: hivmed-428 author: None title: None date: None words: 2663 flesch: 48 summary: Article Information Authors: Graeme Meintjes1 John Black2 Francesca Conradie3 Sipho Dlamini4 Gary Maartens5 Thandekile C. Manzini6 Moeketsi Mathe7 Michelle Moorhouse8 Yunus Moosa9 Jennifer Nash10 Catherine Orrell11 Francois Venter8 Douglas Wilson12 Affiliations: 1Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa 2Department of Medicine, Livingstone Hospital, South Africa 3Right to Care and Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa 4Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa 5Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, South Africa 6Department of Infectious Diseases, King Edward VIII Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 7Private practice, Vereeniging, South Africa 8Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa 9Department of Infectious Diseases, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 10Amathole District Clinical Specialist Team, Eastern Cape, South Africa 11Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, University of Cape Town, South Africa 12Department of Internal Medicine, Edendale Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Correspondence to: Graeme Meintjes Email: graemein@mweb.co.za Postal address: Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa How to cite this article: Meintjes G, Black J, Conradie F, et al. However, the absolute benefit of immediate ART was greater in the TEMPRANO trial (conducted in Cote d’Ivoire) than in the START trial (which was conducted in countries across the world), because the event rate in the control arms (mainly from TB and invasive bacterial infections) was higher in the TEMPRANO trial, reflecting the high co-infection risks that exist for individuals living with HIV infection in Africa, even with higher CD4 counts. keywords: africa; art; guidelines; hiv; patients; south; therapy; trials cache: hivmed-428.htm plain text: hivmed-428.txt item: #371 of 648 id: hivmed-43 author: None title: SAJHIV 1040 date: None words: 2241 flesch: 52 summary: The lessons learnt have been captured in peer-reviewed publications, which have in turn influenced the treatment programmes and policies, not only in South Africa, but in many treatment programmes throughout Africa and further afield. Adher­ence continues to be an important focus of the programme and, with the introduction of TB treatment in the clinic in 2011, the adherence support system was expanded to provide integrated community support for HIV/TB co-infected patients. keywords: art; hiv; patients; programme; treatment cache: hivmed-43.htm plain text: hivmed-43.txt item: #372 of 648 id: hivmed-44 author: None title: SAJHIV 1029 date: None words: 2024 flesch: 57 summary: HIV care has driven energy and creativity into health delivery, and the focus on an evidence base has, at least somewhat, allowed us to question some of the holy cows of public health – from the design of healthcare delivery, the evidence for cancer screening, to obesity definitions and food recommendations – and this has meant a new and critical generation of people who can claim to have public health expertise. We may have saved the world from old-fashioned public health specialists Speaking of a lack of ambition, some of the most dispiriting conver­sations I have had have been with conventional public health specialists, saying that we were diverting resources from their sanitation/food/whatever programmes, with our ‘non-sustainable’ HIV programmes. keywords: health; hiv; programme; world; years cache: hivmed-44.htm plain text: hivmed-44.txt item: #373 of 648 id: hivmed-445 author: None title: hivmed-445 date: None words: 4811 flesch: 47 summary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2011.09.002 Bourgeois C, Hao Z, Rajewsky K, Potocnik AJ, Stockinger B. Ablation of thymic export causes accelerated decay of naïve CD4 T cells in the periphery because of activation by environmental antigen. Thymic emigration: When and how T cells leave home. keywords: activation; cd4; cells; function; hiv; immune; individuals; infection; levels; load; naive; rtes; thymic cache: hivmed-445.htm plain text: hivmed-445.txt item: #374 of 648 id: hivmed-446 author: None title: hivmed-446 date: None words: 2031 flesch: 57 summary: Venter F. What is the role of CD4 count in a large public health antiretroviral programme? http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v17i1.446 Original Research What is the role of CD4 count in a large public health antiretroviral programme? Michelle Moorhouse, Francesca Conradie, Francois Venter Published: 12 Feb. 2016 Copyright: © 2016. keywords: art; cd4; cells; count; hiv; patients cache: hivmed-446.htm plain text: hivmed-446.txt item: #375 of 648 id: hivmed-449 author: None title: hivmed-449 date: None words: 3073 flesch: 40 summary: The EBLM approach includes eliminating laboratory tests with limited clinical value and introducing laboratory tests where published evidence proves their efficacy and effectiveness.5 For all antiretroviral treatment (ART)-related testing, the HIV and AIDS conditional grant funds are used. ART toxicity can be monitored clinically, as well as by a limited number of laboratory tests. keywords: 2014/2015; expenditure; health; individual; laboratory; monitoring; panel; tests cache: hivmed-449.htm plain text: hivmed-449.txt item: #376 of 648 id: hivmed-451 author: None title: hivmed-451 date: None words: 3548 flesch: 45 summary: The term ‘equivocal’ was used in the past to qualify HIV PCR results of uncertain significance but is no longer used in NHLS EID laboratories. We describe the extent of indeterminate HIV PCR results within South Africa’s early infant diagnosis programme and provide recommendations for the management of these cases, both in terms of laboratory practice and the clinical care of the infants. keywords: africa; hiv; indeterminate; infant; laboratory; pcr; results; south; testing cache: hivmed-451.htm plain text: hivmed-451.txt item: #377 of 648 id: hivmed-452 author: None title: hivmed-452 date: None words: 5049 flesch: 56 summary: The questions contained in the standardised medical record for HIV patients were not extensive. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31815b833a Miller CM, Ketlhapile M, Rybasack-Smith H, Rosen S. Why are antiretroviral treatment patients lost to follow-up? keywords: africa; art; clinic; efavirenz; effects; hiv; non; patients; south; study; treatment cache: hivmed-452.htm plain text: hivmed-452.txt item: #378 of 648 id: hivmed-454 author: None title: hivmed-454 date: None words: 1429 flesch: 51 summary: A case of drug resistance to third-line antiretroviral therapy. A case of drug resistance to third-line antiretroviral therapy Theresa M. Rossouw, Sonia Hitchcock, Mariëtte Botes Received: 09 Dec. 2015; Accepted: 03 Apr. 2016; Published: 31 May 2016 Copyright: © 2016. keywords: drug; hiv; line; patient; resistance cache: hivmed-454.htm plain text: hivmed-454.txt item: #379 of 648 id: hivmed-455 author: None title: hivmed-455 date: None words: 7627 flesch: 51 summary: Abstract The Southern African HIV Clinicians Society published its first set of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) guidelines in June 2012 for men who have sex with men (MSM) who are at risk of HIV infection. PrEP for HIV involves the use of antiretroviral (ARV) medications to prevent HIV infection. keywords: africa; exposure; ftc; guidelines; health; hiv; infection; men; msm; prep; prevention; prophylaxis; risk; sex; south; tdf; use; users cache: hivmed-455.htm plain text: hivmed-455.txt item: #380 of 648 id: hivmed-459 author: None title: hivmed-459 date: None words: 3476 flesch: 55 summary: HIV treatment guidelines have been used by various countries to revise their national guidelines. Methods: From the Internet, health authorities and experts, and community members, we collected 59 published HIV guidelines from 33 countries in the sub-Saharan African region, and abstracted dates of publication and antiretroviral therapy (ART) eligibility criteria. keywords: aids; art; cd4; cells; countries; guidelines; hiv; treatment cache: hivmed-459.htm plain text: hivmed-459.txt item: #381 of 648 id: hivmed-465 author: None title: hivmed-465 date: None words: 5335 flesch: 50 summary: It presents unique health risks in the context of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), by increasing receptiveness to HIV or other infections, changing the course of HIV infection itself or altering the risk of smoking-related chronic diseases.2 Alcohol consumption is another important risk factor for burden of disease and social destruction worldwide3,4 and is discouraged in HIV-infected patients, especially in those on antiretroviral therapy (ART).5 In resource-limited countries both infectious and lifestyle diseases contribute to disease burden. Pathogenic mechanisms of HIV disease. keywords: africa; areas; diarrhoea; health; hiv; infection; loss; participants; south; study; weight cache: hivmed-465.htm plain text: hivmed-465.txt item: #382 of 648 id: hivmed-47 author: None title: HIV MESSAGE FROM EDITOR date: None words: 1236 flesch: 55 summary: Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2013;14(4):183-188. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2013;14(4):183-188. keywords: african; hiv; journal; medicine cache: hivmed-47.htm plain text: hivmed-47.txt item: #383 of 648 id: hivmed-474 author: None title: hivmed-474 date: None words: 4132 flesch: 50 summary: Ntshakala17 studied the QoL of ART patients in Swaziland and found that spirituality conflicted with ART adherence. Little is known about the quality of life of ART defaulters and reasons for discontinuing their ART. keywords: art; health; hiv; hrqol; life; mean; quality; respondents; scores; study cache: hivmed-474.htm plain text: hivmed-474.txt item: #384 of 648 id: hivmed-475 author: None title: hivmed-475 date: None words: 3844 flesch: 45 summary: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients in the developing world who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. keywords: care; carinii; hiv; infect; jirovecii; med; oxygen; patients; pcp; pneumocystis; pneumonia; ventilation cache: hivmed-475.htm plain text: hivmed-475.txt item: #385 of 648 id: hivmed-476 author: None title: hivmed-476 date: None words: 6124 flesch: 52 summary: Objective: We described the challenges faced by patients on ART in Vredenburg with regard to ART adherence. Methods: A descriptive qualitative research design was used. The use of alternative therapy The use of traditional medicines while on ART has been previously reported as a potential barrier to ART adherence in Uganda.26 keywords: adherence; africa; aids; art; barriers; health; hiv; patients; respondent; south; study; therapy; treatment; years cache: hivmed-476.htm plain text: hivmed-476.txt item: #386 of 648 id: hivmed-479 author: None title: hivmed-479 date: None words: 4754 flesch: 52 summary: For this reason, the Ministry of Public Health in Cameroon has called for papers which can describe the current knowledge, practice and common barriers to the use of condoms among this population.7 Because of no current data, this study aims at presenting the situation using a descriptive approach so as to provide data on the present situation, which will enable decision-makers and other stakeholders working with street children to be able to design sustainable interventions to help the growing number of vulnerable street children. Abstract Introduction: Street children in Cameroon are adolescents, vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV and/or AIDS. keywords: barriers; cameroon; children; condom; condom use; knowledge; participants; street; study; use cache: hivmed-479.htm plain text: hivmed-479.txt item: #387 of 648 id: hivmed-48 author: None title: HIV MESSAGE FROM EXECUTIVE date: None words: 448 flesch: 60 summary: The excitement surrounding increased treatment access, improved antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens and nurse-initiated management of antiretroviral therapy (NIMART) have settled; HIV no longer makes the news every other day. As healthcare workers we must redouble our efforts and contribute our part to strengthening the health system, whether it’s reporting medicine stockouts, corruption or inefficiencies with­in the system. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-48.htm plain text: hivmed-48.txt item: #388 of 648 id: hivmed-482 author: Martin, Des title: The issue date: 2000-07-28 words: 1072 flesch: 43 summary: It is time for the professions and civil society to take issue with the current status of HIV care access in our region and to become better-informed participants in negotiations and stronger advocates for our patients' survival. The controversy surrounding HIV as the causative agent of AIDS has once again surfaced in South Africa, gaining political support at the highest level, including the support of the State President. keywords: guidelines; hiv; journal cache: hivmed-482.pdf plain text: hivmed-482.txt item: #389 of 648 id: hivmed-483 author: Conway, Shaun title: Advocating access date: 2000-07-28 words: 1072 flesch: 43 summary: It is time for the professions and civil society to take issue with the current status of HIV care access in our region and to become better-informed participants in negotiations and stronger advocates for our patients' survival. The controversy surrounding HIV as the causative agent of AIDS has once again surfaced in South Africa, gaining political support at the highest level, including the support of the State President. keywords: guidelines; hiv; journal cache: hivmed-483.pdf plain text: hivmed-483.txt item: #390 of 648 id: hivmed-484 author: Black, Peter title: Right to care date: 2000-07-28 words: 1475 flesch: 34 summary: In our region of the world, we remain overwhelmed by the costs of caring for HIV patients, as well as the complexities and increasingly high demands of HIV treatments. The most unusual aspect of this initiative is that it will be 'not-for-profit' - all surplus revenues would be ploughed back into building the capacity to expand care even further and into subsidising treatment Or Conway proposed that There are enormous unmet opportunities to strengthen and expand HIV care through developing, and vastly improving the co-ordination of, clinical expertise in genera list HIV medicine. keywords: access; care; hiv; initiative cache: hivmed-484.pdf plain text: hivmed-484.txt item: #391 of 648 id: hivmed-485 author: Heywood, M. J. title: Clinicians as public health advocates date: 2000-07-28 words: 3341 flesch: 52 summary: Unfortunately, the impression is that many HIV clinicians are unwilling to do this. In the words of UNAIDS, infrastructure developed 'On becoming indispensable instruments in the clinical laboratorial follow-up of HIV patients under antiretro- viral therapy .. keywords: access; aids; care; clinicians; health; hiv; people; treatment cache: hivmed-485.pdf plain text: hivmed-485.txt item: #392 of 648 id: hivmed-486 author: Levin, Leon title: Paediatric antiretroviral therapy - Beyond the Guidelines date: 2000-07-28 words: 699 flesch: 49 summary: Lectures and workshops on ARV therapy, run by experienced paediatricians and other clinicians, are available through the Society on request. In this vein, it is perhaps sad that there are so few paed- iatricians in South Africa actively involved in treating patients with ARV drugs. keywords: guidelines; hiv cache: hivmed-486.pdf plain text: hivmed-486.txt item: #393 of 648 id: hivmed-487 author: Office, Editorial title: The Durban declaration date: 2000-07-28 words: 1237 flesch: 70 summary: • Most patients with HIV infection show signs of AIDS within 5 - 10 years HIV infection is identified in blood by detect- ing antibodies or gene sequences. Persons who are mal- nourished, who already suffer other infections or who are older, tend to be more susceptible to the rapid development of AIDS following HIV infection. keywords: aids; blood; hiv; infection; virus cache: hivmed-487.pdf plain text: hivmed-487.txt item: #394 of 648 id: hivmed-489 author: Martin, Des title: Editorial date: 2000-07-25 words: 689 flesch: 48 summary: DES MARTIN Editor, Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine President Elect, Southern African HIV Clinicians Society ANEW JOURNAL FORA RAPIDLY EMERGING DISEASE The 13th International Aids Conference takes place in Durban, South Africa, from 9 to 14 July 2000. It is my great pleasure to salute the launch of the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, and to congratulate the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society on their foresight in planning this venture, and their tenacity in seeing it through to fruition. keywords: hiv; journal cache: hivmed-489.pdf plain text: hivmed-489.txt item: #395 of 648 id: hivmed-49 author: None title: HIV 987 date: None words: 5039 flesch: 68 summary: If we apply these principles to HST specifically, we submit that the following factors would need to be taken into account in establishing whether it could be in the child’s best interests: (i) the emotional impact of a child discovering their HIV status on their own, and potentially without support; (ii) the possibility that adults could use self-testing to coerce children to be tested for HIV; (iii) the confidential nature of such testing, which may meet the needs of some adolescents with privacy concerns; (iv) the availability and accessibility of other forms of HIV testing; (v) the child’s age, level of maturity and ability to cope with this particular form of testing; (vi) the views of the individual child on HST; and (vii) the capacity of the child to consent to the HIV test. Although this model of HIV testing is being seen as a new way of reaching under-tested populations, no studies have been conducted on offering it to children. keywords: africa; aids; children; counselling; health; hiv; self; south; testing cache: hivmed-49.htm plain text: hivmed-49.txt item: #396 of 648 id: hivmed-490 author: Conway, Shaun title: Horizons date: 2000-07-25 words: 1032 flesch: 29 summary: Far further information about IAPAC, or to apply far membership, visit WlNWjapac.org IAPAC's objectives are to assist in developing and implementing effective strategies that lead to: • Increased access to drugs and related technologies for all people living with HIV/AlOS and life-threatening ca-infectious diseases • Reduced transmission and acquisition of HIV and Iife- threatening co~infectious diseases • Enhanced capacity amongst healthcare workers to provide treatment, care and support to HIV-infected adults, adolescents and children based on the most current and appropriate guidelines, which are made more accessible • Protection of the human rights of all people at risk for and living with HIVlAIDS and other life-threatening co-infectious diseases. The Society's mission is to respond to the Profession's needs, undertaking supportive, facilitating and advocacy activities that will enable clinicians to better manage the clinical, public health and research demands of HIV and AIDS, and increasing the capacity of the profession to respond more effectively to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. keywords: care; hiv; society cache: hivmed-490.pdf plain text: hivmed-490.txt item: #397 of 648 id: hivmed-491 author: Schneider, Helen; Russell, Michelle title: Models of community-based HIV/AIDS care and support in South Africa date: 2000-07-25 words: 2971 flesch: 54 summary: Although it was not possible to quantify the presence of community-based services across the country, it was very evident from discussions and visits that coverage by community care and support for people with AIDS (PWAs) is very patchy, and most often lacking. Conclusions While a rich base of experience in community~based care and support is being developed in South Africa, access to these services is still far from universal. keywords: aids; care; community; hiv; home; programmes; projects; services; support cache: hivmed-491.pdf plain text: hivmed-491.txt item: #398 of 648 id: hivmed-492 author: McIntyre, James; Gray, Glenda title: Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV date: 2000-07-25 words: 2379 flesch: 61 summary: Perinatal HIV infection and the effect of zido- vudine therapy on transmission in rural and urban counties. Fowler MG, Simonds RJ, Roongpisuthipoll9 A. Update on perinatal HIV transmission. keywords: african; breast; feeding; hiv; study; transmission; trial; zdv cache: hivmed-492.pdf plain text: hivmed-492.txt item: #399 of 648 id: hivmed-494 author: Martin, Des title: Editorial date: 2001-07-25 words: 360 flesch: 39 summary: They provide a practical approach to deal with nutritional management in different settings; at the level of basic care, when limited resources are available, and lastly in the optimal setting. In an excellent review on the nutritional management of HIV patients Steenkamp and Dannhauser [po 31) make the THE SOUTHERN AFR.ICAN JOUR.NAL OF HIV MEDICINE point that there is a significant risk of nutritional deficit at all stages of the disease and that this can compromise the function of the immune system. keywords: care cache: hivmed-494.pdf plain text: hivmed-494.txt item: #400 of 648 id: hivmed-495 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: South Africa is my fantasy world date: 2001-07-25 words: 1291 flesch: 58 summary: ----------1_------- SOUTH AFRlCA IN MY FANTASY WORlD 'From bushveld through deserts and forests, up winter snow clad peaks down to wide, unspoiled beaches and coastal wetlands, lies the sprawling land called South Africa. These words, from the SATOUR website description of South Africa, entice multitudes of tourists to our exquisite beaches and sites all year round. keywords: africa; aids; government; hiv; south cache: hivmed-495.pdf plain text: hivmed-495.txt item: #401 of 648 id: hivmed-496 author: Klinck, Elsabe title: Employment-related HIV testing - some considerations date: 2001-07-25 words: 1192 flesch: 56 summary: For how many years have you been treating HIV patients? . . The Code of Good Practice on HIV and AIDS in Employment, issued by the Department of Labour in 2001 (http:/www.labour.gov.za/docs/legislation/eea/index.asp), provides more details. keywords: act; african; employee; hiv cache: hivmed-496.pdf plain text: hivmed-496.txt item: #402 of 648 id: hivmed-498 author: Martin, Des title: Editorial date: 2001-07-24 words: 355 flesch: 44 summary: The issue of drug resistance, however, goes beyond the individual case and has rapidly become a global public health issue. A vast amount of education is required to bring health care professionals in our country up to speed regarding the toxicities, drug interactions and other complexities inherent in the wider use of antiretroviral drugs. keywords: resistance cache: hivmed-498.pdf plain text: hivmed-498.txt item: #403 of 648 id: hivmed-499 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: Learing from mistakes - and triumphs date: 2001-07-24 words: 1226 flesch: 53 summary: In Brazil, where over half a million adults are living with HIV, the government has taken an active lead in HIV prevention, care and protection of the rights of people affected by the epidemic. Collectively the conference will cover a comprehensive array of medical challenges facing sub- Saharan Africa - tuberculosis, malaria, sexually transmitted diseases, pertussis, small pox, typhoid, cholera, yellow fever, diarrhoeal disease, infection control and most matters related to HIV/A10S. HIV will feature throughout the meeting with the last day focusing on practical, clinical, community and ethical issues in HIV management for doctors and primary care professional practitioners. keywords: aids; hiv; population cache: hivmed-499.pdf plain text: hivmed-499.txt item: #404 of 648 id: hivmed-5 author: Conradie, Francesca title: Message from the Executive date: 2014-09-08 words: 518 flesch: 61 summary: The use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection (WHO Guidelines-June 2013). For those of you who are attending, enjoy the opportunity to network and connect with other HIV clinicians. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-5.pdf plain text: hivmed-5.txt item: #405 of 648 id: hivmed-50 author: None title: HIV 995 date: None words: 5645 flesch: 46 summary: Cognitive dysfunction in HIV patients despite long standing suppression of viraemia. Cognitive dysfunction in HIV patients despite long standing suppression of viraemia. keywords: aids; art; care; depressive; disorders; grief; health; hiv; management; patients; psychiatric; smds; support cache: hivmed-50.htm plain text: hivmed-50.txt item: #406 of 648 id: hivmed-500 author: Klinck, Elsabe title: The right to access to information date: 2001-07-24 words: 1813 flesch: 54 summary: Personal information includes medical information, financial information, ete. This creates a rather strange anomaly in that persons will have easier access to health care information (or even their own records) held by state health care facilities, than THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEOICINE ------------ practitioners do not provide any information relating to a patient to any third party without the patient's informed consent. keywords: access; act; information cache: hivmed-500.pdf plain text: hivmed-500.txt item: #407 of 648 id: hivmed-501 author: Andrews, Steve title: Informed consent and HIV date: 2001-07-24 words: 2427 flesch: 48 summary: Driven by the Nuremberg judgements on the Nazi atrocities of World War II and the emergence of the legal concept of informed consent in 1957, various external socio-political forces, and the emergence of a new schema of medical ethics, shifted the emphasis of disclosure and consent. Obtaining consent for interventions and procedures under these circumstances, and in particular assessing competence to provide informed consent to testing and procedures, is compromised. keywords: autonomy; consent; elements; hiv; patient; plan; process cache: hivmed-501.pdf plain text: hivmed-501.txt item: #408 of 648 id: hivmed-502 author: Office, Editorial title: Profile - Steven Miller date: 2001-07-24 words: 1029 flesch: 41 summary: It is therefore not surprising that Dr Miller was one of the first A 2-year stint as a registrar in cardiothoracic surgery in Utrech , Holland came to an end when, ironically, Miller's father became ill with a genetic cardiovascular disorder and he decided to return to South Africa to be with his family. The time was not wasted though, as Dr Miller learnt to speak fluent Dutch. keywords: hiv; johannesburg; miller cache: hivmed-502.pdf plain text: hivmed-502.txt item: #409 of 648 id: hivmed-503 author: Webber, Lynne M.; Richards, Penelope A.; Grey, Somarie V. title: HIV education and health care students - where are we going? date: 2001-07-24 words: 2109 flesch: 51 summary: Although this argument may not be a new concept and problem for health care students and practising professionals, the overwhelming nature and high prevalence rate of this epidemic, and its ramifications that involve individual, family and community suffering and the socio-economic and human rights aspects, place the approach to this infection in a unique light. The current status of HIV/AIDS statistics for southern Africa highlights and elevates the plight of health care students, already burdened by the specific nature of their training under the peculiar circumstances now prevailing in South African hospitals and training centres. keywords: aids; care; health; hiv; south; students cache: hivmed-503.pdf plain text: hivmed-503.txt item: #410 of 648 id: hivmed-504 author: Office, Editorial title: Management of HIV/AIDS course date: 2001-07-24 words: 1103 flesch: 41 summary: The study material eliminates the need for supportive textbooks and will include material on: • basic immunology and physiology • economic and epidemiological information • disease management strategies for STDs and HIV/AIDS, including diagnosis, treatment (inclusive of therapy, monitoring efficacy, side-effects, compliance monitoring, primary resistance, drug failure) and referral options • vaccine development and trials • ethical considerations surrounding HIV/AIDS testing and management • counselling (lifestyle, compliance, terminal, pre- and post-test counselling) • the role of health care professionals in community mobilisation • living, coping and working with HIV. The objective of the course in the management of HIV/AIDS is, through a combination of self-study and the workshop, to enable health care professionals to: • diagnose HIV/AIDS and STDs • manage and refer HIV/AIDS patients • do counselling in the management of the patient • empathise with people 'living with HIV • fulfil their role as health care professionals In community mobilisation • understand vaccine development and trials. keywords: aids; course; hiv; management cache: hivmed-504.pdf plain text: hivmed-504.txt item: #411 of 648 id: hivmed-505 author: Webber, Lynne M.; Cotton, Mark; Stevens, Wendy title: Diagnosis of perinatal HIV-1 infection date: 2001-07-24 words: 1959 flesch: 49 summary: AUGUST 200 I CLINICAL GUIDELINE Recommendations for best practice under ideal and resource-constrained conditions Clinical acumen should prevail in interpreting HIV test results, for example HIV infection can be ruled out in children 18 months of age or older who have negative HIV serology, a history of no breast-feeding or breast-feeding that ceased at least 3 months previously, no clinical symptoms of HIV disease and no hypo- or hypergammaglobulinaemia' These guidelines have therefore been formulated recognising the following needs: • Diagnosis of HIV infection in infants and young children born to mothers of unknown HIV serostatus or changing HN serostatus in the perinatal or breast- feeding period • Management of HIV-infected or HIV-exposed infants and children with regard to implementation of prophylaxis for opportunistic infections • Early identification of HIV infected infants critical for clinical management and initiation of antiretroviral therapy • Decisions regarding the continuation or cessation of breast-'eeding practices and the possible implementation of alternative feeding practices • Early diagnosis of HIV infection in infants considered for adoption • Revised and updated guidelines as new data on laboratory techniques and the management of HIV infeclion are acquired:') Rates of HIV in ection among pregnant women are still increasing and rhe perinaral lransmission of HIV in South Africa remains a perlinent and critical issue: (Refer to the guidelines on preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV-l in South Africa, Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, Issue 4, May 2001.) keywords: children; diagnosis; dna; hiv; infants; infection; pcr cache: hivmed-505.pdf plain text: hivmed-505.txt item: #412 of 648 id: hivmed-506 author: Martin, Des title: Editorial date: 2001-07-24 words: 398 flesch: 43 summary: ---------- MAY 200 I 11 DES MARTIN Editor, Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine President, Southern African HIV Clinicians Society The global AIDS epidemic has witnessed its 'characters', and this issue honours one of the first physicians in South Africa to recognise, confront and do something about what was then a novel syndrome. Professor Ruben Sher is honoured by our Society and it is therefore appropriate that he be the first person to appear in the newly established 'Profile' section of the Journal. keywords: society cache: hivmed-506.pdf plain text: hivmed-506.txt item: #413 of 648 id: hivmed-507 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: Interesting times date: 2001-07-24 words: 693 flesch: 52 summary: Last month the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, on behalf of 39 drug companies, unconditionally withdrew its challenge to legislation - passed in 1997 but not yet implemented - that allows the government to make or buy cheaper drugs. GlaxoSmithKline's South African head, John Kearney, has said that the ball is now in South Africa's court to deliver AIDS drugs to its people. keywords: drugs; south cache: hivmed-507.pdf plain text: hivmed-507.txt item: #414 of 648 id: hivmed-508 author: Hardman, Margie title: AIDS in rural South Africa date: 2001-07-24 words: 1201 flesch: 66 summary: Dr Margie Hardman, MB ChB, DCH, MCFP Director, AiDS Care Training and Support (AGS) Initiative, White River, Mpumalanga PLIGHT OF AIDS PATIENTS IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICA - A CHALLENGE TO HEALTH PROFESSIONALS Finally, having spent all their money, and in debt to neighbours and friends, the family attempts to care for the dying relative at home. I also believe that there are many health professionals who are willing and wanting to provide compassionate quality care for AIDS patients, whether rich or poor. keywords: care; home; patients cache: hivmed-508.pdf plain text: hivmed-508.txt item: #415 of 648 id: hivmed-509 author: Office, Editorial title: Tax implications of HIV-Care costs date: 2001-07-24 words: 565 flesch: 45 summary: Medical expense claims should include the following: • details of medical scheme contributions (subscriptions) • excess health care costs not covered by the medical aid • all incidentals, i.e. pharmacy bills not submitted to the medical scheme • travelling costs related to obtaining treatment • other medical professionals' costs, e.g. nursing and dietician. Many HIV-positive patients and other individuals with chronic illnesses are unaware thal they have a right to claim medical expenses against their net remuneration. keywords: form; tax cache: hivmed-509.pdf plain text: hivmed-509.txt item: #416 of 648 id: hivmed-51 author: None title: HIV 981 date: None words: 6370 flesch: 56 summary: 19 Ubuntu Clinic serves the biggest and oldest cohort of ART patients in Khayelitsha. This is consistent with previous findings in a similar setting, where ART patients who adhered tended to ascribe this to internal strength, whereas when they failed, external factors were identified.30 keywords: adherence; art; barriers; clinic; failure; health; hiv; line; medication; patients; staff; treatment cache: hivmed-51.htm plain text: hivmed-51.txt item: #417 of 648 id: hivmed-510 author: McDonald, Leighton title: Treatment of HIV/AIDS in the managed care setting date: 2001-07-24 words: 2082 flesch: 45 summary: It must be noted that HIV/AI DS is only one of a number of factors that has caused an escalation in health care costs. The maturation of the epidemic from an HIV to an AIDS epidemic has resulted in increased health care costs for employers, medical schemes and individuals. keywords: aids; care; costs; health; hiv cache: hivmed-510.pdf plain text: hivmed-510.txt item: #418 of 648 id: hivmed-511 author: Office, Editorial title: Let's do it! date: 2001-07-24 words: 799 flesch: 46 summary: The training programme in HIV/AIDS management being launched to coincide with this article will attempt to: • ensure a critical mass of trained health care professionals within a relatively short period of time • provide health care professionals with comprehensive skills in order to enable them to diagnose and manage HIV/AIDS and STDs and all related clinical conditions, including referral to specialist and support services • provide targeted sectors of the health care profession with appropriate and meaningful information to prevent themselves from becoming infected • establish a support structure that will keep alumni of the programme updated with new developments in the field, and While not neglecting the imperative of prevention of HIV/AIDS, it has also become a critical challenge for every health care professional to acquire the skills to manage HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and all opportunistic infections associated with HIV. This training programme will utilise a combination of self-studY and 3 days of face-ta-face tuition to develop participants' skills in areas such as: • diagnosis of HIV}AIDS and STDs • basic and clinical management and referral • counselling • advocacy • 'living with HIV'. keywords: aids; course; hiv cache: hivmed-511.pdf plain text: hivmed-511.txt item: #419 of 648 id: hivmed-512 author: Office, Editorial title: Profile: Ruben Sher - Remembering the beginning date: 2001-07-24 words: 1861 flesch: 49 summary: However, there is also a focus on developing a safe, cross-subtype reactive, therapeutic HIV vaccine that can be used in people who are already infected. The bubble really burst in 1985 after a blood test became available tha could detect HIV infection. keywords: african; aids; hiv; medical; ruben; south; vaccine cache: hivmed-512.pdf plain text: hivmed-512.txt item: #420 of 648 id: hivmed-514 author: Nyathi, Bonaventure title: Rural realities date: 2001-07-24 words: 1034 flesch: 46 summary: The inclusion of social and welfare suppori programmes, e.g. adopiion and foster care services; basic skills iraining and employmeni programmes for people living wiih AIDS and lawyers for human rig his, would faciliiaie access and undoubiedly impaci on ihe communiiy incidence of infeciion, by becoming ihe cenire of local aciion againsi AIDS. The muliipliciiy of ihe services offered by such a cenire would also iend io desiigmaiise ihe disease, owing io ihe enormous role ii would play in ihe lives of rural dwellers. keywords: aids; ihe; rural; wiih cache: hivmed-514.pdf plain text: hivmed-514.txt item: #421 of 648 id: hivmed-515 author: Martin, Des title: Editorial date: 2001-07-23 words: 376 flesch: 49 summary: Ff9RUARY 200 I-----------THE SOUTHERN AfRICAN JOURNAL Of HIV MEDICINE The issue of post-exposure prophylaxis following sexual assault is addressed by Charlene Smith and the exper- iences in a rape crisis centre are described by Or Wulfson. The Clinicians Society would urge the State to consider providing post-exposure prophylaxis to survivors of sexual assault at no charge. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-515.pdf plain text: hivmed-515.txt item: #422 of 648 id: hivmed-516 author: Office, Editorial title: Free diflucan here! date: 2001-07-23 words: 807 flesch: 37 summary: Patients presenting with CM have a poor longer-term survival prognosis and here are particular challenges to managing AIDS patients with CM and also important opportunities not to be missed in identifying vulnerable households of patients that will benefit from social inter- ventions, such as planning for orphan care. The Diflucan Parnership Programme offers an important opportunity to impact on the care of AIDS patients, but its success will depend on how well the drug is used and how many patients are identified and referred for treatment. keywords: patients; training cache: hivmed-516.pdf plain text: hivmed-516.txt item: #423 of 648 id: hivmed-517 author: Smith, Charlene title: Post-exposure prophylaxis date: 2001-07-23 words: 3869 flesch: 59 summary: 'In South Africa, rape is about AIDS, we canno mention one sentence about rape without talking about AIDS; some of those women who are HIV-positive on the day they are raped, will become some of the greatest communicat-ors or fieldworkers helping others with AIDS or rape if you find ways to give them the opportunity: 'Rape is not just about the event on the day it happens, it is not just about the medication we take for the month that follows. I am convinced that the rape of virgins is escalating the way it is (the Medical Research Council reported a doubling of child rape last year) - on the myth that you can cleanse yourself of HIV by raping a virgin - because of perceptions that there is no treatment (usually valid perceptions) and therefore people become desperate and dangerous, and our girl children carry the consequences. keywords: aids; cdc; guidelines; hiv; pep; rape; women; year cache: hivmed-517.pdf plain text: hivmed-517.txt item: #424 of 648 id: hivmed-518 author: Wulfsohn, A. H. title: Overview of medical management of victims of sexual abuse date: 2001-07-23 words: 1927 flesch: 64 summary: However, if one takes the time to read the various provincial Health Depart- ments' medica-legal services guidelines, all experienced registered health care workers may see and manage these 'types of patients'. No PEP is offered to patients attending after 72 hours. keywords: hiv; hours; patient; pep; rape; unit cache: hivmed-518.pdf plain text: hivmed-518.txt item: #425 of 648 id: hivmed-520 author: Cotton, Mark title: Editorial date: 2002-07-23 words: 828 flesch: 58 summary: Children are our future, and it is appropriate that their needs and those of their parents are adequately addressed. For those tens of thousands of children needing therapy, their caregivers' health is integral to survival. keywords: aids; children; hiv cache: hivmed-520.pdf plain text: hivmed-520.txt item: #426 of 648 id: hivmed-521 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: Orphaned by AIDS date: 2002-07-23 words: 828 flesch: 58 summary: Children are our future, and it is appropriate that their needs and those of their parents are adequately addressed. For those tens of thousands of children needing therapy, their caregivers' health is integral to survival. keywords: aids; children; hiv cache: hivmed-521.pdf plain text: hivmed-521.txt item: #427 of 648 id: hivmed-522 author: Meyers, Tammy title: When to start antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children date: 2002-07-23 words: 1849 flesch: 60 summary: The guidelines also continue to debate the initiation of ART in older, mildly affected children, but advocate early commencement of therapy for all symptomatic [clinical Months since enrolment 130 23.8 62 25.8 60 73.3 No. of children 'lb mortality 31 16 44 Deaths 1.0 hili CD4% 8 l I I [HAART) may attenuate the severity of HIV infection and improve immune recovery. keywords: art; cd4; children; hiv; stage; therapy cache: hivmed-522.pdf plain text: hivmed-522.txt item: #428 of 648 id: hivmed-524 author: Roux, Paul title: Antiretroviral therapy for children in the public health care sector date: 2002-07-23 words: 2543 flesch: 56 summary: At present the right o· HIV-infeerea children to 'standard of care' rl'aragemenr, incluaing HAART, is void unless health FUNDS FOR ARVs TO TREAT CHILDREN IN THE , PUBUC SECTOR Because of the South African governmental health policy, which does nor permit public health service access to antireuoviral drugs (ARVs), he use of these drugs has been restricted to clinical trials and to the upper tier of health care services in South Africa, i.e. patients who have health care insurance or other means to purchase drugs. national success • Access technology: 'Adapracaps', syringes • Training in medication • Preparatory visits to the clinic • Cues, reminders, diary cards • Social and community support • TIme from health care workers MONITORING THE RESPONSE TO TREATMENT Tests to monitor immunological and viral responses to HAART are becoming less expensive, though still beyond what the public service can afford. keywords: care; children; haart; health; hiv; patients; public; service; treatment cache: hivmed-524.pdf plain text: hivmed-524.txt item: #429 of 648 id: hivmed-525 author: Martin, Des title: Editorial date: 2002-07-21 words: 612 flesch: 58 summary: In April 2002 the WHO came up with guidelines on scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings, the Global Fund is being mobilised and local activist organisations are shifting their emphasis on mother-to-child (MTCn prevention programmes to include general access to HAART. The current issue of the journal is devoted entirely to the issues surrounding antiretroviral therapies. keywords: guidelines; prof cache: hivmed-525.pdf plain text: hivmed-525.txt item: #430 of 648 id: hivmed-526 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: Something to offer date: 2002-07-21 words: 612 flesch: 58 summary: In April 2002 the WHO came up with guidelines on scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings, the Global Fund is being mobilised and local activist organisations are shifting their emphasis on mother-to-child (MTCn prevention programmes to include general access to HAART. The current issue of the journal is devoted entirely to the issues surrounding antiretroviral therapies. keywords: guidelines; prof cache: hivmed-526.pdf plain text: hivmed-526.txt item: #431 of 648 id: hivmed-527 author: Sanne, I. M.; Venter, W. D.F.; Venter, W. F. title: New horizons in the treatment of HIV infection date: 2002-07-21 words: 3738 flesch: 48 summary: [NNRTIs) New drug development in NNRns includes emivirine, which has now completed phase 3 tes ing, including in South PROTEASE INHIBITORS (Pis) NEW COMPOUNDS AND FORMULATIONS OF EXISTING DRUG ClASSES INTEGRASE INHIBITORS Integrase is the enzyme that integrates viral DNA into the host cell's DNA, and drug development targeted at the enzyme has been taking place for years. keywords: africa; development; drug; hiv; patients; resistance; south; testing; therapy; treatment cache: hivmed-527.pdf plain text: hivmed-527.txt item: #432 of 648 id: hivmed-528 author: Office, Editorial title: Antiretroviral therapy in adults: June 2002 version date: 2002-07-21 words: 2548 flesch: 47 summary: The magnitude of HIV infection in southern Africa and the number of impoverished people who desperately need antiretroviral therapy Lifetime costs associated with antiretroviral therapy and political intransigence remain the most important obstacles to adequate management of HN infection in many countries, including South Africa, where the availability of finance determines access to therapy. keywords: agents; drug; hiv; load; patient; resistance; table; therapy; treatment cache: hivmed-528.pdf plain text: hivmed-528.txt item: #433 of 648 id: hivmed-529 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: HIV counselling date: 2002-07-21 words: 1313 flesch: 63 summary: HIV positive result: These PRETEST COUNSElliNG Checklist for pretest counselling: • Assure the client that both counselling and testing are confidential procedures. keywords: client; counselling; hiv; result cache: hivmed-529.pdf plain text: hivmed-529.txt item: #434 of 648 id: hivmed-53 author: None title: HIV 834 date: None words: 2325 flesch: 54 summary: Obstetric and perinatal outcome in HIV positive women receiving HAART in urban Nigeria. Obstetric and perinatal outcome in HIV positive women receiving HAART in urban Nigeria. keywords: art; conception; hiv; pregnancy; preterm; women cache: hivmed-53.htm plain text: hivmed-53.txt item: #435 of 648 id: hivmed-530 author: Martin, Des title: Editorial date: 2002-07-16 words: 444 flesch: 47 summary: To this end the Society's guidelines committee met recently to review and formulate guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapies for both adults and children. DES MARTIN Editor, Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine President, Southern African HIV Clinicions Society will need to be reviewed on a more frequent basis than we have done in the past. keywords: guidelines cache: hivmed-530.pdf plain text: hivmed-530.txt item: #436 of 648 id: hivmed-531 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: In defence of the vulnerable date: 2002-07-16 words: 959 flesch: 41 summary: In rape, where such trials in this vulnerable group are not ethically possible, the risks of HIV transmission are even higher. In South Africa, where more than 1.6 million rapes occur annually, it has been estimated that the resulting risk of HIV infection may be as high as 40'¥0 because of high HIV prevalence rates and the frequency of gang rape. keywords: health; hiv; rape cache: hivmed-531.pdf plain text: hivmed-531.txt item: #437 of 648 id: hivmed-532 author: Maartens, G. title: The prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults date: 2002-07-16 words: 1315 flesch: 54 summary: DOSE OF CO-TRIMOXAZOLE PROPHYlAXIS INDICATIONS FOR CO-TRIMOXAZOLE PROPHYlAXIS PRIMARY PROPHYlAXIS Co-trimoxazole intolerance is common in late disease and usually presents as a maculopapular rash. Because co-trimoxazole reduces the incidence of many opportunistic infections, rechallenge or desensitisation should be considered. keywords: bid; daily; trimoxazole cache: hivmed-532.pdf plain text: hivmed-532.txt item: #438 of 648 id: hivmed-533 author: Klinck, Elsabe title: HIV/AIDS, human rights and insurance - some indicators date: 2002-07-16 words: 498 flesch: 46 summary: If disclosure of medical facts [or indicators) is required ex post facto, companies and orhers may require a range of tests to be per armed on deceased persons, but again that (cl Unfairly disadvantaging a person or persons, including unfairly and unreasonably refusing to grant services to persons, solely on the basis of HIV/AIDS status: Aggrieved individuals or the family members of deceased persons may approach their nearest Magistrate's Court to enforce these statutory rights. keywords: consent; insurance cache: hivmed-533.pdf plain text: hivmed-533.txt item: #439 of 648 id: hivmed-534 author: Schonteich, Martin title: The coming crime wave? AIDS, orphans and crime in South Africa date: 2002-07-16 words: 3289 flesch: 61 summary: A report prepared for UNICEF identifies a set of experiences commonly affecting most AIDS orphans: • trauma associated with losing a parent, which is in most cases exacerbated by the threat of losing the second parent • witnessing the parent's physical deterioration, pain and death • caring for a parent in his or her terminal phase and often being blamed for causing pain • anxiety about source of livelihood and ability to retain the family home after the parent's death Research commissioned by the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund found that South African AIDS orphans are being ostracised by their communities and exploited financially by relatives who had taken them in, primarily to receive a state grant. If would appear rhar tne kind of psyc ological rrauma and lack of parenral affection and supervision experienced by AIDS orphans is a goad predictor of subsequent delinquency and violent criminal behaviour. keywords: africa; aids; children; crime; epidemic; hiv; increase; justice; orphans; parent; south cache: hivmed-534.pdf plain text: hivmed-534.txt item: #440 of 648 id: hivmed-535 author: Martin, Des title: Editorial date: 2003-07-15 words: 455 flesch: 39 summary: DES MARTIN Editor, Southern African Journal ofHIVMedicine President, Southern Africon HIV Clinicians Society In addition, about two dozen people have also sar the examinarions for the Colleges of Medicine's Diploma in HIV Management. keywords: hiv; society cache: hivmed-535.pdf plain text: hivmed-535.txt item: #441 of 648 id: hivmed-536 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: A time of celebration date: 2003-07-15 words: 845 flesch: 57 summary: In South Africa, as we put our energy into the rollout of a single plan, we should continue to encourage and fund pilot sites that will test new or different strategies, such as different drug regimens, adherence strategies, monitoring schedules, or even treatment strategies such as intermittent therapy. I am reminded of a line in a one-person play that I saw in New York some years ago in which it was said that more happened in a day in Israel than happened in a year in Norway' South Africa in its young democracy is a bit like the former - but to the HN community the fact that treatment is on the cards is undoubtedly the most exciting. keywords: plan; south; treatment cache: hivmed-536.pdf plain text: hivmed-536.txt item: #442 of 648 id: hivmed-537 author: Schneider, Helen; McIntyre, James title: Scaling up the use of antiretrovirals in the public sector: What are the challenges? date: 2003-07-15 words: 2184 flesch: 46 summary: The massive additional investment in health systems brought about by an ARV programme provides a unique opportunity to strengthen the health system as a whole. Improvements in systems, such as drug supplies, access to laboratory services, referral, and staff training and support, should be structured to strengthen quality and access for all health conditions. These include line and programme managers at national, provincial and local/district levels; clinicians and others involved in pilot ARV programmes or who have shown that they can provide good quality HIV care in the public sector; front-line providers, NGOs and activist groupings involved in community mobilisation; and researchers who can support monitoring and evaluation. keywords: arv; health; hiv; implementation; programme; system cache: hivmed-537.pdf plain text: hivmed-537.txt item: #443 of 648 id: hivmed-538 author: Delate, Richard title: Closing the gap: Understanding media reporting on HIV/AIDS date: 2003-07-15 words: 2475 flesch: 50 summary: More recently Wits University together with the Perinatal Research Unit at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital has started a research fellowship programme that undertakes research on media reporting on the epidemic, as a means to inform editorial decision making and projects working to improve media coverage. BY THE SA MEDIA IN 2002 Warren Parker and Kevin Kelly of the Centre for AIDS Development Research and Evaluation (CADRE) pointed out at a recent presentation to the South African National Editors Forum (SANEF) that media reporting has intensified over time and has tended to follow the important emerging themes in South Africa. keywords: african; aids; hiv; journalists; media; reporting; south cache: hivmed-538.pdf plain text: hivmed-538.txt item: #444 of 648 id: hivmed-539 author: Evian, Clive title: Why the latest antenatal HIV prevalence survey results are still bad news date: 2003-07-15 words: 1154 flesch: 67 summary: HIV prevalence among pregnant women in the public health services in South Africa, 1990 - 2002. This upward trend is being carried through to the 25 - 29- and 30 - 34-year age bands as well, where there has been a significant increase in HIV prevalence from 2001 to 2002. keywords: hiv; prevalence cache: hivmed-539.pdf plain text: hivmed-539.txt item: #445 of 648 id: hivmed-540 author: McDonald, Leighton title: Making sense of medical insurance in South Africa today date: 2003-07-15 words: 1158 flesch: 44 summary: The Public Service currently employs approximately 900 000 people, of whom only 500 000 are members of a large range of medical schemes. Alterations made to the Regulations of the Medical Schemes Act have made it compulsory for medical schemes to provide funding for the management of chronic illnesses from January 2004. keywords: benefits; risk; schemes cache: hivmed-540.pdf plain text: hivmed-540.txt item: #446 of 648 id: hivmed-541 author: Office, Editorial title: AIDS Law Project of South Africa honoured date: 2003-07-15 words: 939 flesch: 50 summary: 'ALP's outstanding leadership addresses both the AIDS epidemic and the epidemic of human rights abuse that fuels AIDS in Africa: said Joanne Csete, director of the HIV/AIDS Programme at Human Rights Watch. Founded in 1992, the Network promotes responses to HIV/AIDS that respect human rights; facilitates prevention efforts and access to care, treatment and support; minimises the adverse impact of HiV/AIDS on individuals and communities; and addresses the social and economic factors that increase vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and to human rights abuses. keywords: aids; hiv; rights cache: hivmed-541.pdf plain text: hivmed-541.txt item: #447 of 648 id: hivmed-542 author: Martin, Des title: Combination counselling date: 2003-07-14 words: 328 flesch: 56 summary: DES MARTIN Editor, Southern African Journal af HIV Medicine President, Southern African HIV Clinicians Saciety MAY 2003 Good but careful attention to counselling to obtain commitment to lifelong treatment is required and ongoing counselling regarding other associated issues is essential. keywords: counselling cache: hivmed-542.pdf plain text: hivmed-542.txt item: #448 of 648 id: hivmed-543 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: A crack in the dam wall date: 2003-07-14 words: 660 flesch: 52 summary: A recent editorial in Science describes the difficulty that has become central to the ongoing funding of operational research, about which a debate has been raging in the USA. It was refreshing and encouraging to hear recently that at least one major funder, Secure The Future from Bristol Myers Squibb, is calling for operational research proposals investigating ART provision and that they will provide treatment Let us hope that others will overcome the difficulties and follow suit. keywords: art; research cache: hivmed-543.pdf plain text: hivmed-543.txt item: #449 of 648 id: hivmed-544 author: Wood, Robin; Bekker, Linda-Gail; Martin, Des; Penhall, Penny title: National antiretroviral treatment register - a necessity? date: 2003-07-14 words: 2764 flesch: 63 summary: This pessimistic perception 0' the outcome of HAART programmes in resource-poor settings is not inevitable, if a well-organised national treatment plan is developed. REFERENCES Any interested treaters who would like to participate should e-mail the managing editor of the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine at Igbekker@cormack.uctac.za, expressing the number of patients likely to be treated at their site in the next year. keywords: art; change; drug; hiv; national; programme; register; treatment; university cache: hivmed-544.pdf plain text: hivmed-544.txt item: #450 of 648 id: hivmed-545 author: Sherman, Gayle G title: Infant HIV diagnostic guidelines to facilitate adoption date: 2003-07-14 words: 1637 flesch: 56 summary: The qualitative HIV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is highly specific for HIV infection, but sensitivity varies with the age of the infant' The PeR identifies approximately 50% of infected infants at or just after birth and> 95% at 3 - 6 months of age More recent evidence suggests that HIV PCR tests performed at ~ 1 month of age have a sensitivity of ~ 95% and specificity of > 99<\'0.' Local data on clinical stigmata of HIV at 6 weeks and 3 months of age and the sensitivity and specificity of qualitative HIV PCR as well as the influence of nevirapine for PMTCT on the timing of PCR testing are expected shortly. keywords: age; child; guidelines; hiv; pcr; test; university cache: hivmed-545.pdf plain text: hivmed-545.txt item: #451 of 648 id: hivmed-546 author: Martin, Des title: Editorial date: 2003-07-11 words: 771 flesch: 50 summary: HIV prophylaxis for rape victims and mother-to- child prevention programmes are becoming integrated into public sector health provision in many areas, but in Mpumalanga not only is this not happening within the government, but this same government is wasting valuable AIDS money to fight futile court cases to stop a non- governmental organisation that has undertaken to fill this very important service gap at its own expense! DES MARTIN Editor, Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine President, Southern African HIV Clinicians Saciety to court not just once but an astounding four times over the past 2 years, and has wasted tens of thousands of tax- payer rands in legal fees. keywords: african; aids; hiv cache: hivmed-546.pdf plain text: hivmed-546.txt item: #452 of 648 id: hivmed-547 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: A bizarre battle date: 2003-07-11 words: 771 flesch: 50 summary: HIV prophylaxis for rape victims and mother-to- child prevention programmes are becoming integrated into public sector health provision in many areas, but in Mpumalanga not only is this not happening within the government, but this same government is wasting valuable AIDS money to fight futile court cases to stop a non- governmental organisation that has undertaken to fill this very important service gap at its own expense! DES MARTIN Editor, Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine President, Southern African HIV Clinicians Saciety to court not just once but an astounding four times over the past 2 years, and has wasted tens of thousands of tax- payer rands in legal fees. keywords: african; aids; hiv cache: hivmed-547.pdf plain text: hivmed-547.txt item: #453 of 648 id: hivmed-548 author: Regensberg, L. D.; Hislop, M. S. title: A report back on more than four years of HIV/AIDS disease management in southern Africa date: 2003-07-11 words: 2458 flesch: 62 summary: The virological response of AfA patients to antiretroviral therapy is shown in Fig. After more than 4 years AfA has demonstrated that it is possible to manage HIV costs effectively, and despite the challenges we have identified, there is no reason why HIV disease management cannot be extended to far larger numbers of people. keywords: aids; art; hiv; patients; programme; therapy cache: hivmed-548.pdf plain text: hivmed-548.txt item: #454 of 648 id: hivmed-55 author: None title: HIV 1002 date: None words: 8544 flesch: 57 summary: Virology 2004;324:17-27. 2. de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, et al. Newall AT, Brotherton JM, Quinn HE, et al. keywords: cancer; dis; et al; genital; hiv; hpv; hpv infection; human; incidence; infection; men; papillomavirus; papillomavirus infection; prevalence; risk cache: hivmed-55.htm plain text: hivmed-55.txt item: #455 of 648 id: hivmed-550 author: Bradshaw, Debbie title: HIV/AIDS profile in the provinces of South Africa, 2002 date: 2003-07-11 words: 1159 flesch: 57 summary: The new CIPRA grant, 'Safeguarding the Household: Comprehensive AIDS Research', will address HIV/AIDS as a problem not simply of individuals but of entire families, he explains, and all family members may participate in the studies. The denial of the facts about AIDS is not only an outrage against the truth. keywords: aids; hiv; research; south cache: hivmed-550.pdf plain text: hivmed-550.txt item: #456 of 648 id: hivmed-551 author: Klinck, Elsebe title: HIV legal and ethical issues date: 2003-07-11 words: 1997 flesch: 55 summary: • That the test concerns the drawing of a blood sample and the performance of an HIV antibody or HIV test on that sample. Patients often do not know that they have certain legislative protection. keywords: care; hiv; patient; test cache: hivmed-551.pdf plain text: hivmed-551.txt item: #457 of 648 id: hivmed-552 author: Woods, David L. title: A novel approach to perinatal HIV/AIDS training for doctors and nurses in South Africa date: 2003-07-11 words: 1982 flesch: 55 summary: Thirteen experts in the field of perinatal HIV in South Africa contributed to the development of the training manual. It is presented in the form of training manuals that use a problem-orientated, patient- based approach. keywords: aids; care; course; hiv; manual; perinatal cache: hivmed-552.pdf plain text: hivmed-552.txt item: #458 of 648 id: hivmed-553 author: Mendel, Gideon title: A broken landscape date: 2003-07-11 words: 1435 flesch: 64 summary: This exhibition has been a remarkable event Its presence here represents a major commitment by the South African National Gallery to people living with HIV and AIDS. The deniers revile those speaking the truth about AIDS for engaging in 'scare-mongering: They attack them as agents of an 'omnipotent apparatus' engaged in 'a massive political-commercial campaign to promote antiretroviral drugs: They condemn those speaking the truth about AIDS for a supposed campaign 'to medicalise poverty and underdevelopment:' This third crisis in AIDS had been engendered by those in our country who deny the facts about AIDS. keywords: aids; epidemic; south; truth cache: hivmed-553.pdf plain text: hivmed-553.txt item: #459 of 648 id: hivmed-554 author: Office, Editorial title: South African researchers awarded R220 million research grant date: 2003-07-11 words: 469 flesch: 47 summary: • Test whether treatment interruption is an affordable and feasible way of controlling HIV infection in children that reduces the progression to AIDS. The new CIPRA grant, 'Safeguarding the Household: Comprehensive AIDS Research', will address HIV/AIDS as a problem not simply of individuals but of entire families, he explains, and all family members may participate in the studies. keywords: aids; research cache: hivmed-554.pdf plain text: hivmed-554.txt item: #460 of 648 id: hivmed-555 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: Adherence issues date: 2004-05-27 words: 881 flesch: 44 summary: In one of the communities where we work there is not a single NGO devoted to alcohol support, yet alcohol use continues to be one of the big social problems cited by our therapeutic counsellors, who often consider it a significant factor in possible non-adherence. The study concluded that any alcohol use in HIV-infected persons with a history of alcohol problems is associated with worse ART adherence, and surmised that addressing alcohol use may improve clinical outcomes. keywords: adherence; alcohol; drugs; hiv cache: hivmed-555.pdf plain text: hivmed-555.txt item: #461 of 648 id: hivmed-556 author: Martin, Des title: From the editor date: 2004-05-27 words: 598 flesch: 45 summary: Optimal use of human resources and appropriate division of labour, coupled with adequate training in the long-term management of HIV infection, is essential. They stress the importance of interventions at rest places, lending credence to the importance of the PLACE method (which aims to improve prevention programme coverage at geographical sites at which HIV transmission is most likely to occur). keywords: care; hiv cache: hivmed-556.pdf plain text: hivmed-556.txt item: #462 of 648 id: hivmed-557 author: Office, Editorial title: Pre-ART Guidelines: Amended November 2004 date: 2004-05-27 words: 8453 flesch: 57 summary: In an article on concurrent relationships as a reason for the high rate of HIV infections in Africa, the authors comment: ‘as soon as one person in a network of concurrent relationships contracts HIV, everyone else in the network is placed at risk. These guidelines attempt to address the factors which are important in the holistic approach to patient management and which could also influence the progression and outcome of disease, including: ■ natural history of HIV infection ■ primary prophylaxis and immunisations ■ nutrition ■ support and counselling. keywords: africa; aids; body; cd4; counselling; disease; health; hiv; infection; malaria; patient; risk; south; southern; test; transmission; use; vaccination; vitamin cache: hivmed-557.pdf plain text: hivmed-557.txt item: #463 of 648 id: hivmed-558 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: Things to think about date: 2004-05-26 words: 973 flesch: 58 summary: Yet, as Boulle and Meintjies point out, it is discriminatory to provide grants to orphans to the age of 18 years without providing at least equal support to the many other impoverished children whose parents are alive. AUGUST 2004 THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE 6 things to think about Well, the national antiretroviral roll-out is rolling — and we’re hearing about activity in just about every province, which is very good news indeed. keywords: care; grant; hiv cache: hivmed-558.pdf plain text: hivmed-558.txt item: #464 of 648 id: hivmed-559 author: Martin, Des title: From the editor date: 2004-05-26 words: 546 flesch: 41 summary: THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE 4 The rate of co-infection with HIV and tuberculosis (TB) leaves local doctors in no doubt as to the importance of secondary preventive therapy against tuberculosis. Beset by problems, including disclosure on birth certificates, trends in AIDS mortality are difficult to determine, but Sudeshni Naidoo and Francis Mburu studied HIV/AIDS mortality among inpatients at Motebang Hospital in Lesotho and found that over a 15-year period AIDS had modified the mortality trend by raising the death rate of younger adults, thereby deviating from the natural trend. keywords: aids; hiv cache: hivmed-559.pdf plain text: hivmed-559.txt item: #465 of 648 id: hivmed-56 author: Raemaekers, Melissa title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2013-11-22 words: 556 flesch: 54 summary: Self-testing for HIV infection is being seen as a new way of reaching under-tested populations. This programme is available free of charge to members of the SA HIV Clinicians Society and SAMA only. keywords: art; hiv cache: hivmed-56.pdf plain text: hivmed-56.txt item: #466 of 648 id: hivmed-560 author: Klinck, Elsebe title: Funeral and estate planning for people living with HIV/AIDS: some preliminary points date: 2004-05-26 words: 1501 flesch: 49 summary: THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE AUGUST 2004 47 The issue of funeral and estate planning should form part of HIV counselling, but this presupposes knowledge on the part of the counsellors/social workers/health care providers of basic legal principles underpinning the field of funeral and estate planning. Insurance companies should adhere to all the principles of HIV testing, i.e. pre-test counselling, informed consent, post-test counselling and confidentiality. keywords: act; estate; hiv; insurance cache: hivmed-560.pdf plain text: hivmed-560.txt item: #467 of 648 id: hivmed-569 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: Challenges ahead date: 2004-05-22 words: 922 flesch: 56 summary: The study therefore recommended that the use of post-exposure regimens containing nevirapine should be discouraged.1 Montaner and colleagues2 have published findings that the risk of serious hepatotoxicity may be increased in individuals co- infected with hepatitis B and C, abnormal liver enzymes at baseline or higher CD4 counts (> 350/µl).2 A worrying paper from the Paris meeting by Lyons et al.3 entitled ‘Nevirapine tolerability in HIV-infected women in pregnancy — a word of caution’ indicates that there is a significant risk of nevirapine- associated hepatotoxicity in pregnant women, especially those with high CD4 cell counts, and that the progression to severe hepatoxicity may be explosive and not predicted by the patient’s enzyme level at baseline. A study published in the Journal of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome describes a higher rate of severe hepatotoxicity in non-HIV-infected than in HIV-infected individuals, and the rate in the latter group was higher with higher CD4 counts. keywords: cd4; hiv; nevirapine cache: hivmed-569.pdf plain text: hivmed-569.txt item: #468 of 648 id: hivmed-570 author: Office, Editorial title: Provision of antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings - A review up to August 2003 date: 2004-05-22 words: 3950 flesch: 40 summary: Increased affordability together with the political will has seen a rapid increase in the number of countries introducing or scaling up ART programmes. The paper aims to elucidate the requirements for ART programmes in resource-poor settings by using existing pilot experience and lessons learnt with particular regard to: ■ The feasibility of ART in resource-poor settings. keywords: africa; art; cost; countries; drug; health; hiv; programmes; sector; systems; treatment cache: hivmed-570.pdf plain text: hivmed-570.txt item: #469 of 648 id: hivmed-571 author: Gerntholtz, Liesl title: An overview of some of the key legal developments in HIV/AIDS and the law - 2003 date: 2004-05-22 words: 2207 flesch: 53 summary: HIV0304Pg000 MARCH 2004 THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE 4 0 As the epidemic has developed, issues relating to children and the impact of HIV have begun to gain prominence. Despite requesting that HIV testing be conducted on both parties, medical practitioners preformed the transplant without confirming the HIV status of the donor. keywords: case; children; consent; hiv cache: hivmed-571.pdf plain text: hivmed-571.txt item: #470 of 648 id: hivmed-572 author: Klinck, Elsabe title: HIV/AIDS, law and ethics: A brief analysis of some pertinent issues date: 2004-05-22 words: 1191 flesch: 48 summary: The right of access to health care implies the responsibility to take care of one’s own health and to follow the instructions of one’s practitioner; the right of access to social security in the form of health care funding implies the duty not to abuse benefits awarded by schemes. This body of rules and rulings is supplemented by policy statements, such as the Guidelines for the Management of Patients with HIV Infection or AIDS and the Policy Document on Undesirable Business Practices, which also contains various provisions on managed care. keywords: health; patient cache: hivmed-572.pdf plain text: hivmed-572.txt item: #471 of 648 id: hivmed-573 author: Martin, Des title: Sexual violence - the neglected epidemic date: 2004-05-22 words: 812 flesch: 57 summary: Far too many girls have no safe haven from sexual violence, and many girls are coerced to have sex and subjected to sexual harassment by male relatives, boyfriends, schoolteachers and male classmates.1 In 2002, a government study once again found that only 7.7% of reported rape cases resulted in convictions and that a large number of cases were still being withdrawn after having been registered, despite police instructions not to do so. Between September 2000 and April 2003 a private hospital group that provides post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for survivors of sexual violence treated 67 male patients out of a total of 1 465 (4.5%).2 Other private clinics have reported similar statistics. keywords: assault; rape cache: hivmed-573.pdf plain text: hivmed-573.txt item: #472 of 648 id: hivmed-574 author: Wulfsohn, Adrienne title: Medical management of a survivor of sexual assault/abuse date: 2004-05-22 words: 3147 flesch: 71 summary: Data indicate that over 70% of sexual assault patients lay G U I D E L I N E S Medical management of a survivor of sexual assault/abuse Including Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and the Forensic Kit Adrienne Wulfsohn, MB BCh Private Medical Practitioner I. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT MARCH 2004 It is important to remember that survivors of sexual assault are patients like any other patients but with special needs. keywords: evidence; hair; patient; seal; swab cache: hivmed-574.pdf plain text: hivmed-574.txt item: #473 of 648 id: hivmed-575 author: Office, Editorial title: Updated guidelines for the use of rifamycins for the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients taking protease inhibitors or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors date: 2004-05-22 words: 2878 flesch: 41 summary: Nelfinavir ↑ to 1 000 mg q 8 h ↓ to 150 mg/day or 300 mg 3x/week Rifabutin AUC ↑ by 207%; nelfinavir AUC ↓ by 32% Ritonavir None ↓ to 150 mg every other day Rifabutin AUC ↑ by 430%; no change in or 150 mg 3x/week ritonavir concentration Saquinavir Rifabutin and saquinavir should not be used together Saquinavir AUC ↓ by 43% Dual protease inhibitor Antiretroviral dose Rifabutin dose Comments combinations change change* Lopinavir / ritonavir None ↓ to 150 mg every other day Rifabutin AUC ↑ by 303%; (Kaletra™) or 150 mg 3x/week 25-O-des-acetyl rifabutin AUC ↑ by 47.5-fold Ritonavir (any dose) with None ↓ to 150 mg every other day saquinavir, indinavir, or 150 mg 3x/week amprenavir, fos-amprenavir, or atazanavir Non-nucleoside reverse Antiretroviral dose Rifabutin dose transcriptase inhibitors change change† Comments Efavirenz None ↑ to 450 mg/day or 600 mg Rifabutin AUC ↓ by 38% 3x/week Effect of efavirenz + protease inhibitor (s) on rifabutin concentration has not been studied Nevirapine None 300 mg/day or 300 mg 3x/week Rifabutin and nevirapine AUC not significantly changed Delavirdine Rifabutin and delavirdine should not be used together Delavirdine AUC ↓ by 80%; rifabutin AUC ↑ by 100% *If CD4 count is greater than 100 cells/µl, may consider twice weekly administration of rifabutin with amprenavir, fos-amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, efavirenz, and nevirapine. Li A, Reith M, Rasmussen A, et al. keywords: auc; dose; hiv; rifabutin; rifampicin; ritonavir cache: hivmed-575.pdf plain text: hivmed-575.txt item: #474 of 648 id: hivmed-576 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: Can we involve adolescents in HIV vaccine trials - can we afford not to? date: 2005-05-19 words: 920 flesch: 52 summary: There is scientific justification for the argument that immune responses may be adversely affected by the huge hormonal shifts occurring at this age, but other vaccine trials have indicated that age may play a positive part in responses, e.g. hepatitis B (better responses with half the dose used for 11 - 19-year-olds compared with 20 - 30-year olds), while in HPV trials the geometric mean titres were 2-fold higher in the 10 - 15-year age group compared with 16 - 23 years. Other risk factors include homosexual sex, while intravenous drug use is an increasing problem, especially in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. keywords: age; hiv; risk cache: hivmed-576.pdf plain text: hivmed-576.txt item: #475 of 648 id: hivmed-577 author: Cotton, Mark F title: Classification of HIV disese in children - towards pragmatism? date: 2005-05-19 words: 3225 flesch: 45 summary: ■ HIV seropositive infant less than 18 months symptomatic with 2 or more of following: oral thrush, +/- severe pneumonia, +/- severe wasting/malnutrition, +/- severe sepsis, severe immunosuppression should be suspected and ARV treatment is indicated ■ CD4 values where available may be used to guide decision making, CD4% below 25 requires ARV treatment ■ Other factors that support diagnosis of clinical stage 4 HIV infection in an HIV-seropositive infant are recent maternal death or advanced HIV disease in mother ■ Confirmation of the diagnosis of HIV infection should be sought as soon as possible TABLE III. Any disseminated endemic mycosis (e.g. extrapulmonary histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, penicilliosis) Cryptosporidiosis Isosporiasis Disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection Candida of trachea, bronchi or lungs Acquired HIV-related rectal fistula Cerebral or B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) HIV-related cardiomyopathy or HIV-related nephropathy Stage on ART *Interim Africa Region Version, for use in those under 15 years with confirmed laboratory evidence of HIV infection; HIV antibody where age >18 months, virological or P24 Ag testing where age < 18 months. keywords: children; classification; disease; hiv; infants; infection; stage; system cache: hivmed-577.pdf plain text: hivmed-577.txt item: #476 of 648 id: hivmed-578 author: Naeem-Sheik, Aneesa; Gray, Glenda title: HIV disclosure in children date: 2005-05-19 words: 2336 flesch: 58 summary: ■ Increased intimacy between parent and child once dis- closure has occurred, which often results in stronger family ties. 70).2 ■ Children with severe emotional disturbances. keywords: child; children; disclosure; hiv cache: hivmed-578.pdf plain text: hivmed-578.txt item: #477 of 648 id: hivmed-579 author: Office, Editorial title: Antiretroviral therapy in children date: 2005-05-19 words: 8707 flesch: 54 summary: IMMUNOLOGICAL CATEGORIES FOR CHILDREN WITH HIV INFECTION Infants less than 1 year of age* ■ Clinical category B or C or ■ CD4% < 30 - 35% Children 1 - 3 years old ■ Selected category B diseases† or ■ Category C or ■ CD4% < 20% Children 4 - 12 years old ■ Selected category B diseases† or ■ Category C or ■ CD4% < 15 - 20% Adolescents > 13 years ■ Follow adult guidelines *Infants under a year of age are most at risk for disease progression. Blood samples should be taken for HIV viral load and CD4+ count. keywords: adherence; age; art; cd4; children; dose; guidelines; hiv; november; patients; regimen; therapy; treatment; years cache: hivmed-579.pdf plain text: hivmed-579.txt item: #478 of 648 id: hivmed-580 author: Meyers, Tammy; Eley, Brian title: Guidelines for the management of HIV-infected children (National Department of Health, South Africa 2005) date: 2005-05-19 words: 3799 flesch: 56 summary: Confirmation of diagnosis of HIV infection. pneumonia Recurrent severe presumed bacterial infections (e.g. empyema, pyomyositis, bone or joint infection, meningitis, but excluding pneumonia) Chronic herpes simplex infection (orolabial or cutaneous of more than 1 month's duration) Extrapulmonary TB Kaposi's sarcoma Oesophageal candidiasis CNS toxoplasmosis (outside the neonatal period) HIV encephalopathy Cytomegalovirus infection (CMV retinitis or infection of organs other than liver, spleen or lymph nodes; onset at age 1 month or more) Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis including meningitis Any disseminated endemic mycosis (e.g. extrapulmonary histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, penicilliosis) Cryptosporidiosis Isosporiasis Disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection Candida of trachea, bronchi or lungs Visceral herpes simplex infection Acquired HIV-associated rectal fistula Cerebral or B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) HIV-associated cardiomyopathy or HIV-associated nephropathy *For persons aged under 15 years with confirmed laboratory evidence of HIV infection; HIV antibody if aged 18 months and above; virological or p24 antigen testing if aged under 18 months. keywords: cd4; children; hiv; monthly; tab; therapy cache: hivmed-580.pdf plain text: hivmed-580.txt item: #479 of 648 id: hivmed-581 author: Ramphele, Mamphela title: HIV/AIDS: The mirror in South Africa's face date: 2005-05-20 words: 2518 flesch: 66 summary: THE MIRROR IN SOUTH AFRICA’S FACE Let us open with Nkosi Johnson’s words of wisdom: ‘I want people to understand about AIDS – to be careful and respect AIDS – you can’t get AIDS if you touch, hug, kiss, hold hands with someone who is infected. AIDS affects the bottom line by undermining the quality of our human capital. keywords: aids; hiv; people; rights; society; south cache: hivmed-581.pdf plain text: hivmed-581.txt item: #480 of 648 id: hivmed-582 author: Strode, Anne; van Rooyen, Heidi; Heywood, Mark; Karim, Quarraisha Abdool title: Scaling up HIV testing in resource-constrained settings: Debates on the role of VCT and Routine ‘Opt-in or Opt-out’ HIV Testing date: 2005-05-20 words: 4001 flesch: 57 summary: m_sajhiv_n20_a14.pdf THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE SEPTEMBER 2005 45 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR HIV TESTING The Constitution provides that every person has the right to bodily integrity and privacy (s 12 and s 14, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, No. 108 of 1996). In other words, patients must give their consent to medical treatment including HIV testing (Dada and McQuoid Mason,4 p. 8). keywords: aids; counselling; health; hiv; law; prevention; public; rights; testing; vct cache: hivmed-582.pdf plain text: hivmed-582.txt item: #481 of 648 id: hivmed-583 author: Maartens, Gary title: Initiating antiretroviral therapy date: 2005-05-20 words: 1679 flesch: 58 summary: The 2003 revision of the WHO guidelines of when to initiate HAART in resource-poor settings has added WHO 3 together with CD4 count < 350 cells/µl for those countries, like South Africa, which can measure CD4 counts. However, when facilities to monitor CD4 counts exist, these should be used in conjunction with WHO staging. keywords: aids; cd4; haart; hiv; patients cache: hivmed-583.pdf plain text: hivmed-583.txt item: #482 of 648 id: hivmed-584 author: Wood, Robin title: Should we be initiating antiretroviral therapy earlier? date: 2005-05-20 words: 1868 flesch: 59 summary: Waiting lists in Cape Town hospitals have been up to 8 months and are in excess of 8 months in Malawi, which results in an unrecorded 50% of AIDS patients dying before access to ARV programmes. AIDS patients not only have a high in-programme death rate, they are also difficult to clinically manage and investigate, thereby consuming a disproportionate amount of programme resources. keywords: cd4; guidelines; patients; stage; treatment cache: hivmed-584.pdf plain text: hivmed-584.txt item: #483 of 648 id: hivmed-585 author: Rosenberg, Alana; Mabude, Zonke; Hartwig, Kari; Rooholamini, Sahar; Oracca-Tetteh, Dede; Merson, Michael title: Improving home-based care in southern Africa - an analysis of project evaluations date: 2005-05-19 words: 5122 flesch: 47 summary: The objectives of this study were to: assess the management capacity of the HBC organisations reviewed, concentrating on monitoring and supervision mechanisms identify innovations in responding to the challenges of delivering care in resource-poor settings, and explore the nature of linkages between HBC projects and governments. Using external evaluations from nine diverse HBC project evaluations, this study explores issues relevant to assuring quality of HBC projects in southern Africa. keywords: africa; aids; care; caregivers; evaluation; hbc; health; hiv; home; june; monitoring; projects; south cache: hivmed-585.pdf plain text: hivmed-585.txt item: #484 of 648 id: hivmed-586 author: Lowenthal, Elizabeth D.; Anabwani, Gabriel M.; Jibril, Haruna B.; Barr, Beth; Rankopo, Opelo M; Kline, Mark W title: Botswana-Baylor children's Centre of Excellence date: 2005-05-19 words: 3338 flesch: 48 summary: These trainings focus on issues related to paediatric HIV care and antiretroviral treatment and are both didactic and practical. The creation of paediatric clinical centres of excellence facilitates the prioritisation of paediatric HIV care services within and around countries hard-hit by the HIV epidemic and assures that high- quality paediatric-focused health care education is available. keywords: baylor; botswana; care; children; coe; health; hiv; paediatric; treatment cache: hivmed-586.pdf plain text: hivmed-586.txt item: #485 of 648 id: hivmed-587 author: Badri, M.; Maartens, Gary; Bekker, Linda-Gail; Wood, Robin title: The spectrum and prognosis of AIDS-defining illnesses in Cape Town date: 2005-05-19 words: 3024 flesch: 58 summary: A T U R A L H I S T O R Y The spectrum and prognosis of AIDS- defining illnesses in Cape Town M Badri, MSc Med Gary Maartens, FCP Linda-Gail Bekker PhD Robin Wood, FCP Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town Objectives. HIV infection is characterised by progressive immune suppression, which eventually results in the development of opportunistic diseases.1-3 The spectrum of these infections varies across the world, and is partially determined by the organisms that are prevalent in the community. keywords: aids; cd4; cells/µl; count; hiv; incidence; patients cache: hivmed-587.pdf plain text: hivmed-587.txt item: #486 of 648 id: hivmed-588 author: Brodrick, Kathleen; Mafuya, Mandisa title: Effectiveness of the non-profit organisation 'Grandmothers Against Poverty and AIDS' - a study date: 2005-05-19 words: 3081 flesch: 70 summary: Home groups as a support strategy were started in July 2002 to accommodate the growing number of grandmothers who wanted to join the existing psychosocial support group. The logistical problems of feeding a growing and fluctuating number of attendees were also removed with the formation of home groups. keywords: aids; gapa; grandmothers; group; hiv; support cache: hivmed-588.pdf plain text: hivmed-588.txt item: #487 of 648 id: hivmed-589 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: Looking back, looking forward date: 2005-05-19 words: 879 flesch: 58 summary: MARCH HIV ISSUE 1-16 THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE MARCH 2005 LOOKING BACK, LOOKING FORWARD More than any other field of medicine, HIV medicine is evol-ving rapidly. Following this, his disclosure has been important for HIV awareness, although earlier disclosure might have been even more powerful. keywords: hiv; journal; march cache: hivmed-589.pdf plain text: hivmed-589.txt item: #488 of 648 id: hivmed-59 author: None title: HIV MESSAGE FROM EDITOR date: None words: 252 flesch: 46 summary: HIV MESSAGE FROM EDITOR MESSAGE From the Editor Call for submissions: A decade of antiretroviral therapy in the public sector For the last 13 years, the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine (SAJHIVMED) has provided state-of-the art updates and indepth local insights into both the population-level impact of the HIV epidemic and the management of HIV-infected and at-risk individuals across Southern Africa. The history of the Journal is intertwined with the expansion of access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) across South Africa and the region. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-59.htm plain text: hivmed-59.txt item: #489 of 648 id: hivmed-590 author: Martin, Des title: From the editor date: 2005-05-19 words: 699 flesch: 48 summary: Recently the Society concluded a three-year Memorandum of Understanding with the International Association of Physicians in Aids Care (IAPAC) in which the two organisations broadly agreed to collaborate in the areas of expanding medical education; advocacy; and the development of appropriate training materials based on SAHCS guidelines. Included in this co-operation is an agreement that the Society will distribute JIAPAC (IAPAC’s quarterly journal) together with the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine every quarter. MARCH HIV ISSUE 1-16 THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE MARCH 2005 55 Even after five years of intensive activity by the Society, and an increase of membership from 300 to 8 600 health care professionals, I am still frequently asked what it means to be a member of the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society. keywords: hiv; society; southern cache: hivmed-590.pdf plain text: hivmed-590.txt item: #490 of 648 id: hivmed-591 author: Office, Editorial title: FDA Public Advisory for Nevirapine (Viramune) date: 2005-05-19 words: 1316 flesch: 50 summary: Females have a threefold higher risk of symptomatic nevirapine liver toxicity than males, and females with CD4+ cell counts > 250 cells/mm3 have a 12-fold higher risk of symptomatic liver toxicity than females with CD4+ cell counts < 250 (11% v. 0.9%). Important information regarding symptomatic nevirapine liver toxicity is summarised as follows: FDA PUBLIC HEALTH ADVISORY FOR NEVIRAPINE (VIRAMUNE) MARCH HIV ISSUE 1-16 keywords: counts; liver; nevirapine cache: hivmed-591.pdf plain text: hivmed-591.txt item: #491 of 648 id: hivmed-592 author: Galloway, Michelle Rotchford title: Building bridges of understanding and empowerment between society and researchers date: 2005-05-19 words: 1539 flesch: 54 summary: The programme aims to create an equal, meaningful partnership between community and scientists to facilitate AIDS vaccine research and promote overall understanding of medical research. But what is particular to this programme is that it is a dedicated community programme for AIDS vaccine research and development.’ keywords: community; research; vaccine cache: hivmed-592.pdf plain text: hivmed-592.txt item: #492 of 648 id: hivmed-593 author: Office, Editorial title: Antiretroviral therapy in adults: March 2005 date: 2005-05-19 words: 7323 flesch: 51 summary: The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates an approach to ‘standardise and simplify ART, much like TB treatment in National TB control programmes, while acknowledging the relative complexity of HIV treatment, bearing in mind the needs of health systems that often lack sophisticated manpower and monitoring facilities, without compromising the quality and outcomes of the treatments offered’. J AIDS 2002; 31: 257-275 TABLE XI. MANAGEMENT OF HYPERLIPIDAEMIA IN PATIENTS ON PIS MARCH HIV ISSUE 17-48 4/16/05 10:44 AM Page 28 THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE MARCH 2005 2 9 Abacavir hypersensitivity is primarily a systemic reaction occurring within the first 8 weeks of therapy in 3% of cases. keywords: art; bid; cd4; daily; drug; hiv; liver; march; patients; pis; risk; ritonavir; table; therapy; treatment; use cache: hivmed-593.pdf plain text: hivmed-593.txt item: #493 of 648 id: hivmed-594 author: Office, Editorial title: Medical Schemes overcoming HIV/AIDS hurdles date: 2005-05-19 words: 697 flesch: 46 summary: ‘While this enrolment may sound low, it is unlikely that all HIV-positive beneficiaries would enrol on an HIV management programme, either because the disease is in its early stages, and they have no or few symptoms and are unaware of their HIV status, or because of the perception that there is no reason to register on HIV management programmes until antiretroviral therapy is required.’ An alternative approach to analysing statistics would be to look at the number of HIV-positive beneficiaries who have joined HIV management programmes as a percentage of the number that should be on antiretroviral therapy (ART). keywords: hiv; schemes cache: hivmed-594.pdf plain text: hivmed-594.txt item: #494 of 648 id: hivmed-595 author: Martin, Des title: From the editor date: 2006-05-16 words: 287 flesch: 58 summary: The tardiness of the Medicines Control Council (MCC) in registering such drugs, e.g. tenofovir, is disappointing. Both of these eminent individuals have advocated increased access to antiretroviral drugs and a speeding up of the antiretroviral roll-out programme. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-595.pdf plain text: hivmed-595.txt item: #495 of 648 id: hivmed-596 author: Kenyon, Chris title: The origins, evolution and outsourcing of HIV denialism date: 2006-05-16 words: 1337 flesch: 65 summary: Both the origins and subsequent evolution of HIV denialism are rooted in ideology. The events of the last few years reveal more of an evolution than a renunciation of HIV denialism. keywords: aids; denialism; hiv; mbeki; rath cache: hivmed-596.pdf plain text: hivmed-596.txt item: #496 of 648 id: hivmed-598 author: Martin, Des title: From the editor date: 2006-05-16 words: 568 flesch: 45 summary: One initiative currently underway in many countries, including Botswana, is the ‘opt out’ model where patients would be subjected to routine HIV testing unless they expressly state that they do not wish to be tested. The Centers for Disease Control has developed a document entitled ‘Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health care settings’. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-598.pdf plain text: hivmed-598.txt item: #497 of 648 id: hivmed-599 author: Gerntholtz, Liesl title: Commentary on Judge Cameron's speech date: 2006-05-16 words: 1678 flesch: 51 summary: He suggests that where antiretroviral treatment is available and can be offered to the patient, where the patient is assured that he or she will not be discriminated against if they have HIV and where adequate safeguards exist to ensure confidentiality of the test and its outcome, HIV testing must take place unless the patient expressly refuses the test. THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE SEPTEMBER 2006 3 5 there is a specific context for women that must be carefully considered when assessing which models of HIV testing will be most effective. keywords: counselling; health; hiv; testing; women cache: hivmed-599.pdf plain text: hivmed-599.txt item: #498 of 648 id: hivmed-6 author: Geffen, Nathan; Robinson, M; Venter, F; Low, M title: One size doesn’t fit all: Tailoring adult antiretroviral treatment date: 2014-09-08 words: 1945 flesch: 56 summary: There is insufficient data to support the use of once-daily administration of ALUVIA in adult patients with three or more lopinavir-associated mutations. While 10 years ago, adults on their first regimen had to take varied-dose combinations twice daily, today most patients are being prescribed one pill once daily. keywords: cd4; health; hiv; patients; treatment cache: hivmed-6.pdf plain text: hivmed-6.txt item: #499 of 648 id: hivmed-60 author: None title: HIV MESSAGE FROM EXECUTIVE date: None words: 415 flesch: 66 summary: With fixed-dose combination (FDC) treatment (one pill once daily) and medications with low side-effect profiles now available, many of the arguments for delayed therapy have fallen away. One of the most important differences is that these guidelines suggest initiating HIV-positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at a CD4+ count of 500 cells/µl. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-60.htm plain text: hivmed-60.txt item: #500 of 648 id: hivmed-600 author: Nala, Geddes M. title: Living positively with HIV/AIDS date: 2006-05-16 words: 2763 flesch: 75 summary: MAKE UP SEPT 2006 THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE SEPTEMBER 2006 3 5 there is a specific context for women that must be carefully considered when assessing which models of HIV testing will be most effective. I had september 2006 THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE 3 6 become very thin and very dark. keywords: aids; hiv; sister; time; women cache: hivmed-600.pdf plain text: hivmed-600.txt item: #501 of 648 id: hivmed-601 author: Martin, Des title: From the editor date: 2006-05-16 words: 814 flesch: 52 summary: FRANCOIS VENTER President, Southern African HIV Clinicians Society THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE JUNE 2006 FROM THE EDITOR MESSAGE FROM THE EXECUTIVE We will be expanding access to the Journal and Transcript wherever possible, and providing more support to our advocacy arm to organisations involved with access to HIV care. keywords: hiv; society; southern cache: hivmed-601.pdf plain text: hivmed-601.txt item: #502 of 648 id: hivmed-602 author: Wood, Robin title: The role of stavudine in the South African public sector antiretroviral programme: Should the perfect be the enemy of the good? date: 2006-05-16 words: 2498 flesch: 47 summary: The triphospho- rylated molecule inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate deoxythymidine triphosphate and by incorporation into the viral cDNA causing chain termination.5 Resistance genotypes generated during d4T use show much overlap with those generated by AZT, another thymidine analogue. This cross- inhibition of human DNA polymerases may constitute the causative mechanism of the more serious toxicities associated with d4T use. keywords: arv; line; regimen; therapy; use cache: hivmed-602.pdf plain text: hivmed-602.txt item: #503 of 648 id: hivmed-603 author: Delany-Moretlwe, Sinead; Gray, Glenda; Kagee, Ashraf; Myer, Landon; Puren, Adrian; Ramjee, Gita; Rees, Helen; Swartz, Leslie; Bekker, Linda-Gail title: AIDS prevention in South Africa date: 2006-05-16 words: 5263 flesch: 48 summary: HIV vaccines. By contrast the external foreskin is keratinised and much less vulnerable to HIV infection. keywords: africa; aids; condom; hiv; infection; male; prevention; risk; south; transmission; trials; vaccine; women cache: hivmed-603.pdf plain text: hivmed-603.txt item: #504 of 648 id: hivmed-604 author: Cooke, Richard; Wilkinson, Lynn title: The Madwaleni HIV/ARV programme date: 2006-05-16 words: 4221 flesch: 52 summary: The counsellors are involved at all levels of the programme, which also ensures their full participation, including running support groups (group counselling), individual ongoing counselling of HIV wellness programme patients, preparing patients for ARVs from an individual commitment perspective, At end March 06 Notes Total people tested for HIV at 4 119 The monthly average for the last 6 months is 445 Madwaleni (since Jan 05) and 6 clinics (Madwaleni and clinics) Increased nurse participation in clinical monitoring of ARV patients would also be of assistance. keywords: arv; health; hiv; hospital; madwaleni; months; patients; programme; support; treatment cache: hivmed-604.pdf plain text: hivmed-604.txt item: #505 of 648 id: hivmed-605 author: Hassan, Fatima title: Taking stock of the national ARV programme: What exactly have we done? date: 2006-05-16 words: 2823 flesch: 52 summary: At present we estimate that only about 10 000 - 15 000 children are receiving ARV treatment, that is about 10% of the total patients on treatment, while others argue that this figure is substantially lower. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 600 000 more people gained treatment access in 2005. keywords: aids; health; hiv; june; report; treatment cache: hivmed-605.pdf plain text: hivmed-605.txt item: #506 of 648 id: hivmed-606 author: Variava, E. title: Profile: HIV in North West province, South Africa date: 2006-05-16 words: 1810 flesch: 46 summary: Not only do ‘HIV clinicians’ have to deal with ‘non-medical’ issues, HIV as a disease also confounds the most astute of pure clinicians because of its multi-system manifestations. Furthermore HIV can be a coincidental finding in patients with other diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cardiac, pulmonary, renal, etc.), often leading to diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. keywords: care; hiv; hospital; medicine; patients; unit cache: hivmed-606.pdf plain text: hivmed-606.txt item: #507 of 648 id: hivmed-607 author: Spencer, Dave title: Medical ethics and the politics of the South Africa HIV/AIDS epidemic date: 2006-05-16 words: 5324 flesch: 66 summary: Living in South Africa before 1994 ensured unequal access to health care. The South African Minister of Health after a recent visit to Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital is quoted as saying, ‘judging by what I have seen, I would not encourage people to use public health facilities’.52 WHAT OUGHT TO BE DONE? keywords: africa; aids; care; engl; epidemic; ethics; government; health; hiv; lancet; med; public; society; south; south africa; support cache: hivmed-607.pdf plain text: hivmed-607.txt item: #508 of 648 id: hivmed-608 author: Martin, Des title: From the editor date: 2006-05-15 words: 778 flesch: 47 summary: I am sure that under Francois’ vigorous leadership the Society will continue to expand and become even more significant in the field of HIV medicine on our continent. Professor Gary Maartens will be co-ordinating the Colleges of Medicine’s highly successful HIV Management Diploma, and the Society will be encouraging as many of you to write it as possible. keywords: hiv; society cache: hivmed-608.pdf plain text: hivmed-608.txt item: #509 of 648 id: hivmed-609 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: Trials and tribulations date: 2006-05-15 words: 1012 flesch: 54 summary: Where possible independent safety monitoring groups should have access to trial data to ensure that safety is reviewed objectively and studies modified or stopped for reasons of safety and/or efficacy. In dose escalation studies, safety pauses should again be incorporated. keywords: efficacy; phase; safety cache: hivmed-609.pdf plain text: hivmed-609.txt item: #510 of 648 id: hivmed-61 author: None title: HIV 977 date: None words: 2053 flesch: 53 summary: Our clinical cohort data and experience in managing HIV patients with CM in the SA setting makes us strong advocates of an ART start time of 4 weeks from CM diagnosis: a time-frame that is being applied in a recently commenced phase III randomised trial of CM treatment at four sites in Africa (ACTA trial, ISRCTN 45035509), and which we believe represents a pragmatic approach based on a synthesis of all available evidence. In this context, the challenge is to balance the competing risks of morbidity and mortality from each additional week of advanced immuno­suppression – well demonstrated in South African (SA) HIV cohorts waiting to start antiretroviral therapy (ART)5 – with those from immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) occur­r­ing within the confined space of the central nervous system, when ART is commenced in the presence of a high fungal antigen load.6 , keywords: art; cryptococcal; hiv; meningitis cache: hivmed-61.htm plain text: hivmed-61.txt item: #511 of 648 id: hivmed-610 author: Office, Editorial title: Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and management of NRTI-hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis date: 2006-05-15 words: 4226 flesch: 50 summary: These devices have been validated in ICU settings and reliably determine lactate levels within ± 1 mmol/l of the laboratory measurement.5 Even with adequate fluid resuscitation and appropriate treatment for their infection these patients have persistently raised lactate levels. keywords: acidosis; hiv; hyperlactataemia; lactate; nnrti; patients; risk; symptoms cache: hivmed-610.pdf plain text: hivmed-610.txt item: #512 of 648 id: hivmed-611 author: Stevens, W.; Sherman, G.; Cotton, M.; Gerntholtz, L.; Webber, L. title: Revised guidelines for diagnosis of perinatal HIV-1 infection in South Africa date: 2006-05-15 words: 4021 flesch: 54 summary: These serve as an update of guidelines published in this journal in 2001.1 THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE MARCH 2006 2 5 Age < 18 months Mother HIV positiveMother’s status unknown, child has features of symptomatic HIV Positive Negative Child infected Start co-trimoxazole prophylaxis if indicated Child uninfected If child still breastfed, repeat HIV ELISA 6 weeks after breastfeeding has stopped Repeat HIV DNA-PCR if child is asymptomatic HIV DNA PCR positive HIV DNA PCR positive HIV DNA PCR negative HIV ELISA positiveHIV ELISA negative Child uninfected • Stop co-trimoxazole prophylaxis • Investigate for other cause of illness Child HIV-infected. Manage as per guidelines. If child still breastfeeding, repeat HIV DNA PCR 6 weeks after breastfeeding cessation. keywords: age; assay; child; diagnosis; dna; hiv; infants; infection; pcr; test; weeks cache: hivmed-611.pdf plain text: hivmed-611.txt item: #513 of 648 id: hivmed-612 author: Nattrass, Nicoli title: When HIV clinicians prevent social scientists from accessing 'their' patients: Some ethical concerns date: 2006-05-15 words: 2579 flesch: 45 summary: In this world of overlap between service provision and research interests, patients on antiretroviral treatment are both beneficiaries and research subjects. As discussed below, this was the case with regard to two Cape Town clinics that prevented a clinical psychologist (working in my research unit) from conducting social science research. keywords: clinic; hiv; medical; patients; research; researchers cache: hivmed-612.pdf plain text: hivmed-612.txt item: #514 of 648 id: hivmed-613 author: Bekker, Lind-Gail title: From the editor date: 2007-05-14 words: 572 flesch: 59 summary: Important circumcision trial results push us to ask about the implementation logistics, and equally important negative results in HIV vaccine, microbicide and diaphragm research make us realise that the road to efficacious prevention modalities will be a long one. We must also continue to hone our expertise in treating both HIV and the myriad of opportunistic infections associated with HIV. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-613.pdf plain text: hivmed-613.txt item: #515 of 648 id: hivmed-614 author: Sifris, Dennis title: Tribute - Remembering Ruben Sher date: 2007-05-14 words: 738 flesch: 78 summary: Ruben took this news as he would any other piece of distressing medical research: a thoughtfully furrowed brow, a slight shake of the head, following by a soft, exasperated ‘Acch’. Ruben was neither a fiery activist nor a hardened political creature, but somehow he managed to inhabit both of those worlds. keywords: gay; ruben cache: hivmed-614.pdf plain text: hivmed-614.txt item: #516 of 648 id: hivmed-615 author: Kalichman, Seth C. title: Positive prevention: HIV transmission risk reduction interventions for people living wiht HIV/AIDS date: 2007-05-14 words: 4327 flesch: 43 summary: Positive prevention should not replace, but rather should augment, generalised HIV prevention interventions targeting high- risk populations. I N E4 0 The history of HIV prevention has followed similar trajectories across cultures. keywords: aids; disclosure; hiv; intervention; partners; positive; prevention; risk; sex; skills; transmission cache: hivmed-615.pdf plain text: hivmed-615.txt item: #517 of 648 id: hivmed-616 author: de Waal, Alex; Whiteside, Alan title: AIDS : A Darwinian Event? date: 2007-05-14 words: 8050 flesch: 62 summary: This particular meme is important to our case because male circumcision appears to protect against HIV transmission by as much as a 40% reduction in risk. This is because survival strategies such as migration or commercial sex work increase the risk of HIV transmission. keywords: africa; aids; darwinian; epidemic; event; hiv; impact; mortality; new; population; r n cache: hivmed-616.pdf plain text: hivmed-616.txt item: #518 of 648 id: hivmed-617 author: McCarthy, Kerrigan; Meintjes, Graeme; Arthington-Skaggs, Beth; Bicanic, Tihana; Cotton, Mark; Chiller, Tom; Govender, Nelesh; Harrison, Tom; Karstaed, Alan; Maartens, Gary; Varavia, Ebrahim; Venter, Francois; Vismer, Hester title: Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis and disseminated cryptococcosis in HIV-infected patients date: 2007-05-14 words: 6839 flesch: 49 summary: Tansuphaswadikul S, Nantawat W, Phonrat B, Boonpokbn L, Mctm AG, Pitisuttithum P. Comparison of one week with two week regimens of amphotericin B both followed by fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis among AIDS patients. I N E2 8 ANTIFUNGAL TREATMENT OF A FIRST EPISODE OF CC Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines10 and other international guidelines recommend induction phase treatment with 0.7 - 1 mg/kg/dose amphotericin B AND 100 mg/kg/day 5-flucytosine; unfortunately the latter drug is not available in southern Africa. keywords: amphotericin; art; cryptococcosis; dose; fluconazole; hiv; management; patients; pressure; r n; treatment cache: hivmed-617.pdf plain text: hivmed-617.txt item: #519 of 648 id: hivmed-618 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: From the editor date: 2007-05-07 words: 713 flesch: 56 summary: Add to this the highly anticipated Botswana AIDS Conference next year, and no one need leave our shores in the near future to access the best scientific presentations and debates. In this issue we showcase a series of South African abstracts accepted and presented at the very competitive Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections held earlier this year in Los Angeles. keywords: african; conference cache: hivmed-618.pdf plain text: hivmed-618.txt item: #520 of 648 id: hivmed-619 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: Tribute - Des Martin date: 2007-05-07 words: 621 flesch: 59 summary: Professor Des Martin, the Society and the editorial team salute you for all your years of commitment and service. I N E J U N E 2 0 0 7 7 Professor Des Martin was the visionary who in 1998 saw a need and pulled together a group of HIV specialists who became the founder members of the HIV Clinicians Society of South Africa. keywords: des; hiv cache: hivmed-619.pdf plain text: hivmed-619.txt item: #521 of 648 id: hivmed-62 author: None title: HIV 897 date: None words: 3925 flesch: 56 summary: DOI:10.7196/SAJHIVMED.897 Health research among children (age <18 years), including HIV-prevention and -treatment re­search, is legally complex, because they have limited legal capacity and laws require them to be protected against their lack of experience and knowledge.1 To date, legal debates have tended to focus on informed consent for child research. It suggests that like Cinderella, who was left to clean the house rather than being invited to the ball, privacy has been overlooked or viewed as less important than the ‘two ugly stepsisters’ of who can consent and to what can be consented in child research. keywords: children; health; hiv; privacy; research; right; south cache: hivmed-62.htm plain text: hivmed-62.txt item: #522 of 648 id: hivmed-620 author: Slack, Catherine; Strode, Ann; Mamasela, Mothokoa title: Research and Law - Ethical legal challenges in adolescent HIV vaccine trials date: 2007-05-07 words: 2071 flesch: 54 summary: These principles provide R E S E A R C H A N D T H E L A W Ethical-legal challenges in adolescent HIV vaccine trials Catherine Slack, MA Clin Psych HIV AIDS Vaccines Ethics Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Ann Strode, LLM Mothokoa Mamashela, LLM Faculty of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal South Africa is likely to enrol adolescents into a phase IIb proof of concept HIV vaccine trial in late 2007 or early 2008, which would make it the first country in the world to enrol adolescents into HIV vaccine trials. Against this backdrop, in 2005 a member of the UCT Research Ethics Committee (REC) initiated a process of research into the minimum legal requirements that need to be met to ensure that adolescent HIV vaccine trials are lawful. keywords: consent; hiv; research; trials; vaccine cache: hivmed-620.pdf plain text: hivmed-620.txt item: #523 of 648 id: hivmed-621 author: Meyer-Rath, Gesine title: Public health priorities - The cost-effectiveness of HIV control: Getting the priorities right date: 2007-05-07 words: 1630 flesch: 47 summary: One of these used data on costs and outcomes of ART provision at the MSF-led HIV clinics in Khayelitsha, showing that in this setting providing ART was more cost-effective than HIV care without ART.6 MSF (Médecins Sans Frontières) is a non-governmental organi- sation dedicated to improving health care and access to essential medicines in emergency and low-income settings. Health economics in HIV disease: a review of the European literature. keywords: art; cost; health; hiv; water cache: hivmed-621.pdf plain text: hivmed-621.txt item: #524 of 648 id: hivmed-622 author: Wanless, Richard Sebastian title: Community - Secure the future: seven steps to involve the community in HIV/AIDS treatment support programmes date: 2007-05-07 words: 2310 flesch: 54 summary: Its overall purpose is to guide any group in how to integrate medical care with the power of community mobilisation and community services provided to patients in their homes and communities. ■ Community services helped prepare patients for ART and ‘levelled the playing field’ by dealing with psychosocial problems, inadequate nutrition and logistical issues, such as transport to the clinic and disclosure of status to a significant other. keywords: community; programme; support cache: hivmed-622.pdf plain text: hivmed-622.txt item: #525 of 648 id: hivmed-623 author: Venter, W.D. Francois title: The South African National strategic plan: what does it mean for our health system? date: 2007-05-07 words: 2080 flesch: 55 summary: The primary aims of the NSP are to: • Reduce the rate of new HIV infections by 50% by 2011. This may also be a function of the consensus building process, as well as the fact that in some cases it may truly be difficult to prioritise (how does one weigh poverty reduction against treatment?), but again leaving it up to individual provincial interpretation may lead to key targets not being met. keywords: hiv; plan; targets cache: hivmed-623.pdf plain text: hivmed-623.txt item: #526 of 648 id: hivmed-624 author: Office, Editorial title: Telling stories to change the country - a combined effort by the HIV Clinicials Society and Soul City date: 2007-05-07 words: 822 flesch: 70 summary: The HIV Clinicians Society and Soul City have worked together on the next series to turn fiction into reality. A R T N E R S H I P S Telling Stories to Change the Country – A combined effort by the HIV Clinicians Society and Soul City Reach and reported impact of specific TV programmes Reported reach: Per cent who say they have ever watched each programme Higher reach, higher impact Higher reach, lower impact Lower reach, higher impact Lower reach, lower impact Soul City Soul Buddyz Tsha Tsha Zola 7 Generations Zone 14 Isidingo Take 5 Siyanqoba Heart Lines 7 de Laan City Sesia Viewer reported impact: Per cent of viewers who say they have personally learned a lot about HIV and related sexual behaviours from programme Overall reported impact: Per cent of all youth who watch and say they have learned a lot about HIV from programme Source: Young South Africans. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-624.pdf plain text: hivmed-624.txt item: #527 of 648 id: hivmed-625 author: Spencer, D. C.; Harman, C.; Naicker, T.; Gohre, S. title: Nutrition Guidelines for HIV-infected Adults and Children in Southern Africa date: 2007-05-07 words: 8320 flesch: 60 summary: THE LABORATORY Laboratory tests in HIV patients are restricted to those with clinical value. Treatment for adult HIV infection: 2006 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. keywords: adults; aids; body; children; disease; food; hiv; infection; loss; mass; n e; n j; nutrition; patient; r n; weight cache: hivmed-625.pdf plain text: hivmed-625.txt item: #528 of 648 id: hivmed-626 author: Office, Editorial title: Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections date: 2007-05-07 words: 9830 flesch: 54 summary: As South Africa will be the first country to enrol adolescents aged 16 - 18 years into a phase IIb efficacy HIV vaccine trial (the HVTN 503 study), it is imperative to understand some of the challenges to adolescent enrolment in HIV vaccine trials. Approximately two-thirds of adolescents were willing to participate in HIV vaccine trials and almost 70% were comfortable about referring other adolescents or family members for participation in such trials. keywords: adolescents; africa; art; hiv; mortality; patients; regimens; risk; south; study; subtype; treatment; vaccine cache: hivmed-626.pdf plain text: hivmed-626.txt item: #529 of 648 id: hivmed-628 author: Martin, Des title: Tribute - Penny Penhall date: 2007-04-25 words: 557 flesch: 68 summary: Answering the telephone, office administration, secretarial duties, writing grant proposals, arranging Society meetings, dealing with funders, organising conferences – she did the lot! The beginning was humble – Penny started work in a shared office, and as I was President of the Society at the time, we would meet two mornings a week for a couple of hours to carry out the necessary administration. keywords: penny; society cache: hivmed-628.pdf plain text: hivmed-628.txt item: #530 of 648 id: hivmed-629 author: Black, Andrew title: Debate - TB or XDR TB, should that be the question? date: 2007-04-25 words: 1707 flesch: 59 summary: 5. INCREASED RESEARCH SUPPORT FOR DRUGS TO TREAT XDR TB There is an urgent need to develop drugs to treat the few patients with confirmed XDR TB. keywords: tuberculosis; xdr cache: hivmed-629.pdf plain text: hivmed-629.txt item: #531 of 648 id: hivmed-63 author: None title: HIV 976 date: None words: 7010 flesch: 55 summary: When and how TB drugs should be re-introduced according to the various guidelines is summarised in Table 3. The time from withdrawal of TB drugs to resolution of hepatotoxicity was 18.7 days (standard deviation ±11.4). keywords: alt; art; bilirubin; dili; drugs; hepatotoxicity; hiv; liver; patients; rechallenge; treatment; tuberculosis cache: hivmed-63.htm plain text: hivmed-63.txt item: #532 of 648 id: hivmed-630 author: Halperin, Daniel T.; Epstein, Helen title: Opinion - Why is HIV prevalence so severe in southern Africa.? The role of multiple concurrent partnerships and lack of male circumcision - implications for HIV prevention date: 2007-04-25 words: 5919 flesch: 61 summary: Various other factors in the region’s HIV epidemic, including a range of gender issues, especially the need for greater male involvement in HIV prevention, high prevalence of sexual violence, low HIV risk perception, and pervasiveness of transactional sex among young people, especially young women, were also discussed, and continued promotion of primary abstinence, greater access to HIV counselling and testing and access to condoms, especially in high-risk situations, were also recommended. In 2005, a randomised clinical trial of male circumcision for HIV prevention in Orange Farm, South Africa, found that the procedure reduced a man’s risk of infection by at least 60%, and two similar clinical studies in Kenya and Uganda were recently halted prematurely, also due to such robust findings.17-19 keywords: africa; aids; circumcision; concurrent; hiv; male; men; partners; partnerships; prevalence; prevention; uganda; women cache: hivmed-630.pdf plain text: hivmed-630.txt item: #533 of 648 id: hivmed-631 author: Bruns, Laurie; Spiegel, Paul title: Displaced persons and HIV care: challenges and solutions date: 2007-04-25 words: 1044 flesch: 60 summary: By the end of 2003, refugee populations remained in their host country for an average of 17 years.4 Furthermore, behavioural surveillance surveys show a high level of interaction between refugee and host communities; clearly the exclusion of displaced persons from local HIV and AIDS-related services is detrimental to efforts in HIV prevention, care and treatment to both displaced persons and the surrounding host com- munities.5 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the largest threat for developing resistance to ART is persons taking their medications in an incorrect manner;6 this threat is no larger for displaced populations than for other populations. Lack of awareness of the rights of displaced persons, together with xenophobia, can lead health professionals to deny care. keywords: care; hiv; persons; unhcr cache: hivmed-631.pdf plain text: hivmed-631.txt item: #534 of 648 id: hivmed-632 author: Caterino-de-Araujo, Adele title: Opinion - The fight against Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS - lessons from Brazil date: 2007-04-25 words: 2210 flesch: 55 summary: Furthermore, among Indians from the Amazon region (northern Brazil) we detected HHV-8 subtype E, which is phylogenically related to subtype D (Australasia) and subtype Hok (North of Japan), along with HHV-8 subtype A.23 We still do not know whether there is a correlation between HHV-8 subtype and virus pathogenicity, but we are attempting to correlate HHV-8 subtype and tumour aggressiveness. keywords: aids; brazil; hhv-8; kaposi; sarcoma cache: hivmed-632.pdf plain text: hivmed-632.txt item: #535 of 648 id: hivmed-633 author: Office, Editorial title: 2007 clinical guidelines an antiretroviral therapy management for displaced persons date: 2007-04-25 words: 8100 flesch: 57 summary: Thus, these populations often have lower HIV prevalence than their surrounding host communities, particularly in southern Africa.4 ‘Displaced persons engage in high risk behaviour’ While displaced persons are vulnerable to exploitation and abuse, they have often benefited from the assistance of international organisations. This may however be an option for other displaced persons, e.g. economic migrants. keywords: access; art; care; health; hiv; persons; r n; treatment cache: hivmed-633.pdf plain text: hivmed-633.txt item: #536 of 648 id: hivmed-648 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: From the Editor date: 2008-11-06 words: 743 flesch: 45 summary: Deftly negotiating the complex politics that bedevil everything around HIV, Mick efficiently improved on the organisational structures of the Society while building up the staff complement to the stage where it is now self- sufficient. The Society, the general manager and the Executive wish him well in his semi-retirement. Francois, Fatima, Pat, Natalie, Jean, Chloe, Kerry, Linda-Gail 5 There is a strong feeling in the field that it is ‘back to the drawing board’ on prevention in HIV. keywords: hiv; mick; society cache: hivmed-648.pdf plain text: hivmed-648.txt item: #537 of 648 id: hivmed-65 author: None title: HIV 850 date: None words: 3253 flesch: 57 summary: This study revealed high HIV risk behaviour (e.g. unprotected last sexual intercourse and alcohol and drug use in the context of sexual intercourse) among TB patients in SA. In multivariate analysis, older age (odds ratio (OR) 5.86; confidence interval (CI) 4.07 - 8.44), female gender (OR 0.47; CI 0.37 - 0.59), residing in an informal settlement (OR 1.55; CI 1.13 - 2.12), being a TB retreatment patient (OR 0.55; CI 0.42 - 0.72), occasions of sexual intercourse with condom use (OR 1.07; CI 1.02 - 1.13) and having a sexual partner receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) (OR 7.09, CI 4.35 - 11.57) were associated with an HIV-positive status in TB patients. keywords: health; hiv; intercourse; patients; risk; status; use cache: hivmed-65.htm plain text: hivmed-65.txt item: #538 of 648 id: hivmed-656 author: Bekker, Linda-Gail title: From the editor date: 2008-04-24 words: 867 flesch: 63 summary: Again, with tenofovir on the cards, bet- ter understanding of the renal pathologies expected in HIV and the complications of drugs and drug dosing is para- mount for good management. With the huge increase in the number of people on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in southern Africa, the need for sustainable (both in terms of supply and affordability) drug supply is an increas- ing concern. keywords: hiv; industry cache: hivmed-656.pdf plain text: hivmed-656.txt item: #539 of 648 id: hivmed-658 author: Ford, Nathan; Gray, Andy; Venter, W.D. Francois title: Tough choices: Tenofovir, tenders and treatment date: 2008-04-24 words: 2893 flesch: 51 summary: The TDF market for Africa has been awarded to Aspen Pharmacare (Gilead has not patented TDF in South Africa, but has relied on the licensing agreement with Aspen to manage the market).11 However, as Gilead itself will not market TDF (or the combination of TDF and emtricitabine) in these countries, the overall result is that TDF remains a monopoly (single-source) product. TDF was only registered in South Africa in mid-2007, even though it has been registered in the USA since 2001 and in Europe since 2002. keywords: africa; arv; countries; medicines; patent; price; south; tdf; time cache: hivmed-658.pdf plain text: hivmed-658.txt item: #540 of 648 id: hivmed-66 author: None title: HIV 883 date: None words: 2651 flesch: 49 summary: Magnitude of the issue The DHMIS Policy calls for more than just addressing data quality; it denotes that information should be used in programme planning and in clarifying the main roles and responsibilities ‘for ensuring data completeness, data quality, and data use and “ownership” at all levels of the health system. In this context, this conference report is not a declaration of success, but rather a brief description of the status of our progress in using tools to strengthen data quality and ease of use. keywords: data; district; facility; health; national; quality; south cache: hivmed-66.htm plain text: hivmed-66.txt item: #541 of 648 id: hivmed-67 author: None title: HIV 957 date: None words: 3917 flesch: 55 summary: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60410-2] 5. Hamers RL, Kityo C, Lange JM, De Wit R, Mugyenyi P. Global threat from drug resistant HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Hamers RL, Kityo C, Lange JM, De Wit R, Mugyenyi P. Global threat from drug resistant HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. keywords: africa; aids; control; drug; health; hiv; prisons; resistance; south; tuberculosis cache: hivmed-67.htm plain text: hivmed-67.txt item: #542 of 648 id: hivmed-676 author: None title: hivmed-676 date: None words: 2538 flesch: 41 summary: Physical barrier sunscreens containing titanium dioxide or zinc oxide are preferable.21 Management of photosensitive dermatoses It is important to exclude drug-related causes in any form of photosensitive skin condition. These conditions include photosensitive drug reactions, chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD), pellagra, lichenoid photoeruptions, porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), pseudoporphyria, photoaggravated granuloma annulare and actinic keywords: actinic; drug; figure; hiv; lichenoid; patients; pellagra; photosensitivity; skin; sun cache: hivmed-676.htm plain text: hivmed-676.txt item: #543 of 648 id: hivmed-677 author: None title: hivmed-677 date: None words: 4611 flesch: 49 summary: [Participant 2, female, 26 years] ‘Patients should be involved because patients tell other patients the truth, not staff. The reason for the study taking place in this province is that it has the second largest population in South Africa and is at the epicentre of the South African HIV epidemic.22,23,24 Initially, five experienced and articulate ART patients of both sexes and different ages, a minimum of one from each facility, who did not participate in further data collection, described their experiences and the challenges they encountered and together formulated a total of 41 recommendations to ensure a patient-centred ART programme at their facility. keywords: africa; arv; care; clinic; health; hiv; participant; patients; programme; public; recommendations; south; study; years cache: hivmed-677.htm plain text: hivmed-677.txt item: #544 of 648 id: hivmed-68 author: None title: HIV 972 date: None words: 2640 flesch: 46 summary: We describe a case of Candida parapsilosis endocarditis in an HIV-positive patient with pre-existing mitral valve disease and renal failure on haemodialysis. HIV 972 CASE REPORT Native valve endocarditis due to Candida parapsilosis in an adult patient K Moodley, MB ChB, FCPath (Micro); C N Govind, MB ChB, FCPath (Micro); A K C Peer, MSc, MB ChB, MMed (Micro); S Dawood, MB ChB, FCP (SA); M H Hassim, MB ChB, FCP (SA); J Deonarain, MB ChB, FCPath (Anat) Lancet Laboratories, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Corresponding author: K Moodley (krishnee.moodley@lancet.co.za) Candida endocarditis is rare, but associated with a high mortality. keywords: candida; endocarditis; infect; patient; therapy cache: hivmed-68.htm plain text: hivmed-68.txt item: #545 of 648 id: hivmed-680 author: None title: hivmed-680 date: None words: 1533 flesch: 39 summary: Abstract The practicing histopathologist is often a forgotten link in the management of HIV patients. A new era of paediatric HIV patients will also provide new challenges as certain disease processes have not been studied in this group. keywords: histopathologist; hiv; management; patient cache: hivmed-680.htm plain text: hivmed-680.txt item: #546 of 648 id: hivmed-684 author: None title: hivmed-684 date: None words: 3842 flesch: 55 summary: HIV patients often present with visual disturbance or features of a myelopathy but seldom both either simultaneously or consecutively. Spectrum of myelopathies in HIV seropositive South African patients. keywords: africa; anti; antibody; hiv; neuromyelitis; nmo; optica; patients; presentation; south; test cache: hivmed-684.htm plain text: hivmed-684.txt item: #547 of 648 id: hivmed-69 author: None title: HIV 933 date: None words: 2698 flesch: 49 summary: 1 With prolonged survival, the sequelae as well as related complications of KS pleural effusions are increasingly being noted. The pathological diagnosis of pleural KS requires a characteristic architectural appearance and not a particular neoplastic cell type.5 The sampled fluid (usually serosanguineous or haemorrhagic exudate) is unlikely to contain diagnostic cytological material. keywords: chylothorax; hiv; kaposi; patients; pleural; pulmonary; sarcoma cache: hivmed-69.htm plain text: hivmed-69.txt item: #548 of 648 id: hivmed-690 author: None title: hivmed-690 date: None words: 4558 flesch: 51 summary: Included in the study were RNs with at least one years’ experience in PMTCT implementation, who agreed to participate in the study. Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10461-009-9535-0 Horwood C, Haskins L, Vermaak K, Phakathi S, Subbaye R, Doherty T. Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: An evaluation of PMTCT implementation and integration into routine maternal, child and women’s health services. keywords: facilities; hiv; implementation; n =; nurses; participants; patients; pmtct; programme; study cache: hivmed-690.htm plain text: hivmed-690.txt item: #549 of 648 id: hivmed-692 author: None title: hivmed-692 date: None words: 1381 flesch: 44 summary: The crisis, and consequent national and international funding, gave South Africans a chance to stop and think of what the best way is to deliver chronic primary care services, rather than simply trying to get through the deluge of patients on a day-to-day basis. If primary care is the heart of the South African system, give community nurses and doctors the tools to maximise their effectiveness and take ownership of their patients’ care. keywords: care; hiv; patients; primary cache: hivmed-692.htm plain text: hivmed-692.txt item: #550 of 648 id: hivmed-693 author: None title: hivmed-693 date: None words: 1802 flesch: 41 summary: For mild to moderate disease, itraconazole (200 mg three times daily for three days and then 200 mg twice daily for at least 12 months) is recommended.11 Lifelong suppressive therapy with itraconazole (200 mg daily) may be required in immunosuppressed patients if immunosuppression cannot be reversed and in patients who relapse despite receipt of appropriate therapy.11 Conclusion We are presenting this case to remind clinicians that DH in AIDS patients may occur as an expression of IRIS. Discussion Disseminated histoplasmosis is most frequently described among patients with CD4+ T-cell counts below 50 cells/mm3.1 It occurs in 5% – 75% of AIDS patients, with mucocutaneous manifestations seen among 11% – 25% of cases.2 Cutaneous lesions can take a number of forms from inflammatory folliculitis, molluscum-like papules, verrucous plaques, erythema multiforme-like lesions, vasculitic lesions, exfoliative dermatitis, ulcers and nodular lesions.2,3 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is an inflammatory disease and is the consequence of an exaggerated dysregulated immune antigen interaction following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) induced immune restoration.4 keywords: case; disease; histoplasmosis; lesions; patient; treatment cache: hivmed-693.htm plain text: hivmed-693.txt item: #551 of 648 id: hivmed-694 author: None title: hivmed-694 date: None words: 5567 flesch: 55 summary: Community-supported models of care for people on HIV treatment in sub-Saharan Africa. Introduction Expanded access to HIV testing and antiretroviral treatment (ART) is critical both to reducing levels of AIDS mortality and to reducing HIV incidence, at a population level. keywords: adults; africa; art; estimates; health; hiv; homepage; internet; model; patients; south; testing; treatment cache: hivmed-694.htm plain text: hivmed-694.txt item: #552 of 648 id: hivmed-695 author: None title: hivmed-695 date: None words: 6493 flesch: 52 summary: Although this analysis does not consider provincial differences in HIV testing and ART coverage as factors explaining differences in HIV prevalence, we have shown that levels of HIV diagnosis are similar across provinces,17 and thus they would be unlikely to account for HIV prevalence differences. Abstract Background: HIV prevalence differs substantially between South Africa’s provinces, but the factors accounting for this difference are poorly understood. Objectives: To estimate HIV prevalence and incidence trends by province, and to identify the epidemiological factors that account for most of the variation between provinces. keywords: africa; antenatal; cape; circumcision; differences; figure; hiv; hiv prevalence; male; model; national; prevalence; provinces; rates; risk; south; south africa cache: hivmed-695.htm plain text: hivmed-695.txt item: #553 of 648 id: hivmed-698 author: None title: hivmed-698 date: None words: 7706 flesch: 51 summary: Sex workers may have difficulties accessing both, post-exposure prophylaxis and legal services in situations of rape.48 These barriers could adversely impact on the health service–seeking behaviours of sex workers. This study sought to describe the actions of female sex workers within the first 24 hours of experiencing male condom failure with a male client during penetrative sex. Contribution to field These findings could inform national government departments and on-profit organisations (NGOs) working with sex workers such as Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT) and Sisonke to design interventions that address issues around condom failure. keywords: actions; breakage; clients; condom; condom failure; condom use; encounter; failure; health; hiv; participants; risk; sex; sex workers; sexual; slippage; study; use; workers cache: hivmed-698.htm plain text: hivmed-698.txt item: #554 of 648 id: hivmed-7 author: Nassen, R; Donald, K; Walker, K; Paruk, S; Vujovic, M; Duncan, W; Laughton, B; Moos, B title: Management of mental health disorders and central nervous system sequelae in HIV-positive children and adolescents date: 2014-09-08 words: 11545 flesch: 40 summary: • Children may have significant symptoms of PTSD but may not meet full Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) • Children and adolescents with HIV in Africa often have multiple psychosocial challenges/stressful life events that make them more emotionally vulnerable and isolated.[10] • The effect of the virus is thus compounded by negative life events that further negatively affect neurocognitive development. keywords: adherence; adolescents; anxiety; assessment; behaviour; children; cns; disorders; family; health; hiv; management; mood; problems; psychosocial; risk; school; support; symptoms; table; therapy; treatment cache: hivmed-7.pdf plain text: hivmed-7.txt item: #555 of 648 id: hivmed-70 author: None title: HIV 979 date: None words: 2509 flesch: 44 summary: Although studies from North America report the risk of blood-stream infection (BSI) associated with peripheral IV devices to be low (0.5 BSI/1 000 IVD days),5 the risk could be higher in the SA setting, especially in this vulnerable group of patients, with advanced HIV infection receiving prolonged IV amphotericin B therapy. This can be complicated by bacterial infection, resulting in localised cellulitis or bacterial sepsis. keywords: amphotericin; aureus; blood; infection cache: hivmed-70.htm plain text: hivmed-70.txt item: #556 of 648 id: hivmed-701 author: None title: hivmed-701 date: None words: 7586 flesch: 49 summary: Our findings suggest that the uptake and effectiveness of health services amongst Key Populations in South Africa is limited by internalised stigma, reluctance to seek care, unwillingness to disclose risk behaviours to healthcare workers, combined with a lack of knowledge and understanding on the part of the broader community members, including healthcare workers. Similarly, despite an early focus on preventing HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) amongst SW, few scaled-up targeted interventions have been implemented in sex work settings, or amongst PWUD.1 Evidence shows that timely access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and health services enabling viral suppression for Key Populations living with HIV is poor.7 While the South African Constitution does not discriminate against anyone on grounds of sexual orientation, in reality, gay men and other MSM continue to be stigmatised and discriminated largely because their behaviour deviates from social norms, and homoprejudice is widespread.19,20 A Key Population stakeholder consultation process conducted in South Africa in 2011 found that discrimination by healthcare workers towards MSM, SW and PWUD was a major barrier to accessing health services.21 keywords: africa; discrimination; free; healthcare; hiv; men; msm; people; populations; pwud; respondents; services; sex; south; state; workers cache: hivmed-701.htm plain text: hivmed-701.txt item: #557 of 648 id: hivmed-707 author: None title: hivmed-707 date: None words: 5122 flesch: 55 summary: We also used two previously validated survey instruments to gather data on patients’ HIV knowledge and providers’ stigma against patients living with HIV, as we anticipated that these may have an impact on providers’ and patients’ attitudes to the provision of HIV testing within the ED, and may offer insights for future intervention development. Results: A total of 104 patients and 26 providers were enrolled in the study. When asked about potential barriers to receiving or providing HIV testing, 16.4% of patients and 24% of providers felt that the subject of HIV was too sensitive and 58.7% of patients and 80% of providers indicated that privacy and confidentiality issues would pose major barriers to implementing ED-based HIV testing. keywords: africa; aids; attitudes; care; department; emergency; health; hiv; hiv testing; patients; providers; south; stigma; study; testing cache: hivmed-707.htm plain text: hivmed-707.txt item: #558 of 648 id: hivmed-71 author: None title: HIV 978 date: None words: 590 flesch: 45 summary: POC ultrasound requires little training and is a safe and effective tool, with particular value for resource-limited settings where imaging modalities are often restricted. Simplified and targeted ultrasound protocols, applied by the attending clinician or medical staff, allow instantaneous assessment of clinically relevant questions. keywords: hiv; ultrasound cache: hivmed-71.htm plain text: hivmed-71.txt item: #559 of 648 id: hivmed-712 author: None title: hivmed-712 date: None words: 3287 flesch: 52 summary: Inconsistent condom use was defined as any uncertainty in the self-report on condom use. Methods: This study assesses condom use among South African adolescents enrolled on a demonstration PrEP study, called Pluspills, being conducted in Cape Town and Soweto. keywords: adolescents; africa; condom; hiv; participants; prep; prevention; risk; south; study; use cache: hivmed-712.htm plain text: hivmed-712.txt item: #560 of 648 id: hivmed-714 author: None title: hivmed-714 date: None words: 4827 flesch: 46 summary: Renal function in patients with preexisting renal disease receiving tenofovir-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy in the HIV outpatient study. Abstract Background: HIV-infected patients have an increased risk of renal disease. keywords: acute; africa; aki; disease; disoproxil; function; hiv; injury; kidney; nephrotoxicity; patients; renal; risk; south; tdf; tenofovir cache: hivmed-714.htm plain text: hivmed-714.txt item: #561 of 648 id: hivmed-718 author: None title: hivmed-718 date: None words: 5807 flesch: 60 summary: This practice was reported in other AIDS caregiver studies.6,20 Fifty-seven per cent of AIDS caregivers in one study1 found religion to be a comfort and felt that their faith in God had increased as a result of the illness, while 17% no longer went to church or worshipped at home because of caregiving commitments. keywords: aids; caregivers; caregiving; carers; family; female; health; hiv; participants; patients; research; study cache: hivmed-718.htm plain text: hivmed-718.txt item: #562 of 648 id: hivmed-72 author: Raemaekers, Melissa title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2013-09-17 words: 565 flesch: 54 summary: When counselling TB patients, condom use and alcohol/ substance use risk reduction need to be considered as HIV- prevention measures. Neurological complications of HIV infection are rare in SA. keywords: patients cache: hivmed-72.pdf plain text: hivmed-72.txt item: #563 of 648 id: hivmed-721 author: None title: hivmed-721 date: None words: 5491 flesch: 54 summary: Barriers to using HIV services cited in PLHIV and VHW FGDs were similar. Conclusion: Our assessment has indicated that there are several barriers to the utilisation of HIV services by PLHIV in the two provinces of Zimbabwe. keywords: barriers; care; community; districts; facilities; fgd; fgds; health; hiv; plhiv; services; vhws; zimbabwe cache: hivmed-721.htm plain text: hivmed-721.txt item: #564 of 648 id: hivmed-730 author: Office, Editorial title: Acknowledgement to reviewers date: 2017-01-27 words: 420 flesch: 43 summary: In an effort to facilitate the selection of appropriate peer reviewers for Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, we ask that you take a moment to update your electronic portfolio on http://www. sajhivmed.org.za for our files, allowing us better access to your areas of interest and expertise, in order to match reviewers with submitted manuscripts. HIVMED_17(1)_2016_Reviwer Acknowledgement.indd The editorial team of Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine recognises the value and importance of the peer reviewer in the overall publication process – not only in shaping the individual manuscript, but also in shaping the credibility and reputation of our journal. keywords: hiv; journal; medicine cache: hivmed-730.pdf plain text: hivmed-730.txt item: #565 of 648 id: hivmed-734 author: None title: hivmed-734 date: None words: 6640 flesch: 52 summary: While welcoming ‘a model that proposes the attainment of universal access to HIV treatment and HIV testing’, that ‘confirms the critical link between HIV prevention and HIV treatment’, the authors wrote the study did not ‘really address’ the problems of stigma and discrimination which could be exacerbated by potentially coercive approaches. HIV treatment as prevention: keywords: aids; cd4; cells/µl; count; debate; evidence; health; hiv; immediate; people; start; therapy; treatment; trial cache: hivmed-734.htm plain text: hivmed-734.txt item: #566 of 648 id: hivmed-735 author: None title: hivmed-735 date: None words: 1294 flesch: 44 summary: A limited number of cases have been reported of secondary amyloidosis in HIV patients who had nephrotic syndrome.7,8 In this case, renal biopsy could not be performed because the patient refused the biopsy. Conclusion In conclusion, unusual presentations of amyloidosis with multiple cutaneous involvement may be seen in HIV patients especially complicated with cancer and HBV coinfection. keywords: amyloidosis; chronic; hiv; lesions; patient cache: hivmed-735.htm plain text: hivmed-735.txt item: #567 of 648 id: hivmed-741 author: None title: hivmed-741 date: None words: 685 flesch: 57 summary: The risk for toxicity has been associated with loss of function polymorphisms of cytochrome 2B6, the main metabolising enzyme for EFV.7 It is estimated that about 20% of sub-Saharan Africans are genetically slow metabolisers and may be at risk of EFV toxicity.8 Clinicians should be aware that weight is another factor that predisposes a patient to EFV toxicity, and it is recommended that patients weighing less than 40 kg should be prescribed a reduced dose of 400 mg.5,9 There are no FDCs with a reduced EFV dose available in South Africa, and underweight patients are often over-dosed as healthcare workers often prescribe the FDC with standard doses of EFV. References About the Author(s) Mukesh Dheda Pharmacovigilance Centre for Public Health Programmes, National Department of Health, South Africa School of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Citation Dheda M. Efavirenz and neuropsychiatric effects. keywords: africa; efavirenz; efv; south cache: hivmed-741.htm plain text: hivmed-741.txt item: #568 of 648 id: hivmed-742 author: None title: hivmed-742 date: None words: 390 flesch: 40 summary: These interactions may reduce or increase serum antiretroviral drug concentrations. A new era of antiretroviral drug toxicity. keywords: drug; health cache: hivmed-742.htm plain text: hivmed-742.txt item: #569 of 648 id: hivmed-744 author: None title: hivmed-744 date: None words: 3748 flesch: 48 summary: A study in eight countries with generalised HIV epidemics showed that a change in risky sexual behaviours can reduce HIV prevalence by up to 20%.8 Limited research implies that risky sexual behaviour is attributed to higher HIV rates among healthcare workers. Although risky sexual behaviour is recognised as a contributing factor to HIV and AIDS among healthcare workers, occupational exposure has been more widely studied with findings suggesting that only a small percentage (10%) of HIV among healthcare workers is attributable to exposure at work.10 This leaves a gap in understanding about the actual contribution of risky sexual behaviours to HIV and AIDS among healthcare workers. keywords: aids; behaviour; countries; healthcare; healthcare workers; hiv; partners; sex; studies; violence; workers cache: hivmed-744.htm plain text: hivmed-744.txt item: #570 of 648 id: hivmed-746 author: None title: hivmed-746 date: None words: 3772 flesch: 47 summary: The effect of HIV co-infection in patients with HAM/TSP is not well documented. Four of the 62 (9.7%) HIV/HTLV-1-infected patients were diagnosed with HAM/TSP; two of the patients were receiving zidovudine monotherapy.18 ART does not appear to decrease the risk of HAM/TSP, as a study by Silva et al. reported myelopathy in 12 of 47 (25.5%) co-infected patients on ART.19 Casseb et al. diagnosed HAM/TSP in six out of 38 (18%) dually infected patients and found that HTLV-1 proviral loads were significantly higher in patients with HAM/TSP compared to asymptomatic co-infected patients (p = 0.012).20 Our study confirms a high frequency of HIV co-infection in patients with HAM/TSP in KwaZulu-Natal. keywords: cell; ham; hiv; htlv; human; infection; patients; study; tsp; virus cache: hivmed-746.htm plain text: hivmed-746.txt item: #571 of 648 id: hivmed-75 author: None title: HIV MESSAGE date: None words: 1025 flesch: 56 summary: There is widespread concern around the incidence of new HIV infections in pregnant women, and Kalk and colleagues7 present two cases of mother-to-child HIV transmission that show the risks associated with acute HIV infection in pregnant and breastfeeding women. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2013;14(2):64-69. keywords: hiv; infection; journal; medicine cache: hivmed-75.htm plain text: hivmed-75.txt item: #572 of 648 id: hivmed-751 author: None title: hivmed-751 date: None words: 4701 flesch: 47 summary: A protocol modification mid-way through the study led to the subsequent use of NVP infant prophylaxis. Conclusions: Both ZDV and NVP resulted in low intrapartum transmission rates and no significant differences in severe infant haematologic toxicity (DAIDS Grade 3 or Grade 4) among formula-fed full-term infants with a birthweight ≥ 2500 g. Introduction Previous studies have demonstrated that infant antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis with zidovudine (ZDV) or nevirapine (NVP), or both combined, have been efficacious in preventing intrapartum mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT).1,2,3,4,5 Recent work has shown that infant NVP prophylaxis provides additional protection against mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) during breastfeeding.4,5 Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends NVP prophylaxis for all HIV-exposed infants, but WHO guidelines do not preferentially support either ZDV or NVP in formula-fed HIV-exposed infants.6,7 In fact, the strength of the recommendation for use of daily NVP or twice daily ZDV from birth for 4–6 weeks among breastfed HIV-exposed infants was categorised as ‘strong’ based on ‘moderate’ keywords: aids; botswana; days; formula; health; hiv; infants; nvp; prophylaxis; study; transmission; zdv cache: hivmed-751.htm plain text: hivmed-751.txt item: #573 of 648 id: hivmed-756 author: None title: hivmed-756 date: None words: 12197 flesch: 53 summary: The preface written by the president of the MRC at the time, Malegapuru Makgoba, stated there had been a shift in the age pattern of mortality in the country ‘from the old to the young over the last decade particularly for young women – this is a unique phenomenon in biology’, and ‘this shift in mortality fits several AIDS models’. The actual equations in the model spreadsheet were likely of interest to, and understood by, only a handful of specialists.5,6,7,8 To maintain the distinction between concepts and techniques, we use concepts popularised by ecological modeller Tony Starfield: model world versus model implementation.9 keywords: africa; aids; antiretroviral; data; deaths; epidemic; health; hiv; hiv epidemic; homepage; internet; malan; model; model world; modelling; people; population; prevention; report; south; south africa; tac; treatment; world cache: hivmed-756.htm plain text: hivmed-756.txt item: #574 of 648 id: hivmed-76 author: None title: HIV MESSAGE date: None words: 224 flesch: 61 summary: What I personally love about travelling and meeting other HIV clinicians is seeing the same drive and passion to find solutions. The ultimate vision of the Society is to engage with all the Ministries of Health in the region and come up with one unified response to HIV and TB. keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-76.htm plain text: hivmed-76.txt item: #575 of 648 id: hivmed-762 author: None title: hivmed-762 date: None words: 6040 flesch: 39 summary: This review highlights some aspects of the cognitive perspective of health behaviour theories as a good theoretical framework that could be used for organising thoughts about adherence and other health behaviours among patients on lifelong treatment such as ART. Results: Key concepts of these theories stipulate that behaviour is mediated by cognition i.e. knowledge and attitude affect the person’s action. In general, health behaviour theories provide grounds for target interventions aimed at changing behaviour or establishing good health habits.3 keywords: adherence; art; behaviour; beliefs; efficacy; health; hiv; individual; medication; patients; person; self; theory cache: hivmed-762.htm plain text: hivmed-762.txt item: #576 of 648 id: hivmed-77 author: None title: HIV 924 date: None words: 2567 flesch: 53 summary: A retrospective observational evaluation found that retention in clinic care after 40 months was 97% for club patients compared with 85% among those who qualified for clubs but continued to be managed outside of the club model. Daily rotation of the club nurse function within a facility ensures collective responsibility for the management of club patients. keywords: art; care; club; facility; model; patients cache: hivmed-77.htm plain text: hivmed-77.txt item: #577 of 648 id: hivmed-775 author: None title: hivmed-775 date: None words: 5430 flesch: 42 summary: In South Africa, HIV tests are available for purchase, through online channels, retail outlets and private community pharmacies. A risk-based approach will be followed in applying these new regulations, and HIV tests are expected to receive priority attention. keywords: africa; guidelines; health; hiv; hivst; national; quality; result; self; south; south africa; testing; use cache: hivmed-775.htm plain text: hivmed-775.txt item: #578 of 648 id: hivmed-776 author: None title: hivmed-776 date: None words: 18764 flesch: 49 summary: Abstract Key principles Goals of antiretroviral therapy Standard of care Antiretroviral drugs: Classes and mechanisms of action Antiretroviral drugs currently available in southern Africa Indications for initiating antiretroviral therapy Investigations prior to starting antiretroviral therapy Initial antiretroviral therapy regimens for the previously untreated patient Laboratory monitoring for antiretroviral therapy efficacy and safety Defining antiretroviral therapy failure Indications for changing antiretroviral therapy Second-line regimens Third-line antiretroviral therapy regimens Patients who return after defaulting therapy Drug interactions Antiretroviral therapy in special populations Antiretroviral therapy toxicity monitoring and management Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome Support and counselling Prophylaxis in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy Acknowledgements References About the Author(s) Patients who return after defaulting therapy We recommend restarting the same regimen if patients return to care after defaulting therapy. keywords: adherence; africa; art; cd4; count; drug; dtg; efv; failure; hepatitis; hiv; line; line art; months; patients; regimen; resistance; risk; southern; table; tdf; test; therapy; treatment; use cache: hivmed-776.htm plain text: hivmed-776.txt item: #579 of 648 id: hivmed-777 author: None title: hivmed-777 date: None words: 5350 flesch: 49 summary: Abstract Purpose: To assess how the infrastructure improvements supported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) contributed to facility-level quarterly and annual new patient enrolment in HIV care and treatment and antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake and retention in care. The analysis calculated the mean (95% confidence interval) number of patients per facility who were (1) newly enrolled in HIV care, (2) patients initiated on ART, (3) patients retained in care, defined as alive and on ART, and (4) reasons for attrition, defined as transferred out, lost to follow-up, deceased or stopped ART. keywords: aids; art; care; facilities; health; hiv; improvements; infrastructure; mean; number; patients; treatment cache: hivmed-777.htm plain text: hivmed-777.txt item: #580 of 648 id: hivmed-778 author: None title: hivmed-778 date: None words: 5044 flesch: 45 summary: Abstract The implementation of ward-based outreach teams (WBOTs), comprised of community health workers (CHWs), is one of the three interventions of the South African National Department of Health’s (NDoH) Primary Health Care (PHC) Re-engineering strategy for improving health outcomes. General challenges Varying perceptions of community health worker roles The health system identifies CHWs as volunteers who manage patients within the community in which they reside and usually receive a stipend for their services.24 Some community members perceive CHWs to be peers, while others are knowledgeable about CHW roles in communities such as promoting primary health services and encouraging testing for several health conditions.25 CHWs generally perceive themselves as being a part of the community, while providing services and making a difference to the lives of people. keywords: adherence; africa; aids; art; care; chws; community; health; hiv; individuals; programme; south; south africa; support; workers cache: hivmed-778.htm plain text: hivmed-778.txt item: #581 of 648 id: hivmed-78 author: None title: HIV 841 date: None words: 2852 flesch: 56 summary: It is not unusual to find most of the educational materials in HIV clinics focusing on issues such as breastfeeding and female contraception, thereby alienating HIV-positive men. 4 It is understood that clinics may not be able to provide an optimal level of MSM healthcare due to resource constraints; therefore, a package of minimal and optimal services has been developed (see Tables 1 - 3). keywords: health; healthcare; hiv; men; msm; services; sex; south cache: hivmed-78.htm plain text: hivmed-78.txt item: #582 of 648 id: hivmed-784 author: None title: hivmed-784 date: None words: 2190 flesch: 43 summary: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.6.020405 National Department of Health South Africa. Results: Retesting in intervention clinics rose from 36% in the three months pre-intervention to full coverage at month nine. keywords: africa; faculty; health; hiv; intervention; sciences; south cache: hivmed-784.htm plain text: hivmed-784.txt item: #583 of 648 id: hivmed-79 author: None title: HIV 899 date: None words: 4623 flesch: 58 summary: Screening for suicide risk and possible suicidal behaviour in HIV-positive persons may form a routine aspect of comprehensive patient care at VCT clinics to assist with effective prevention and treatment. Although the international findings on the correlation between suicide and HIV/AIDS are diverse,10 the results show compelling evidence to screen for suicide risk and intervene as early as possible.9 , 10-12 Despite this, the assessment of suicide risk is not a routine aspect of HIV patient care in SA. keywords: africa; behaviour; hiv; hopelessness; ideation; risk; south; srss; suicidal; suicide cache: hivmed-79.htm plain text: hivmed-79.txt item: #584 of 648 id: hivmed-793 author: None title: hivmed-793 date: None words: 4235 flesch: 48 summary: A comparison of patient and staff attitudes about emergency department–based HIV testing in 2 urban hospitals. In addition, there was little integration of HIV testing into current daily ED operations. keywords: africa; assessment; barriers; department; emergency; feasibility; health; hiv; hiv testing; med; resource; south; testing; tools cache: hivmed-793.htm plain text: hivmed-793.txt item: #585 of 648 id: hivmed-799 author: None title: hivmed-799 date: None words: 1731 flesch: 45 summary: Literature reports of DTG overdose are sparse, and thus its likely effects remain unclear. If the pharmacokinetic relationship between the oral dose and plasma DTG levels remain linear at such doses, it will imply that humans can be expected to experience similar effects after just about 350 mg once daily. keywords: botswana; dolutegravir; dtg; hiv; overdose cache: hivmed-799.htm plain text: hivmed-799.txt item: #586 of 648 id: hivmed-8 author: Pillay, Komala; Cloete, M; McLeod, H title: Expression of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNRs in placentas of HIV-positive patients date: 2014-09-08 words: 4739 flesch: 54 summary: A few studies have shown that anti- DC-SIGN reactive antibodies block HIV transmission to cells mediated by DC-SIGN. Five random sets of 10 villi were assessed, and the average number of positive cells were counted in each case. keywords: cases; cells; dendritic; expression; hiv; human; placentas; sign; transmission cache: hivmed-8.pdf plain text: hivmed-8.txt item: #587 of 648 id: hivmed-80 author: None title: HIV 902 date: None words: 4178 flesch: 61 summary: There has been little focus on the quality of care provided in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV services in South Africa (SA). DOI:10.7196/SAJHIVMED.902 In the past few years, South Africa (SA) has made significant progress in the provision of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV services, both in the delivery of more efficacious PMTCT interventions and also an increase in the proportion of women receiving the interventions.1 According to a UNAIDS report, ~95% of HIV-infected pregnant women in SA received some antiretroviral therapy (ART) intervention for PMTCT in 2010.2 keywords: child; hiv; knowledge; mother; pmtct; transmission; women cache: hivmed-80.htm plain text: hivmed-80.txt item: #588 of 648 id: hivmed-809 author: None title: hivmed-809 date: None words: 5530 flesch: 49 summary: A role for TLR signaling during B cell activation in antiretroviral-treated HIV individuals. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60605-9 Pörtner LM, Schönberg K, Hejazi M, et al. T and NK cells of B cell NHL patients exert cytotoxicity against lymphoma cells following binding of bispecific tetravalent antibody keywords: activation; art; cell; cell activation; expression; foxp3; hiv; nhl; nhl patients; patients cache: hivmed-809.htm plain text: hivmed-809.txt item: #589 of 648 id: hivmed-81 author: None title: HIV 921 revised date: None words: 4095 flesch: 62 summary: Schatz E. ‘Taking care of my own blood’: Older women's relationships to their households in rural South Africa. Schatz E. ‘Taking care of my own blood’: Older women's relationships to their households in rural South Africa. keywords: africa; aids; art; cape; health; khayelitsha; south; town cache: hivmed-81.htm plain text: hivmed-81.txt item: #590 of 648 id: hivmed-82 author: None title: HIV 930 date: None words: 9124 flesch: 50 summary: Patients without focal neurological signs should then be referred to a centre where LP can be performed, while patients with focal neurological signs first need to have a computed tomography (CT) brain scan, followed by an LP (if this is not contra-indicated by CT brain findings). Treatment decisions for patients should be made by their responsible clinicians, with due consideration for individual circumstances. keywords: amphotericin; art; clin; cryptococcal; dis; fluconazole; hiv; infect; management; meningitis; patients; pressure; treatment cache: hivmed-82.htm plain text: hivmed-82.txt item: #591 of 648 id: hivmed-821 author: Hanrahan, Barbara A.; Williams, Adri title: Corrigendum: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV guidelines: Nurses’ views at four primary healthcare facilities in the Limpopo Province date: 2017-12-14 words: 229 flesch: 46 summary: Authors: Barbara A. Hanrahan1 Adri Williams1 Affiliations: 1Department of Nursing Education, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Corresponding author: Barbara Hanrahan, barbara.hanrahan@wits.ac.za Dates: Published: 14 Dec. 2017 How to cite this article: Hanrahan BA, Williams A. Corrigendum: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV guidelines: Nurses’ views at four primary healthcare facilities in the Limpopo Province. Corrigendum: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV guidelines: Nurses’ views at four primary healthcare facilities in the Limpopo Province Read online: keywords: online cache: hivmed-821.pdf plain text: hivmed-821.txt item: #592 of 648 id: hivmed-823 author: None title: hivmed-823 date: None words: 5063 flesch: 58 summary: Keywords: male circumcision; knowledge; perceptions; HIV prevention; United Kingdom. Male circumcision is still largely looked at in the light of culture (five participants) and religion (five participants), rather than HIV prevention. keywords: africa; circumcision; data; health; hiv; male; mmc; participants; prevention; strategy; study cache: hivmed-823.htm plain text: hivmed-823.txt item: #593 of 648 id: hivmed-824 author: Office, Editorial title: Acknowledgement to reviewers date: 2017-12-21 words: 485 flesch: 34 summary: In an effort to facilitate the selection of appropriate peer reviewers for Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, we ask that you take a moment to update your electronic portfolio on http://www. sajhivmed.org.za for our files, allowing us better access to your areas of interest and expertise, in order to match reviewers with submitted manuscripts. As such, the identification and selection of reviewers who have expertise and interest in the topics appropriate to each manuscript are essential elements in ensuring a timely, productive peer review process. keywords: hiv; http://www.sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/sajhivmed/user; journal; medicine; reviewer cache: hivmed-824.pdf plain text: hivmed-824.txt item: #594 of 648 id: hivmed-825 author: None title: hivmed-825 date: None words: 6567 flesch: 46 summary: References Williams I, Churchill D, Anderson J, et al. Available from: http://www.eacsociety.org/files/guidelines_9.0-english.pdf Meintjes G, Moorhouse M, Carmona S, et al. keywords: art; dolutegravir; efavirenz; efficacy; et al; hiv; line; patients; regimen; rilpivirine; studies; study; therapy; treatment cache: hivmed-825.htm plain text: hivmed-825.txt item: #595 of 648 id: hivmed-829 author: None title: hivmed-829 date: None words: 1899 flesch: 36 summary: Abstract Introduction: The diagnosis of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients on multiple drugs with concomitant disorders presents a diagnostic challenge. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is important to consider drug reactions when evaluating patients infected with HIV. keywords: case; dress; drug; hiv; patients; reaction cache: hivmed-829.htm plain text: hivmed-829.txt item: #596 of 648 id: hivmed-83 author: None title: HIV 851 date: None words: 1927 flesch: 47 summary: Chemotherapy treatment during the second and third trimesters follows the standard chemotherapy guidelines, but delivery should be timed during a non-neutropaenic period and care should be taken to time the last cycle of treatment at 32 weeks of gestation. Due to her poor perform­­ance status, low CD4 count, resistant KS, extent of KS disease and poor prognosis, no active chemotherapy management was offered. keywords: aids; chemotherapy; kaposi; pregnancy; sarcoma cache: hivmed-83.htm plain text: hivmed-83.txt item: #597 of 648 id: hivmed-839 author: None title: hivmed-839 date: None words: 7270 flesch: 45 summary: Vaccines are critical in preventing vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), particularly among immunocompromised individuals such as those with HIV infection. HIV-infected individuals have impaired host defence (cellular and humoral immunity), and hence have a greater risk and severity of VPDs than non-immunocompromised populations.2 Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in HIV infection becoming a chronic manageable illness. keywords: adults; africa; cd4; count; disease; evidence; guidelines; hepatitis; hiv; individuals; infection; influenza; risk; south; south africa; use; vaccination; vaccines cache: hivmed-839.htm plain text: hivmed-839.txt item: #598 of 648 id: hivmed-84 author: None title: HIV 903 date: None words: 2909 flesch: 58 summary: Moreover, testing at these time-points shows high uptake,11 , 21 , 22 while offering HIV tests to both partners may identify discordant couples and allow counselling on HIV prevention.2 A proviso to this is increasing evidence that, even within discordant partnerships, a significant number of new HIV infections arise from extra-couple transmission.23 Conclusion While the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV is feasible, it will require a modification of current protocols/guidelines to include repeat HIV testing of women at delivery and/or post partum, a quality-control strategy for laboratory testing of a small percentage of negative rapid tests, involvement of male partners in testing and counselling, and an emphasis on exclusive feeding practices, regardless of HIV status. However, the KZN study was anonymous, and the MRC report demonstrated a high uptake of HIV testing and disclosure, making it unlikely that this scenario contributed significantly to the observations.2 , 3 keywords: child; health; hiv; mother; transmission; women cache: hivmed-84.htm plain text: hivmed-84.txt item: #599 of 648 id: hivmed-846 author: None title: hivmed-846 date: None words: 5172 flesch: 51 summary: However, the integration of medical male circumcision with traditional manhood initiation rituals still seems to lack acceptability in these societies. Perception of medical male circumcision Generally, only 10.6% of the participants had positive perceptions about VMMC. keywords: africa; circumcision; health; hiv; male; medical; participants; sexual; south; students; study; vmmc cache: hivmed-846.htm plain text: hivmed-846.txt item: #600 of 648 id: hivmed-85 author: None title: HIV 903 date: None words: 2797 flesch: 54 summary: HIV 903 Progressive HIV infection in the presence of a raised CD4+ count: HIV/HTLV-1 co-infection A F Haeri Mazanderani,1 MB ChB; O Ebrahim,2 M BChB, MD, DTM&H, FCCP (SA) 1 Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria & National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa 2 Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Corresponding author: A F Haeri Mazanderani (ahmad.haerimazanderani@up.ac.za) There are a number of pathophysiological causes for a normal or raised CD4 count in the context of progressive HIV infection. A recent study in Mozambique demonstrated that co-infected pre-HAART adult patients were seven times more likely to have CD4+ counts >500 cells/μl (median 525 cells/μl) than HIV mono-infected patients.13 However, as these CD4+ cells are likely to be functionally altered, associated with a loss of naive cells and a higher activation pattern, CD4+ lymphocyte counts in HIV-1/ HTLV-1 co-infected patients cannot be considered to be a reliable marker of immunological competence.12 Furthermore, CD4+ counts can be dramatically raised on account of ATLL (i.e. clonal expansion), which occurs in ≤5% of HTLV-1 infections.6 As most cases of ATLL develop in individuals infected early in life through breastfeeding,6 keywords: cd4; cell; hiv; htlv-1; human; infection; virus cache: hivmed-85.htm plain text: hivmed-85.txt item: #601 of 648 id: hivmed-855 author: None title: hivmed-855 date: None words: 5846 flesch: 56 summary: The results also showed that male circumcision status was associated with higher knowledge about male circumcision compared to those who were not circumcised. Abstract Introduction Methods Ethical consideration Results Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgements References About the Author(s) Kudzaishe Mangombe Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe Ishmael Kalule-Sabiti Department of Population Studies and Demography, Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa Citation Mangombe K, Kalule-Sabiti I. Knowledge about male circumcision and perception of risk for HIV among youth in Harare, Zimbabwe. keywords: circumcision; education; hiv; hiv infection; infection; knowledge; male; men; perception; respondents; risk; study; youth cache: hivmed-855.htm plain text: hivmed-855.txt item: #602 of 648 id: hivmed-859 author: None title: hivmed-859 date: None words: 4937 flesch: 48 summary: Only 15.2% of HIV non-infected patients versus 31.0% of HIV-infected patients required more than two weeks to control their infection. However, HIV-infected patients took longer to recover; 54.3% of non-infected patients versus 10.3% HIV-infected patients had their sepsis controlled within one week. keywords: bacteraemia; catheter; cvc; data; hiv; hospital; infection; patients; renal; south; study cache: hivmed-859.htm plain text: hivmed-859.txt item: #603 of 648 id: hivmed-86 author: None title: 927 date: None words: 1775 flesch: 47 summary: If efavirenz was the potential cause of abnormal LFTs, I would consider triple nucleosides while the patient was receiving TB drugs or potentially, but cautiously, raltegravir with tenofovir/emtricitabine, although there are fewer data on interactions, so the patient would require close monitoring of viral load (VL). Ideally, tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz would be the preferred option in view of TB drug interactions and available safety data, but I would monitor LFTs and therapeutic drug levels. keywords: art; drug; liver; patient cache: hivmed-86.htm plain text: hivmed-86.txt item: #604 of 648 id: hivmed-862 author: None title: hivmed-862 date: None words: 3915 flesch: 49 summary: Abstract Introduction: The underlying diagnosis of cavernous sinus disease is difficult to confirm in HIV-coinfected patients owing to the lack of histological confirmation. Results: The clinical, laboratory and radiological data of 23 HIV-infected patients with cavernous sinus disease were analysed. keywords: cavernous; diagnosis; disease; follow; hiv; infection; nerve; patients; sinus; syndrome cache: hivmed-862.htm plain text: hivmed-862.txt item: #605 of 648 id: hivmed-868 author: None title: hivmed-868 date: None words: 5721 flesch: 48 summary: This implies that these participants were not poor but rather alludes to need for economic gains or advancements and wealth inequalities as a push factor towards engaging in HIV risk behaviours. This could be done through enhancing awareness of HIV risk in the general population and by influencing cognitive behaviour change through community mobilisation, advocacy and creating activities to improve self-esteem. keywords: africa; condom; hiv; msp; ncu; participants; people; risk; sex; sexual; south; use cache: hivmed-868.htm plain text: hivmed-868.txt item: #606 of 648 id: hivmed-87 author: None title: HIV 931 date: None words: 660 flesch: 44 summary: Preventing acquired drug resistance in patients receiving treatment will also have major public health consequences, as these cases are the source of onward transmission of drug resistance to newly infected individuals. Both authors are clinicians and investigators in the PharmAccess African Studies to Evaluate Resistance (PASER) network established in sub-Saharan Africa to monitor HIV drug resistance. keywords: drug; resistance cache: hivmed-87.htm plain text: hivmed-87.txt item: #607 of 648 id: hivmed-873 author: None title: hivmed-873 date: None words: 4797 flesch: 46 summary: Conclusion: These findings suggest that the success of mentoring programmes in LMICs may require specific attention to both knowledge transfer and the management of interpersonal relationships. This suggests that the effectiveness of ART scale-up using mentoring programmes could potentially be improved by paying particular attention to the development of supportive relationships within these interventions. keywords: data; health; hiv; knowledge; mentoring; mentors; programme; role; south; staff; support cache: hivmed-873.htm plain text: hivmed-873.txt item: #608 of 648 id: hivmed-877 author: None title: hivmed-877 date: None words: 3445 flesch: 50 summary: Methods: We conducted a retrospective record review of adult patients with confirmed measles who were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit at the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital during the peak of the 2009 and 2010 South African measles outbreak. Methods This was a retrospective record review of adult patients with confirmed measles, who were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit (IDU) at the CMJAH during the peak of the 2009 and 2011 South African measles outbreak. keywords: adult; cases; group; hiv; hospital; infection; measles; negative; patients cache: hivmed-877.htm plain text: hivmed-877.txt item: #609 of 648 id: hivmed-88 author: Raemaekers, Melissa title: CPD Questionnaire date: 2013-06-04 words: 651 flesch: 57 summary: This programme is available free of charge to members of the SA HIV Clinicians Society and SAMA only. Local evidence suggests that there are high rates of HIV among the population of MSM. keywords: art; hiv cache: hivmed-88.pdf plain text: hivmed-88.txt item: #610 of 648 id: hivmed-884 author: None title: hivmed-884 date: None words: 5400 flesch: 47 summary: Figure 1 provides an overview of the proportion who received children disclosure within the categories of all predictors identified in multivariate analyses and the prediction model. The age group was based on national disclosure guidelines.9 Children and their caregivers who did not meet these inclusion criteria were excluded from the study. keywords: adherence; africa; analyses; association; caregivers; characteristics; children; disclosure; health; hiv; south; status; treatment cache: hivmed-884.htm plain text: hivmed-884.txt item: #611 of 648 id: hivmed-885 author: None title: hivmed-885 date: None words: 1895 flesch: 51 summary: Antiretroviral therapy resistance limits further treatment options, increases treatment programme costs and drug resistance may even be transmitted to others.1 The rising prevalence of HIV drug resistance poses a great threat to the HIV response and has the potential to drive increase in mortality and HIV incidence.2 Several risk factors for the development of HIV drug resistance among patients on ART have been identified.3 HIV treatment in Zimbabwe is based on a public health approach using standard national treatment guidelines.4 Treatment guidelines have periodically changed and are guided by the World Health Organization (WHO). HIV drug resistance in low-income and middle-income countries. keywords: art; case; drug; hiv; line; resistance; zimbabwe cache: hivmed-885.htm plain text: hivmed-885.txt item: #612 of 648 id: hivmed-895 author: None title: hivmed-895 date: None words: 2371 flesch: 43 summary: Cutaneous TB is an important manifestation of extrapulmonary TB but is uncommonly reported in South Africa despite the high burden of HIV and TB co-infection. There is a paucity of published data on clinical presentation and outcome of cutaneous TB in this context. keywords: dermatol; hiv; patient; pulmonary; treatment; tuberculosis cache: hivmed-895.htm plain text: hivmed-895.txt item: #613 of 648 id: hivmed-905 author: None title: hivmed-905 date: None words: 5614 flesch: 51 summary: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056088 Grimsrud A, Lesosky M, Kalombo C, Bekker LG, Myer L. Community-based adherence clubs for the management of stable antiretroviral therapy patients in Cape Town, South Africa: A cohort study. 2004;18(6):887–895. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200404090-00006 Wilkinson L, Harley B, Sharp J, et al. Expansion of the adherence club model for stable antiretroviral therapy patients in the Cape Metro, South Africa 2011–2015. keywords: adherence; africa; art; cape; care; outcomes; patients; retention; south; suppression; therapy; town; treatment cache: hivmed-905.htm plain text: hivmed-905.txt item: #614 of 648 id: hivmed-909 author: None title: hivmed-909 date: None words: 6258 flesch: 45 summary: The ‘Integrated Key Populations Sensitivity Training Programme for Healthcare Workers in South Africa’ aimed to improve access to appropriate and non-judgemental health services for ‘key populations’, specifically men who have sex with men, sex workers and people who use drugs, through the sensitisation of healthcare workers. In addition to experiences of discrimination, few facilities provide the full range of services (e.g. evidence-based substance use disorder services) and equipment (e.g. clean injecting equipment, condoms and compatible lubricants) that might be required by key populations.9,10,11,12 In the South African context, MSM, sex workers and PWUD report frequent exclusion from society and high levels of stigma and discrimination in the healthcare setting.6,8,9,13,14 Judgemental and moralising views towards sex work, sex between people of the same sex, homosexuality and drug use are frequently expressed within South African communities, and more specifically by individuals working in the healthcare setting, warranting specific attention and address.6,8,15,16 Public sector healthcare providers receive scant professional training to support key populations, as highlighted by a review of undergraduate training at one of South Africa’s medical schools.17 As such, healthcare workers lack the appropriate skills or knowledge necessary to be adequately equipped to provide these much needed services.5,6,18 In response, South African advocates, service providers and researchers have identified the need for increased healthcare worker awareness of the issues affecting key populations, particularly in the context of HIV, and the need to build capacity to provide evidence-based, competent and appropriate health services.6,17,19,20 In the light of discrimination by service providers being identified as a major barrier to accessing health services, sensitisation training for healthcare workers about key populations has been recommended to reduce stigmatising attitudes and behaviours towards clients, and thus reduce HIV transmission and incidence rates in South Africa.21 keywords: africa; attitudes; healthcare; healthcare workers; hiv; intervention; men; msm; populations; sensitisation; services; sex; sex workers; south; training; workers cache: hivmed-909.htm plain text: hivmed-909.txt item: #615 of 648 id: hivmed-91 author: None title: HIV MESSAGE FROM EDITOR date: None words: 1010 flesch: 56 summary: Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2013;14(1):6-7. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2013;14(1):6-7. keywords: hiv; journal; medicine cache: hivmed-91.htm plain text: hivmed-91.txt item: #616 of 648 id: hivmed-912 author: None title: hivmed-912 date: None words: 4397 flesch: 52 summary: Lack of maternal ART may have contributed to HIV transmission in the two HIV-infected infants in this study because neither of the mothers received antenatal or postnatal ART before the infants were diagnosed with HIV infection. A positive HIV-PCR by 4–6 weeks of life was used to confirm maternal to infant HIV transmission. keywords: africa; birth; hiv; infants; infection; maternal; mother; south; transmission; weeks cache: hivmed-912.htm plain text: hivmed-912.txt item: #617 of 648 id: hivmed-915 author: None title: hivmed-915 date: None words: 19582 flesch: 48 summary: Although in the field of fertility medicine the word conception is no longer used because it is not a distinct biological event,37 for the purposes of these guidelines it was felt important to maintain continuity with existing literature and guidelines, which speak to safer conception with particular reference to minimising HIV risks during the time when an HIV-affected couple is attempting pregnancy. HIV-affected individuals and couples The term HIV-affected individuals and couples includes a range of HIV relationship combinations, all of which require specifically tailored support to minimise HIV risk and to maximise the possibility of a safe pregnancy. keywords: africa; care; child; clients; conception; condomless; counselling; couples; dolutegravir; epub; exposure; female; fertility; guidelines; health; hiv; hiv transmission; individuals; male; negative; options; partner; pregnancy; prep; prevention; reproductive; risk; sex; south; transmission; treatment; use; women cache: hivmed-915.htm plain text: hivmed-915.txt item: #618 of 648 id: hivmed-917 author: None title: hivmed-917 date: None words: 1113 flesch: 40 summary: Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guidance References About the Author(s) Michelle A. Moorhouse Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Sergio Carmona National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa Natasha Davies Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Sipho Dlamini Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa Cloete van Vuuren Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Thandekile Manzini Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Moeketsi Mathe Private Practice, Vereeniging, South Africa Yunus Moosa Department of Infectious Diseases, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Jennifer Nash Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Jeremy Nel Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Yoliswa Pakade Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Joana Woods Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Gert van Zyl Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Francesca Conradie Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Francois Venter Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Graeme Meintjes Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa Citation Moorhouse MA, Carmona S, Davies N, et al. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society Guidance on the use of dolutegravir in first-line antiretroviral therapy. keywords: health; hiv; south africa; university cache: hivmed-917.htm plain text: hivmed-917.txt item: #619 of 648 id: hivmed-918 author: None title: hivmed-918 date: None words: 923 flesch: 45 summary: Indication Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guidelines Using darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg once-daily in clinical practice About the Author(s) Michelle A. Moorhouse Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Sergio Carmona National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa Natasha Davies Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Sipho Dlamini Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa Cloete van Vuuren Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Thandekile Manzini Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Moeketsi Mathe Private Practice, Vereeniging, South Africa Yunus Moosa Department of Infectious Diseases, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Jennifer Nash Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Jeremy Nel Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Yoliswa Pakade Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Joana Woods Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Gert van Zyl Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, South Africa Francesca Conradie Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Francois Venter Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Graeme Meintjes Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa Citation Moorhouse MA, Carmona S, Davies N, et al. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guidelines Southern African HIV Clinicians Society adult antiretroviral therapy (ART) guidelines currently recommend ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) 300/100 mg as preferred boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r) for second-line ART. keywords: africa; hiv; south cache: hivmed-918.htm plain text: hivmed-918.txt item: #620 of 648 id: hivmed-92 author: None title: HIV MESSAGE FROM EXECUTIVE date: None words: 238 flesch: 56 summary: Let’s get these FDCs out there, enrol as many HIV-pregnant women on therapy as possible, and eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The inaugural conference of the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society was a resounding success; with over 950 attendees and excellent speakers (both local and international), I believe that we achieved our aim of ‘Striving for Clinical Evidence.’ keywords: hiv cache: hivmed-92.htm plain text: hivmed-92.txt item: #621 of 648 id: hivmed-922 author: None title: hivmed-922 date: None words: 10491 flesch: 51 summary: We confirmed that patients on ART in adherence clubs will continue to adhere to their medication and remain in care because their self-efficacy is improved; they are motivated or are being nudged. This is especially applicable for newly diagnosed patients who are not attending adherence clubs as they are not yet eligible to attend, but are aware of the benefits that the adherence club offers. keywords: adherence club; art; care; club intervention; club programme; clubs; context; facility; health; medication; patients; programme; programme theory; realist; retention; south; study; theory cache: hivmed-922.htm plain text: hivmed-922.txt item: #622 of 648 id: hivmed-923 author: None title: hivmed-923 date: None words: 4766 flesch: 45 summary: Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst 77 NIMART-trained nurses from 29 healthcare facilities to measure demographic details, influencing factors, HIV management confidence and HIV management knowledge. The distribution of HIV management confidence scores was not the same across categories of how long NIMART mentoring lasted (F[df4] = 4.6; p = 0.002). keywords: cape; clinical; confidence; health; hiv; knowledge; management; mentoring; nimart; nurses; participants; study; training cache: hivmed-923.htm plain text: hivmed-923.txt item: #623 of 648 id: hivmed-93 author: None title: HIV 906 date: None words: 2150 flesch: 56 summary: HIV Med 2012;13(Suppl 2):1-85. HIV Med 2012;13(Suppl 2):1-85. keywords: cd4; guidelines; hiv; therapy; treatment cache: hivmed-93.htm plain text: hivmed-93.txt item: #624 of 648 id: hivmed-930 author: Office, Editorial title: Acknowledgement to reviewers date: 2018-12-05 words: 505 flesch: 33 summary: In an effort to facilitate the selection of appropriate peer reviewers for the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, we ask that you take a moment to update your electronic portfolio on https:// sajhivmed.org.za for our files, allowing us better access to your areas of interest and expertise, in order to match reviewers with submitted manuscripts. The editorial team of the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine recognises the value and importance of peer reviewers in the overall publication process – not only in shaping individual manuscripts, but also in shaping the credibility and reputation of our journal. keywords: hiv; journal; medicine; michelle; reviewers cache: hivmed-930.pdf plain text: hivmed-930.txt item: #625 of 648 id: hivmed-936 author: None title: hivmed-936 date: None words: 3728 flesch: 50 summary: They did not comment on the number of patients with HIV infection, although they did detect lymphoma in an adult patient with HIV. Constitutional symptoms (fatigue, night sweats, fever, anorexia).4 Recent evidence suggests that HIV infection should be considered an additional risk factor for malignancy.1 In view of the limited data in our setting, especially in the adult population where the prevalence of HIV infection is high (18% in the adult population),5 we set out to determine whether tonsillar histological studies differed between the HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients. keywords: age; histopathology; hiv; infection; malignancy; patients; risk; study; tonsillectomy cache: hivmed-936.htm plain text: hivmed-936.txt item: #626 of 648 id: hivmed-937 author: Office, Editorial title: Table of Contents Vol 19, No 1 (2018) date: 2018-12-14 words: 1691 flesch: -53 summary: A review of the substance and role of models in South Africa Nathan Geffen, Alex Welte Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a756 | 21 February 2018 Original Research Similar HIV protection from four weeks of zidovudine versus nevirapine prophylaxis among formula-fed infants in Botswana Kathleen M. Powis, Shahin Lockman, Gbolahan Ajibola, Michael D. Hughes, Kara Bennett, Jean Leidner, Oganne Batlang, Kerapetse Botebele, Sikhulile Moyo, Erik van Widenfelt, Joseph Makhema, Chipo Petlo, Haruna B. Jibril, Kenneth McIntosh, Max Essex, Roger L. Shapiro Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a751 | 28 March 2018 Original Research Completeness of the Road-to-Health Booklet and Road-to-Health Card: Results of cross-sectional surveillance at a provincial tertiary hospital Harishia Naidoo, Theunis Avenant, Ameena Goga Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a765 | 10 April 2018 Original Research Cognitive-behavioural theories and adherence: Application and relevance in antiretroviral therapy Adegoke O. Adefolalu Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a762 | 12 April 2018 Original Research The association between asymptomatic and mild neurocognitive impairment and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with human immunodeficiency virus Violet Awori, Peter Mativo, Gerald Yonga, Reena Shah Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a674 | 12 April 2018 Original Research Risk factors and co-morbidities associated with changes in renal function among antiretroviral treatment-naïve adults in South Africa: A chart review Shirelle Assaram, Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson, Nombulelo P. Magula Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a770 | 12 April 2018 Forum Making ward-based outreach teams an effective component of human immunodeficiency virus programmes in South Africa Nireshni Naidoo, Jean Railton, Geoffrey Jobson, Nthabiseng Matlakala, Gert Marincowitz, James A. McIntyre, Helen Struthers, Remco P.H. Peters Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a778 | 12 April 2018 Overview An overview of tenofovir and renal disease for the HIV-treating clinician Willem D.F. Venter, June Fabian, Charles Feldman Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a817 | 17 July 2018 Opinion Paper Will the current National Strategic Plan enable South Africa to end AIDS, Tuberculosis and Sexually Transmitted Infections by 2022? Kathryn L. Hopkins, Tanya Doherty, Glenda E. Gray Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a796 | 04 October 2018 Guidelines Guidelines for the vaccination of HIV-infected adolescents and adults in South Africa Sipho K. Dlamini, Shabir A. Madhi, Rudzani Muloiwa, Anne von Gottberg, Mahomed-Yunus S. Moosa, Susan T. Meiring, Charles S. Wiysonge, Eric Hefer, Muhangwi B. Mulaudzi, James Nuttall, Michelle Moorhouse, Benjamin M. Kagina Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a839 | 23 The metabolic syndrome and renal function in an African cohort infected with human immunodeficiency virus Edith Phalane, Carla M.T. Fourie, Aletta E. Schutte Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a813 | 20 September 2018 Original Research B-cell and T-cell activation in South African HIV-1-positive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients Brian T. Flepisi, Patrick Bouic, Gerhard Sissolak, Bernd Rosenkranz Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a809 | 07 November 2018 Original Research Prevalence and outcomes of central venous catheter-related bacteraemia in HIV-infected versus non-HIV-infected patients undergoing haemodialysis treatment for end-stage kidney disease Nuria Avila-Danguillecourt, Anand A. Moodley, Polycarpe Makinga Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a859 | 22 November 2018 Original Research Sexual reproductive healthcare utilisation and HIV testing in an integrated adolescent youth centre clinic in Cape Town, South Africa Andrea S. Mendelsohn, Katherine Gill, Rebecca Marcus, Dante Robbertze, Claudine van de Venter, Eve Mendel, Landisiwe Mzukwa, Linda-Gail Bekker Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a826 | 26 November 2018 Original Research Human immunodeficiency virus infection and older adults: A retrospective single-site cohort study from Johannesburg, South Africa India Butler, William MacLeod, Pappie P. Majuba, Brent Tipping Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a838 | 29 November 2018 Case Report Suicidal overdose of dolutegravir: A case report Rahul Daimari, Lawrence Kwape, Anthony A. Oyekunle Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Vol 19, No 1 | a799 | 18 June 2018 keywords: african; african journal; april; hiv medicine; immunodeficiency; journal; research; southern; van; virus; vol cache: hivmed-937.pdf plain text: hivmed-937.txt item: #627 of 648 id: hivmed-94 author: None title: HIV 898 date: None words: 2603 flesch: 50 summary: • If retention rates are not high, will the economic argument in favour of B+ be invalid? Options A, B and B+ have similar protective benefits with respect to the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV.4 , 5 Data suggest that triple ART may provide maternal health benefits even up to CD4 cell counts of 600 cells/μl,5 , 6 and that it reduces HIV transmission between discordant couples.7 However, these data alone do not justify favouring pregnant woman for treatment over men and non-pregnant women. Option B+ is being considered only in resource-limited settings with a high HIV burden, to target pregnant women for non-pregnancy-related interventions such as treatment-as-prevention and early treatment initiation. keywords: health; hiv; option; treatment; women cache: hivmed-94.htm plain text: hivmed-94.txt item: #628 of 648 id: hivmed-944 author: None title: hivmed-944 date: None words: 6026 flesch: 48 summary: Treatment strategies in toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome: Where are we at? https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00100.x Wolf R, Ruocco V, Jablonska S. Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome with ‘disease-modifying’ drugs: The controversy goes on. keywords: care; corticosteroids; dermatol; drug; epidermal; hiv; ivig; johnson; johnson syndrome; mortality; necrolysis; patients; sjs; stevens; study; syndrome; toxic; treatment; use cache: hivmed-944.htm plain text: hivmed-944.txt item: #629 of 648 id: hivmed-95 author: None title: HIV 894 date: None words: 3133 flesch: 57 summary: Ro A, Choi K-H. Effects of gender discrimination and reported stress on drug use among racially/ethnically diverse women in Northern California. Ro A, Choi K-H. Effects of gender discrimination and reported stress on drug use among racially/ethnically diverse women in Northern California. keywords: africa; aids; art; gender; health; hiv; south; women cache: hivmed-95.htm plain text: hivmed-95.txt item: #630 of 648 id: hivmed-951 author: None title: hivmed-951 date: None words: 3917 flesch: 58 summary: HIV PCR test barcodes. Twenty mothers or caregivers returned with their infants for follow-up testing before the 10-week time frame (i.e. ≤ 55 days after the birth HIV PCR test). keywords: birth; health; hiv; infants; mothers; pcr; positive; test cache: hivmed-951.htm plain text: hivmed-951.txt item: #631 of 648 id: hivmed-952 author: None title: hivmed-952 date: None words: 5363 flesch: 46 summary: TABLE 1: Demographic characteristics, circumcision status and awareness about medical male circumcision services (N = 136). Available from: https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article/8/6/907/5053244 Muhangi D. Factors that influence decisions to seek medical male circumcision services: A report of qualitative research in Kampala, Kayunga, Pallisa, Kasese and Mbale Districts-Uganda. keywords: circumcision; college; health; hiv; male; men; status; students; study; vmmc; zambia cache: hivmed-952.htm plain text: hivmed-952.txt item: #632 of 648 id: hivmed-96 author: None title: HIV 887 date: None words: 1692 flesch: 47 summary: Each of these countries has legal instruments in place to provide their citizens with health services, but they differ in their provision of ICU care for HIV-infected persons. India is notable in that ICU care in the country is very limited, inaccessible and unaffordable to many citizens.3 Table 1. Population to ICU bed ratio according to country Brazil India USA South Africa 2012 population 199 million 1.2 billion 313 million 49 million Number of ICU beds, N 25 367 70 000 94 000 5 500 Population : ICU bed ratio ~ 1:8 000 ~ 1:14 000 ~ 1:4 000 ~ 1:10 000 The Constitutional right to intensive care for PLWHA The Constitutions of Brazil, India and South Africa enshrine a patient’s right to healthcare and their right not to be refused access to emergency treatment. keywords: admission; africa; care; hiv; icu; india cache: hivmed-96.htm plain text: hivmed-96.txt item: #633 of 648 id: hivmed-965 author: None title: hivmed-965 date: None words: 1587 flesch: 52 summary: Abstract Introduction: Patients who disengaged from care may present as therapy naïve for antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation at a different site, without being recognised as being at an increased risk of rapid treatment failure and HIV drug resistance. Keywords: HIV drug resistance; Antiretroviral therapy; Undisclosed prior treatment. keywords: art; care; drug; hiv; patients; resistance; treatment cache: hivmed-965.htm plain text: hivmed-965.txt item: #634 of 648 id: hivmed-97 author: None title: HIV 855 date: None words: 2278 flesch: 56 summary: A tiered approach – i.e. screening with the IHDS by primary healthcare workers, referral to community-based psychologists for an expanded battery (e.g. WHO HIV battery), and further referral to specialist clinics for extended neuropsychological assessment – is recommended. DOI:10.7196/SAJHIVMED.855 South Africa (SA) is home to the world’s largest population of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA), with an estimated HIV prevalence of 16.9% among SA adults (aged 15 - 49 years) in 2008.1 Recent figures suggest that 17 - 25% of HIV patients in SA display cognitive impairment,2 , 3 the diagnosis of which is largely dependent on the deviation of test scores from standardised norms. keywords: africa; data; hiv; ihds; south; test; years cache: hivmed-97.htm plain text: hivmed-97.txt item: #635 of 648 id: hivmed-970 author: None title: hivmed-970 date: None words: 7484 flesch: 45 summary: Child sex was associated with differences for the categories of ‘talked before and talked during’ and ‘did not talk before or during’ on communication about the risks of sexual abuse (p < 0.01). The category of ‘talked before and during’ for communication about the risks of physical abuse (p < 0.05) also differed by child sex. TABLE 2: Cross tabulation of parental talks on challenging topics with the use of the ‘Disclosurs Hand’. keywords: africa; amagugu; child; children; communication; data; disclosure; education; health; hiv; intervention; materials; mothers; parent; sex; south; study; topics cache: hivmed-970.htm plain text: hivmed-970.txt item: #636 of 648 id: hivmed-976 author: None title: hivmed-976 date: None words: 4561 flesch: 50 summary: The majority (88%) of respondents from a study in Mozambique felt that unauthorised access to text messages could result in accidental disclosure of their HIV status because they share MODs.23 Sharing of MODs may also result in a delay in relaying of the message or message not being delivered to right person.20 Intermittent and limited funding for public health and sustainable mHealth interventions is a major problem especially in resource-limited countries with competing priorities.24 The majority of mHealth studies have been based on an SMS reminder that is sent as daily or weekly reminders. The questions were divided in 10 sections, mainly containing information about age, language frequently used, sex, gender, level of education, MOD ownership and perceptions about SMS mHealth interventions. keywords: adherence; adolescents; africa; aids; clinic; hiv; mhealth; mobile; participants; sms; study; text; urban; use cache: hivmed-976.htm plain text: hivmed-976.txt item: #637 of 648 id: hivmed-978 author: None title: hivmed-978 date: None words: 5289 flesch: 45 summary: Discussion In this study, which included hospitalised HIV-infected patients systematically investigated for TB, the overall proportion of urine Xpert rifampicin resistance results was 10.4% (n = 43/413); however, the positive predictive value of urine Xpert MTB/RIF for rifampicin resistance was only 73.2% (n = 30/41). Notably, a large proportion of false positive rifampicin results were among those already receiving anti-TB therapy, where 50% of urine Xpert rifampicin resistance results were classified as false resistance; this suggests that further caution should be applied when interpreting urine Xpert rifampicin resistance results in treatment-experienced patients. keywords: africa; hiv; hospital; mtb; patients; resistance; results; rifampicin; samples; study; tuberculosis; urine; xpert cache: hivmed-978.htm plain text: hivmed-978.txt item: #638 of 648 id: hivmed-98 author: None title: HIV 885 date: None words: 4080 flesch: 61 summary: As much as we sought to illuminate the area of transitioning young HIV-positive people into adult HIV care in the study, the data obtained in our evaluation may not be generalisable to other young adult HIV cohorts. Challenges in relation to such transition include the establishment of trusting relationships, which make paediatricians reluctant to transfer YPLHIV to physicians with adult-oriented healthcare models, and the difficulty most YPLHIV face in disclosing their HIV status to their families and caregivers.2 Despite this, there is a scarcity of published information on the challenges faced and successes of transition clinics and models in sub-Saharan Africa.3 In Uganda, there are few adolescent healthcare services available outside of schools,4 , 5 yet there is a national adolescent health policy in place.6 Here, to begin to address this gap between policy and practice, we report on the experiences of YPLHIV who have been transited from our young adult HIV clinic into adult HIV care. keywords: adult; care; clinic; health; hiv; transition; years; young cache: hivmed-98.htm plain text: hivmed-98.txt item: #639 of 648 id: hivmed-982 author: None title: hivmed-982 date: None words: 6548 flesch: 45 summary: These could include auditing clinical advice given on clinician WhatsApp groups, according to best practice principles in medical literature, or by directly auditing patient outcomes in those having been managed by doctors who participate in similar mobile learning platforms in South Africa. Recommendations The investigators recommend the use of WhatsApp clinical support groups as a long-distance learning platform, based on our findings. keywords: cases; clinicians; confidence; group; health; hiv; learning; participants; patient; questionnaire; study; tool; use; whatsapp cache: hivmed-982.htm plain text: hivmed-982.txt item: #640 of 648 id: hivmed-983 author: None title: hivmed-983 date: None words: 1582 flesch: 52 summary: Conclusion: Emtricitibine is a rare cause of pure red cell aplasia. Keywords: emtricitabine; pure red cell aplasia; drug induced; rare drug toxicity; adverse drug reaction; antiretroviral. keywords: africa; cell; durban; kwazulu; natal; south africa; university cache: hivmed-983.htm plain text: hivmed-983.txt item: #641 of 648 id: hivmed-984 author: None title: hivmed-984 date: None words: 7974 flesch: 54 summary: Collaborative analysis of cohort studies. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000269 Johnson LF, Mossong J, Dorrington RE, et al. Life expectancies of South African adults starting antiretroviral treatment: Collaborative analysis of cohort studies. keywords: africa; analysis; antiretroviral; art; care; cohorts; data; follow; hiv; loss; ltfu; outcomes; patients; south; south africa; studies; study; therapy; treatment; years cache: hivmed-984.htm plain text: hivmed-984.txt item: #642 of 648 id: hivmed-99 author: None title: HIV 884 date: None words: 3657 flesch: 61 summary: A number of studies from SA, the USA and elsewhere have found that racial or ethnic variations in HIV prevalence are not explained by individual-level risk factors (e.g. multiple partners per year and lifetime number of sexual partners), but rather that network-level factors such as concurrency prevalence are important.4 , 14 , 15 This is commensurate with global reviews of sexual behaviour which have shown that the average number of lifetime sexual partners is, if anything, lower in countries with generalised HIV epidemics than in countries with low HIV prevalence rates such as those in Western Europe.16 In the data described here, the relationship between circumcision and HIV prevalence is interesting, especially considering the significant association within the black language groups. HIV 884 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Association of HIV prevalence and concurrency of sexual partnerships in South Africa’s language groups: An ecological analysis C Kenyon STI/HIV Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, and Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town C Kenyon, MB ChB, MA, MPH, PhD, FCP, FCP (Cert ID) keywords: africa; circumcision; concurrency; groups; hiv; language; prevalence; south cache: hivmed-99.htm plain text: hivmed-99.txt item: #643 of 648 id: hivmed-991 author: None title: hivmed-991 date: None words: 4239 flesch: 52 summary: In addition, young female students reported condom use at last sex less frequently than male students. Knowledge about HIV transmission was high, with 98.1% of female students and 96.4% of male students knowing that the virus could be passed on through unprotected sex. keywords: africa; aids; attitudes; behaviours; condom; hiv; knowledge; male; south; students cache: hivmed-991.htm plain text: hivmed-991.txt item: #644 of 648 id: hivmed-992 author: None title: hivmed-992 date: None words: 3395 flesch: 47 summary: HIV positive patient with GBS-like syndrome. In this article, we add to the current literature regarding this unusual group of patients by describing the clinical presentation, demographic features, electrodiagnostic, radiological, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings and response to therapy. keywords: art; cells/µl; csf; hiv; iqr; lumbosacral; months; motor; neurol; patients; therapy cache: hivmed-992.htm plain text: hivmed-992.txt item: #645 of 648 id: hivmed-993 author: None title: hivmed-993 date: None words: 3928 flesch: 41 summary: Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma and disseminated Mycobacterium genavense infection in an HIV-infected patient (case report). https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2015-211683 Wassilew N, Ciaffi L, Calmy A. Mesenterial involvement of Mycobacterium genavense infection: Hard to find, hard to treat (case report). keywords: case; clin; department; et al; genavense; hiv; infection; mycobacterium; mycobacterium genavense; patient; report; treatment cache: hivmed-993.htm plain text: hivmed-993.txt item: #646 of 648 id: hivmed-997 author: Mitha, Mohammed; Reddy, Kriban; Parboosing, Raveen; Coovadia, Yacoob title: An interesting case of HSV pneumonia and PCP co-infection in a patient with AIDS: A diagnostic and management challenge date: 2009-03-23 words: 1625 flesch: 51 summary: The paucity of literature regarding the diagnosis and management of patients who have co-infection with HSV pneumonia and PCP suggests that this condition is either rare or under-diagnosed. Considering that both HSV-1 pneumonia and PCP have similar clinical and radio- logical findings, we would recommend that in patients with PCP who do not respond to appropriate therapy, co-infection with HSV-1 pneumonia should be exclud- ed. keywords: hsv; infection; patient; pcp; pneumonia; virus cache: hivmed-997.pdf plain text: hivmed-997.txt item: #647 of 648 id: hivmed-998 author: Firnhaber, Cynthia S; Ive, Prue title: Hepatitis B and HIV co-infection in South Africa: Just treat it! date: 2009-03-23 words: 3548 flesch: 54 summary: Impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV patients naïve for antiretroviral therapy. The first two are important for nucleoside reverse transcriptase drug resistance and the last one is important in diagnosis and prognosis of HBV infection. keywords: hbv; hepatitis; hiv; infection; liver; patients; treatment; virus cache: hivmed-998.pdf plain text: hivmed-998.txt item: #648 of 648 id: hivmed-999 author: Kenyon, Chris; Badri, Motasim title: The role of concurrent sexual relationships in the spread of sexually transmitted infections in young South Africans date: 2009-03-23 words: 5545 flesch: 55 summary: Hallman K. Gendered socioeconomic conditions and HIV risk behaviours among young people in South Africa. Grade 0 - 7 Reference group Grade 8 - 11 0.72 0.41 - 1.27 0.268 0.66 0.35 - 1.25 0.200 Grade 12 0.41 0.23 - 0.79 0.007 0.64 0.31 - 1.31 0.221 Post secondary 0.32 0.12 - 0.82 0.017 0.77 0.27 - 2.15 0.619 HIV prevention knowledge Believe that limiting the number of sex partners is a way to decrease HIV risk 0.11 0.03 - 0.34 <0.001 0.15 0.04 - 0.59 0.006 Affected by HIV/AIDS Personally know someone who has died of HIV/AIDS 1.74 1.13 - 2.67 0.012 1.31 0.81 - 2.10 0.265 Alcohol Consumed alcohol in the last month 1.63 1.08 - 2.47 0.019 1.16 0.72 - 1.89 0.533 Mental state keywords: africa; concurrency; hiv; partner; prevalence; risk; sex; sti; study; symptoms; wave cache: hivmed-999.pdf plain text: hivmed-999.txt