SoN_CulturalNationalism_v4     Eric  Woods,  ‘Cultural  nationalism:  a  review  and  annotated  bibliography’,   in:  Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014).   http://snm.nise.eu/index.php/studies/article/view/0202s   Eric  Taylor  Woods   CULTURAL  NATIONALISM:   A  REVIEW  AND  ANNOTATED  BIBLIOGRAPHY   Review     Cultural  nationalism  generally  refers  to  ideas  and  practices  that  relate  to   the   intended   revival   of   a   purported   national   community’s   culture.   If   political  nationalism  is  focused  on  the  achievement  of  political  autonomy,   cultural   nationalism   is   focused   on   the   cultivation   of   a   nation.   Here   the   vision  of  the  nation  is  not  a  political  organisation,  but  a  moral  community.   As  such,  cultural  nationalism  sets  out  to  provide  a  vision  of  the  nation’s   identity,  history  and  destiny.  The  key  agents  of  cultural  nationalism  are   intellectuals  and  artists,  who  seek  to  convey  their  vision  of  the  nation  to   the  wider  community.  The  need  to  articulate  and  express  this  vision  tends   to   be   felt   most   acutely   during   times   of   social,   cultural   and   political   upheaval   resulting   from   an   encounter   with   modernity.   Cultural   nationalism   often   occurs   in   the   early   phase   of   a   national   movement,   sometimes  before  an  explicitly  political  nationalism  has  appeared.  But  it   can  also  recur  in  long-­‐established  national  states  (see  Hutchinson  2013).   The   history   of   cultural   nationalism   begins   in   late   eighteenth-­‐century   Europe.  Several  developments  in  the  realms  of  ideas,  culture  and  politics   converge  at   this   time,   including  the  emergence  of  historicism  and  Indo-­‐ European  linguistics,  the  rise  of  Romanticism  in  literature  and  the  arts  and   a  growing  commitment  to  constitutional  politics  and  the  idea  of   ‘rule  by   the  people’  (Leerssen  2014,  11).  From  this  period  of  change,   ‘emerged  a   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  2   polycentric  Weltanschauung  that  presented  a  pantheistic  conception  of  the   universe,   in   which   all   natural   entities   were   animated   by   a   force   that   individualized  them  and  endowed  them  with  a  drive  for  realization.  The   nation  was  one  such  life-­‐force,  a  primordial,  cultural,  and  territorial  people   through   which   individuals   developed   their   authenticity   as   moral   and   rational  beings’  (Hutchinson  2013,  76).  As  a  part  of  this  new  world-­‐view,   the  rise  of  a  belief  in  the  possibility  of  progress  was  crucial.  According  to   Gregory   Jusdanis   (2001)   intellectuals   in   central   and   northern   Europe   became  aware  of   their   ‘backwardness’   in   the   face  of  French  dominance   and   sought   prestige   in   their   own   cultures,   while   simultaneously   also   embarking   upon   a   programme   of   progress.   From   Europe,   cultural   nationalism   spread   outwards,   enjoying   a   renewed   efflorescence   in   the   decolonising   efforts   of   the   twentieth   century.   It   is   now   a   recurring   phenomenon  throughout  the  world.   Johann   Gottfried   Herder   (1744-­‐1803)   is   often   attributed   the   greatest   individual   responsibility   for   elucidating   the   ideology   and   practice   of   cultural  nationalism.  Herder  presented  the  nation  as  the  primordial  scene   from  which  the  best  of  human  endeavour  owed  its  provenance,  and  which   therefore  obliged  its  cultivation  through  the  recovery  and  celebration  of   its  history  and  culture.  Interestingly,  Herder  was  as  much  practitioner  as   he   was   intellectual.   In   his   search   for   the   true   character   of   the   nation   among  the  rural  peasantry  of  central  Europe,  he  played  an  influential  role   in  the  development  of  several  practices  that  became  associated  with  the   cultural  nationalism  of  the  nineteenth  century,  such  as  philology,  history   and  the  collection  of  folk  songs,  myths,  and  other  practices  (see  Barnard   2003).   Much  ink  has  been  spilled  debating  the  character  of  cultural  nationalism   and  its  relationship  to  political  nationalism.  The  most  influential  author  in   these  debates  is  Hans  Kohn  (1944;  1967).  Kohn  distinguishes  between  the   political   forms   of   nationalism   that   are   ostensibly   associated   with   the   United   States,   France,   Britain   and   the   Netherlands,   and   the   cultural   nationalisms   that  he   suggests  are   representative  of   central   and  eastern   Europe,   as   well   as   the   former   European   colonies.   Not   only   has   this   dichotomy   proved   incredibly   influential   in   social   research,   but   Kohn’s   valuation  of  the  two  types  of  nationalism  has  also  had  great  impact.  While   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   3   Kohn   approvingly   characterises   political   nationalism   as   marked   by   Rousseau’s  idea  that  political  communities  are  actively  willed  into  being,   he  takes  the  opposite  view  of  cultural  nationalism,  which  he  characterises   as   fatally   influenced   by   Herder’s   obsession   with   a   nation’s   unique   character.  For  Kohn,  it  is  the  latter  which  planted  the  seed  leading  to  the   growth  of  totalitarian  regimes  in  the  twentieth  century.   Kohn’s   dichotomy   has   been   much   criticised   of   late.   Critics   claim   that   it   should  be  abandoned  on  empirical  grounds,  on  the  basis  that  all  national   movements  tend  to  contain  both  political  and  cultural  elements  (e.g.  Kuzio   2002;  Shulman  2002;  Yack  1996;  Zimmer  2003).  Others  question  Kohn’s   characterisation  of  cultural  nationalism  as  an  ethnic  or  anti-­‐enlightenment   ideology,   arguing,   to   the   contrary,   that   it   is   defensible   from   a   liberal   perspective   (Gans   2000).   Indeed,   some   analysts   distinguish   cultural   nationalism  from  ethnic  and  civic  nationalism,  suggesting  that  a  focus  on   language  and  culture   is  distinct   from  adherence   to  citizenship  rights  as   well  as  a  belief  in  common  ancestry  (e.g.  Nielsen  1996).  Several  historical   sociologists  have  also  taken  issue  with  the  view  of  cultural  nationalism  as   anti-­‐modern  (e.g.  Chatterjee  1993;  Jusdanis  2001;  Hutchinson  2013;  Smith   1995).  Their  suggestion  is  that  when  cultural  nationalists  turn  to  the  past,   it  is  to  find  ways  of  accommodating  their  purported  national  communities   with  modernity.   Notwithstanding   these  historical  and  normative  debates,   the  concept  of   cultural   nationalism   has   proved   fruitful   among   social   researchers   who   employ   it   as   ideal   type,  while  acknowledging   that   in   reality   it   can   take   many  forms.  An  early  exemplar  of  this  approach  is  provided  by  Miroslav   Hroch   (1986).   Hroch   embeds   cultural   nationalism   within   a   processual   model  describing  the  route  by  which  national  movements  among  several   ‘small   nations’   (stateless   nations)   of   Europe   became   institutionalised.   According  to  Hroch,  cultural  nationalism  typifies  the  first  phase  (Phase  A)   of   the   process   of   nation-­‐formation,   when   the   ideas   and   practices   associated  with  the  national  community  are  conceived  and  disseminated   by  artists  and  intellectuals.  Hroch’s  view  of  cultural  nationalism  as  a  key   element  in  the  process  leading  to  the  emergence  nations  has  provided  an   important   platform   for   subsequent   research   and   debate   on   cultural   nationalism.   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  4   If   not   specifically   concerned   with   cultural   nationalism,   at   least   in   his   earlier  work,  Anthony  Smith  has  had  great  influence  on  scholarship  in  this   area.   For   Smith,   all   nationalism   has   a   cultural   dimension;   hence   his   insistence  that  it  is  an  ideological  movement  rather  than  merely  a  political   movement.   Across   his   long   career,   Smith   (e.g.   1986;   1991;   2003)   has   sought  to  demonstrate  the  trans-­‐generational  ‘stickiness’  of  the  culture  of   nations.  According  to  Smith,  this  pattern  of  myths,  symbols,  memories  and   values   often   extends   backwards   into   the   pre-­‐modern   era,   as   well   as   structuring   a   nation’s   particular   path   toward   modernisation.   However,   while  Smith  stresses   the  capacity   for  cultural  patterns   to  endure   in   the   face   of   social   change,   he   also   acknowledges   they   can   undergo   rapid   change.  Here  Smith  attempts  to  carve  out  a  middle  ground  between  those   who  view  nationalism  as  a  Herderian  expression  of  an   innate  collective   spirit  stretching  back  into  ‘time  immemorial’,  and  those  who  view  it  as  a   wholly  modern  ideology  conjured  up  by  enterprising  elites  and  imposed   upon   the   masses.   For   Smith,   national   cultures   take   shape   through   a   process  of  reinterpretation  and  rediscovery  rather  than  mere   invention.   Smith  has  lately  focused  more  explicitly  on  cultural  nationalism.  His  most   recent  book  seeks  to  uncover  the  significance  of  visual  art  in  the  making  of   national   identity   in   France   and   Britain,   which   presents   an   original   typology  of  national  art  (Smith  2013).   John  Hutchinson  has  done  much  to  enrich  the  understanding  of  cultural   nationalism.   He   was   Smith’s   first   PhD   student   and   his   work   remains   aligned  with  his  approach.  Hutchinson’s  (1987)  study  of  Gaelic  revivalism   and  the  establishment  of  the  Irish  national  state  greatly  extends  Hroch’s   approach  to  cultural  nationalism.  While  Hroch’s  model  suggests  that  the   importance   of   cultural   nationalism   will   diminish   once   the   political   movement   takes   off,   Hutchinson   presents   cultural   nationalism   as   an   episodic   phenomenon,   which   can   recur   even   after   a   national   state   is   established.  To  bring  to  light  how  cultural  nationalism  is  institutionalised   and   disseminated,   the   book   distinguishes   between   the   intellectuals   and   artists   who   furnish   the   symbols   and   vision   of   the   nation,   and   the   intelligentsia,   a   vocational   and   occupational   group   including   the   professions   and   tertiary   education   instructors,   who   communicate   this   vision  to  the  ‘masses’.  In  a  subsequent  book,  Hutchinson  (1994)  discusses,   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   5   among  other  topics,  the  myths  and  symbols  that  cultural  nationalists  tend   to  draw  upon,  noting  the   importance  of  newly   ‘discovered’   folklore  and   legends  to  nationalist  poets,  writers  and  musicians.  Here  he  also  discusses   the  relationship  of  cultural  nationalism  to  religion,  suggesting  that  cultural   nationalists  must  either  appropriate  religious  myths  and  symbols  or  find   alternatives.   More  recently,  Hutchinson  has  focused  on  the  role  of  contestation  in  the   endurance   of   national   communities,   suggesting   that   the   often   intense   struggles   among   nationalists   over   national   identity   can   paradoxically   serve   to   reify   the   nation   (Hutchinson   2005).   He   has   also   recently   disavowed   the   commonly-­‐held   view   that   cultural   nationalists   will   invariably   turn   to   organic   myths   and   symbols   of   common   descent,   suggesting  that  they  may  be  just  as  predisposed  to  characterise  the  nation   as  a  voluntary  community  grounded  in  civic  principles  (Hutchinson  2013).   As  a   result  of  Hutchinson’s  work,   it   is  now  possible   to  analyse  cultural   nationalism  as  an  ongoing  struggle  over  the  definition  and  character  of  the   nation,  with  the  proponents  seeking  to  convey  competing  visions  to  the   wider   community.   In   Hutchinson’s   various   analyses,   this   struggle   is   expressed  as  a  series  of  binary  visions  of  the  ‘true’  character  of  the  nation.   Kosaku  Yoshino’s  (1992)  much  cited  study  of  cultural  nationalism  in  Japan   takes   the   work   of   Hutchinson   and   Smith   in   a   new   direction.   Yoshino   applies   the   distinction   between   intellectuals   and   intelligentsia   to   investigate  how  the  ideas  of  intellectuals  are  diffused  among  two  separate   groups   of   ‘intelligentsia’   –   businessmen   and   educators.   Interestingly,   Yoshino   finds   that   it   is   the   businessmen   who   are   the   more   committed   carriers  of  the  ideas  of  the  intellectuals.  More  recently,  Yingjie  Guo  (2004)   has  applied  Hutchinson’s  approach  to  cultural  nationalism  in  a  fascinating   study   of   China,   where   he   suggests   that   a   group   of   intellectuals   have   become  increasingly  emboldened  to  assert  an  ethnic  vision  of  a  Chinese   national   community   against   the   long-­‐standing   rationalist   and   Marxist   representations   of   China.   Both   studies   confirm   Hutchinson’s   argument   that  cultural  nationalism  is  as  much  a  feature  of  long-­‐established  national   states  as  it  is  of  independence  movements.   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  6   The  study  of  postcolonial  nationalism  in  Asia  and  Africa  has  contributed   much  to  our  understanding  of  cultural  nationalism.  David  Kopf’s  (1969)   history  of  the  intellectual  ferment  of  the  College  of  Fort  William  of  Bengal   sheds   light   on   the   challenge   of   fusing   (foreign)   modernity   with   (indigenous)   culture.   This   dynamic   has   recently   taken   on   particular   importance.   Homi   Bhabha’s   (1990)   suggestion   that   what   emerges   is   an   unstable   ‘hybrid’   identity   that   is   neither   European   nor   indigenous   has   triggered  a  massive  outpouring  of  research.  This  even  had  an  impact  on   the  study  of  nationalism  in  the  former  metropole,  in  which  scholars  have   focused  on  the  cultural  politics  of  the  formerly  colonised  who  now  make   their  home  in  Britain  (e.g.  Gilroy  1987;  Hall  1993).   A   central   figure   in   the   study   of   postcolonial   nationalism   is   Partha   Chatterjee.   In   his   first   major   study,   Chatterjee   (1986)   takes   aim   at   Elie   Kedourie’s  assertion  that  postcolonial  nationalism  is  merely  a  derivative   discourse  imported  from  Europe,  suggesting  that  it  arises  out  of  a  dialogue   between  European  and  indigenous  ideas  and  practices.  While  the  colonial   administrations  may  have  dominated  the  ‘material  realm’,  in  Chatterjee’s   view,   they   never   really   fully   penetrated   the   spiritual   realm,   where   intellectuals   were   involved   in   the   elaboration   of   the   moral   community   from   the   middle   of   the   nineteenth   century   onwards.   Chatterjee   (1993)   subsequently   applies   his   approach   to   a   study   of   the   emergence   of   a   national  ideology  in  Bengal  through  attention  to  a  wide  variety  of  cultural   practices,   while   also   focusing   on   efforts   by   marginalised   groups   within   India   to   make   claims   for   their   inclusion   in   the   emergent   national   discourse.     The  challenge  of  constructing  novel  national  identities  also  characterises   settler   nationalism.   Nationalists   in   settler   societies   face   the   peculiar   challenge   of   distinguishing   themselves   from   a   metropole   that   shares   a   similar   culture,   while   also   not   being   able   to   lay   claim   to   an   authentic   culture   rooted   in   the   territory   from   ‘time   immemorial’.   In   this   context,   Bhabha’s   notion   of   ‘hybridity’   has   again   been   put   to   good   effect   (e.g.   Proudfoot   &   Roche   2005;   McDonald   2013).   According   to   Christopher   McDonald,   ‘the   concept   of   hybridity   includes   not   just   Bhabha’s   “third   space”  between  European  and  “Native”  but  also  the  cultural  "ambivalence”   experienced  by  Europeans  in  a  colonial  setting’  (2013,  174).  To  overcome   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   7   this  ambivalence,  cultural  nationalists   in  Mexico,   for  example,  sought   to   construct  a  ‘mestizo’  national  identity,  which  through  the  mixing  of  settler   and  indigenous,  can  claim  rootedness  in  the  territory  and  also  embrace  the   prestige  of  European  modernity  (Doremus,  2001).   In   the   former  British   settler  societies,  cultural  nationalists  proclaim  their  national  communities   to  be  at   the  vanguard  in  the  construction  of  a  new  kind  of   ‘rainbow’  or   ‘multicultural’   community,   whose   strength   is   its   diversity   (Hutchinson   1994,  chapter  6).   The  significance  of  gender   for  cultural  nationalism  has  begun   to  attract   increasing  attention.  An  earlier   intervention   in   this  area  of   research  by   George   Mosse   (1985)   observes   that   the   rise   of   nationalism   in   Europe   coincided  with  the  widespread  acceptance  of  the  patriarchal   family  (see   also   Sluga   1998).   A   landmark   book   by   Nira   Yuval-­‐Davis   (1997)   has   provided   a   catalyst   for   research   on   the   gendered   symbolism   of   nationalism.  Davis  (1997,  43-­‐45)  observes  that  masculinity  is  associated   with  the  public  sphere  and  men  are  thereby  given  an  ‘active’  status,  as  the   defenders   of   the   national   community,   periodically   called   upon   to   the   sacrifice  themselves  for  the  ‘motherland.’  By  contrast,  the  nation’s  private   sphere,   its   ostensible   ‘inner’   essence,   tends   to   be   represented   by   femininity,   and   the   ‘active’   role   that   is   assigned   to   women   is   as   reproducers  of  the  national  community.  More  recent  research  has  focused   on  the  symbolic  importance  of  a  woman’s  body,  and  how  she  adorns  it,  to   the   national   community   (Chatterjee   1989;   Kandiyoti   1991;   Timmerman   2000).  A  particularly  sobering  new  line  of  research  focuses  on  the  way  in   which  the  representation  of  women  as  the  ‘pure’  essence  of  the  nation  has   led  to  them  being  the  target  of  horrific  sexual  violence  in  times  of  war  and   crisis  (Bracewell  2004;  Harris  1993).   An   important   area   of   research   asks   questions   about   the   persistence   of   cultural  nationalism  in  an  era  characterised  by  the  increasing  globalisation   of  culture.  For  many  scholars,  globalisation  undermines  nationalism.  Until   recently,   the  view  that  American  cultural  dominance  was   leading  to  the   cultural   homogenisation   of   the   world   was   widespread.   Others,   such   as   Anthony   Giddens   (1991),   have   suggested   that   globalisation   produces   a   paradoxical  simultaneous  movement  away  from  the  nation  towards  large-­‐ scale  continental  identities  and  much  smaller,  local  identities.  Pointing  to   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  8   the  proliferation  of  new  imagined  worlds  that  do  not  readily  fit  within  a   national  schema,  Arjun  Appadurai  (1990)  suggests  that  global   flows  are   leading  to  new  forms  of  identification.   Against   the   arguments   that   globalisation   and   nationalism   are   inimical,   Smith  and  Hutchinson  have  mounted  an   impressive  alternative  reading.   Taking  a  long-­‐view  of  globalisation  as  a  process  that  has  been  underway   for   centuries,   Hutchinson   (2001,   75)   suggests   that   ethnicity   and   nationalism  are  actually  engendered  by  globalisation.  Indeed,  Smith  (2010,   149)  argues  that  the  recent  global  era  should  be  considered  a  period  of   ‘internationalising   nationalism’.   According   to   Smith,   nationalism   has   a   ‘demonstration   effect’,   whereby   ‘wave   after   wave   of   nationalisms   have   engulfed   successive   regions,   engendering   new   claims   and   making   equivalent  demands.’  Turning   to   the  realm  of  culture,  Smith   (2010,  50)   suggests   that   we   are   witnessing   an   increasing   role   for   cultural   nationalism;  if  the  criteria  for  entry  into  the  global  community  of  national   states  were  initially  political  sovereignty  and  territorial  jurisdiction,  they   now   also   include   a   demonstration   of   ‘cultural   unity   and   solidarity,   and   preferably  some  degree  of  cultural  “uniqueness”’.   Arguments   over   the   impact   of   globalisation   have   been   prevalent   in   the   study  of  film  and  cinema.  In  a  highly  cited  essay,  Andrew  Higson  (1989)   raises   doubts   about   the   possibility   of   a   ‘national’   cinema,   when   the   production   teams   and   the   audiences   of   even   the   seemingly   most   nationalist  of  films  are  often  transnational.  Yet,  the  fact  that  films  continue   to   draw   heavily   on   national   narratives   and   imagery   seems   to   suggest   nationalism’s  ongoing  grip  on  our  imaginations.  In  an  analysis  of  the  film   Braveheart,   Tim   Edensor   (2002,   chapter   5)   shows   how   a   film   made   in   Hollywood,  whose  largest  audience  was  American,  had  significant  impact   on  Scottish  nationalism.  Edensor’s  analysis  points  to  the  possibility  of  an   international   ‘normalisation’   of   national   myths   and   symbols   through   Hollywood.  Of  course,  Hollywood’s  dominance  also  suggests  the  possibility   of   conflict,   as   audiences   see   themselves   refracted   through   American   stereotypes.  Indeed,  in  the  case  of  Braveheart,  which  depicts  the  English  in   an  unsavoury  light,  Edensor  observes  that  cinema-­‐goers  in  England  largely   chose  to  stay  home.   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   9   Joep   Leerssen   (2006;   2006;   2014)   has   recently   sought   to   carve   out   a   unique   approach   to   cultural   nationalism.   In   doing   so,   he   builds   in   particular  on  path-­‐breaking  work  by  Anne-­‐Marie  Thiesse  (2001)  on  the   role  of  intellectuals  in  the  transnational  diffusion  of  nationalism.  Leerssen   enjoins   his   fellow   researchers   to   move   away   from   a   concern   with   the   significance   of   cultural   nationalism   in   the   progression   of   particular   national  movements  towards  uncovering  how  the  ideas  and  practices  of   cultural   nationalists   are   shared   across   transnational   networks.   He   advocates   greater   attention   to   intellectual   and   artistic   developments,   whereby  new  practices  and  cultural  forms  emerge  and  are  disseminated   among   its   practitioners.   This   approach   sheds   light   on   the   two   sides   of   cultural  nationalism,  whereby  a  concern  for  authenticity  ensures  that  the   content   is   national,   but   the   sharing   of   ideas   and   practices   among   a   transnational  body  of  practitioners  ensures  that  the  form  is  international.   For  example,  Leerssen  (2006)  details  how  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  approach  to   the  historical  novel,  as  exemplified  by   Ivanhoe,  was  adapted  by  authors   working  in  other  social  settings,  to  become  an  important  mechanism  in  the   construction   of   national   myths   and   symbols   throughout   nineteenth-­‐ century   Europe.   Leerssen   has   lately   become   particularly   interested   in   Romantic   nationalism,   spearheading   a   large-­‐scale   research   project   that   seeks   to   shed   light   on   its   dissemination   through   time   and   space   in   nineteenth-­‐century  Europe.  The  preliminary  results  of   this  project  have   been   mapped   on   to   the   project’s   interactive   website   (see   http://www.spinnet.eu).         Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  10   Annotated  bibliography   APPADURAI,   A.,   ‘Disjuncture   and   difference   in   the   global   cultural   economy’,  in:  Theory,  culture  and  society,  7/2  (1990)  295-­‐310.   This   article   suggests   that   global   flows   of   ‘ethnoscapes’,   ‘mediascapes’,   ‘financescapes’   and   ‘technoscapes’   are   leading   to   new   forms   of   identification   in   the  era  of  globalisation   that  do  not   readily   fit  within  a   national  schema.     BARNARD,  F.M.,  ‘National  culture  and  political  legitimacy:  Herder  and   Rousseau’,  in:  Journal  of  the  history  of  ideas,  44  (1993)  231-­‐53.   Against  the  tendency  to  characterise  J.J.  Rousseau  and  J.G.  von  Herder  as   presenting  diametrically  opposed  visions  of   the  nation,  with   the   former   emphasising   politics   and   territory   and   the   latter   emphasising   culture,   Barnard  shows  that  both  philosophers  were  concerned  with  the  cultural   and  political  aspects  of  nationhood.       BARNARD,  F.M.,  Herder  on  nationality,  humanity  and  history  (Montreal   -­‐  Kingston,  2003).   This   is   widely   recognised   as   an   authoritative   text   on   J.G.   von   Herder’s   philosophy  of  nationalism.  The  aim  of  the  book  is  to  resuscitate  Herder’s   thought   by   demonstrating   that   his   concept   of   nation   was   defined   by   language  and  culture  rather  than  race  and  that  he  was  guided  by  a  sense  of   universal  humanity.       BEFU,  H.   (ed.),  Cultural  nationalism  in  East  Asia:  representation  and   identity  (Berkeley,  CA,  1993).   A   book   by   anthropologists   dealing   with   various   aspects   of   cultural   nationalism  in  Japan,  The  People’s  Republic  of  China  and  the  Republic  of   Korea.   The   book   is   a   good   introduction   to   cultural   nationalism   in   the   region,  but  lacking  an  overall  comparative  framework.   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   11   BERGER,  S.  (ed.),  Writing  the  nation:  a  global  perspective  (New  York,   2007).   This   book   is   an   excellent   introduction   to   the   role   of   historiography   in   constructing   national   pasts   from   a   global   perspective.   The   essays   emphasise   broad   historical   transformations   in   the   writing   of   national   history,  as  well  as  the  ways  in  which  national  histories  are  contested.       BERGER,  S.  &  LORENZ,  C.  (eds.),  Nationalizing  of  the  past:  historians  as   nation  builders  in  modern  Europe  (New  York,  2010).     This  book  focuses  on  the  relationship  of  historiography  to  nationalism  in   Europe   from   a   comparative   perspective.   Emphasis   is   on   developments   since  the  Second  World  War.  A  highlight  of  the  book  is  the  essay  by  Stefan   Berger,  in  which  he  argues  that  history  writing  in  Germany  and  Britain  has   become  discernibly  more  nationalist  since  the  1990s.  Another  interesting   essay  compares  again  the  writing  of  history  during  the  British  and  Russian   Empires.     BERLANT,  L.,  The  anatomy  of  national  fantasy:  Hawthorne,  utopia,  and   everyday  life  (Chicago,  1991).   This   book   provides   an   in-­‐depth   analysis   of   the   ideology   of   Nathaniel   Hawthorne,  and   in   the  process  produces   fascinating   insights  about  how   cultural  nationalists  creatively  combine  the  past  with  visions  of  the  future.     BERLIN,  I.,  Three  critics  of  the  Enlightenment:  Vico,  Hamann,  Herder,  ed.   T.  Hardy  (Princeton,  N.J.,  2013).   This   posthumously   published   book   is   a   collection   of   essays   by   Isaiah   Berlin,  edited  by  Thomas  Hardy.  Vico  and  Herder  are  presented  as  being   involved   in   a   counter-­‐enlightenment   effort   that   was   anti-­‐rationalist,   relativist  and  organic.  Hamann  is  presented  as  one  of  the  first  thinkers  to   argue  that  human  cognition  is  a  form  of  language.     Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  12    BHABHA,  H.K.  (ed.),  Nation  and  narration  (London,  2013).   A  highly  cited  intervention  in  the  study  of  national  literatures.  The  authors   focus   on   the   role   of   hybridity   and   ambivalence   in   the   construction   of   national  identity.  Chapters  span  Europe,  the  Americas  and  Australia.     BRACEWELL,   W.,   ‘Rape   in   Kosovo:   masculinity   and   Serbian   nationalism’,  in:  Nations  and  nationalism,  6/4  (2000)  563-­‐590.   This  article  focuses  on  how  reports  of  rape  of  Serbian  women  by  Albanians   were  perceived  among  Serbian  nationalists,  arguing  that  it  was  ultimately   read  as  an  attack  on  Serbian  masculinity.     BRINCKER,  B.,  HEARN,  J.,  ZIMMER,  O.,  &  LEERSSEN,  J.,  ‘Seventh  nations  and   nationalism   debate:   Joep   Leerssen's   National   thought   in   Europe:   a   cultural  history’,  in:  Nations  and  nationalism,  19/3  (2013)  409-­‐433.   A  debate  over  the  significance  of  Joep  Leerssen’s  book,  National  thought  in   Europe:  a  cultural  history  (2006).       CHATTERJEE,   P.,   ‘Colonialism,   nationalism,   and   colonialized   women:   the  contest  in  India’,  in:  American  ethnologist,  16/4  (1989)  622-­‐633.   This   article   discusses   women’s   fashion   as   a   key   site   of   struggle   in   postcolonial   India,  where  nationalists  sought  to  reform  the  treatment  of   women   in   line   with   western   expectations,   but   also   sought   to   retain   authenticity.     CHATTERJEE,  P.,  The  nation  and  its  fragments:  colonial  and  postcolonial   histories  (Princeton,  N.J.,  1993).   In  this  book,  Chatterjee  takes  aim  at  the  view  that  nationalism  in  Bengal   and  India  is  wholly  derivative  of  European  models,  arguing  that  it  emerged   through   dialogue   of   European   and   indigenous   culture.   Central   to   this   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   13   argument  is  the  view  that  there  existed  a  dichotomy  between  the  material   and   spiritual   realms,   and   while   the   material   realm   was   dominated   by   colonial  powers,  the  spiritual  realm  was  relatively  autonomous,  enabling   intellectuals  to  construct  the  cultural   foundation  for  the  emergence  of  a   national  movement.       DELANTY,   G.,   HUTCHINSON,   J.,   KAUFMANN   e.a.,   ‘Debate   on   John   Hutchinson's   Nations   as   zones   of   conflict’,   in:   Nations   and   nationalism,  14/1  (2008)  1-­‐28.   A  debate  over  the  significance  of  John  Hutchinson’s  book,  Nations  as  zones   of   conflict   (2005).   Notable   for   bringing   to   light   key   aspects   of   recent   debates  in  the  study  of  nationalism.       DOREMUS,  A.,   ‘Indigenism,  mestizaje,  and  national  identity  in  Mexico   during   the   1940s   and   the   1950s’,   in:   Mexican   studies,   17/2   (2001)   375-­‐402.   This   article   discusses   the   role   of   Indigenism   and   mestizaje   in   struggles   over  national  identity  in  mid-­‐twentieth-­‐century  Mexico.       EDENSOR,   T.,   National   identity,   popular   culture   and   everyday   life   (Oxford  -­‐  New  York,  2002).     In  this  book,  Edensor  suggests  that  national  identity  should  be  studied  at   the   level   of   the   demotic   and   the   popular,   and   that   the   impact   of   globalisation   needs   further   analysis.   Through   an   analysis   of   the   significance   of   national   identity   in   geography,   performance,   material   culture  and  film,  Edensor  suggests  that  it  remains  a  potent  force,  even  if   the  routes  by  which  it  is  instantiated  are  undergoing  rapid  change.       Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  14   ELEY,   G.   &   SUNY,   R.G.   (eds.),   Becoming   national:   a   reader   (Oxford,   1996).   This  book  contains  an  excellent  collection  of  readings  that  highlights  the   role   of   culture   in   the   construction   and   contestation   of   nations,   nationalisms  and  national  identities  across  a  wide  variety  of  temporal  and   geographical   settings.   The   book   emphasises   the   possibilities   offered   by   bringing  scholars  associated  with  cultural  studies  into  closer  contact  with   nationalism  studies.       FEATHERSTONE,  M.  (ed.),  Global  culture:  nationalism,  globalization  and   modernity  (London,  1990).   In   this   book,   several   leading   social   scientists   explore   the   meaning   and   significance  of  the  most  recent  phase  of  the  globalisation  of  culture  and   analyse   its   impact   on   the   cultures   and   ideologies   associated   with   the   nation-­‐state.       FISHMAN,   J.,   Language   and   nationalism:   two   integrative   essays   (Rowley,  MA,  1973).   This  book  traces  the  history  of  nationalism  and  examines  how  and  why   language  commonly  comes  to  be  one  of  the  key  aspects  of  nationalist  goals   and  programmes.       GANS,   C.,   ‘The   liberal   foundations   of   cultural   nationalism’,   in:   Canadian  journal  of  philosophy,  30/3  (2000)  441-­‐466.   This  article  examines  the  ethics  of  cultural  nationalism  and  concludes  with   the  suggestion  that  the  basic  tenets  of  cultural  nationalism  are  defensible   from  a  liberal  perspective  if  ‘the  people’  are  understood  to  derive  meaning   from  the  cultures  in  which  they  live.         Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   15   GIDDENS,  A.,  The  consequences  of  modernity  (Cambridge,  1991).   This   major   book   collects   Giddens’s   writings   on   the   consequences   of   institutional   changes   associated   with   modernity,   focusing   on   the   intersections  of   trust  and  risk,  and  security  and  danger.  Turning   to   the   present  era,  the  book  argues  that  we  do  not  yet  live  in  a  postmodern  age,   but  rather  in  an  age  of  high  modernity,  in  which  prior  trends  have  been   made  more  extreme.     GILROY,  P.,  ‘There  ain't  no  black  in  the  Union  Jack.’  The  cultural  politics   of  race  and  nation  (London,  1987).   This  classic  book  is  a  powerful  critique  of  contemporary  attitudes  to  race   in  the  UK.  Gilroy  explores  the  relationships  among  race,  class,  and  nation   as   they   have   evolved   over   the   past   twenty   years,   and   highlights   racist   attitudes  that  transcend  the  left-­‐right  political  divide.  The  book  challenges   current  sociological  approaches  to  racism  as  well  as  the  ethnocentric  bias   of  British  cultural  studies.       GUO,   Y.,   Cultural   nationalism   in   contemporary   China:   the   search   for   national  identity  under  reform  (London,  2004).   This   book   applies   the   concept   of   cultural   nationalism,   as   conceived   by   Anthony  Smith  and  John  Hutchinson,  to  China.  Guo  uncovers  the  rise  of  a   new   cultural   nationalism   which   often   finds   itself   in   opposition   to   the   official  nationalism  of  the  state.  According  to  Guo,  key  elements  of  this  new   nationalism  include:  the  rehabilitation  of  Zeng  Guofan  of  the  Qing  Dynasty,   the   revival   of   Confucianism,   the   renewed   emphasis   on   the   cultural   attributes  of  language  and  the  adoption  of  a  post-­‐colonial  posture  derived   from  Said.           Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  16   HALL,  S.,  ‘Culture,  community,  nation’,  in:  Cultural  studies,  7/3  (1993)   349-­‐363.   In  this  much-­‐cited  article,  which  shows  how  Stuart  Hall’s  vision  of  cultural   studies  differs   from  that  of  Raymond  Williams,  Hall   theorises  about   the   ongoing   national   revival   in   the   West.   The   article   concludes   with   a   celebration  of  the  hybridity  represented  by  migrant  communities.             HARRIS,  R.,  ‘The  “child  of  the  barbarian”:  rape,  race  and  nationalism  in   France  during  the  First  World  War’,  in:  Past  and  present,  141  (1993)   170-­‐206.   This   article   discusses   how   reports   of   the   rape   of   French   women   by   German  soldiers  triggered  a  debate  over  the  potential  birth  of   ‘mongrel’   children,   and   the   ostensible   threat   that   they   could   pose   for   the   French   nation.       HIGSON,  A.,   ‘The  concept  of  national  cinema’,  in:  Screen,  30/4  (1989)   36-­‐47.   In   this   highly   cited   essay,   Andrew   Higson   raises   doubts   about   the   possibility  of  a  ‘national’  cinema,  observing  that  the  production  teams  and   the  audiences  of  even  the  seemingly  most  nationalist  of  films  are  usually   transnational.     HROCH,   M.,   Social   preconditions   of   national   revival   in   Europe:   a   comparative   analysis   of   the   social   composition   of   patriotic   groups   among  the  smaller  European  nations  (New  York,  2000  [1985]).   This  important  book  seeks  to  elucidate  how  the  national  mass  movements   occur   among   the   members   of   non-­‐dominant   ethnic   groups   through   comparative   analysis   of   these   movements   in   Europe.   The   book   is   well-­‐ known  for  presentation  of  a  three-­‐phase  processual  model  that  comprises   A)  a  growing  concern  with  the  culture  and  history  of   the  nation  among   intellectuals;   B)   the   formation   of   political   movement   that   attempts   to   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   17   foment  a  national  consciousness  among  the  masses,  and  C)  the  emergence   of  a  mass  movement.     HUTCHINSON,  J.,  The  dynamics  of  cultural  nationalism:  the  Gaelic  revival   and  the  creation  of  the  Irish  nation-­‐state  (London,  1987).   This  seminal  book  in  the  study  of  cultural  nationalism  is  based  on  the  case   of   Ireland   and   draws   on   Anthony   Smith’s   approach   to   nationalism.   Cultural  nationalism  is  defined  as  a  recurring  ideological  movement  that   arises  in  response  to  the  erosion  of  traditional  identities  and  status  orders   as  a  result  of  a  modernising  state.  Its  key  actors  are  scholars  and  artists,   whose   activities   focus   on   the   regeneration   of   the   national   community   through  the  cultivation  of  a  unique  national  history  and  culture.  The  book   provides   a   processual   model   of   the   political   factors   leading   to   the   emergence   of   cultural   nationalism,   its   translation   into   an   ideological   movement   and   its   institutionalisation.   In   the   final   chapter,   the   book   discusses  the  conditions  under  which  cultural  nationalism  can  re-­‐emerge   after  the  formation  of  an  independent  state.     HUTCHINSON,   J.,   ‘Cultural   nationalism,   elite   mobility   and   nation-­‐ building:   communitarian   politics   in   modern   Ireland’,   in:   British   journal  of  sociology,  38/3  (1987)  482-­‐501.   A   summary   of   the   argument   found   in   Hutchinson’s   first   book,   The   dynamics  of  cultural  nationalism  (1987).     HUTCHINSON,  J.,  Modern  nationalism  (London,  1994).   This  book  builds  on  Hutchinson’s  earlier  work  on  cultural  nationalism  in   Ireland  (Hutchinson,  1987).  Focusing  on  its  cultural  dimension,  the  book   examines  nationalism’s  endurance  in  relation  to  religious  fundamentalism,   Soviet  communism,  the  European  Union,  and  the  multicultural  model.  The   book  concludes  that  nationalism  will  survive  into  the  foreseeable  future.   Although   more   ambitious   than   Hutchinson’s   first   book,   it   is   less   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  18   theoretically   rigorous   and   more   closely   aligned   with   Anthony   Smith’s   work.  Much  is  made  of  the  pre-­‐modern  ethnic  antecedents  of  nationalism   and  the  political  and  civic  aspects  of  nationalism  are  downplayed.       HUTCHINSON,   J.,   ‘Re-­‐interpreting   cultural   nationalism’,  in:   Australian   journal  of  politics  and  history,  45/3  (1999)  392-­‐409.   This   article   reviews   several   leading   approaches   to   cultural   nationalism   and  outlines  an  approach  that  is  further  fleshed  out  in  Hutchinson’s  later   work   on   the   integrative   role   of   internal   cultural   conflicts   over   the   definition  and  character  of  the  nation.     HUTCHINSON,  J.,  Nations  as  zones  of  conflict  (London,  2005).   Criticising  a  tendency  in  the  study  of  nationalism  to  treat  the  nation  as  a   relatively  homogeneous  collectivity,  this  book  discusses  the  significance  of   long-­‐running  cultural  conflicts  over  the  myths  and  symbols  of  the  nation.   It   argues   to   the   contrary   of   post-­‐modernists   that   these   long-­‐running   disputes  actually  contribute   to   the  nation’s  endurance.  To  conclude,   the   book  suggests  that  nationalism  will  survive  until   the   foreseeable   future.   For  a  debate  on  the  book,  see  Delanty  e.a.  2008.       HUTCHINSON,  J.,   ‘Cultural  nationalism’,  in:  J.  Breuilly  (ed.),  The  Oxford   handbook  of  the  history  of  nationalism  (Oxford,  2013)  75-­‐96.   An  excellent  summary  of   John  Hutchinson’s  earlier  work  on  the  history   and  sociology  of  cultural  nationalism.  A  significant  addition  is  his  rejection   of   an   earlier   claim   that   cultural   and   political   nationalists   can   be   distinguished  by  competing  organic  and  voluntarist  visions  of  the  nation,   arguing  that  in  practice  these  visions  are  usually  blended,  and  that  a  better   way   of   distinguishing   the   two   types   of   nationalism   is   whether   primary   concern   is   with   the   establishment   of   a   strong   community   or   a   strong   territorial  state,  as  the  basis  of  the  nation.       Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   19   JUSDANIS,   G.,   ‘Beyond   national   culture?’,  in:   Boundary   2:   an   international  journal  of  literature  and  culture,  22/1  (1995)  23-­‐60.   In  this  essay,  Jusdanis  argues  for  the  constitutive  role  played  by  cultural   nationalism  in  the  development  of  the  nation-­‐state  and  considers  its  fate   in  relation  to  the   intensification  of  globalisation.  The  article  contains  an   excellent  discussion  of  the  meanings  of  cultural  nationalism  and  national   culture  in  relation  to  leading  theorists  of  culture.       JUSDANIS,  G.,  The  necessary  nation  (Princeton,  N.J.,  2001).   In   this   book,   Jusdanis   argues   that   nationalism   is   at   its   heart   a   cultural   phenomenon,  and  that  it  should  be  seen  as  playing  a  constitutive  role  in   the  development  of  the  nation-­‐state.  Pitting  his  arguments  against  those   who   see   nationalism   as   a   baleful   influence   on   human   society,   Jusdanis   suggests  that  the  history  of  nationalism  reveals  that,  much  as  it  is  guilty  of   fostering   inter-­‐group   conflict,   it   has   also   been   a   progressive   force   for   emancipation,  as  well  as  providing  emotional  and  psychological  succour  in   in  the  face  of  perennial  social  change.  To  conclude,  Jusdanis  puts  forward   federalism  as  a  way  of  mitigating  nationalism’s  centrifugal  tendencies.       KANDIYOTI,  D.,  ‘Identity  and  its  discontents:  women  and  the  nation’,  in:   Millennium:  journal  of  international  studies,  20/3  (2004)  126-­‐149.   In  this  article,  Kandiyoti  explores  the  implications  of  nationalist  projects  in   the  Middle-­‐Eastern  and  Asian  post-­‐colonial  societies,  focusing  on  changing   portrayals  of  women  as  victims  of  social  backwardness,  icons  of  modernity   or  bearers  of  cultural  authenticity.  The  article  further  examines  the  extent   to   which   elements   of   national   identity   and   cultural   difference   are   articulated  as  forms  of  control  that  infringe  upon  the  rights  of  women  as   enfranchised  citizens.         Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  20   KOHN,   H.,   The   idea   of   nationalism:   a   study   in   its   origins   and   background,  5th  ed.  (New  York,  1960  [1944]).   This  book  is  a  founding  text  on  nationalism  in  the  English  language.  The   tendency   in   the  scholarly   literature   to  distinguish  between   ‘western’  or   political   forms   of   nationalism   and   ‘eastern’   or   cultural   forms   of   nationalism,   and   to   view   the   former   as   the   more   benign   of   the   two,   is   largely   attributed   to   this   book.   Through   an   examination   of   religious,   literary  and  philosophical  texts,  this  magisterial  book  traces  the  roots  of   nationalism  as  a  ‘state  of  mind’,  from  its  precursors  in  ancient  Greek  and   Jewish  civilizations  to  the  French  Revolution.  Key  themes  are  the  influence   of  religious  ideas,  the  interplay  of  nationalism  and  universalism  and  the   differences   between   the   nationalisms   of   Western   Europe   and   those   of   central  and  Eastern  Europe.       KOHN,  H.,  Prelude  to  nation-­‐states:  the  French  and  German  experience,   1789-­‐1815  (Princeton,  N.J.,  1967).   This  book  is  a  highly  cited  comparison  of  the  formation  of  the  French  and   German   nation-­‐states.   It   presents   the   argument   that   the   French   experience,  which  proceeded  from  state  to  nation,  was  characterised  by  an   enlightenment-­‐inflected   political   nationalism,   whereas   the   German   experience,  which  proceeded  in  the  reverse,  was  characterised  by  a  more   reactionary  cultural  nationalism.       KOPF,  D.,  British  Orientalism  and  the  Bengal  renaissance:  the  dynamics   of  Indian  modernization  1773-­‐1835  (Berkeley,  CA,  1969).   Through   an   analysis   of   the   practices   of   the   College   of   Fort   William   in   Bengal,   which   was   established   in   1800   as   a   school   for   training   civil   servants   for   the   East   India   Company,   this   book   shows   how   the   college   became  a  key  site   for   the   formation  and  dissemination  of   the   idea   that   India  could  be  modernised  through  the  regeneration  of  Indian  heritage.       Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   21   LEERSSEN,   J.,  National   thought   in   Europe:   a   cultural   history   (Amsterdam,  2006).   This  book  traces  the  history  of  the  cultural  and  intellectual  underpinnings   of   nationalism   in   Europe   through   a   wide   variety   of   sources,   including   philosophical   writings,   literature,   architecture,   art,   dramaturgy   and   monuments.   The   book   treats   cultural   nationalism   as   a   transnational   phenomenon  that  arises  with  the  growth  of  the  public  sphere  and  whose   agents  tend  to  be  intellectuals  and  artists  who  meet  and  share  ideas  and   practices  in  urban  centres.  The  book  takes  a  critical  view  of  nationalism   and  concludes  with  support   for  Habermas’s  argument   for  constitutional   patriotism.     LEERSSEN,   J.,   ‘Nationalism  and  the  cultivation  of  culture’,   in:  Nations   and  nationalism,  12/4  (2006)  559-­‐578.   This   article   sets   out   Leerssen’s   approach   to   the   study   of   cultural   nationalism   in   Europe.   The   article   finds   that   the   study   of   cultural   nationalism   has   been   too   narrowly   focused   on   trying   to   explain   how   cultural   nationalism   becomes   institutionalised   in   particular   states,   and   argues   that   the   process   whereby   the   ideas   and   practices   of   cultural   nationalists   are   disseminated   through   transnational   networks   has   been   overlooked.  The  key  activity  of  the  cultural  nationalists  is  argued  to  be  the   cultivation   of   culture.   To   explain   the   concept,   the   article   provides   an   interesting   definition   of   culture   and   outlines   a   typology   of   the   various   activities  associated  with  its  cultivation.       LEERSSEN,  J.,  When  was  Romantic  nationalism?  The  onset,  the  long  tail,   the  banal  (Antwerp,  2014).   A   concise,   well-­‐presented   history   of   romantic   nationalism   in   Europe,   which  suggests  that  it  is  characterised  by  three  distinct  phases:  1)  rapid   onset  in  the  nineteenth  century,  2)  gradual  decline  in  the  first  half  of  the   twentieth  century,  3)  ongoing  banal  presence  in  the  present.       Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  22   LEVENSON,  J.,  L’iang  Ch’i  Ch’ao  and  the  mind  of  modern  China  (Berkeley,   CA,  1959).   This  book   is  a  classic   study  of  a   seminal   thinker  of   the  Chinese  reform   movement,   who   first   seeks   to   reconstruct   Confucianism   before   abandoning  it.     MOSSE,  G.,  Nationalism  and  sexuality:  middle-­‐class  morality  and  sexual   norms  in  modern  Europe  (Madison,  1985).   This  book  explores  how  nationalism  became  gendered  through  a  history   of   its   rise   in   central   Europe,   where   it   became   aligned   with   bourgeois   notions  of  heterosexual  morality,  and  eventually  led  to  Nazism’s  obsession   with   particular   notions   of   masculinity.   Mosse   observes   that   German   nationalists  tended  to  differentiate  their  community  by  reference  to  their   ostensible  masculine  disciplined  morality,  as  opposed  to  the  loose-­‐living,   sexually  degenerate  French.       NIELSEN,   K.,   'Cultural   nationalism,   neither   ethnic   nor   civic’,   in:   The   philosophical  forum,  28/4  (1996)  2-­‐51.   This  article  suggests  that  all  nationalisms,  whether  civic  or  ethnic,  are  at   their  core  cultural,  whether  framed  as  ‘civic’  or  ‘ethnic’,  and  argues  for  a   liberal  form  of  nationalism.       NIPPERDEY,  T.,  Germany  from  Napoleon  to  Bismarck:  1800-­‐1866,  trans.   D.  Nolan  (Princeton,  N.J,  2014).   This  book,  originally  published  in  German  in  1996,   traces  the  origins  of   German  nationalism.  With  respect  to  cultural  nationalism,  there  is  much  in   here  on  the  declining  role  of  Christianity  and  the  making  of  a  culturally   Protestant  nationalism,  amid  the  rise  of  a  new  national  aesthetic  culture.       Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   23   PEEL,   J.,   Religious   encounter   and   the   making   of   the   Yoruba   (Bloomington,  IN,  1989).   In   this   book,   John   Peel   focuses   on   the   impact   of   nineteenth-­‐century   Christian  missionaries  and  finds  that  a  modern  Yoruban  identity  emerged   out  of  a  dialogue  of  western  and  indigenous  ideas  and  practices.     PROUDFOOT,   L.J.   &   ROCHE,   M.M.,   (Dis)placing   Empire.   Renegotiating   British  colonial  geographies  (London,  2010).   The   contributors   to   this   volume   discuss   how   space   and   place   were   implicated   in   the   construction   of   identity   for   settlers   and   indigenous   peoples  in  under  British  rule.       SMITH,  A.D.,  Theories  of  nationalism  (London,  1971).   In   this   seminal   text   in   the   study   of   nationalism,   Smith   evaluates   key   approaches  to  the  study  of  nationalism.  The  book’s  characterisation  of  the   field  of  study  continues  to   inform  much  of  the   literature.  The  book  also   provides   the  germ  of   the  approach   that  would  eventually  coalesce  over   subsequent   publications   as   Smith’s   distinctive   contribution   known   as   ethno-­‐symbolism.  The  chapter  on  nationalism’s  response  to  the  crisis  of   dual-­‐legitimation  is  particularly  notable.     SMITH,  A.D.,  The  ethnic  origins  of  nations  (Oxford,  1998  [1986]).   This  is  a  key  text  in  the  study  of  nations  and  nationalism,  which  challenges   the   view   that   nations   are   wholly   modern   by   tracing   their   pre-­‐modern   ethnic   origins.   Smith   argues   that   their   shape   and   character   of   modern   nations   tend   to  be   in  part  derived   from  the  cultural  attributes  of  older   ethnic  groups  (referred  to  as  ethnies),  whose  dense  collection  of  myths,   symbols,   memories   and   values   provide   nations   with   their   emotional   content   and   stability.   The   book   emphasises   the   cultural   dimension   of   nationalism,  suggesting  that  it  provides  modern  communities  with  a  sense   of  rootedness  in  time  and  place  and  a  vision  of  its  future.   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  24   SMITH,  A.D.,   ‘Gastronomy  or  geology?  The  role  of  nationalism  in  the   reconstruction  of  nations’,  in:  Nations  and  nationalism,  1/1  (1995)  3-­‐ 23.   In  this  article,  Smith  sets  out  his  approach  to  nations  as  a  middle  ground  to   those  who  emphasise  its  novelty  and  mutability  and  those  who  emphasise   its  durability  and  rigidity.  Stressing  the  role  of  nationalists  in  the  realm  of   culture  over  politics,  Smith  argues   that   rather   than   ‘inventing’   the  past,   they  are   involved  in  a  process  of  rediscovery,  reinterpretation  and  seek   the  regeneration  of  their  communities.     SMITH,  A.D.,  The  nation  made  real:  art  and  national  identity  in  Western   Europe,  1600-­‐1850  (Oxford,  2013).   In  this  book,  Smith  looks  at  the  role  of  visual  art  in  representing  the  nation   and   fomenting  national   sentiment   in  Western  Europe,   from  1600-­‐1850.   Smith   suggests   that   there   are   three   kinds   of   national   art,   i.e.   didactic,   evocative  and  commemorative.  The  artists  themselves  play  an  ambiguous   role  in  the  book:  some  are  committed  nationalists,  others  are  not.     SOMMER,   D.,   Foundational   fictions:   the   national   romances   of   Latin   America  (Berkeley,  CA,  1991).   A  fascinating  discussion  of  the  important  role  played  by  romantic  novels  in   the   consolidation   of   Latin   American   nation-­‐states.   The   book’s   approach   could  be  fruitfully  applied  to  other  contexts.     SURAK,  K.,  Making  tea,  making  Japan:  cultural  nationalism  in  practice   (Stanford,  2012).   This   book   puts   forward   a   novel   approach   to   the   study   of   cultural   nationalism   through  an  analysis  of   the   tea  ceremony   in   Japan,   showing   how  the  cultural  nationalism  of   the   intellectuals  and  the  meanings   they   attach  to  certain  practices  is  imparted  through  the  teaching  and  enactment   of  ritual  practices.   Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods   25   SURAK,   K.,   ‘Nation-­‐work:   a   praxeology   of   making   and   maintaining   nations’,  in:  European  journal  of  sociology,  53/2  (2012)  171-­‐204.   A  summary  of  Surak’s  book  Making  tea,  making  Japan:  cultural  nationalism   in  practice  (2012).     THIESSE,  A.-­‐M.,  La  création  des  identités  nationales.  Europe  XVIIIe-­‐XXe   siècle  (Paris,  2001).   In   this   book,   Anne-­‐Marie   Thiesse   traces   the   construction   of   national   identity   in   Europe   from   a   transnational   perspective,   focusing   on   the   cultural   work   of   artists   and   intellectuals.   The   book   concludes   on   an   optimistic  note,  suggesting  that  if  national  identity  was  constructed,  so  too   can  European  identity  be  constructed.     TIMMERMAN,   C.,   ‘Muslim   women   and   nationalism:   the   power   of   the   image’,  in:  Current  sociology,  48/4  (2000)  15-­‐27.   This  article  explores  the  symbolic  role  of  women  in  nationalist  discourses   in  Muslim  countries.  It  concludes  with  a  discussion  of  the  possibilities  for   women  to  improve  their  status  within  this  framework.       YOSHINO,   K.,   Cultural   nationalism   in   contemporary   Japan:   a   sociological  enquiry  (London,  1992).   In  this  book,  Kazuke  Yoshino  applies  the  approach  to  cultural  nationalism   put  forward  by  John  Hutchinson  and  Anthony  Smith  to  investigate  how  the   ideas   of   the   nihonjinron   (discussions   of   Japanese   identity)   are   diffused   among  the  wider  Japanese  population.  Making  use  of  Smith’s  distinction   between  intellectuals  (who  formulate  the  ideas  and  images  of  the  nation)   and   intelligentsia  (who  respond  to   those   ideas  and  relate   them  to   their   own  social  context),  Yoshino  investigates  how  the  nihonjinron  was  taken   up  by  two  separate  groups  of  ‘intelligentsia’  –  business  men  and  educators   and  finds  that  it  has  had  greater  impact  on  the  former.     Studies  on  National  Movements,  2  (2014)        |        STATE  OF  NATIONALISM   Eric  Taylor  Woods  26   YUVAL-­‐DAVIS,  N.,  Gender  and  nation  (London,  1997).   This   landmark   book   examines   key   issues   relating   to   gender   and   nationalism.   Topics   include   biological   and   cultural   reproduction   of   the   nation,   citizenship,   militarism   and   warfare   and   ethnicity.   The   book   is   notable   for   applying   a   differentiated   perspective   of   women   and   the   various  symbolic  roles  that  they  play  in  various  nationalist  projects.  The   concluding   chapter   discusses   strategies   for   how   women   could   work   together  in  a  struggle  for  equality,  calling  for  a  transversal  strategy  that   highlights  dialogue  among  women  from  different  social  positions.     ZIMMER,  O.,  ‘Boundary  mechanisms  and  symbolic  resources:  towards   a   process-­‐oriented   approach   to   national   identity’,   in:   Nations   and   nationalism,  9/2  (2003)  173-­‐193.   This  article  argues  that  the  classical  distinction  between  civic  and  ethnic   forms   of   national   identity   should   be   replaced   by   approach   that   distinguishes   between,   on   the   one   hand,   the   mechanisms   which   social   actors   use   as   they   reconstruct   the   boundaries   of   national   identity   at   a   particular  point   in   time;  and,  on   the  other,   the  symbolic   resources  upon   which  they  draw  when  they  reconstruct  these  boundaries.       This  review  and  annotated  bibliography  is  part  of   The  State  of  Nationalism  (SoN),  a  comprehensive  guide   to  the  study  of  nationalism.   As  such  it  is  also  published  on  the  SoN  website,   where  it  will  be  regularly  updated.   SoN  is  jointly  supported  by  two  institutes:   NISE  and  the  University  of  East  London  (UEL).   Dr.  Eric  Taylor  Woods,  author  of  the  first  contribution,   is  responsible  for  overall  management  and  editor-­‐in-­‐chief.   http://stateofnationalism.eu