Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching Department of English Studies, Faculty of Pedagogy and Fine Arts, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz http://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/ssllt Editors: Founding Editor and Editor in Chief: Mirosław Pawlak (Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz, Poland) Editor: Jakub Bielak (Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz, Poland) Editor: Mariusz Kruk (University of Zielona Góra, Poland) Editor: Aleksandra Wach (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland) Language Editor: Melanie Ellis (Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland) Vol. 10 No. 4 December 2020 Editorial Board: Larissa Aronin (Oranim Academic College of Education, Israel, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland) Helen Basturkmen (University of Auckland, New Zealand) Adriana Biedroń (Pomeranian University, Słupsk, Poland) Simon Borg (University of Leeds, UK) Anne Burns (Aston University, Birmingham, UK, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) Anna Cieślicka (Texas A&M International University, Laredo, USA) Kata Csizér (Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary) Maria Dakowska (University of Warsaw, Poland) Robert DeKeyser (University of Maryland, USA) Jean-Marc Dewaele (Birkbeck College, University of London, UK) Zoltán Dörnyei (University of Nottingham, UK) Krystyna Droździał-Szelest (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland) Rod Ellis (Curtin University, Perth, Australia) Danuta Gabryś-Barker (University of Silesia, Poland) Carol Griffiths (University of Leeds, UK, AIS, Auckland, New Zealand) Rebecca Hughes (University of Nottingham, UK) Hanna Komorowska (University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland) Terry Lamb (University of Westminster, London, UK) Diane Larsen-Freeman (University of Michigan, USA) Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (State University of Applied Sciences, Konin, Poland) Jan Majer (State University of Applied Sciences, Włocławek, Poland) Paul Meara (Swansea University, UK) Sarah Mercer (University of Graz, Austria) Anna Michońska-Stadnik (University of Wrocław, Poland) Carmen Muñoz (University of Barcelona, Spain) Anna Niżegorodcew (Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland) Bonny Norton (University of British Columbia, Canada) Terrence Odlin (Ohio State University, USA) Rebecca Oxford (University of Maryland, USA) Aneta Pavlenko (University of Oslo, Norway) Simone Pfenninger (University of Salzburg, Austria) François Pichette (TÉLUQ University, Quebec, Canada) Luke Plonsky (Northern Arizona University, USA) Ewa Piechurska-Kuciel (Opole University, Poland) Vera Regan (University College, Dublin, Ireland) Barry Lee Reynolds (University of Macau, China) Heidemarie Sarter (University of Potsdam, Germany) Paweł Scheffler (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland) Norbert Schmitt (University of Nottingham, UK) Michael Sharwood Smith (Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK) Linda Shockey (University of Reading, UK) Teresa Siek-Piskozub (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland) David Singleton (University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland) Włodzimierz Sobkowiak (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland) Merrill Swain (Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada) Elaine Tarone (University of Minnesota, USA) Pavel Trofimovich (Concordia University, Canada) Ewa Waniek-Klimczak (University of Łódź, Poland) Stuart Webb (University of Western Ontario, Canada) Maria Wysocka (University of Silesia, Poland) KALISZ – POZNAŃ 2020 FOUNDING EDITOR AND EDITOR IN CHIEF: Mirosław Pawlak EDITORS: Jakub Bielak Mariusz Kruk Aleksandra Wach © Copyright by Wydział Pedagogiczno-Artystyczny, UAM Poznań Proofreading: Jakub Bielak, Melanie Ellis, Mariusz Kruk, Aleksandra Wach Cover design: Joanna Dudek Typesetting: Piotr Bajak ISSN 2083-5205 eISSN 2084-1965 Published by: Department of English Studies Faculty of Pedagogy and Fine Arts, Kalisz Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań Contact information: 62-800 Kalisz, ul. Nowy Świat 28-30 tel. +48 62 7670730 fax +48 62 7645721 Printing and binding: Perfekt Gaul i wspólnicy sp. j., ul. Świerzawska 1, 60-321 Poznań Print run: 60 copies Print and online editions Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching is published both in print (ISSN 2083-5205) and online (eISSN 2084-1965), with the print edition being the original version. Indexing and abstracting Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching is currently indexed and/or abstracted in the following databases: · Social Sciences Citation Index (WoS Core Collection) · Journal Citation Reports Social Sciences (WoS) · Scopus · European Reference Index for the Humanities (ERIH PLUS) · Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) · Index Copernicus · Central and Eastern European Online Library (CEEOL) · The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (CEJSH) · The MLA International Bibliography · The MLA Directory of Periodicals · Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) · EBSCO · Linguistic Abstracts · WorldCat (OCLC) · Current Contents – Social and Behavioral Sciences (WoS) · Essential Science Indicators (WoS) Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching Department of English Studies, Faculty of Pedagogy and Fine Arts, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz Volume 10, Number 4, December 2020 http://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/ssllt Contents Notes on Contributors ....................................................................665 Editorial ..........................................................................................669 Articles: Chika Takahashi, Seongah Im – Comparing self-determination theory and the L2 motivational self system and their relationships to L2 proficiency .....673 D. Reid Evans – On the fractal nature of complex syntax and the timescale problem .................................................................................... 697 Kriss Lange, Joshua Matthews – Exploring the relationships between L2 vocabulary knowledge, lexical segmentation, and L2 listening comprehension ................................................................................ 723 Anna Krulatz, Tülay Dixon – The use of refusal strategies in interlanguage speech act performance of Korean and Norwegian users of English......751 Joanna Nijakowska, Dina Tsagari, George Spanoudis – Cross-country comparison of EFL teacher preparedness to include dyslexic learners: Validation of a questionnaire .......................................................... 779 Book Reviews: Mirosław Pawlak – Review of Directed motivational currents and language education: Exploring implications for pedagogy by Christine Muir ........807 Haydab Almukhaild – Review of Engaging language learners in contemporary classrooms by Sarah Mercer and Zoltán Dörnyei ..................................813 Reviewers for Volume 10/2020 ........................................................ 819 Notes to Contributors ......................................................................825 665 Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching Department of English Studies, Faculty of Pedagogy and Fine Arts, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz http://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/ssllt Notes on Contributors Tülay Dixon is a PhD candidate in applied linguistics at Northern Arizona Univer- sity (NAU) and a graduate teaching assistant in the Program in Intensive English at NAU where she teaches EAP courses to graduate and undergraduate students. Her research focuses on academic writing, computer-assisted language learning (CALL), and pragmatics. She is also passionate about research methodology in ap- plied linguistics. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4502-2874 Contact details: Northern Arizona University, Department of English, 705 S Bea- ver St, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA (to283@nau.edu) D. Reid Evans is Assistant Professor and Education Specialist for Graduate Med- ical Education at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA. His work in applied linguistics focuses on understanding the dynamic interactions of the complex L2 system and the resulting patterns and behaviors that emerge over time. He has received the Shang-Lin Chung Graduate Research Award from the University at Buffalo for his work on bifurcations and fractals in L2 development. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8341-488X Contact details: Office of Graduate Medical Education, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA (reid.evans@ umassmed.edu) Haydab Almukhaild is a PhD candidate in applied linguistics at the University of Leicester, UK, and a lecturer in the Department of English, King Saud bin Ab- dulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia. She holds an MA in TESOL and applied linguistics from the University of Salford, UK. Her research interests include speaking-related language anxiety, language learner engagement and task-based language teaching. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-0364 666 Contact details: P.O. Box 36428, English Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, AlAhsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (haaa6@ leicester.ac.uk) Seongah Im is Professor in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, USA. Her research interests focus on theories and applications of psychometric and statistical methods in the contexts of ed- ucation and social sciences. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8447-6484 Contact details: University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, College of Education, 1776 Uni- versity Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA (seongahi@hawaii.edu) Anna Krulatz is Professor of English in the Department of Teacher Education at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. She holds a PhD in linguis- tics from the University of Utah. Her research interests include multilingualism with English, pragmatic development in adult language learners, content-based instruction, English-medium instruction, dominant language constellations, and language teacher education. She is currently involved in the project “Acquisition of English in the Multilingual Classroom,” funded by the Research Council of Norway. She has just been elected as Board Member for the International Re- search Foundation for English Language Education (TIRF). ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8588-273X Contact details: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Teacher Education, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway (anna.m.krulatz@ntnu.no) Kriss Lange is Associate Professor in the Faculty of Humanities and Education at the University of Shimane Matsue Campus, Japan. He has been teaching courses in practical English skills to Japanese EFL learners for over 18 years. His main research interests are investigating effective pedagogy and CALL applications for L2 listening, reading and speaking development. He is currently pursuing his doctoral degree in English education at Hiroshima University, Japan. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-1751 Contact details: University of Shimane Matsue Campus, 7-24-2 Hamanogi, Matsue, Shimane, 690-0044, Japan (k-lange@u-shimane.ac.jp) Joshua Matthews, PhD, is Lecturer in the School of Education at the University of New England, Australia. His major research interests include computer as- sisted language learning, online language teaching, L2 listening, L2 vocabulary, 667 and language testing. He has undertaken language learning research projects in Thailand, China, Japan and Australia. His previous publications have appeared in journals including Computer Assisted Language Learning, ReCALL, Language Learning and Technology, and Language Testing. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2260-2331 Contact details: School of Education, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia (joshua.matthews@une.edu.au) Joanna Nijakowska is University Professor in the Centre for Foreign Language Teacher Training and European Education, University of Warsaw, Poland. She has published on foreign language teaching, specific learning difficulties and effec- tive classroom practices with SEN students, initial and in-service teacher train- ing, as well as foreign language teachers’ professional development needs, con- cerns and beliefs about SpLD and inclusion. She has participated in various re- search groups as well as international, EU-funded projects. She initiated and co- ordinated the award winning DysTEFL (Dyslexia for Teachers of English as a For- eign Language) and DysTEFL2 projects. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0776-9448 Contact details: Centre for Foreign Language Teacher Training and European Ed- ucation, University of Warsaw, Al. Niepodległości 22, 02-653 Warsaw, Poland (j.nijakowska@uw.edu.pl) Mirosław Pawlak is Professor of English in the English Department, Faculty of Peda- gogy and Fine Arts, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz, Poland, and Department of Re- search on Language and Communication, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, State University of Applied Sciences, Konin, Poland. His main areas of interest are form- focused instruction, corrective feedback, pronunciation teaching, classroom interac- tion, learner autonomy, learning strategies, motivation, willingness to communicate, boredom and study abroad. His most recent publications include Error Correction in the Foreign Language Classroom: Reconsidering the Issues (2015, Springer), Willing- ness to Communicate in Instructed Second Language Acquisition: Combining a Macro- and Micro-Perspective (with Anna Mystkowska-Wiertelak, 2017, Multilingual Mat- ters), and Boredom in the Foreign Language Classroom: A Micro-Perspective (with Jo- anna Zawodniak and Mariusz Kruk, 2020, Springer). He is Editor of the journals Studies in Second language Learning and Teaching and Konin Language Studies, as well as the book series Second Language Learning and Teaching, published by Springer. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7448-355X Contact details: Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Pedagogy and Fine Arts, ul. Nowy Śwait 28-30, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland (pawlakmi@amu.edu.pl) 668 George Spanoudis is Associate Professor in Cognitive and Developmental Psychol- ogy, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, Univer- sity of Cyprus, Cyprus. His research is in the areas of intelligence, cognitive and language development, focusing on developmental language disorders. He has authored numerous journal papers, book chapters and two books. He is an asso- ciate editor for the journal Psychology. He also has extensive experience in coor- dinating and participating in various EU-funded and international projects. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4853-8745 Contact details: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Edu- cation, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1 Panepistimiou Avenue, 2109 Ag- lantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus (spanoud@ucy.ac.cy) Chika Takahashi is Associate Professor in the Faculty of Law and Letters at Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan. She holds a PhD in second language studies from the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, USA. Her research interests include second language motivation, second language self-instruction, and research methods. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0719-2167 Contact details: Ehime University, Faculty of Law and Letters, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Ma- tsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan (takahashi.chika.qr@ehime-u.ac.jp) Dina Tsagari is Professor in English Language Pedagogy/TESOL, Department of Primary and Secondary Teacher Education, Faculty of Education and Interna- tional Studies, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway. Her research interests in- clude language testing and assessment, materials design and evaluation, differ- entiated instruction, multilingualism, distance education and learning difficul- ties. She is editor and author of volumes, journal papers, and book chapters. She is coordinating research groups in Norway and internationally and has been a consultant/expert for international examination committees and scientific con- sortia. She has long experience in coordinating and participating in various EU- funded and international projects (DINGLE, DysTEFL, ENRICH, PALM, TALE, COST Action on migration and integration, etc.). ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6884-108X Contact details: Department of Primary and Secondary Teacher Education, Fac- ulty of Education and International Studies, Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway (dina.tsagari@oslomet.no)