CPD QUESTIONNAIRE
Vol. 14, No. 3

HIV risk behaviour among primary care patients with 
tubercu losis (TB) in South Africa (SA)
1.  When counselling TB patients, condom use and alcohol/

substance use risk reduction need to be considered as HIV-
prevention measures.

Child privacy rights in HIV-prevention research
2.  While children are entitled to privacy, in some cases, their 

expectation of privacy may be limited and may not be 
deemed reasonable by the healthcare provider.

Chylothorax associated with non-endemic Kaposi’s sarcoma 
(KS)
3.  Chylothorax is a common complication in patients infected 

with HIV and with KS.
4.  The most common cause of chylothorax in and HIV-

infected patient is TB.
5. KS-associated chylothorax carries a poor prognosis.
6.  Treatment of chylothorax in patients affected by advanced 

HIV and KS is best considered a palliative measure.

Analysis of HIV-related mortality data in a tertiary South 
African neurology unit from 2006 to 2012
7.  Neurological complications of HIV infection are rare in SA.
8.  After bacterial and fungal meningitis, encephalitis is the 

most common neurological presentation in HIV-infected 
patients requiring hospitalisation.

9.  The incidence of neurological diseases such as HIV-associated 
dementia and central nervous system opportunistic infections 
may be decreasing due to antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Combined ART/anti-TB drug resistance after incarceration
10. SA is responsible for a quarter of the world’s burden of 

HIV-associated TB.

11.  Prisons act as reservoirs of TB, including drug-resistant TB 
that poses a threat to public health control.

12.  In settings with a high burden of drug resistance, screening 
using Xpert MTB/TIF has little role in reducing the 
transmission of drug-resistant TB.

13.  Patients receiving ART and/or TB treatment who become 
incarcerated may be at high risk of defaulting treatment 
and/or developing treatment resistance.

Management of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in HIV-
infected patients treated for TB 
14. DILI occurs in <0.1% of patients receiving TB treatment 

and ART.
15. Some of the individual risk factors for DILI in patients 

receiving TB treatment or ART are younger age, children, 
hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, malnutrition and use 
of alcohol.

Starting ART following cryptococcal meningitis (CM) – the 
optimal time has yet to be defined
16.  Patients with CM in Southern Africa typically present with 

CD4+ counts >100 cells/μl.
17.  There is clear evidence that ART should be initiated no 

more than 2 weeks after initiation of CM treatment.

Native valve endocarditis due to Candida parapsilosis in a 
an adult patient 
18.  A high index of suspicion as well as aggressive diagnostic 

modalities and therapy are essential in patients with 
candidaemia to decrease mortality.

19.  Candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection 
in HIV-infected patients with CD4+ counts <200 cells/μl.

20.  The most prevalent presentation of candidiasis is invasive 
candidiasis.

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CPD questionnaires must be completed online via www.cpdjournals.co.za. After submission, you can check the answers 
and print your certificate.

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2. Go to www.cpdjournals.co.za to answer the questions.

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