Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching Department of English Studies, Faculty of Pedagogy and Fine Arts, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz http://www.ssllt.amu.edu.pl Editors: Editor: Miros aw Pawlak (Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz) Assistant to the Editor: Jakub Bielak (Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz) Assistant to the Editor: Marek Derenowski (Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz) Assistant to the Editor: Anna Mystkowska-Wiertelak (Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz) Language Editor: Melanie Ellis (Language Teacher Training College, Zabrze) Vol. 4 No. 3 October 2014 Editorial Board: Janusz Arabski (University of Silesia) Larissa Aronin (Trinity College, Dublin) Helen Basturkmen (University of Auckland) Simon Borg (University of Leeds) Anne Burns (Aston University, Birmingham/University of New South Wales, Sydney) Piotr Cap (University of ód ) Anna Cie licka (Texas A&M International University, Adam Mickiewicz University, Pozna ) Kata Csizer (Eötvös University, Budapest) Maria Dakowska (University of Warsaw) Jean-Marc Dewaele (Birkbeck College, University of London) Krystyna Dro dzia -Szelest (Adam Mickiewicz University, Pozna ) Rod Ellis (University of Auckland) Danuta Gabry -Barker (University of Silesia) Rebecca Hughes (University of Sheffield) Hanna Komorowska (University of Warsaw, SWPS) Diane Larsen-Freeman (University of Michigan) Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (University of ód ) Jan Majer (University of ód ) Paul Meara (Swansea University) Anna Micho ska-Stadnik (University of Wroc aw) Anna Ni egorodcew (Jagiellonian University, Kraków) Terrence Odlin (Ohio State University) Aneta Pavlenko (Temple University, Philadelphia) François Pichette (University of Quebec) Ewa Piechurska-Kuciel (Opole University) Vera Regan (University College, Dublin) Heidemarie Sarter (University of Potsdam) Pawe Scheffler (Adam Mickiewicz University, Pozna ) Michael Sharwood Smith (Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh) Linda Shockey (University of Reading) Teresa Siek-Piskozub (Adam Mickiewicz University, Pozna ) David Singleton (Trinity College, Dublin) odzimierz Sobkowiak (Adam Mickiewicz University, Pozna ) Merrill Swain (University of Toronto) Ewa Waniek-Klimczak (University of ód ) Maria Wysocka (University of Silesia) KALISZ – POZNA 2014 EDITOR: Miros aw Pawlak ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOR: Jakub Bielak Marek Derenowski Anna Mystkowska-Wiertelak © Copyright by Wydzia Pedagogiczno-Artystyczny, UAM Pozna Proofreading: Melanie Ellis Cover design: Joanna Dudek Typesetting: Piotr Bajak ISSN 2083-5205 eISSN 2084-1965 Published by: Department of English Studies Faculty of Pedagogy and Fine Arts, Kalisz Adam Mickiewicz University, Pozna Contact information: 62-800 Kalisz, ul. 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Special issue: Age and more Guest editor: David Singleton Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching Department of English Studies, Faculty of Pedagogy and Fine Arts, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz Volume 4, Number 3, October 2014 http://www.ssllt.amu.edu.pl Contents Notes on Contributors .................................................................... 403 Editorial ......................................................................................... 407 Articles: Kees de Bot – The effectiveness of early foreign language learning in the Netherlands ............................................................................... 409 Jelena Mihaljevi Djigunovi – L2 learner age from a contextualised perspective ...................................................................................... 419 Alene Moyer – What’s age got to do with it? Accounting for individual factors in second language accent .................................................. 443 Carmen Muñoz – Starting age and other influential factors: Insights from learner interviews ................................................................... 465 Judit Navracsics – Input or intimacy ................................................ 485 Mark Patkowski – Looking for structure: Is the two-word stage of language development in apes and human children the same or different? ........ 507 Simone E. Pfenninger – The misunderstood variable: Age effects as a function of type of instruction ......................................................... 529 David Singleton – Apt to change: The problematic of language awareness and language aptitude in age-related research ................................. 557 Book Reviews ................................................................................. 573 Notes to Contributors ..................................................................... 579 403 Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching Department of English Studies, Faculty of Pedagogy and Fine Arts, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz http://www.ssllt.amu.edu.pl Notes on Contributors Editor David Singleton took his BA at Trinity College Dublin and his PhD at the Univer- sity of Cambridge. He is a Fellow Emeritus of Trinity College Dublin, where he was until 2013 Professor of Applied Linguistics. He now has the title of full pro- fessor at the University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary and at the State Uni- versity of Applied Sciences in Konin, Poland. He has published in a wide range of areas, but his principal current areas of interest are cross-linguistic influence, the lexicon, multilingualism and the age factor in language acquisition. Contact data: University of Pannonia, Institute of Applied Linguistics, 8200 Veszprém, Egyetem utca 10, Hungary (dsnglton@tcd.ie) Contributors Kees de Bot is Professor of Applied Linguistics at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands and the University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary. He has published on various topics in international journals and books. His current re- search interests are multilingual processing, code switching, the application of dynamics systems to language development, language attrition and the history of applied linguistics. His work is characterized by a certain lack of focus and he intends to keep it that way in the years to come. Contact data: Department of Applied Linguistics, Faculteit der Letteren, Rijksuniver- siteit Groningen Oude Kijk in ‘t Jatstraat 26, 9712 EK Groningen (c.l.j.de.bot@rug.nl) Jacqueline Haimov was born, raised and educated (BA, MA and PhD) in Bulgaria. For the last 24 years she has lived and worked in Haifa, Israel. She has taught English as a foreign language for Haifa University, Open University and Oranim College of Education, Kiryat Tivon, Israel. She has also taught English to students 404 of biology. Since 2008 she has been teaching academic reading, applied linguis- tics, vocabulary acquisition and pedagogical grammar in the English Department of Oranim College of Education. She has prepared course materials which are being used by all her colleagues teaching the same level of language proficiency. Contact data: Oranim Academic College of Education, Tivon Post 36006, Israel (jhsl1990@gmail.com) Jelena Mihaljevi Djigunovi worked as a Professor of SLA and TEFL at Zagreb Univer- sity, Croatia before she retired in October 2014. Her main research interests centre around teaching modern languages to young learners, the age factor, affect in lan- guage learning and teaching, and L2 teacher education. She has been involved in a number of large scale research projects, the latest one being Early Language Learning in Europe (ELLiE). She has published extensively in national and international journals. Her publications include two research books on affective learner factors and over 100 papers. She has co-edited several research volumes, and has published a number of EFL teaching materials. Contact data: Pijavisce 21 E, 10090 Zagreb, Croatia (jdjigunovic@gmail.com) Professor Alene Moyer received her PhD from the University of Texas at Austin, USA in Germanic languages and applied linguistics. She taught at Georgetown University before coming to the University of Maryland in 1999. Her research focuses on long-term learning outcomes in both classroom-focused and natu- ralistic language acquisition, with a special emphasis on L2 phonology. She is author of Foreign Accent: The Phenomenon of Non-native Speech (2013, Cam- bridge University Press), Age, Accent and Experience in Second Language Acqui- sition (2004, Multilingual Matters), and is co-editor of Social Dynamics in Second Language Accent with John Levis of Iowa State University (2014, DeGruyter Mouton). Professor Moyer’s work is published in several books, edited volumes and in journals such as Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Applied Linguis- tics, Canadian Modern Language Review, Journal of Multicultural and Multilin- gual Development, Issues in Applied Linguistics, and Foreign Language Annals. Contact data: School of Languages, Literatures and Cultures, 1102 Francis Scott Key Hall, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-7311, USA (moyera@umd.edu) Carmen Muñoz is a Professor of Applied English Linguistics at the University of Bar- celona, Spain. Her research interests include the effects of age and context on sec- ond language acquisition, young learners in instructed settings, individual differ- ences, and bilingual/multilingual education. She has edited Age and the Rate of For- 405 eign Language Learning (2006, Multilingual Matters), Intensive Exposure Experi- ences in Second Language Learning (2012, Multilingual Matters), and the special issue Complexities and Interactions of Age Effects in L2 Learning: Broadening the Research Agenda (in Applied Linguistics, 2014). Her recent work has appeared in journals such as Language Learning, The Modern Language Journal, The Interna- tional Journal of Applied Linguistics, Language Awareness, and Applied Linguistics. Contact data: ICREA Academia, Departament de Filologia Anglesa i Alemanya Universitat de Barcelona Gran Via 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain (munoz@ub.edu) Judit Navracsics took her MA degrees in Russian and English linguistics and lit- erature and her PhD degree in applied linguistics. She is Professor of Linguistics and Head of Institute for Hungarian and Applied Linguistics at the University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary. She is the Chair of Pannon Language Examination Centre and the Chair of the Organizing Committee of the Summer School of Psy- cholinguistics held annually in Balatonalmádi, Hungary. She does research into bi- and multilingualism. She is the author and editor of books and articles on early multilingual development, early second language acquisition, the bilingual mental lexicon and bilingual word recognition and sentence comprehension. Contact data: University of Pannonia, Institute of Applied Linguistics, 8200 Veszprém, Egyetem utca 10, Hungary (navju@yahoo.co.uk) Mark Patkowski is Professor and Director of the Linguistics Program at Brooklyn Col- lege, City University of New York, USA. He has a long-standing interest in the critical period hypothesis and has published papers on ultimate attainment of phonological and syntactic proficiency in a second language, as well as on right-hemisphere activa- tion during speech production in a late-acquired second language, and on parameter- setting during late first language acquisition. Some of his other activities have in- cluded directing the English Language Program at Hofstra University, Hemptstead, NY, USA, holding a Fulbright lecturing award in applied linguistics at the University of Rwanda, and directing the graduate English programs at Brooklyn College. Contact data: Linguistics Program/Department of English, 2900 Bedford Ave., Brook- lyn College, CUNY, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA (mpatkowski@brooklyn.cuny.edu) Simone E. Pfenninger, PhD, is a Senior Research and Teaching Associate at the English Department of the University of Zurich, Switzerland. Her principal re- search areas are multilingualism and psycholinguistics. She is currently conduct- ing research into early versus late learning of multiple foreign languages and the cognitive and psycholinguistic mechanisms that drive language change. She has been involved in EFL in Switzerland for eight years at different levels: secondary 406 school, adult education, higher education, assessment of processes and out- comes in language education, and language policy. Contact data: University of Zurich, English Department, Plattenstrasse 47, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; phone: 0041 44 634 35 (simone.pfenninger@es.uzh.ch)