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p-ISSN: 2722-399X;  e-ISSN: 2722-1857 
SiLeT, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2020: 140-150 

©2020 Studies in Learning  
and Teaching 

 

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Concept of Human Resources Development to Improve Teacher 
Performance: Multi-Case Study 

*M B Harahap1, M V Roesminingsih1, Mudjito1 
1Doctoral Program of Educational Management, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya Indonesia 

Article Info  ABSTRACT  

Article history: 

Received November 15, 2020 

Revised December 12, 2020 

Accepted December 26, 2020 

Available Online December 28, 

2020 

This study aims to analyze the concept of Human Resource 
Development carried out by schools in improving the performance of 
teaching staff at Elementary School Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember and 
Al Baitul Amien of 1 Jember. This research method uses a qualitative 
approach with a multi-case study design. The multi-case study used 
in this study uses two research sites. Data collection techniques in this 
study used participant observation, documentation, and interviews. 
Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded that the concept 
of the human resource development program carried out by these 
schools to improve the quality of teacher performance, namely: (1) 
increasing the abilities, skills, attitudes, and responsibilities of 
educators (teachers) to be more effective and efficient, (2) optimizing 
human resource development as much as possible by delegating to 
educators (teachers), and (3) striving to improve education quality by 
recommending educators (teachers) to take further studies to a higher 
level. There is no multi-case study research in improving the 
performance of students. 
 

Keywords: 

Human Resource Development 
Multi Case Studies 
Performance 

 
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INTRODUCTION  
Education's characteristics are universal or comprehensive—both in attitude and education space 
(David, 2014). Continuous education never stops and gives up from time to time, so that the 
integration of teaching and skills continues to be developed (Tam et al., 2018). Education has its 
existence in building a country's civilization. It is a good indication that developed countries have 
a high level of awareness of productive human resources (Nadarajah et al., 2012; Figueiro & 
Raufflet, 2015). Education is one of the essential prerequisites for the continuity of education to 
keep developing with the times, resulting in free human thinking (Prahani et al., 2020) in 
harmonizing the times. These developments are both academic and non-academic (Bair & Bair, 
2011; Austin & Sorcinelli, 2013), both in natural resources and managing their supporting 
infrastructure (Nadarajah et al., 2012; Berryman & Sauve, 2016; Barth et al., 2007). 

Education requires superior human resources (Saw & Watana, 2020). Human resources that 
can have a good and active performance will influence an institution or organization (Vosloban, 
2012). Educational organizations and institutions need human resources who can continue to 
develop with the changing times. Collaboration between employees, in this case, is needed 
(Amundsen & Wilson, 2012). All elements of the members in the agency need to improve 
performance or facilities continuously. Real superior schools are generally built jointly by all 
school members' elements, not solely by education authorities (Stes et al., 2010). 

At this time, to create a good or superior school, it must be designed and planned with an 
excellent curriculum (Setiawan, 2020) and also served by educators (teachers) who are committed 
and of high quality (Wijaya et al., 2016; Mangkunegara, 2011; Tenggala, 2013). Real superior 
schools can be achieved if all of the school's resources can be utilized optimally (Talan & Tyagi, 

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2020; Bearman et al., 2012; Zuhro, 2015). It means that all elements of the school, including school 
principals, administrative staff, school curriculum developers, teachers, and school caretakers, 
must be directly and thoroughly involved (Irmayani et al., 2018) because all these resources will 
create an excellent and good school atmosphere, able to make an adequate or superior 
institution/school (Omebe, 2014; Septi, 2017). 

Based on the pre-field results and information obtained at the Muhammadiyah 1 Jember 
Elementary School and the Al Baitul Amien 1 Jember Elementary School, information was 
obtained and several human resource development phenomena in both schools. The information 
obtained by the phenomenon is that some differences or limitations appear in the 
Muhammadiyah 1 Jember Elementary School and the Al Baitul Amien 1 Jember Elementary 
School regarding student achievement which is fairly good based on data while the activities, 
creativity, and innovation of educators (teachers) in upgrading their knowledge are lacking. . In 
this case, the two schools have the same problems regarding human resources at the primary 
school education level. 

One of the problems with teaching resources in these schools can be caused by inadequate 
leadership processes in learning and school management. For decentralization and educational 
autonomy to be successful, the principal's leadership must be maximally and continuously 
empowered (Omebe, 2014; Kumaedi et al., 2010). The empowerment of principal leadership in 
question is to increase functional abilities so that teachers as educators play a role by their primary 
duties and functions and the authority and purpose of their duties (Wijaya & Nyoto, 2016; 
Krismiyati, 2017; Suharto, 2017).  

The activities, creativity, and innovation of the less developed students (teachers) can be seen 
through the learning carried out by the teacher who still often uses conventional learning, and 
some school activities are not running or have not been implemented such as workshop, seminars 
or training, or other activities that should be able to improve experience and knowledge of 
students. Based on the conditions of the problem, it is not by the theory of opening education. 
Competent educational institutions must be oriented towards forming competent human beings 
or students (UPI Lecturer Team, 2012). In solving the problem, it is indispensable to research to 
obtain more accurate information about Human Resource Development, especially on improving 
educators' performance as teachers in both schools to improve and improve performance 
optimally at Muhammadiyah 1 Jember Elementary School and Al Elementary School Baitul 
Amien 1 Jember. 

RESEARCH METHOD  
General Background 
This study uses a qualitative approach to the type of evaluation research. When researchers have 
obtained information from researchers (students), then an evaluation analysis is carried out on 
the information or data obtained. The research design used a descriptive multi-case study, 
namely the process of making comparisons between two or more research sites. Two research 
sites were used, namely the elementary school level of education. The research location is in a 
different location so that it has different criteria, but there is no possibility of a similarity in the 
menus of the two schools. 

Sample/Participant 
The sample in this study was the board of the foundation as policymakers at the Muhammadiyah 
1 Jember Elementary School and the Al Baitul Amien 1 Jember Elementary School as the 
stakeholders, as well as the Human Resources (HR) managers at the Muhammadiyah 1 Jember 
Elementary School and the Al Baitul Amien 1 Jember Elementary School. The sample of this study 
included: principals, curriculum representatives, vice principals, teachers, and students of both 
schools. 

 

 

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Instrument and Procedures 
Researchers carry out data collection by visiting subjects or informants and conducting 
interviews to obtain complete data and information. Data collection was carried out using 
participatory observation techniques, structured and in-depth interviews, and documentation. 
Research with a qualitative approach was conducted with four criteria for data validity: 1) 
Credibility, 2) Transferability, 3) Dependability, and 4) Confirmability. In Credibility, the 
researcher made prolonged observations to obtain relevant information and checked the 
correctness of the information regarding the management of student resources at 
Muhammadiyah 1 Jember Elementary School and Al Baitul Amien 1 Elementary School. The 
transferability process is a process where researchers determine standards in finding the same 
topic and harmonious than the results of information regarding students' human development 
in the two schools are described in detail and tune. The dependability process is the audit process 
of the fundamental research, wherein in this process, the researcher conducts discussions with 
experts in the field. Finally, the confirmability process is where the results of this study have been 
mutually agreed upon by experts. 

Data Analysis 
The data analysis process is carried out in several steps, namely 

1. Data condensation (the process of selecting, simplifying, and transforming data that is 
close to the overall data, both interviews, documents, and observations regarding the 
development of student resources), 

2. Data presentation (a collection of information obtained by researchers allows a 
conclusion), 

3. Drawing conclusions and verification. 
 
RESULT AND DISCUSSION 
A. The concept of Human Resources Development was carried out by the Elementary School 

Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember in improving the performance of educators. 
An overview of the concept of human resource development carried out by schools in improving 
the performance of teaching staff at Elementary School Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember can be seen 
in Table 1. 

Table 1. Human Resources Development Activities conducted by Educators at Elementary School Muhammadiyah 
of 1 Jember 

No Name of activity Topic Time and Place Level 

1 Education and 
training  

Educational and Review 
of Graduate 
Competency Standards 

25-26 January 2018 at 
Elementary School of 
Muhammadiyah 1 
Jember 

Local 
Intern Elementary 
School of 
Muhammadiyah 
1 Jember 

2 Education and 
Training  

Head of Library 
Training 

8-17 September 2018 
At the Regional 
Library of Jember 
Regency 

Districts 

3 Education and 
Training 

Mathematics teacher 
education and training 

5-7 August 2019 
Hotel Campi Surabaya 

Province 

4 Seminar International Seminar 
on Educational 
Concepts in Finland 

17 February 2020 
Elementary School 
Muhammadiyah of 5 
Jakarta 

International 

5 Workshop Basic Literacy 
Workshop 

10-14 November 2018 
Harris Hotel Malang 

National 

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6 Workshop Basic Literacy 
Development in Early 
Grades 

December 14, 2019 
East Java 
Muhammadiyah 
Regional Leadership 
Hall 

Province 

7 Teacher Working 
Group 

Similarity of Perceptions 
for low grade Al Islam 
teachers (grades 1 2 and 
3) Material: Wudu 
method  

July 29, 2019 
Muhammadiyah 
Elementary School 
Hall of 1 Jember 

Local 
Intern Elementary 
School 
Muhammadiyah 
of 1 Jember 

 

From the presentation of the Table 1, it can be seen that several activities indicate the 
existence of human resource development activities carried out by educators at Elementary 
School Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember. The table above shows that the concept of human resource 
development in Muhammadiyah 1 Jember Elementary School is already running. The concept of 
human resource development applied by the Muhammadiyah 1 Jember Elementary School refers 
to a development theory that is more directed at improving the quality of education, perfecting 
and maximizing educational functions. 

Continuous refinement of the system and continuously is a development step that needs to 
be carried out by educational institutions and schools (Irmayani et al, 2018). Therefore, the 
program that must and needs to be carried out is the professional development of educators with 
pre-service and in-service education programs. Elementary School Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember 
has a superior program that is implemented. with this School shows a commitment to the 
development of educator resources. Through this superior program to improve and develop the 
competence and professionalism of educators. 
This was revealed by the Principal of Elementary School Muhammadiyah 1 Jember that: 

"Regarding the success of professional development of educators, I always give 
confidence by giving all Deputy Principals and teachers the responsibility to implement 
each education quality standard". 
W.03/BMS/HEAD/MUH1JBR/1/2018 

Single case study findings: 
The research findings on the first site are related to the concept of developing Human Resources 
carried out by schools in improving the performance of teaching staff at Elementary School 
Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember. Based on the explanation of research data that has been previously 
stated, the researcher found the findings of research notes related to the concept of human 
resource development at Elementary School Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember, which are presented 
in Table 2. 

Table 2. The concept of human resource development carried out by schools in improving the performance of 
teaching staff at Elementary School Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember 

No Findings Findings Notes 

1 Educator professional 
development in recruitment 

(1) Recruitment is going well 
(2) Improvement of education quality standards 

2 Educator development program 
in recruitment 

(1) Program implementation is carried out in a 
flexible manner 

(2) Increase the potential and supporting factors 
in developing educator skills 

(3) Increasing the skills of educators and 
teaching staff 

3 Regulations concerning the 
development of educators in 
transfer and promotion 

(1) Written educator implementing regulations 
(2) Regulations on increasing teaching staff are 

binding and for all 

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The concept of human resource development for teaching staff at Elementary School 
Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember was carried out in several steps, based on interviews with school 
principals including program preparation, determination of needs, targeting, program 
determination, identification of learning principles, and program implementation. According to 
research by Nadarajah et al (2012) which states that educational institutions have high-
performance staff and a consistent work program that will continue to develop human resources 
in these institutions. Planning and designing a good curriculum in learning will improve the 
quality of my human resources for educators (Wijaya et al, 2016; Mangkunegara, 2011; Tenggala, 
2013). 

B. The concept of Human Resource Development carried out by schools in improving the 
performance of teaching staff at Elementary School Al Baitul Amien of 1 Jember 

The concept of human resource development for teaching staff at Elementary School Al Baitul 
Amien of 1 Jember is basically not much different from schools in general, carried out in several 
steps, based on interviews with school principals, including: 

"Several potentials and supporting factors as well as various possibilities that can be 
pursued in the human resource development program for educators. By improving 
the skills of educators through training workshops, seminars, and further studies for 
all educators with the pension rules for employees aged 58 and teachers 60 years. 
W.02/BMS/HEAD/ALAMIN1JBR/8/2019 

In the development program, targets, policies, procedures, budgets, participants, curriculum, and 
timing for implementation are determined and are informed openly to all educators. To see an 
overview of the concept of human resource development carried out by schools in improving the 
performance of teaching staff at Elementary School Al Baitul Amien of 1 Jember, it can be seen in 
Table 3. 

Tabel 3. Human Resource Development Activities for Educators at Elementary School Al Baitul Amien of 1 
Jember 

No Name of activity Topic Time and Place Level 

1 Education and 
training 

Review of 
Graduate 
Competency 
Standards 

21-22 January 2018 at 

Elementary School Al 
Baitul Amien of 1 Jember 

Local 

Intern Elementary 
School Al Baitul 
Amien of 1 Jember 

2 Education and 
training 

Education and 
training for the 
Head of Library 

8-17 September 2018 
At the Regional Library of 
Jember Regency 

Districts 

3 Education and 
training 

Mathematics 
teacher education 
and training 

5-7 August 2019 
Hotel Campi Surabaya 

Province 

4 Seminar National Seminar 
on Educational 
Challenges in the 
Industrial era 4.0 

17 February 2020 
Hotel Aston Jember 

National 

5 Workshop Classroom Action 
Research Writing 
Workshop 

10-14 November 2018 
Hotel Ibis Surabaya 

National 

6 Teacher 
Working Group 

Preparation of 
lesson plans 

January 29, 2019 

Elementary School Al 
Baitul Amien of 1 Jember 

Local 
Intern Elementary 
School Al Baitul 
Amien of 1 Jember 

 

The process of developing human resources for educators at Elementary School Al Baitul 
Amien of 1 Jember is compiled for long, medium, and short term programs and is generally 

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programmed at the beginning of the learning year with various considerations related to needs, 
facilities, implementation, and budget. 

According to what was conveyed by the Principal of Elementary School Al Baitul Amien of 
1 Jember, namely: 

"Efforts to develop human resources for educators by determining needs, determining 
needs are made to know and overcome various new challenges and challenges that will 
come. So development will only be carried out if the need is needed and in determining 
the need there are several parties involved including the principal, head of administration, 
deputy head of school as well as educators and education personnel "W.2/BMS/HEAD/ 
ALAMIN1JBR/8/2019. 

In this case, the development will only be carried out if the need is needed and in determining 
needs there are several parties involved including the principal, the head of administration, the 
deputy principal of the school, and the educators. No matter how ideal the development 
objectives, the amount of available costs always demands the planners the necessary adjustments, 
so that the programs offered remain affordable. 
Based on the implementation of these programs according to the Principal of Elementary School 
Al Baitul Amien of 1 Jember, stated that: 

"Facilities are the most important thing in program utilization. Apart from costs, facilities 
are an aspect that also influences the planning and implementation process of human 
resource development for educators and educational personnel. What is meant by 
facilities are Learning Facilities (library, laboratory, media, tools, practices, books, and 
others). supporting facilities (means of transportation, printing equipment, and others. 

   "W.3.1/BMS/HEAD/ALAMIN1JBR /1/2018. 

This means that the more complete the facilities you have, the easier the planning and 
implementation of human resource development activities for educators and educational 
personnel will be. Some facilities such as information technology. Technological facilities will 
greatly assist educators in facilitating learning activities (Lince, 2016 Irmayani et al, 2018). 

Single case study findings: 
Research findings on the second site are related to the concept of human resource development 
carried out by schools in improving the performance of teaching staff at Al Baitul Amien 1 Jember 
Elementary School. Based on the explanation of research data that has been previously stated, the 
researcher found the findings of research notes related to the concept of human resource 
development at Elementary School Al Baitul Amien of 1 Jember, which are presented in Table 4. 

Table 4. The Concept of Human Resource Development Carried Out by Schools in Improving the Performance of 
Teaching Staff at Elementary School Al Baitul Amien of 1 Jember 

No Findings Findings Notes 

1 Educator professional 
development in recruitment 

(1) It is organized and runs according to the rules 
(2) Improvement of education quality standards 

using a program of skills improvement programs 

2 Educator development program 
in recruitment 

(1) Program implementation is carried out 
periodically and in a planned manner 

(2) Increase the potential and supporting factors in 
skills improvement training 

(3) Increasing the skills of educators and teaching 
staff through various programs 

3 Regulations concerning the 
development of educators in 
transfer and promotion 

(1) The implementing regulations for educators are 
implemented and binding 

(2) Regulations concerning the improvement of 
teaching staff regulates skill enhancement and 
recruitment rules until discharge/retirement 

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Final Findings Both Concepts: 
The concept of developing human resources, which is implemented by schools to improve the 
performance of educators (teachers) at Elementary School Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember and the 
Elementary School Al Baitul Amien of 1 Jember, namely first, (a) Increase abilities, skills, attitudes 
and responsibilities educators (teachers) to be more effective and efficient in achieving program 
goals and school goals through regular and periodic and continuous religious guidance. In line 
with research from Mukolwe et al (2017), it is stated that the existence of the management of 
human resources increases the performance and skills of educators so that there is a significant 
positive effect. 

The Second, b) optimizing human resource development as much as possible by delegating 
to educators (teachers) to increase competence through skills and knowledge development 
activities, either independently or institutionally. The concept of developing skills and 
knowledge in improving the performance of educators (teachers) in both schools is carried out 
through various supporting activities such as workshops and education and training, which must 
be ongoing and routinely carried out to improve the quality of educators (teachers), due to 
teaching staff (teachers). is an important and complex component that must receive top priority, 
because to get educators (teachers) who are competent and qualified, harmonious and effective 
cannot be the same as easily procuring and placing machines in one place without routine 
maintenance, and Educators are not machines that are employed continuously, so that teaching 
staff (teachers) need to get special attention, as an activity step to pay special attention to 
educators (teachers), then refresher is carried out through workshops and training activities so 
that the quality and quantity of teaching personnel teacher) according ai with the needs of 
institutions or schools, more effective and efficient to support the achievement of school goals. In 
line with research from Suharto (2017) in hypothesis testing, it shows that supervision and 
training have a positive effect on performance. And also improve the quality of the workforce 
(Suhardan, 2014). 

The third, c) strive to improve the quality of education by recommending educators 
(teachers) to take further studies to a higher level or for educators (teachers) who are not linear, 
schools provide education for educators (teachers) according to the field of work they can 
support. provide opportunities and recommendations to take part in an equalization program, 
this is done in increasing the academic knowledge and skills of educators (teachers). To improve 
the quality of education, the professionalism of educators needs to be improved using further 
study (Irmayani et al, 2018; Fahrudin 2015; Maamarah, 2016). 

In general, the concept of the human resource development program carried out by the two 
schools in maintaining the quality and improving the performance of educators (teachers) starts 
from an analysis of the needs of teaching staff (teachers), recruitment (recruitment), candidate 
selection, orientation and induction that has been planned and well structured, thus helping in 
the process of achieving educational goals in both schools. In line with research from Irmayani 
2018, it was stated that in developing Elementary School Puri teaching resources, it was carried 
out by management starting from the admission of new students, the recruitment process, 
implementing activities to the end of the activity implementation program. Based on the analysis 
above, the findings of case 1 and case 2 can be tabulated along with the final findings of the two 
schools in the table below: 

Table 6. Multi Case Study Of Human Resource Development Concept in Both Schools 

No Findings 

Case Findings 1 
(Elementary School 

Muhammadiyah of 1 
Jember) 

Case Findings 2 
(Elementary School Al 

Baitul Amien of 1 Jember) 
Final Findings 

1 Educator 
professional 
development in 
recruitment 

(1)  Recruitment is going 
well 

(2) Improvement of 
education quality 
standards 

(1) It is organized and runs 
according to the rules 

(2) Improvement of 
education quality 
standards using a 

(1) Increase the 
abilities, skills, 
attitudes, and 
responsibilities of 
educators 

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program of skills 
improvement programs 

(teachers) to be 
more effective and 
efficient 

(2) Optimizing human 
resource 
development as 
much as possible 
by delegating to 
teaching staff 
(teachers) 

(3) Strive to improve 
the quality of 
education by 
recommending 
educators 
(teachers) to attend 
further studies to a 
higher level. 

2 Educator 
development 
program in 
recruitment 

(1) Program 
implementation is 
carried out in a 
flexible manner 

(2) Increase the potential 
and supporting 
factors in developing 
educator skills 

(3) Increasing the skills 
of educators and 
teaching staff 

(1) Program 
implementation is 
carried out periodically 
and in a planned 
manner 

(2) Increase the potential 
and supporting factors 
in skills improvement 
training 

(3) Increasing the skills of 
educators and teaching 
staff through various 
programs 

3 Regulations 
concerning the 
development of 
educators in 
transfer and 
promotion 

(1) Written educator 
implementing 
regulations 

(2) Regulations on 
increasing teaching 
staff are binding and 
for all 

(1) The implementing 
regulations for 
educators are 
implemented and 
binding 

(2) Regulations concerning 
the improvement of 
teaching staff regulates 
skill enhancement and 
recruitment rules until 
discharge/retirement 

 

C. Cross-site findings of the concept of Human Resource Development carried out by schools 
in improving the performance of teaching staff at Elementary School Muhammadiyah of 
1 Jember and Elementary School Al Baitul Amien of 1 Jember. 

Referring to the results of individual case studies for each institution in the two schools, namely 
the Elementary School Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember and the Elementary School Al Baitul Amien 
of 1 Jember, a comparison is found in Figure 1. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1. Educator Development Program 

From the Figure 1, several explanations can be explained, namely, the Guidelines for 
Professional Educator Development are always maximized in the form of team teaching in 
learning. The training program is entirely based on management guidelines. So that planning is 
carried out in a directed manner to achieve the training objectives to develop the desired and 
well-designed educators. The purpose of planning is carried out carefully in a training program 

 

Regulation/
Guidelines 

for Training 
and 

Recruitment 
Programs 

Educator 
Development 

Program: 
Education and 

Training 
Spiritual 

Development 

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which is an effort to improve the quality of learning in the activeness of educators and to increase 
competency development. Furthermore, planning in the teacher skills training program can be 
implicated in learning to make learning successful. Supported by research from Mukolwe et al 
(2017) states that the positive performance obtained from the results of collaboration and 
designing training for educators will provide positive results on organizational professionalism. 
The maturity of the activity program will optimize the achievement of educational quality 
(Fahrudin 2015; Maamarah, 2016; Suharto, 2017; Suhardan, 2014). 

This research implies that it can contribute to the development of student resources at 
Muhammadiyah 1 Jember Elementary School and Al Baitul Amien 1 Jember Elementary School, 
both in coaching activities or in learning management in the classroom so that the two schools 
are not only superior and competent in student achievement but the competence of teachers and 
students. 

CONCLUSION 
Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded that the concept of the human resource 
development program carried out by the Elementary School Muhammadiyah of 1 Jember and 
the Elementary School Al Baitul Amien of 1 Jember to improve the quality of teacher 
performance, namely 

1. By increasing the abilities, skills, attitudes, and responsibilities of educators ( teachers) to 
be more effective and efficient, 

2. Optimizing human resource development as much as possible by delegating to educators 
(teachers), 

3. Striving to improve education quality by recommending educators (teachers) to take 
further studies to a higher level. 

There is no multi-case study research in improving the performance of students. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
Researchers are grateful to all parties who have helped research the development of teaching 
resources, especially the teachers, the leadership and staff of Elementary School Muhammadiyah 
of 1 Jember and Elementary School Al Baitul Amien of 1 Jember. 

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Austin, A. E., & Sorcinelli, M. D. (2013). The future of faculty development: Where are we going?. 

New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 133, 85–97. 

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Author (s) : 

 *Muh Burhanudin Harahap (Corresponding Author) 

Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia 

Jl. Raya Kampus Unesa, Lidah Wetan, Kec. Lakarsantri, Kota SBY, Jawa Timur 60213 Indonesia 

Email: muh.harahap16070976008@mhs.unesa.ac.id 

 

Maria Veronika Roesminingsih 

Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia 

Jl. Raya Kampus Unesa, Lidah Wetan, Kec. Lakarsantri, Kota SBY, Jawa Timur 60213 Indonesia  

Email: roesminingsih@unesa.ac.id  

 

Mudjito  

Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia 

Jl. Raya Kampus Unesa, Lidah Wetan, Kec. Lakarsantri, Kota SBY, Jawa Timur 60213 Indonesia 

Email: mudjito@unesa.ac.id 

 

https://doi.org/10.46627/silet.v1i3.52
https://scie-journal.com/index.php/SiLeT
mailto:mudjito@unesa.ac.id

