pg25-26.html ORIGINAL ARTICLE PATTERN OF PERICARDIAL DISEASES IN HIV- POSITIVE PATIENTS AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL, IBADAN, NIGERIA U Abubakar, MB BS P O Adeoye, MB BS, FWACS O A Adebo, FWACS, FRCS, FMCS V O Adegboye, FWACS, FMCS E B Kesieme, MRCS, FWACS E K Okonta, MB BS Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria Rationale.  Pericarditis has been reported as the most common cardiac complication of HIV disease, followed by pericardial effusion. Methods.  A retrospective review was conducted of all 68 patients treated for pericardial diseases between August 2003 and July 2008 at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. HIV-positive patients (N=42) were compared with those who were HIV negative (N=26). Results.  More male than female patients presented with pericardial disease, and the HIV-positive patients were younger than those who were HIV negative. Pericardial effusion was the commonest mode of presentation, accounting for 20 HIVpositive patients (47.7%) and 13 HIV-negative patients (50%). Pericardiostomy was the commonest surgical intervention performed in HIV-positive patients (N=15), while the majority of HIV-negative patients had pericardiocentesis. Conclusion.  Pericardial effusion was the commonest cardiac presentation in HIV-positive patients in our setting. We recommend that patients with pericardial effusion be investigated for HIV infection. Previous reports have described cardiac involvement in 28 - 73% of patients with HIV infection. This includes pericardial effusion, pulmonary hypertension and heart failure, infective endocarditis, tumours, myocarditis and left ventricular dysfunction.1 The association between pericardial diseases and AIDS has been well documented.2 Of interest is the observation that the incidence of AIDS -related diseases found at autopsy studies is significantly higher than the incidence of abnormalities diagnosed clinically. It is therefore possible that many AIDS patients have cardiac abnormalities that are not recognised during the course of their illness.3 The number of HIV-positive patients with pericardial diseases has been reported to be increasing in Africa.4 Pericarditis was reported to be the most common cardiac complication of HIV infection, followed by pericardial effusion.5 METHODS We reviewed the records of all patients treated for pericardial diseases between August 2003 and July 2008 at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were obtained from medical, ward and theatre records. Demographic data, causes of pericardial diseases, treatment offered and outcome were recorded. Pericardial effusion was categorised into mild (<2 cm) and severe (>2 cm), based on echocardiographic evaluation of thickness. Comparisons were made between the HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups. The chi-square test was used to compare the two groups. RESULTS The total number of patients treated for pericardial diseases during the period under review was 68; 42 were HIV positive and 26 HIV negative. The mean age of the HIV-positive patients was 30 years and that of the HIV-negative patients 53 years (p=0.05). HIV-positive patients were three times more likely to be male and HIV-negative patients twice as likely. Diagnoses and the causations of pericardial disease in the two groups are set out in Tables I and II, respectively. Large effusions were seen in 80% of HIV-positive patients, but only 15% were categorised as large in the HIV-negative group (Table III). The treatment offered to the patients is shown in Table IV. Pericardiostomy was performed in 15 of the HIV-positive patients and 4 of the HIV-negative patients. Four of the HIV-positive patients and 1 HIVnegative patient died. Among the HIV-positive patients, 2 died after pericardiectomy, 1 following a complication of tube pericardiostomy, and 1 while being prepared for surgery because he was haemodynamically unstable. DISCUSSION The incidence of cardiac manifestations in the course of AIDS is increasing, although these manifestations are not often diagnosed clinically. Myocarditis and pericardial diseases have been reported to be the commonest HIV-related cardiac abnormalities.6 The association of pericardial diseases and AIDS has been well documented.1 Pericardial effusion was the commonest mode of presentation in our patients, which is in keeping with other studies.7 Our study showed that HIV-positive patients were younger than HIV-negative patients. This has also been documented by Kwan et al.8 The majority of our HIV-positive patients had large effusions, and pericardiostomy was therefore the commonest procedure performed in this group. Effusions in HIV-negative patients were small and were mainly drained by pericardiocentesis. This is in keeping with the findings of other studies.9 Pleural effusion was associated with pericardial effusion, mainly in HIV-positive patients. This association has also been reported by Kaplan et al., and it may be related to the large size of the pericardial effusions. Other studies have reported pericarditis as the commonest pericardial condition.11 Tuberculosis was the commonest cause of pericardial disease in our patients. The association of tuberculosis and HIV infection has been described,9 although some reports suggest that tuberculosis is less common than opportunistic infections and neoplasms as a cause of pericardial disease.5 Of the patients in our study, 7 had malignant pericardial disease (16.7% of HIV-positive patients). Most series have reported Kaposi’s sarcoma to be the commonest malignancy in HIV patients, mainly as a result of the documented association between this malignancy and HIV infection.15 Purulent pericarditis was noted in the majority of HIV-negative patients. This has previously been reported from our centre.16 Of the HIV-positive patients in our study, 4 (9.5%) died. Mayosi et al. reported a higher mortality rate (26%), and found mortality to be highest in those with clinical AIDS or who were haemodynamically unstable.10 CONCLUSION Although not commonly looked for clinically, cardiac involvement in HIV-positive patients is a reality, with pericardial effusion being the commonest mode of presentation in our environment. We advocate that patients with pericardial effusion be investigated for HIV infection, and likewise that all HIV-infected individuals should undergo periodic cardiac evaluation, including echocardiography, in order to identify sub-clinical pericardial and cardiac diseases. REFERENCES 1. Akhras F, Dubrey S, Gazzard B, et al. Emerging pattern of HIV infected homosexual subjects with and without opportunistic infections; a prospective colour flow Doppler echocardiographic study. Eur Heart J 1994;15:68-75. 1. Akhras F, Dubrey S, Gazzard B, et al. 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Cardiac tamponade in patients with HIV infection. A report from an inner-city hospital. Chest 1993;104(4):1059-1062. 9. Monica M, Reynold SR, Hecht M, et al. Large pericardial effusion in AIDS. Chest 1992;102:1746-1747. 9. Monica M, Reynold SR, Hecht M, et al. Large pericardial effusion in AIDS. Chest 1992;102:1746-1747. 10. Kaplan LM, Epstein SK, Schwartz SL, et al. Clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic evidence of cardiac tamponade caused by large pleural effusions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151(3):904-908. 10. Kaplan LM, Epstein SK, Schwartz SL, et al. Clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic evidence of cardiac tamponade caused by large pleural effusions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151(3):904-908. 11. Strang JI, Nunn AJ, Johnson DA, et al. Management of tuberculous pericarditis and tuberculous pericardial effusion in Transkei: results at 10 year follow-up. QJM 2004;97(8):525-535. 11. Strang JI, Nunn AJ, Johnson DA, et al. Management of tuberculous pericarditis and tuberculous pericardial effusion in Transkei: results at 10 year follow-up. QJM 2004;97(8):525-535. 12. Mayosi BM, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF. Tuberculous pericarditis. Circulation 2005;112(23):3608- 3616. 12. Mayosi BM, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF. Tuberculous pericarditis. Circulation 2005;112(23):3608- 3616. 13. Decker CF, Tuazon CU. Staphylococcus aureus pericarditis in HIV infected patients. Chest 1994;105(2):615-616. 13. Decker CF, Tuazon CU. Staphylococcus aureus pericarditis in HIV infected patients. Chest 1994;105(2):615-616. 14. Sa I, Moco R, Cabral S. Constrictive pericarditis of tuberculous origin in HIV positive patients: case report and review of literature. Rev Port Cardiol. 2006;25(11):1029-1038. 14. Sa I, Moco R, Cabral S. Constrictive pericarditis of tuberculous origin in HIV positive patients: case report and review of literature. Rev Port Cardiol. 2006;25(11):1029-1038. 15. Jennifer LS, Chester BG, Williams RD, et al. Pericardial effusion with tamponade due to Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS. Chest 1989;95:1359-1361. 15. Jennifer LS, Chester BG, Williams RD, et al. Pericardial effusion with tamponade due to Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS. Chest 1989;95:1359-1361. 16. Adebo OA, Osinowo O, Adebonojo SA, et al. Purulent pericarditis: A continuing surgical challenge. J Nat Med Assoc 1981;73(5):439-443. 16. Adebo OA, Osinowo O, Adebonojo SA, et al. Purulent pericarditis: A continuing surgical challenge. J Nat Med Assoc 1981;73(5):439-443. This analysis has not been presented at scientific conferences or published elsewhere. External funding was not used to support this work. TABLE I. DIAGNOSES IN 68 PATIENTS WITH PERICARDIAL DISEASE Diagnosis HIV positive HIV negative Pericardial effusion 20 (47.6%) 13 (50%) Constrictive pericarditis 12 (28.6%) 7 (26.9%) Effusive constrictive pericarditis 6 (14.3%) 2 (7.7%) Pericarditis 4 (9.5%) 4 (15.4%)      Total 42 26   TABLE II. CAUSES OF PERICARDIAL DISEASE Diagnosis HIV positive HIV negative Tuberculosis 17 (40.5%) 10 (38.5%) Malignant disease 7 (16.7%) 4 (15.4%) Chronic inflammation 6 (14.3%) 10 (38.5%) Unknown 12 (28.6%) 2 (7.7%)      Total 42 26   TABLE III. PERICARDIAL EFFUSION Diagnosis HIV positive HIV negative Large effusion* 16 (80%) 2 (15.4%) Small effusion** 2 (10%) 3 (23.1%) No report*** 2 (10%) 3 (23.1%)      Total 20 13 Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. * p<0.01. ** p<0.05. *** p<0.10.   TABLE IV. TREATMENT OF PERICARDIAL DISEASE Treatment HIV positive HIV negative Pericardiostomy 15 (37.5%) 6 (23.1%) Pericardiocentesis 6 (14.3%) 8 (30.8%) Pericardiectomy 14 (33.4%) 8 (30.8%) Nil 7 (16.7%) 4 (15.4%)      Total 42 26