item: #1 of 230 id: subs-10 author: Xie, Donglin; Dunstan, Dave E. title: Modelling Polymers as Compressible Elastic Spheres in Couette Flow date: 2017-03-02 words: 4231 flesch: 63 summary: However, due to their complexity there exist very few simulations of polymer solutions and melts in the semi-dilute and concentrated regimes.8,14-16 A general assumption used in models of polymers in flow is that the chains extend in response to the hydro- dynamic forces.14-16 Recent experimental evidence shows that synthetic polymer chains compress in Couette flow at semi-dilute concentrations.17-19 Recent studies on semi- dilute DNA solutions shows that extension and tumbling occurs.20,21 It appears that the general assumption of chain extension in flow may not be valid for concentra- tions above critical overlap in Couette flow.18,19,22,23 Fur- thermore, recent Brownian dynamics simulations for dilute solutions predict chain compression by neglecting excluded volume effects and including hydrodynamic interactions.24,25 A model of polymer chains as compressible elastic spheres in flow is pre- sented. keywords: chains; couette; flow; force; law; model; polymer; power; rate; shear; viscosity cache: subs-10.pdf plain text: subs-10.txt item: #2 of 230 id: subs-1005 author: Weiss, Richard G. title: Some Thoughts Written on ‘Juneteenth’ of 2020, the Day Commemorating the End of Slavery in the United States, June 19, 1865, at the End of our Civil War date: 2020-07-02 words: 940 flesch: 57 summary: Richard G. Weiss An aspiring scientist and flawed human being Substantia An International Journal of the History of Chemistry Vol. 4, n. 2 - 2020 Firenze University Press Some Thoughts Written on ‘Juneteenth’ of 2020, the Day Commemorating the End of Slavery in the United States, June 19, 1865, at the End of our Civil War Richard G. Weiss Entropy as the Driving Force of Pathogenesis: an Attempt of Classification of the Diseases Based on the Laws of Physics Laurent Schwartz1,*, Anne Devin2, Frédéric Bouillaud3, Marc Henry4 Early Industrial Roots of Green Chemistry - II. If we do so with the welfare of others in mind, it should be possible to reduce over time the damage our species is capable of inflicting on others, as well as on our envi- http://www.fupress.com/substantia mailto:weissr@georgetown.edu 6 Richard G. Weiss ronment. keywords: beings; chemistry; history cache: subs-1005.pdf plain text: subs-1005.txt item: #3 of 230 id: subs-1018 author: Kenndler, Ernst; Minárik, Marek title: Capillary Electrophoresis and its Basic Principles in Historical Retrospect Part 1. The Early Decades of the “Long Nineteenth Century”: The Voltaic Pile, and the Discovery of Electrolysis, Electrophoresis and Electroosmosis date: 2021-03-01 words: 13106 flesch: 58 summary: Here we set forth the first from a series of reports devoted to the history of capillary electrophoresis. Keywords: capillary electrophoresis, history, discovery, electroosmosis, electrolysis. keywords: century; chemistry; electricity; electroosmosis; electrophoresis; epoch; experiments; galvani; liquid; london; particles; pile; plate; pole; potential; principles; ref; reuss; separation; silver; time; volta; voltaic; water; zinc cache: subs-1018.pdf plain text: subs-1018.txt item: #4 of 230 id: subs-1028 author: Ginak, Elena title: The «D.I. Mendeleev’s Periodic System of the Elements» Mural Near the Mendeleev Institute for Metrology in Saint Petersburg: How Metrologists Celebrated the 100th Anniversary of the Scientist date: 2021-09-09 words: 4014 flesch: 60 summary: The Committee was tasked with developing, approv- ing, and supervising the list of events dedicated to the scientist’s anniversary and the perpetuation of his mem- ory, estimating the costs, liaising with other scientific institutions that wished to participate in the commemo- rative events.7 Among the proposals received were among others: to rename the Mezshdunarodniy (International) Avenue into Mendeleev Avenue, to organize conferences, lecture courses, to republish D.I. Mendeleev works, to restore D.I. Mendeleev’s estate in the village of Boblovo. http://www.fupress.com/substantia http://www.fupress.com/substantia 80 Elena Ginak The year 2019 was notable for the two memora- ble dates associated with the name of D.I. Mendeleev, a great Russian scientist and encyclopedic mind of his time: February 8th marked by the 185th anniversary of the scientist’s birth, and February 17th, the 150th anni- versary of the Periodic Law that he discovered. keywords: anniversary; d.i; elements; institute; mendeleev; metrology; monument; periodic; table; vniim cache: subs-1028.pdf plain text: subs-1028.txt item: #5 of 230 id: subs-1030 author: Garrido Sanchis, Adrian; Ninham, Barry W. title: Very High Efficiency of Pathogen Inactivation by Body Temperature CO2 Bubbles: in Pursuit of Mechanism date: 2021-03-22 words: 7536 flesch: 56 summary: Similar behavior was observed when CO2 gas at 38 °C and combustion gases were bubbled for 10 minutes through six different solutions (0.17 M NaCl, 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.001 M NaCl, secondary treated synthetic sewage made with Milli-Q water and tap water) in the bubble column (see Table 1). The absorption of CO2 into different solutions increases when CO2 gas is bubbled through the sintering area in a bubble column; many bubbles are produced with a large CO2-liquid contact surface that is continually produced. keywords: alkalinity; bubble; co2; coli; coli inactivation; column; combustion; e. coli; gases; inactivation; nacl; ninham; solutions; temperature; water cache: subs-1030.pdf plain text: subs-1030.txt item: #6 of 230 id: subs-1031 author: Wan Nafi, Atikah; Taseidifar, Mojtaba; Pashley, Richard M. ; Ninham, Barry W. title: Controlled Growth of Strontium Sulfate Particles in Aqueous Solution: Inhibition Effects of a Bubble Column Evaporator date: 2021-03-22 words: 8452 flesch: 56 summary: The uniformity of SrSO4 particles over time was based on the change in the Polydispersity Index (PDI) using the Malvern Zetasizer, as given in Figure 5(b). CONCLUSIONS A standard stirring system and a BCE system were compared for the precipitation of SrSO4 particles from supersaturated solutions of Sr(NO3)2 and Na2SO4. keywords: bce; bubble; figure; growth; inhibition; min; particles; precipitation; process; salt; scale; size; solution; srso4; stirring; strontium; sulfate; supersaturation; system; time; water cache: subs-1031.pdf plain text: subs-1031.txt item: #7 of 230 id: subs-1040 author: Kahr, Bart title: Loren Eiseley's Substitution date: 2021-03-01 words: 21 flesch: 36 summary: DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-1040 Received: Jul 31, 2020 Revised: Oct 23, 2020 Just Accepted Online: Oct 26, 2020 Published: Mar 01, 2021 https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-1040 keywords: https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1040 cache: subs-1040.pdf plain text: subs-1040.txt item: #8 of 230 id: subs-1059 author: Corbetta, Lorenzo; Fabbri, Leonardo M.; Cavalieri, Duccio; Bonanni, Paolo; Munavvar, Mohammed; Cruz, Alvaro; Rendon, Adrian; De Paoli, Laura title: Stand on the Same Side Against Covid – 19, the Future Strategies Against an Unknown Enemy date: 2020-09-07 words: 16335 flesch: 64 summary: We must be prepared to have many more TB cases, many more viral-resistant cases and also many more TB deaths and we need a damage control plan to deal with that. Mexico, Brazil and Peru, are the three countries in Latin America with more TB cases and they are also the three countries with more COVID cases. keywords: africa; bcg; brazil; cases; corbetta; countries; covid; covid-19; deaths; disease; europe; health; lorenzo; number; patients; people; phase; professor; university; vaccine; virus cache: subs-1059.pdf plain text: subs-1059.txt item: #9 of 230 id: subs-1097 author: Sztejnberg, Aleksander title: The Eminent Russian – German Chemist Friedrich Konrad Beilstein (1838-1906) in the Literature between the 19th and 21st Centuries date: 2021-03-01 words: 13942 flesch: 66 summary: “Organic chemistry since Butlerov and Beilstein until present“: International Conference devoted to the 145th anniversary of the structure theory of organic compounds of A. M. Butlerov and 100th anniversary of the memory to F. F. Beilstein, St. Petersburg, 26.-29.6. 2006, pp. “Organic chemistry since Butlerov and Beilstein until present“: International Conference devoted to the 145th anniversary of the structure theory of organic compounds of A. M. Butlerov and 100th anniversary of the memory to F. F. Beilstein, St. Petersburg, 26.-29.6. 2006, pp. keywords: ann; beilstein; book; chem; chemical; chemie; chemistry; der; des; die; dtsch; friedrich; für; german; ges; handbuch; https://doi.org/10.1002/; justus; konrad; konrad beilstein; kuhlberg; kurbatow; liebigs; mode/2up; page; petersburg; ref; roussanova; russian; sciences; ueber; und; verlag; von; zeitschrift; über cache: subs-1097.pdf plain text: subs-1097.txt item: #10 of 230 id: subs-11 author: Khetrapal, C.L.; Ramanathan, K.V. title: Developments of NMR - From Molecules to Human Behaviour and Beyond date: 2017-03-17 words: 6713 flesch: 56 summary: It will result in the development of a low cost, compact, portable and battery-powered portable MRI technology and an on-line analytical instrument for monitoring chemical reactions and biological processes.50 NMR: From K gm to Pico gm: The quantity of the paraffin sample initially used by Purcell when he discov- ered NMR in bulk material was 1 K gm in weight and with developments or organic molecules possessing elec- tronic properties analogous to those of Gallium Arsenide, it seems likely that NMR spectra of Pico gm quantities of Proteins and Nucleic acids could be recorded.51 NMR nanometer-scale device: NMR has received considerable attention in the context of quantum com- putation and information processing which require con- trolled coherent qubit operations. Eventually, he applied the concept to a different area namely magnetic resonance imaging (vide below) initially and later on published a series of papers that formed the foundation of two-dimensional NMR as a methodology.12 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Paul Lauterbur conceived the idea of using magnetic field gradients to obtain 2 and 3 dimensional spatial information about the distribution of magnetic nuclei in a sample placed inside NMR coil. keywords: applications; brain; c.l; field; fmri; human; imaging; k.v; khetrapal; mri; nmr; nuclear; resonance; results; spin; studies; water cache: subs-11.pdf plain text: subs-11.txt item: #11 of 230 id: subs-1115 author: Zon, Gerald title: Chemistry, Cyclophosphamide, Cancer Chemotherapy, and Serendipity: Sixty Years On date: 2021-03-01 words: 21 flesch: 47 summary: DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-1115 Received: Oct 13, 2020 Revised: Dec 02, 2020 Just Accepted Online: Dec 04, 2020 Published: Mar 01, 2021 https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-1115 keywords: https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1115 cache: subs-1115.pdf plain text: subs-1115.txt item: #12 of 230 id: subs-1121 author: Bonatti, Enrico title: Darwin and Inequality date: 2021-03-01 words: 21 flesch: 36 summary: DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-1121 Received: Sep 27, 2020 Revised: Nov 22, 2020 Just Accepted Online: Nov 23, 2020 Published: Mar 01, 2021 https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-1121 keywords: https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1121 cache: subs-1121.pdf plain text: subs-1121.txt item: #13 of 230 id: subs-1123 author: Ninham, Barry W.; Pashley, Richard M. title: Introduction and Background - About Water: Novel Water Technologies in the New Millennium date: 2021-03-22 words: 6240 flesch: 63 summary: It is now agreed that nanobubbles do exist in salt water regardless of theory.28-30 Gas containing small bubble structures have been much studied by laser spectroscopy and appear to be involved in enzyme catalysis via cavitation, in the active sites of enzymes.31 Their formation and stability in elec- 14 Barry W. Ninham, Richard M. Pashley trolytes is long lived above 0.17 M and probably explains the bubble-bubble fusion inhibition phenomenon. Jellyfish Just as old as the problem of why ice floats on water, or why bubbles do not fuse in salt water is that of the very existence of jellyfish, and other soft bodied multi- celled animals. keywords: forces; gas; hydration; hydrophobic; new; ninham; pashley; salt; structure; surface; w. ninham; water cache: subs-1123.pdf plain text: subs-1123.txt item: #14 of 230 id: subs-1146 author: Ninham, Barry W. title: Postscript date: 2021-03-22 words: 1488 flesch: 62 summary: B. P. Reines, B. W. Ninham, Structure and function of the endothelial surface layer: unraveling the nano- 121Postscript architecture of biological surfaces, Quarterly Rev. Bio- phys., 2019, 52, 1–11. 13. B. P. Reines, B. W. Ninham, Pulmonary intravascu- lar coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia, Lancet Rheumatol., 2020, 2(8), 458-459. 15. keywords: ninham cache: subs-1146.pdf plain text: subs-1146.txt item: #15 of 230 id: subs-1155 author: Ninham, Barry W.; Pashley, Richard M. title: Overview date: 2021-03-22 words: 2217 flesch: 46 summary: The novel technologies presented in this volume offer promising new environmentally friendly processes for desalination, water treatment, water sterilization, and the total prevention of cavitation. They include techniques for seawater desalination, wastewater sterilization – including viruses –, selective removal of heavy metals from industrial waste- water, efficient concentration of wastewater slimes to recycle water, and the prevention of water cavitation for much cheaper transport. keywords: cavitation; desalination; ions; new; novel; process; water cache: subs-1155.pdf plain text: subs-1155.txt item: #16 of 230 id: subs-1181 author: Travis, Anthony Stewart title: First Steps: Synthetic Ammonia in the United States date: 2021-09-09 words: 16996 flesch: 53 summary: Du Pont Ammonia Corp. Dissolved, Chem. 61First Steps: Synthetic Ammonia in the United States aimed at marketing the Ammonia Casale brand in North America, underpinned by proven success, and patent protection. keywords: american; ammonia; ammonia casale; ammonia company; ammonia corporation; ammonia process; casale; casale process; chemical; chemistry; co.; company; du pont; electric; hydrogen; industry; new; niagara; niagara ammonia; nitrogen; pont; pressure; process; processes; production; states; stock; synthetic; technology; united; york cache: subs-1181.pdf plain text: subs-1181.txt item: #17 of 230 id: subs-1183 author: Rasmussen, Seth C. title: Giving Credit Where It's Due - The Complicated Practice of Scientific Authorship date: 2021-03-01 words: 2142 flesch: 44 summary: As such, the goal here is to present various best practices in terms of both determining valid authorship, as well as addressing the related issue of author order on a given publication. Once decisions have been made concerning which contributors merit authorship, there is still the thorny issue of author order, particularly in publications with a significant number of authors. keywords: author; authorship; contributions; credit; order; practice; work cache: subs-1183.pdf plain text: subs-1183.txt item: #18 of 230 id: subs-1184 author: Kragh, Helge title: Review of What Is a Chemical Element? By Eric Scerri and Elena Ghibaudi, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. date: 2021-03-01 words: 1279 flesch: 50 summary: Contrary to the common concep- tion, Brooks argues that Mendeleev was not opposed to the idea of elements made up of subatomic units. the aim of the book is “to provide an update to the current state of the debate on elements” (p. 2). keywords: chemical; chemistry; element; philosophy; scerri cache: subs-1184.pdf plain text: subs-1184.txt item: #19 of 230 id: subs-1187 author: Siderer, Yona title: Translations of Roscoe's Chemistry Books into Japanese and Hebrew - Historical, Cultural and Linguistic Aspects date: 2021-09-09 words: 9256 flesch: 64 summary: So when they came to coin Hebrew chemistry terms their scientific basis was much better than that of the Japanese transla- tor Ichikawa. Japanese translation from Roscoe’s Science Primers Chemistry by Ichikawa Morisaburo 市川盛三郎, (1873 and 1874) Kume, Kunitake. keywords: aspects; book; burning; candle; chemical; chemistry; chemistry book; education; elements; english; experiment; hebrew; history; israel; japanese; kanji; language; linguistic; london; new; oirbach; primers; roscoe; science; siderer; terms; text; translation; university cache: subs-1187.pdf plain text: subs-1187.txt item: #20 of 230 id: subs-1191 author: Larraz, Rafael title: A Brief History of Oil Refining date: 2021-09-09 words: 17364 flesch: 50 summary: Then, crude oil started to be processed in oil refineries that evolved, as shown in Figures 1 and 6, from discon- tinuous distillation in foundry vessels that had kerosene as their major product to the highly complex refineries that we have today, which produce a multitude of differ- ent fuels and petrochemical products from a variety of different crudes. Over time, this formed the foundation for the aromatic-based petrochemicals asso- ciated with oil refineries. keywords: catalyst; chemical; cracking; crude; design; distillation; energy; fcc; fuel; gasoline; history; industry; kerosene; naphtha; new; octane; oil; oil refining; petroleum; process; processes; production; products; quality; refineries; refinery; refining; reforming; residue; sulfur; technology; unit; use cache: subs-1191.pdf plain text: subs-1191.txt item: #21 of 230 id: subs-12 author: Schettino, Vincenzo title: Isaac Newton and Alchemy date: 2017-03-02 words: 5536 flesch: 56 summary: To unravel the secrets of the ancient wisdom and of alchemy Newton proceeded with the same rigour as in the study of mechanics and optics. 9. D. Brewster, Memoirs of the life, writings and discov- eries of Sir Isaac Newton, Th. Constable & Co., Edin- burgh, 1855. keywords: alchemy; bodies; experiments; figure; isaac; material; metals; nature; newton; philosophy; santiago; science; world cache: subs-12.pdf plain text: subs-12.txt item: #22 of 230 id: subs-1201 author: Chetan, Chetan title: Disinfectants: Use of Different Types of Sanitization Techniques in 18th and 19th Centuries Britain and India date: 2021-09-09 words: 6198 flesch: 48 summary: Not only this, objects and clothes of medical professionals were disinfected by placing them in boiled water for a specific time period and then let them dry in the sunlight. Boiled water was a necessary component of medicine and dietary chart especially to those who fall sick from critical ailments. keywords: acid; britain; british; century; chemical; cholera; diseases; disinfectants; disinfection; health; india; nineteenth; people; public; sanitization; use; water cache: subs-1201.pdf plain text: subs-1201.txt item: #23 of 230 id: subs-1224 author: Kessenikh, Aleksander title: Spin Temperature and Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. From the History of Researches (1953 – 1983) date: 2021-09-09 words: 10565 flesch: 61 summary: The Overhauser effect in nuclear spin systems with dif- ferent resonant frequencies has become an almost rou- tine method in nuclear magnetic resonance The establishment of a uniform temperature for nuclear spins due to the effect of spin diffusion was first proposed by Nicholas Blombergen in 1949. keywords: abragam; atsarkin; dnp; dynamic; effect; electron; field; goldman; nuclear; nuclei; phys; physics; polarization; provotorov; resonance; rev; solid; spin; system; temperature; theory; vol; wenckebach cache: subs-1224.pdf plain text: subs-1224.txt item: #24 of 230 id: subs-1231 author: Sztejnberg, Aleksander title: Albert Ladenburg (1842-1911) – The Distinguished German Chemist and Historian of Chemistry of the Second Half of the XIX Century (To the 110th Anniversary of His Death) date: 2021-09-09 words: 8514 flesch: 67 summary: Keywords:A. Ladenburg, Organic chemistry, Ladenburg’s prism formula for benzene, Coniine, Germany – XIX century. 161Albert Ladenburg (1842-1911) 56. A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. keywords: 1911; albert; ber; book; breslau; chemical; chemie; chemistry; der; die; dtsch; edition; german; history; kekulé; laboratory; ladenburg; organic; ref; time; und; university; verlag; von; years cache: subs-1231.pdf plain text: subs-1231.txt item: #25 of 230 id: subs-1233 author: Corbetta, Lorenzo; Fabbri, Leonardo M.; Cavalieri, Duccio; Bonanni, Paolo; Mantovani, Alberto ; Thompson, Bruce; Luo, Fengming title: Stand on the Same Side Against Covid – 19: Scientific Evidence on Vaccine for Covid-19 date: 2021-03-09 words: 16926 flesch: 61 summary: Regarding other vaccines, I mentioned the DNA vaccines, this is still the data from the preclinical studies on rhesus macaques for the DNA vaccine that was produced by the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center at the Harvard Medical School in Boston with the collaboration of Janssen. It's a pleasure to be invited again to this very important webinar, and I will try to give you some highlights on the current status of COVID-19 vaccines. keywords: cases; china; cov-2; covid-19; days; evidence; healthcare; hospital; infection; mutation; new; number; patients; people; professor; sars; staff; vaccine; variant; virus; wuhan cache: subs-1233.pdf plain text: subs-1233.txt item: #26 of 230 id: subs-1234 author: Corbetta, Lorenzo; Fabbri, Leonardo M.; Halpin, David ; Cruz, Alvaro A.; Zanconato, Stefania title: Stand on the Same Side Against Covid – 19: Ics-Containing Products in Treatment Covid-19 Patients with Asthma and COPD date: 2021-03-22 words: 8396 flesch: 61 summary: Whether, let's say, in severe asthma where we need a much higher dose, would it still be beneficial, or could it be harmful? How solid is the evidence that the presence of severe asthma and COPD is actually worsening the problem or is it increasing the mortality of the patient affected by COPD. keywords: asthma; children; copd; corbetta; covid-19; data; david; evidence; fabbri; patients; people; treatment cache: subs-1234.pdf plain text: subs-1234.txt item: #27 of 230 id: subs-1256 author: Cohen, Jack title: The Revolution in Science in America, 1900-1950 date: 2021-09-09 words: 8112 flesch: 57 summary: This situation was further exacerbated by the international isolation of German research, as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which ascribed sole guilt to Germany for the First World War. The concerns of the Notgemeinschaft fell on sym- pathetic ears in government and in society; a decline in the standard of German research compared with other nations was seen as a loss of national honor. keywords: america; british; bush; century; chemistry; development; european; german; government; institute; national; nobel; physics; president; research; science; scientists; technology; war; world; world war cache: subs-1256.pdf plain text: subs-1256.txt item: #28 of 230 id: subs-1273 author: Dominici, Stefano; Rosenberg, Gary D. title: Introduction: Nicolaus Steno and earth science in early modern Italy date: 2021-06-18 words: 10420 flesch: 46 summary: The result is a collection of papers on the cultural environment that Steno found in Italy and on his pre- vious experiences, how he innovated the discourse on 17Introduction: Nicolaus Steno and Earth Science in Early Modern Italy minerals and fossils, and the geometric, scale-independ- ent approach that stemmed from his published works, one that continues to be taught at universities around the world. Nicolaus Steno and Earth Sci- ence in Early Modern Italy. keywords: century; earth; florence; fossils; galileo; history; mathematics; modern; nature; new; philosophy; press; ref; science; steno; study; time; university cache: subs-1273.pdf plain text: subs-1273.txt item: #29 of 230 id: subs-1275 author: Ottaviani, Alessandro title: The opposite poles of a debate - lapides figurati and the Accademia dei Lincei date: 2021-06-18 words: 9198 flesch: 49 summary: quasi metallica, quod et supra vidimus in lapidibus ser- pentinis et cornua Ammonis. Apuliae tractus in quo civitas nobilis est Andria dicta, tota collibus et clivis referta tophaceis, quibus ad aedificiorum ornamenta et structuras arte elaboratis utuntur, et per totam fere Apuliam etiam similibus. keywords: accademia; apud; atque; boccone; cesalpino; cesi; che; colonna; cum; dei; del; della; ebony; est; etiam; figurati; fossils; francesco; hoc; imperato; ivi; johann; lapides; letter; libri; lincei; lister; napoli; natura; nec; non; observations; ottaviani; quae; qui; quod; sed; steensen; stelluti; stones; sunt; terra; typis; vel; wood cache: subs-1275.pdf plain text: subs-1275.txt item: #30 of 230 id: subs-1276 author: Castel-Branco, Nuno title: Dissecting with numbers: mathematics in Nicolaus Steno’s early anatomical writings, 1661-64 date: 2021-06-18 words: 12305 flesch: 54 summary: 74 Eric Jorink says that the Netherlands was “the hotbed” of Cartesian philosophy, in “Modus politicus vivendi: Nicolaus Steno and the Dutch (Swammerdam, Spinoza and Other Friends), 1660–1664,” in Raphael Andrault and Mogens Lærke, Steno and the Philosophers (Leiden: Brill, 2018) The few works that mentioned Steno’s research on the glands bare- ly addressed any mathematics, see Harald Moe, “When Steno Brought New Esteem to Glands,” in J. Poulsen and E. Snorrason (eds.), Nicolaus Steno 1638-16868: A Re-consideration by Danish Scientists (Gentofte, Denmark: Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium, 1986), pp. keywords: analogies; anatomicae; anatomists; anatomy; bartholin; bertoloni; blood; book; bop; century; copenhagen; glands; glandulis; history; leiden; mathematics; meli; methods; muscles; musculis; new; nicolaus steno; non; observationes; parotid; press; salivary; science; specimen; steno; thomas; time; university; wharton cache: subs-1276.pdf plain text: subs-1276.txt item: #31 of 230 id: subs-1278 author: Dominici, Stefano title: A man with a master plan: Steno’s observations on earth’s history date: 2021-06-18 words: 14248 flesch: 63 summary: On the other hand, judging from the fact that for Steno biblical history was history tout court, these closing passages appear a summary of what he had final- ly proved, proud to announce the coherency of the mar- vellous plan of God. Furthermore, taking the point of view of a student writing not for publication, Steno’s private collection of excerpts seems also to start with an auspice that his knowledge be ordered, from the chaotic form of the commonplace book into that of a mature anato- mist.20 Several times Steno, while excerpting the books he was reading, fell into despair and doubted his abil- ity to bring order to the many subjects he approached.21 He subtly declared an attempt to reach a unitary com- prehension of nature and in the same page he confirmed that ‘the profane is not to be excluded from the sacred’ (a quote taken from Jeremias Drexel’s Ioseph Aegypti prorex descriptus of 1641).22 Most of the above, written in 1659, are about medi- cal matters, but water, earth and Scripture are for the first time related with fossils in some revealing quotes taken from Pierre Borel’s Historiarum et observationum 17 N. Stensen, Chaos, in ref. keywords: book; borelli; canis; carchariae; earth; fossils; history; k&m; marine; nature; places; prodromus; ref; science; scripture; steno; stensen; stones; strata; teeth; time; tuscany cache: subs-1278.pdf plain text: subs-1278.txt item: #32 of 230 id: subs-1279 author: Menchetti, Silvio title: How do crystals grow? Steno’s approach date: 2021-06-18 words: 6640 flesch: 62 summary: [3] (p. 399) highlights that Hooke “had already implic- itly observed the constancy of interfacial angles, noting the extension of crystal faces depended on the number of spheres added on each plane during the growth of the crystal.” Steno’s Approach. keywords: angles; crystals; faces; fig; growth; minerals; particles; pyrite; quartz; steno; stenone cache: subs-1279.pdf plain text: subs-1279.txt item: #33 of 230 id: subs-1280 author: Cutler, Alan H. title: Steno and the rock cycle date: 2021-06-18 words: 6543 flesch: 56 summary: This relates, of course, to the origin of sedimentary rock, which is the type of rock Steno primarily observed in Tuscany and is the type that most commonly con- tains fossils. The larger bodies constrained in these same strata obey for the most part the laws of gravity, not only with respect to the position of any individual body but also the relative positions of different bodies to each other.22 Steno also applies the Principle of Sufficient Simi- larity to sedimentary rock strata in recognizing “place” of production in the sense of sedimentary environment. keywords: cycle; earth; ref; rock; scherz; sedimentary; solido; steno; strata cache: subs-1280.pdf plain text: subs-1280.txt item: #34 of 230 id: subs-1281 author: Moser, Desmond E. title: Crystalline stenonian time features from earth and beyond date: 2021-06-18 words: 11547 flesch: 51 summary: Nuno Castel-Branco is thanked for assistance accessing Steno literature early in the pandemic. The writings of Niels Stensen (Steno) on mineral growth and modification in his Prodromus, together with his work on time and process in other solids, are here synthesized as five classes of time features defined by changes in the visible continu- ity of either or both chemistry and orientation. keywords: crystal; deformation; earth; features; geochronology; growth; k&m; minerals; n. stensen; prodromus; production; ref; scale; solids; steno; stenonian; stensen; strata; surface; time; zircon cache: subs-1281.pdf plain text: subs-1281.txt item: #35 of 230 id: subs-1287 author: Campanella, Luigi ; Suffritti, Pino title: Can Non-Recyclable Plastic Waste Be Made Environmentally Sustainable? date: 2021-09-09 words: 3740 flesch: 54 summary: However, as remarked for instance by Kümmerer et al.,5 a complete recycling of plastics waste is practi- cally impossible, unless plastics materials are purposely designed, and in fact a huge amount of wasted plastic residues is actually dispersed in the environment. In conclusion, on one hand, we urge scientists and engineers working in the field of plastics materials to think and propose practical solutions to this problem, and on the other hand we hope that a fruitful discussion about the ways to avoid accumulation and dispersion of plastics wastes will involve a larger scientific, technologi- cal, political and especially social public. keywords: chemical; doi; economy; plastics; plastics waste; products; recycling; waste cache: subs-1287.pdf plain text: subs-1287.txt item: #36 of 230 id: subs-13 author: Gottardo, Stefano title: New Astronomical Observations: Joseph Weber’s Contribution to Gravitational Waves and Neutrinos Detection date: 2017-03-02 words: 4958 flesch: 60 summary: Joseph Weber, form Maryland University, was a pioneer in the experimen- tal research of gravitational waves and neutrinos. Gravitational wave, Neutrino, Joseph Weber, Bar detector, Torsion balance. keywords: bar; detection; detectors; joseph; ligo; neutrinos; phys; research; rev; solar; spacetime; waves; weber cache: subs-13.pdf plain text: subs-13.txt item: #37 of 230 id: subs-1312 author: Kenndler, Ernst title: Capillary Electrophoresis and its Basic Principles in Historical Retrospect. Part 2. Electrophoresis of Ions: the Period from its Discovery in 1800 till Faraday’s Lines of Electric Force in the 1840s. date: 2021-09-09 words: 20311 flesch: 61 summary: With respect to the action of the galvanic electricity on water Davy presumed (in the same manner as Grotthuß) that the constituents of water, hydrogen and oxygen, are positively and nega- 48 Arborisation of metals without electricity had already been executed by alchemists. On these grounds, the flow of the electric current is caused by both kinds of atoms which continuously travel in opposite direction within the aligned chain of water molecules between the terminal atoms, forming an electrophoretic current in this way. keywords: 1801; action; ann; chemical; current; davy; decomposition; der; distance; electric; electricity; electrolysis; electrophoresis; experiments; faraday; force; galvanic; gilbert; grotthuß; hydrogen; ions; lines; migration; negative; oxygen; particles; phys; pole; positive; ref; ritter; series; silver; theories; theory; von; water cache: subs-1312.pdf plain text: subs-1312.txt item: #38 of 230 id: subs-1329 author: Bischi, Gian Italo title: Dante Alighieri Science Communicator date: 2021-09-09 words: 8793 flesch: 58 summary: In addition, the examples demon- strate how effectively Dante used analogies and metaphors taken from sciences within his poetry. Keywords: Science popularization, Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy, Medieval philos- ophy 1. In particular, in the occasion of the 700th anniversary of the death of Dante Alighieri, we will focus on the program for the popularization of knowledge outlined by Dante in the Convivio and De Vulgari Elo- quentia, as well as several examples taken from his Divine Comedy concerning math- ematical and natural sciences. keywords: alighieri; bischi; bonconte; canto; century; che; comedy; communicator; dante; dante alighieri; geometry; knowledge; language; latin; non; number; order; people; science; time; university; words cache: subs-1329.pdf plain text: subs-1329.txt item: #39 of 230 id: subs-1364 author: Schwartz, Laurent; Benichou, Luc; Schwartz, Jules; Pontié, Maxime; Henry, Marc title: Is the Second Law of Thermodynamics Able to Classify Drugs? date: 2022-03-07 words: 8042 flesch: 59 summary: Hoffmann, R. F.; Jonker, M. R.; Brandenburg, S. M.; de Bruin, H. G.; Ten Hacken, N. H. T.; van Ooster- hout, A. J. M.; Heijink, I. H. Mitochondrial dysfunc- tion increases pro-inflammatory cytokine production and impairs repair and corticosteroid responsiveness in lung epithelium.  Brown, J. M.; Yamamoto, B. K. Effects of ampheta- mines on mitochondrial function: role of free radi- cals and oxidative stress.  keywords: cancer; cells; diseases; doi; drugs; effect; entropy; form; glycolysis; law; metabolism; mitochondria; release; results; schwartz; thermodynamics; treatment; warburg cache: subs-1364.pdf plain text: subs-1364.txt item: #40 of 230 id: subs-1372 author: Gerontas, Apostolos K. title: Review of "Ethics of Chemistry: From Poison Gas to Climate Engineering" by Joachim Schummer & Tom Børsen, eds. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 2021 date: 2021-09-09 words: 3364 flesch: 41 summary: The lack of ethics of chemistry liter- ature dictates to the lecturer unprecedented levels of creativity and demands extra workload to be effective –and this, in times where ethics courses, in general, have become a necessity. It is this gap that the editors of this book (Schummer and Børsen, Ethics of Chemistry: From Poison Gas to Climate Engineering, World Scientific, 2021) have detected, and they strove to create a collection of case studies to cover it. keywords: cases; chapter; chemical; chemistry; ethics; students; volume cache: subs-1372.pdf plain text: subs-1372.txt item: #41 of 230 id: subs-1376 author: Cohen, Jack S.; Daly, Peter F. title: History of Research on Phospholipid Metabolism and Applications to the Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cancer date: 2022-03-07 words: 21348 flesch: 65 summary: B. Scher, M. Seitz, W. Albinger, et al., Value of 11C-choline PET and PET/CT in patients with sus- pected prostate cancer, Eur. J. Nucl. G. Giovacchini, E. Giovannini, R. Leoncini, et al., PET and PET/CT with radiolabeled choline in pros- tate cancer: a critical reappraisal of 20 years of clini- cal studies, Eur. J. Nucl. keywords: brain; brain tumors; breast; cancer; cancer cells; cells; choline; choline pet; cohen; detection; diagnosis; et al; grade; human; imaging; med; metabolism; mri; mrs; mrsi; naa; nmr; patients; peak; pet; prostate cancer; proton; research; resonance; spectra; spectroscopy; studies; tcho; treatment; tumors; vivo cache: subs-1376.pdf plain text: subs-1376.txt item: #42 of 230 id: subs-1383 author: Lo Nostro, Pierandrea title: Our Short Talks date: 2021-09-09 words: 1492 flesch: 55 summary: This time our event features three contributions on peer review, big science and on the most advanced outcomes of current studies carried out by a young researcher in a specific field of Chemistry. He gave an historical overview on “Big Science: Opportunities and Challeng- es”. keywords: chemistry; journal; peer; review; science; university cache: subs-1383.pdf plain text: subs-1383.txt item: #43 of 230 id: subs-14 author: Fontani, Marco; Orna, Mary Virginia; Costa, Mariagrazia; Vater, Sabine title: Science is Not a Totally Transparent Structure: Ştefania Mărăcineanu and the Presumed Discovery of Artificial Radioactivity date: 2017-03-02 words: 16909 flesch: 55 summary: At the conclusion of her work, Mărăcineanu reported: “One might have thought of a penetration of polonium from one side to the other of lead, but if this were the case, one would have had to have a loss of polonium inside the lead, which has not been observed”.19 81Science is Not a Totally Transparent Structure: Ştefania Mărăcineanu and the Presumed Discovery of Artificial Radioactivity This sentence could have been the starting point to see if, indeed, the scientist had observed the phenom- enon of artificial radioactivity, but how often does it hap- pen that ideas ahead of their time are overlooked or dis- missed? Montel studied the evidence in great detail with the aid of a rigorous photographic analysis; the methodol- ogy followed was that of Ştefania Mărăcineanu, but she obtained very different results: as Mărăcineanu observed, a lead sheet on which was placed a solution of polonium hydrochloride exhibited radioactivity after the polonium had been removed. keywords: alpha; c.r; chemical; curie; data; decay; deslandres; discovery; elements; fact; french; hypothesis; joliot; lead; marie; new; paris; particles; phenomenon; polonium; radiation; radioactive; radioactivity; radium; research; results; romanian; science; time; transmutation; university; work; years; ştefania mărăcineanu cache: subs-14.pdf plain text: subs-14.txt item: #44 of 230 id: subs-1423 author: Kenndler, Ernst title: Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) and its Basic Principles in Historical Retrospect. Part 3. 1840s –1900ca. The First CE of Ions in 1861. Transference Numbers, Migration Velocity, Conductivity, Mobility. date: 2022-03-07 words: 25038 flesch: 64 summary: F. KOHLRAUSCH’S FUNDAMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO ION CONDUCTIVITY, VELOCITY AND MOBILITY Friedrich Kohlrausch,35 who coined the subject of ion conductivity and ion migration (of strong elecro- lytes) in the next decades, concluded his habilitation in 1863, not in electrochemistry, but “Ueber die elastische Nachwirkung bei der Torsion“[93, 94] (Elastic aftereffects during torsion) at the University of Göttingen, where he became private docent in 1866 and in 1867 associate professor. This hypothesis must not be confused with the final law of independent ion migration Kohlrausch published three years later.[130] At the end of his 1876 paper (on p. 222) keywords: ann; capillary; cations; chem; clausius; concentration; conductivities; conductivity; current; der; des; die; electrodes; electrolyte; electrophoresis; fechner; force; hittorf; ions; kohlrausch; law; migration; molecules; numbers; ohm; paper; phys; pogg; ref; research; resistance; solution; theory; time; transference; velocities; velocity; water cache: subs-1423.pdf plain text: subs-1423.txt item: #45 of 230 id: subs-1425 author: Rasmussen, Seth C. title: The Early History of Polyaniline II: Elucidation of Structure and Redox States date: 2022-03-07 words: 9051 flesch: 61 summary: This paper attracted a fair amount of interest and it was republished a number of times.27-29 Rheineck began the discussion of his study by stat- ing that like other aniline dyes, aniline black is produced by the oxidation of aniline, thus resulting in the molecu- lar condensation of repeated aniline units. The full series of aniline oxidation products as proposed by Green and Woodhead in 1910. keywords: aniline; base; black; blue; caro; chem; emeraldine; figure; green; history; material; nietzki; oxidation; polyaniline; rasmussen; solution; species; structure; university; willstätter cache: subs-1425.pdf plain text: subs-1425.txt item: #46 of 230 id: subs-1426 author: Shirakawa, Hideki title: Path to the Synthesis of Polyacetylene Films with Metallic Luster: In Response to Rasmussen’s Article date: 2022-03-07 words: 5582 flesch: 55 summary: In his article,3 Rasmussen asserts that the core of the discovery of polyacetylene films resulted from the performance of both myself and Pyun, a scientist visit- ing Japan from South Korea, quoting the “fortuitous error” that I mentioned in the Nobel Prize lecture6 and is described in the Les Prix Nobel: The Nobel Prizes 2000 and its reprints.7 This description is acceptable if the core of the discovery is interpreted as an important trig- ger for the synthesis of the metallic polyacetylene films. In his document,5 Pyun insists that he was an actual discoverer of polyacetylene films and not Shirakawa. keywords: films; ikeda; lab; nobel; polyacetylene; polyacetylene films; polymerization; professor; pyun; research; shirakawa; synthesis cache: subs-1426.pdf plain text: subs-1426.txt item: #47 of 230 id: subs-1451 author: Henry, Marc; Radman, Miro; Benichou, Luc; Alfarouk, Khalid O.; Schwartz, Laurent title: Singlet Dioxygen ¹O₂, its Generation, Physico-Chemical Properties and its Possible Hormetic Behavior in Cancer Therapy date: 2022-03-07 words: 9392 flesch: 63 summary: Such concepts are further applied to the synthesis of singlet dioxygen and its reactions with crucial biological molecules. Thermal photons (wavelengths of 635 nm and 1270 nm) convert triplet dioxygen into singlet dioxygen by changing the spin of its outer electrons. keywords: 1o2; cancer; cell; dioxygen; energy; entropy; molecule; radiation; singlet; species; spin; state; therapy; triplet; water; zj·k-1; ° =; ∆πi cache: subs-1451.pdf plain text: subs-1451.txt item: #48 of 230 id: subs-1498 author: Ramírez, Carlos title: Lipids, Chloroform, and Their Intertwined Histories date: 2022-03-07 words: 7164 flesch: 60 summary: J. Folch, S. Arsove, J. A. Meath, J. Biol. J. Folch, I. Ascoli, M. Lees, J. A. Meath, F. N. LeBaron, J. Biol. keywords: acids; biol; chem; chemical; chloroform; column; diffusion; doi; fatty; gas; lipids; liquid; mass; membrane; research cache: subs-1498.pdf plain text: subs-1498.txt item: #49 of 230 id: subs-15 author: Lo Nostro, Pierandrea title: Acknowledgments date: 2017-03-02 words: 444 flesch: 47 summary: Finally I want to express my deepest loyal gratitude to Moira Ambrosi, Antonella Capperucci, Laura Colli, Marco Fontani, Romeo Perrotta and Alessandro Pierno for sharing with me this challenging and tantalizing adventure. Our first thanks is for you, who are reading this page and this first issue of Substantia. keywords: firenze; journal cache: subs-15.pdf plain text: subs-15.txt item: #50 of 230 id: subs-1524 author: Dei, Luigi title: Creativity in Art, Literature, Music, Science, and Inventions date: 2022-03-07 words: 8574 flesch: 52 summary: However, the aim of this contribution is to illustrate the creativity of geniuses, referring to examples in various fields, accord- ing to Poincaré’s definition of connecting pre-existing elements into new combinations that are novel and useful. The present paper aims to illustrate with some examples taken from the art, music, literature, poetry, science, and the world of inventions how creativity con- tinuously opens these new horizons simply by connecting pre-existing elements in some combinations that gener- ate originality and novelty. keywords: art; cade; combination; connection; creativity; doi; elements; example; inventions; literature; lithium; music; new; number; original; poincaré; press; rays; science; second; silence; york cache: subs-1524.pdf plain text: subs-1524.txt item: #51 of 230 id: subs-1528 author: Hyde, Stephen title: Faraday's Dogma date: 2022-03-07 words: 3809 flesch: 60 summary: I suggest that science requires acceptance that true creativity can only come by decoupling from current commercial and political imperatives. Keywords: science and art; scientific creativity. keywords: art; cohen; faraday; hyde; owen; research; science; scientists; time; value cache: subs-1528.pdf plain text: subs-1528.txt item: #52 of 230 id: subs-1529 author: Rasmussen, Seth C. title: Comments on Shirakawa’s Response date: 2022-03-07 words: 1748 flesch: 53 summary: 6. H. Shirakawa, Hideki Shirakawa. In Les Prix Nobel, The Nobel Prizes 2000 (Ed: T. Frängsmyr) Nobel Foundation: Stockholm, 2000, pp. 213-216. 131Comments on Shirakawa’s Response 7. H. Shirakawa, Reflections on “Simultaneous Polym- erization and Formation of Polyacetylene Film on the Surface of Concentrated Soluble Ziegler-Type Cata- lyst Solution,” by Takeo Ito, Hideki Shirakawa, and Sakuji Ikeda, J. Polym. keywords: history; nobel; polyacetylene; pyun; rasmussen; shirakawa cache: subs-1529.pdf plain text: subs-1529.txt item: #53 of 230 id: subs-1561 author: Andreev, Andrey V.; Atsarkin, Vadim A.; Ivanov, Konstantin V.; Kurtik, Gennady E.; Lo Nostro, Pierandrea; V. Ptushenko, Vasily V.; Tomilin, Konstantin A.; Vdovichenko, Natalia V.; Vizgin, Vladimir P. title: Obituary: Professor Alexander Kessenikh (1932-2021) date: 2022-03-07 words: 1727 flesch: 59 summary: Alexander V. Kessenikh was born on February 13, 1932 in Tomsk, a scientific capital of Siberia at that time, where his parents-physicists worked. Alexander V. Kessenikh (1932-2021). keywords: a.v; alexander; history; kessenikh; physics; russian cache: subs-1561.pdf plain text: subs-1561.txt item: #54 of 230 id: subs-1564 author: Kragh, Helge title: Chemists Without Knowing It? : Computational Chemistry and the Møller-Plesset Perturbation Theory date: 2022-09-01 words: 8705 flesch: 57 summary: With the emergence of quantum chemistry in about 1930, the gulf wid- ened as it seemed that the new discipline was more physics than chemistry. Although the Møller-Plesset theory was initially neglected – and is still neglected in the historiography of quantum chemistry – it came to play a most important role in later studies. keywords: bohr; chemical; chemistry; chemists; electron; method; møller; new; paper; perturbation; physical; physicists; physics; plesset; quantum; quantum chemistry; theory cache: subs-1564.pdf plain text: subs-1564.txt item: #55 of 230 id: subs-1570 author: Lo Nostro, Pierandrea title: To Print or Not to Print? Preprints and Publication: How the Covid-19 Pandemic Affected the Quality of Scientific Production date: 2022-03-07 words: 1011 flesch: 46 summary: An International Journal of the History of Chemistry 6(1): 5-6, 2022 Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia ISSN 2532-3997 (online) | DOI: 10.36253/Substantia-1570 To Print or not to Print? Preprints and publication: how the Covid-19 pandemic affected the quality of scientific production Pierandrea Lo Nostro Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff ” and CSGI, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy Email: pierandrea.lonostro@unifi.it An interesting paper recently published in Peer J. by Enrique Teran and coworkers casts light on a pecu- liar side effect of the Covid-19 pandemic that concerns the quality of articles that appeared as preprints in archives or as regular papers in peer-reviewed scholarly journals.1 The authors report a detailed perusal of the scientific publications related to research on Covid-19 in a portion of the year 2020. What emerges from the study is that over the total number of preprints uploaded in the archives’ servers, that are not subjected to a formal peer-review process, only about 5.7% were later converted into regular arti- cles and published in scholarly journals after a regular peer-review process. keywords: covid-19; journals; peer; preprints; review cache: subs-1570.pdf plain text: subs-1570.txt item: #56 of 230 id: subs-1591 author: Duskova-Smrckova, Miroslava; Podešva, Jiří; Michálek, Jiří title: True Story of Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate)-Based Contact Lenses: How Did It Really Happen date: 2022-09-01 words: 7850 flesch: 58 summary: The story of the invention of hydrogel contact lenses was referred to many times in various literary sources which, however, contain numerous errors and misinterpretations. With this improvised pilot-plant device, the fi rst hydrogel contact lenses were produced (Fig. 1, right). keywords: applications; contact; contact lenses; development; doi; hydrogel; hydrophilic; hydroxyethyl; lenses; material; methacrylate; michálek; phema; water; wichterle cache: subs-1591.pdf plain text: subs-1591.txt item: #57 of 230 id: subs-1600 author: Pratesi, Giovanni; Franza, Annarita title: Just a Grand Duke who Loves Chemistry. Peter Leopold of Habsburg-Lorraine (1747–1792) and his Chemical Cabinet at the Imperial and Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History date: 2022-09-01 words: 10658 flesch: 55 summary: In particular, the progress in knowing the properties of cobalt (e.g., the chang- ing of colors from rose to green and blue when heated) in the early 1700s and the research of chemists such as Jean Hellot (1685–1766) and Pierre Joseph Macquer (1718–1784) allowed the use of these writing tools to become much more advanced and fashionable through- out Europe.80 The remaining parts of the catalog gathering the chemical preparations belonging to Peter Leopold pre- sent various compounds that could be utilized in pre- cious metal refining as a mixture of Salpeter and ammo- nia salt to refine gold. Keywords: Peter Leopold, history of chemistry, Giovanni Fabbroni, catalog, museum. keywords: amg; cabinet; catalog; chemical; chemistry; chemistry cabinet; compounds; del; duke; fabbroni; firenze; giovanni; history; leopold; museo; museum; new; oil; peter; peter leopold; physics; pounds; pratesi; preparations; press; research; royal; university cache: subs-1600.pdf plain text: subs-1600.txt item: #58 of 230 id: subs-161 author: Gerbaulet, Jean Pierre; Henry, Marc title: The ‘Consciousness-Brain’ relationship date: 2019-03-31 words: 4080 flesch: 50 summary: By this definition, the third universal constant should be a speed c imposing an upper limit to the transfer of moving structural information between information pools. Such a definition of information activity has also the conse- quence to make duality appear within a non-dual infor- mation field. keywords: activity; brain; consciousness; energy; information; matter; meaning; neurons; pools; time cache: subs-161.pdf plain text: subs-161.txt item: #59 of 230 id: subs-1630 author: Lekner, John title: The Spinning Electron date: 2022-09-01 words: 4040 flesch: 68 summary: With spinor components ψ1,3=f1,3(ρ,z,t),ψ2,4=eiϕf2,4 (ρ,z,t), the azimuthal dependence cancels out, and the equations (2.4) read (∂ct+iK)f1+(∂ρ+ρ-1)f4+∂zf3=0 (2.7a) With spinor components ψ1,3=f1,3(ρ,z,t), ψ2,4=eiϕf2,4(ρ,z,t), the equations (3.4) read -∂tf1+(∂ρ+ρ-1)f4+∂zf3=0 keywords: azimuthal; components; current; density; equations; momentum; probability; spinor; wavepacket cache: subs-1630.pdf plain text: subs-1630.txt item: #60 of 230 id: subs-1679 author: Kenndler, Ernst title: Capillary Electrophoresis and its Basic Principles in Historical Retrospect. Part 4. Svante Arrhenius´ Electrolyte Dissociation. From 56 Theses (1884) to Theory (1887) date: 2022-09-01 words: 18213 flesch: 62 summary: The table is reproduced from Arrhenius´ dissertation, Seconde partie,[7] Arrhenius introduced the activity coefficient, later quoted as the degree of dis- sociation, which indicated the proportion of active molecules to the sum of active and inactive molecules. keywords: acids; ann; arrhenius; bases; chem; chemical; chemistry; conductivities; conductivity; dilute; dilution; dissertation; dissociation; electrolyte; heat; hoff; kohlrausch; molecular; molecules; neutralization; number; ostwald; phys; pogg; pressure; solutions; theory; thomsen; van; water cache: subs-1679.pdf plain text: subs-1679.txt item: #61 of 230 id: subs-173 author: Pushcharovsky, Dmitry title: Dmitry I. Mendeleev and his time date: 2019-03-31 words: 6199 flesch: 64 summary: 121Dmitry I. Mendeleev and his time who was Mendeleev’s teacher of Russian literature in the Tobolsk gymnasium (Fig. 3a). a b 123Dmitry I. Mendeleev and his time From the very beginning Mendeleev understood that his discovery needed international recognition. keywords: cannizzaro; chemical; chemistry; discovery; dmitry; elements; law; mendeleev; petersburg; russian; table; time; university; weights; year cache: subs-173.pdf plain text: subs-173.txt item: #62 of 230 id: subs-1736 author: Tatini, Duccio; Raudino, Martina; Sarri, Filippo title: Light-Modulated Rheological Properties in Green Innovative Formulations date: 2022-09-01 words: 8048 flesch: 56 summary: [64] M.M. Cross, Rheology of non-Newtonian flu- ids: A new flow equation for pseudoplastic sys- tems, J. Colloid Sci. 20 (1965) 417–437. [40] J. Huang, S. Zhang, Y. Feng, J. Li, H. Yan, F. He, G. Wang, Y. Liu, L. Wang, Rheological properties and application of wormlike micelles formed by sodium oleate/benzyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, Col- loids Surf. keywords: azorubine; behavior; concentration; https://doi; irradiation; kcl; micellar; micelles; naol; presence; properties; salt; samples; sodium; systems; viscoelastic; viscosity; water cache: subs-1736.pdf plain text: subs-1736.txt item: #63 of 230 id: subs-1741 author: Balzani, Vincenzo title: The Cultural Revolution: Ecological and Social date: 2022-09-01 words: 1120 flesch: 42 summary: The planet is actually a system with limited resources, consisting of chemical elements and their compounds, some relatively abundant, oth- ers scarce. Renewable energies are not only the answer to the climate crisis, 1 Encyclical Letter “Laudato Sì” of the Holy Father Francis on Fraternity and Social Friendship. 2015. keywords: francis; laudato; social cache: subs-1741.pdf plain text: subs-1741.txt item: #64 of 230 id: subs-1755 author: Domenici, Valentina title: Training of Future Chemistry Teachers by a Historical / STEAM Approach Starting from the Visit to an Historical Science Museum date: 2022-11-08 words: 7338 flesch: 47 summary: Among them, 15 students participated in the integrated activities and in almost all steps of the ‘STEAM project-based learning’ project, including the visit to the Museum ‘Galileo’ in Florence, and the design of educational activities for high school students. It is important that the students decide first what the target is (children, families, high school students, …), the context (formal, like a school class, or non-formal, like a laboratory at the science museum) and the main objectives of their educational project. keywords: activities; chemistry; course; education; galileo; learning; museum; project; science; science museum; students; thermometer; thermoscopes; visit cache: subs-1755.pdf plain text: subs-1755.txt item: #65 of 230 id: subs-1806 author: Scerri, Eric title: A New Response to Wray and an Attempt to Widen the Conversation date: 2022-11-03 words: 9260 flesch: 54 summary: The wider question One can only hope that Thomas Kuhn might have approved of Wray’s desire to find further examples of scientific revolutions in the later sense of Kuhn. The wider question One can only hope that Thomas Kuhn might have approved of Wray’s desire to find further examples of scientific revolutions in the later sense of Kuhn. keywords: case; discovery; elements; kuhn; number; revolution; science; scientific; view; wray cache: subs-1806.pdf plain text: subs-1806.txt item: #66 of 230 id: subs-1807 author: Ninham, Barry W.; Brevik, Iver; Boström, Mathias title: Equivalence of Electromagnetic Fluctuation and Nuclear (Yukawa) Forces: the π₀ Meson, its Mass and Lifetime date: 2022-12-05 words: 5389 flesch: 63 summary: Further insights into the nature of the electromagnetic vacuum had to wait on the development of Lifshitz theory for interactions between and across dielectric media The simplified version of Lifshitz theory we have used is the same Lifshitz theory at the foundations of physical chemistry, molecular and colloidal particle interactions in the DLVO 5 theory. keywords: electron; energy; forces; lifetime; mass; meson; phys; positron; theory cache: subs-1807.pdf plain text: subs-1807.txt item: #67 of 230 id: subs-182 author: García Ruiz, Juan Manuel title: I won a project! date: 2019-03-31 words: 2452 flesch: 54 summary: A study has recently been published which con- cludes that when calls for funding research projects are very competitive, the effort researchers waste in writ- ing their proposals may be comparable to the total sci- entific value of the research they intend to support7. The idea of raffling project funding repels the aca- demic world. keywords: evaluation; lottery; panel; program; projects; selection; system cache: subs-182.pdf plain text: subs-182.txt item: #68 of 230 id: subs-1870 author: Maar, Juergen Heinrich title: Johann Beckmann (1739-1811) and Modern Chemical Technology date: 2022-12-07 words: 8748 flesch: 46 summary: Müller, A., Unbekannte Excerpte von Karl Marx über Johann Beckmann, in G. Bayerl, J. Beckmann, “Johann Beckmann (1739-1811)”, Waxmann, Münster, 1999. Please cite this article as: Maar J. H. (2022) Johann Beckmann (1739-1811) and Modern Chemical Technology. keywords: beckmann; cameralism; chemical; chemical technology; chemistry; der; göttingen; history; johann; johann beckmann; knowledge; new; process; processes; production; products; science; sugar; technology; university; work cache: subs-1870.pdf plain text: subs-1870.txt item: #69 of 230 id: subs-1872 author: Krishtalik, Lev I. title: The Rate Constant - Reaction Free Energy Dependence for the Electron Transfer Reactions in Solutions. The Way to Interpret the Experimental Data Correctly date: 2023-02-08 words: 5206 flesch: 54 summary: The fact that reorganization energy is determined by the solvent and other classical modes does not mean that intra-molecular vibration modes do not influence kinet- ics, and in particular the shape of the rate – free ener- gy dependence. For the reaction in a non-polar medium one should analyze the vibration spectra of the reactants and calculate the cor- responding reorganization energies. keywords: data; electron; electron transfer; energy; medium; rate; reactants; reaction; reorganization; reorganization energy; transfer cache: subs-1872.pdf plain text: subs-1872.txt item: #70 of 230 id: subs-193 author: Orna, Mary Virginia; Fontani, Marco title: Mendeleev's "Family": The Actinides date: 2019-12-16 words: 14786 flesch: 60 summary: 67Mendeleev’s “Family:” The Actinides M. Stanley Livingston (1905-86), was the most prolific invention of all in terms of element discovery: 25 new elements and still counting! It would soon be necessary to devise reactions using heavier bombarding particles and to produce larger quantities of target material in order to move beyond the necessity of characterizing newer elements one atom at a time. keywords: actinides; atomic; chemical; chemistry; discovery; elements; energy; fermi; fission; ghiorso; group; half; life; mendeleev; new; nuclear; number; seaborg; table; time; uranium; years cache: subs-193.pdf plain text: subs-193.txt item: #71 of 230 id: subs-195 author: Orna, Mary Virginia title: Mendeleev at Home date: 2019-12-16 words: 1452 flesch: 60 summary: Mendeleev Museum, Mendeleev Archives, personal effects, memorabilia, laboratory equipment. Mendeleev at Home. keywords: figure; mary; mendeleev; museum; russian; university cache: subs-195.pdf plain text: subs-195.txt item: #72 of 230 id: subs-2035 author: Rajan, Habineswaran; Yusuf, Nur’aini Raman; Mohsim, Dzeti Farhah; Halim, Nor Hadhirah Bt title: Chemical Demulsification of Oil-in-Water Emulsion from Gas Condensate Field date: 2023-04-20 words: 7803 flesch: 47 summary: The main advantages of TSI measurement are the ability to analyse opaque systems (such as crude oil emulsions) over a short period of time and the samples are undisturbed during TSI measurement from transmission/backscattering data as no dilution is required. Demulsifier assisted film thinning and coalescence in crude oil emulsions under DC electric fields. keywords: demulsification; demulsifier; dosage; droplets; emulsion; gas; oil; phase; ppm; sample; stability; surfactant; turbidity; water cache: subs-2035.pdf plain text: subs-2035.txt item: #73 of 230 id: subs-2038 author: Lo Nostro, Pierandrea title: Superbugged date: 2023-02-08 words: 1349 flesch: 48 summary: When we use antibiotics without a real need, they kill good and bad bacteria, but those that develop resistance are free to proliferate. The wrong use of antibiotics is a common practice all over the world, in all countries. keywords: amr; antibiotics; infections; resistance cache: subs-2038.pdf plain text: subs-2038.txt item: #74 of 230 id: subs-2039 author: Crabtree, Robert H.; Greenberg, Arthur; Rasmussen, Seth C. title: Review of A Cultural History of Chemistry. Peter J. T. Morris and Alan Rocke, eds., Bloomsbury Academic: London, 2022 date: 2023-02-08 words: 5294 flesch: 46 summary: As a general point, a common problem with edited volumes is evident here: some mate- rial is duplicated in different chapters but otherwise this work provides a view of chemical history from an origi- nal viewpoint and will be a valuable addition to institu- tional and personal scholarly libraries. A section on domestic goods is followed by one on chemical industries including gun- powder buoyed by Lavoisier’s encyclopedic research on saltpeter. keywords: alchemy; century; chapter; chemical; chemistry; discussion; history; industry; new; period; practice; review; rise; theory; university; volume cache: subs-2039.pdf plain text: subs-2039.txt item: #75 of 230 id: subs-2040 author: Adams, Mark H. title: Surface Inactivation of Bacterial Viruses and of Proteins date: 2023-02-08 words: 8106 flesch: 63 summary: The observations of Traub et al. on poten tiation can be satis- factorily explained on the assumption that tetanus toxin is markedly unstable when it is diluted beyond a limiting value for total protein concentration, and that dilution in the presence of small amounts of protein prevents this loss of activity. Serum albumin when it has been compared with other proteins such as insulin or gela- tin has been much less effective as a protecting agent. keywords: adams; concentration; effect; gas; gelatin; inactivation; phage; protein; shaking; surface; viruses cache: subs-2040.pdf plain text: subs-2040.txt item: #76 of 230 id: subs-2055 author: Dei, Luigi title: Enzo Ferroni (1921-2007): the History of an Eclectic Chemist date: 2023-05-03 words: 12839 flesch: 67 summary: Another pupil of Ferroni’s, older than Rovida and Tiezzi, was Gabriella Gabrielli (Cortona, 1930 – Florence, 2022), who had already published many papers with Ferroni.55-57, 74-76, 79-81, To the same team, even though not his pupils, belonged Silvano Bordi, almost a peer of Ferroni’s (Florence, 1922 – 1995) and Rolando Guidelli (Florence, 1938) who, taking inspiration from the school of large interface systems founded by Ferroni, would go on to develop the physical chemistry of surfaces and interfaces in electrochemistry.89 6 Figure 2. Draft of a letter by Enzo Ferroni to Maria Prokopowicz Prigogine, the second wife of Ilya Prigogine. Enzo Ferroni was its President from the foundation until his death in 2007; its director for over 25 years was Piero Baglioni (Florence, 1952), who graduated in chemistry under the supervision of Ferroni in 1977, with the dissertation “Membranes selectively permeable to gases”. keywords: abstr; baglioni; chem; chemistry; chim; colloids; dei; doi; e. ferroni; enzo; ferroni; florence; gabrielli; langmuir; new; phys; physical; research; rovida; sci; surface; tiezzi; university cache: subs-2055.pdf plain text: subs-2055.txt item: #77 of 230 id: subs-207 author: Apell, Hans-Jürgen title: Finding Na,K-ATPase II - From fluxes to ion movements date: 2019-03-31 words: 18318 flesch: 65 summary: J. J. Lacapère, N. Bennett, Y. Dupont, F. Guillain; J. Biol. This behavior is in agreement with the observation that the ion-binding sites of the closely related SR Ca-ATPase also are not significantly relocated throughout the complete pump cycle as can be established by comparison of the crys- tal structures obtained in numerous different states of the pump.179 In the absence of oligomycin the gained occluded state, (Na3)E1-P, is transient and followed by a spontaneous transition to the P-E2 conformation with deoccluded ion binding sites. keywords: apell; atpase; binding; biophys; channel; chem; conformation; cycle; energy; enzyme; h.-j; ion; ions; j. biol; membrane; pump; reaction; s. j.; sites; transport cache: subs-207.pdf plain text: subs-207.txt item: #78 of 230 id: subs-208 author: Rogers, David M. title: Range separation: the divide between local structures and field theories date: 2019-03-31 words: 13937 flesch: 63 summary: Electronic structure, liquid state structure, density functional theory, Bayes’ theorem, vapor interface, molecular dynamics. Density functional theory traditionally focuses on P (B|C), where ‘B’ is the average density of particles in a fluid and ‘C’ is the experiment where a bulk material is perturbed by placing an atom at the origin. keywords: chem; continuum; correlation; david; density; discrete; distribution; doi; electron; energy; equation; field; fig; function; gas; interactions; j. chem; liquid; mechanics; model; molecules; particle; phys; quantum; range; rev; rogers; solvent; structure; theories; theory; url; water cache: subs-208.pdf plain text: subs-208.txt item: #79 of 230 id: subs-2091 author: Ninham, Barry W.; Brevik, Iver; Malyi, Oleksandr I.; Boström, Mathias title: A Role for Bose-Einstein Condensation in Astrophysics date: 2023-06-05 words: 3049 flesch: 66 summary: With Bose Einstein condensation in stellar systems, further unanticipated complications may occur. Later attempts failed because they considered superconductivity and Bose condensation as classical low-temperature phenomena like that which occurs for electrons in metals. keywords: bose; condensation; density; einstein; gas; phys; temperature cache: subs-2091.pdf plain text: subs-2091.txt item: #80 of 230 id: subs-210 author: Safina, Carl title: Chuckles and Wacky Ideas date: 2019-03-31 words: 3858 flesch: 67 summary: In all these ways other animals continually demonstrate their work- ing knowledge that they live in a world brimming with other minds, as well as their knowledge of those minds’ boundaries. In our estrangement from nature we have severed our sense of the community of life and lost touch with the experience of other animals. keywords: animals; dog; dolphins; human; life; mind; people; theory; world cache: subs-210.pdf plain text: subs-210.txt item: #81 of 230 id: subs-2107 author: Kraft, Alexander title: Animal Oil, Wound Balm, Prussian Blue, the Fire and Light Principium and the Philosophers’ Stone Made from Phosphorus: on the 350th Birthday of the Chymist Johann Conrad Dippel (1673-1734) date: 2023-05-30 words: 16650 flesch: 63 summary: Johann Conrad Dippel in the diary of Senckenberg In the early 1730s, Johann Christian Senckenberg (1707-1772), later a physician in Frankfurt am Main who was more than 30 years younger than Dippel, was an admirer of the radical Pietist theologian, physician and chymist. For decades, Dippel tried to find a process for the preparation of the philosophers’ stone. keywords: alexander; august; berlin; blue; book; chymist; collection; conrad; conrad dippel; count; dippel; figure; fire; fol; gold; johann; kraft; letter; light; manuscript; page; phosphorus; process; senckenberg; stone; swedish; time; vol; wittgenstein; work; years cache: subs-2107.pdf plain text: subs-2107.txt item: #82 of 230 id: subs-211 author: Ronalds, Beverley F. title: Bringing Together Academic and Industrial Chemistry: Edmund Ronalds’ Contribution date: 2019-03-31 words: 11046 flesch: 55 summary: Born 200 years ago, Edmund Ronalds (1819–1889) obtained his doctorate in Germany under Liebig, became a professor at Queen’s College Galway and ran the little-studied but significant Bonnington Chemical Works in Edinburgh. UPBRINGING AND EDUCATION (1819-1842) Edmund Ronalds, the eldest of at least twelve children, was born on 18 June 1819 at “No 1 Canonbury Square Islington”, which then denoted the house on the west end of the partially-completed square (Figure 1).1 keywords: academic; bonnington; chemical; chemistry; e. ronalds; edinburgh; edmund; edmund ronalds; education; family; francis; galway; liebig; london; new; ronalds; science; sir; society; technology; tennent; university; years cache: subs-211.pdf plain text: subs-211.txt item: #83 of 230 id: subs-2125 author: Maar, Juergen Heinrich title: Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743-1817), a Great, Somewhat Forgotten, Chemist date: 2023-07-03 words: 12521 flesch: 54 summary: Klaproth’s son Julius Klaproth (1783-1835) studied oriental languages against his father’s wishes, travelled through Siberia and the Caucasus, was a member of the St. Petersburg Academy and settled finally in Paris. The samples were collected by Klaproth himself on excursions through the Dresden and Freiberg region, to Bohemia, to Pomerania; others were sent to him from around the world by friends, such as geologist John Hawkins (1761-1841), or researchers, like Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), and even by his son Julius Klaproth, who travelled the Caucasus and in Georgia. keywords: academy; analysis; berlin; berzelius; chemical; chemistry; discovery; element; friedrich; heinrich; heinrich klaproth; history; johann; klaproth; martin; mineral; new; pharmacy; rose; science; theory; time; university; vol; waters; work cache: subs-2125.pdf plain text: subs-2125.txt item: #84 of 230 id: subs-2126 author: Salvi, Pier Remigio title: Dalton’s Long Journey from Meteorology to the Chemical Atomic Theory date: 2023-06-23 words: 13901 flesch: 61 summary: Since in Fig. 3 the ratio of the distance between gas particles and between water particles is supposed to be 10: 1 the final pressure is distributed among 100 water particles and “[since] in the same stratum each square of 100 4 times the distance that they have incumbent = 1 64 or 1.5625 per cent, and oxygen gas 3 times = 1 27 density = 3.7 [per cent]”. keywords: acid; air; chemical; dalton; gas; gases; oxygen; particles; pressure; theory; vapour; water; 𝐶𝑂2 cache: subs-2126.pdf plain text: subs-2126.txt item: #85 of 230 id: subs-213 author: Fuzzi, Sandro title: Energy in a Changing Climate date: 2019-11-25 words: 6581 flesch: 51 summary: IPCC was then invited by the UNFCCC to pro- vide a Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways contained in the Paris Agreement. Understanding global warming of 1.5°C Human activities are estimated to have caused approximately 1.0°C of global warming above pre-indus- trial levels, with a likely range of 0.8°C to 1.2°C. keywords: change; climate; climate change; confidence; earth; emissions; energy; global; human; ipcc; temperature; warming cache: subs-213.pdf plain text: subs-213.txt item: #86 of 230 id: subs-2135 author: Halim, Nor Hadhirah; Saaid, Ismail M.; Panuganti, Sai Ravindra title: Demulsifier Selection Guideline for Destabilizing Water-in-Oil Emulsion for both non-EOR and EOR Application date: 2023-06-19 words: 8611 flesch: 53 summary: Crude oil emulsions must be separated almost completely before the oil can be transported and processed further. Many studies have been carried out to evaluate the stability and demulsification of crude oil emulsions. keywords: api; asphaltene; content; crude; demulsification; demulsifier; emulsion; eor; field; oil; rsn; surfactant; test; water cache: subs-2135.pdf plain text: subs-2135.txt item: #87 of 230 id: subs-2140 author: Murphy, Mark A. title: Professors Trost and Sheldon’s Promotion of Catalytic Technologies, Atom Economy, and the E-Factor Metrics in Synthetic Organic Chemistry and the Fine Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries, to Speed the Early Evolution of “Green Chemistry” date: 2023-07-11 words: 9935 flesch: 35 summary: Improved economic performance was a very important but far too often unrecognized driver of what was termed “Pollution Prevention” in Industry in the 1980s.4,5 Recently, Sheldon, Bode, and Akakios summarized thirty years of the subsequent evolution and application of concepts related to Green Chemistry metrics (Sheldon et. DOI: 10.36253/Substantia-2140 Abstract The Academic chemical literature (and much current teaching to University Students) still often describes “Green Chemistry,” as having originated in the late 1990s from the United States EPA, the “12 Principles of Green Chemistry”, and/or Academia. keywords: atom; author; bhc; catalysis; chemical; chemistry; economy; green; ibuprofen; industry; paper; process; processes; professor; sheldon; trost; use; waste cache: subs-2140.pdf plain text: subs-2140.txt item: #88 of 230 id: subs-2169 author: Anatrini, Leonardo title: The Mixed Blessings of Pragmatism. Jean-Baptiste Dumas and the (Al)chemical Quest for Metallic Transmutation date: 2023-07-03 words: 13401 flesch: 48 summary: A Collection of Essays by Chemists, Philosophers, Historians, and Educators (Eds. E. Scerri, M. Ghibaudi), Oxford University Press, Oxford-New York, 2020, pp. 87-108; B. Bensaude-Vincent, ivi, pp. 32-52. 2 J.-B. Dumas, Annales de chimie et de physique, 1826, 33, 337-391; M. Chaigneau, J.-B. Dumas, chimiste et homme politique. Dumas, Leçons sur la philosophie chimique, Bechet jeune, Paris, 1837, pp. 30-32. 24 J.-B. Dumas, Annales de chimie et de physique, 1834, 56, pp. 113-154; A. Dumon, R. Luft, Naissance de la chimie structurale, EDP Sciences, Les Ulis, 2008, pp. 31-38. keywords: ammonia; ammonium; atomic; berzelius; bodies; chemical; chemistry; chimie; compounds; des; dumas; elements; matter; metals; paris; ref; research; science; theory; tiffereau; time; transmutation cache: subs-2169.pdf plain text: subs-2169.txt item: #89 of 230 id: subs-2177 author: Nicotra, Luca title: The Italian Neo-Idealists and Federigo Enriques: The Dispute Between Benedetto Croce and Federigo Enriques: a Defeat for Enriques? date: 2023-07-03 words: 20228 flesch: 50 summary: From the brief outlines that follow, two characteristics emerge, essential for better understanding both the meaning of the clash between Enriques and Croce-Gentile and the consequences, normally attributed to its outcome, on the difficulties of a solid affirmation of scientific culture in Italy: the connotation of Italian science at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, on the one hand, and the strong presence of Italian scientists in leading government positions until the rise of fascism, on the other, a phenomenon which would disappear in the following years until nowadays. From the following pages emerges a picture of Italian science which, in the years between the 19th and 20th centuries, places it in the first places internationally, with some interesting characteristic features. keywords: bologna; century; chemistry; congress; croce; culture; dei; della; enriques; fact; federigo; federigo enriques; following; gentile; geometry; giovanni; giuseppe; history; italian; italy; knowledge; luigi; mathematicians; mathematics; philosophers; philosophy; physics; positivism; research; rome; science; scientists; scienza; society; storia; thought; time; university; volterra; work; year cache: subs-2177.pdf plain text: subs-2177.txt item: #90 of 230 id: subs-22 author: Greco, Pietro title: How do we recognize a good scientist? date: 2017-10-06 words: 1654 flesch: 55 summary: This choice is a direct attack against both democ- racy and knowledge, as well as against the effectiveness of scientific research. This was clear to The Editorial that introduces this second issue of Substantia focusses on a critical issue, the assessment of the quality of scientific research. keywords: quality; research; science; universities cache: subs-22.pdf plain text: subs-22.txt item: #91 of 230 id: subs-25 author: Kragh, Helge title: On the Ontology of Superheavy Elements date: 2017-10-06 words: 8459 flesch: 62 summary: A version of the history of element discoveries according to two leading Dubna scientists. 8 Helge Kragh More importantly, SHEs are about elements and there is a long historical tradition that everything concerning new elements belong to the domain of chemistry. keywords: atomic; atoms; chemical; chemistry; discovery; elements; exist; iupac; nature; new; nuclear; number; physics; research cache: subs-25.pdf plain text: subs-25.txt item: #92 of 230 id: subs-264 author: Baum, Rudy Michael title: Taking the Earth's Temperature: 200 years of research has established why the Earth is as warm as it is and how burning fossil fuels is making it warmer date: 2019-11-22 words: 10364 flesch: 58 summary: The buildup of atmospheric CO2—from 280 ppm at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to more than 400 ppm today2—is already forcing the climate to change. One argument raised against Arrhenius’ conclu- sions on the effects of atmospheric CO2 is important because it was widely accepted at the time and because it is still raised by climate change deniers. keywords: arrhenius; atmosphere; burning; century; change; climate; co2; earth; fossil; fuels; greenhouse; heat; paper; radiation; temperature; warming; work; years cache: subs-264.pdf plain text: subs-264.txt item: #93 of 230 id: subs-265 author: Orna, Mary Virginia; Fontani, Marco title: Setting the Table: A Retrospective and Prospective of the Periodic Table of the Elements.: Editorial for the Special Issue Volume “The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences” date: 2019-12-12 words: 3788 flesch: 59 summary: The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences John Emsley The Periodic Table and its Iconicity: an Essay Juergen Heinrich Maar1, Alexander Maar2 Discovering Elements in a Scandinavian Context: Berzelius’s Lärbok i Kemien and the Order of the Chemical Substances Ferdinando Abbri Mendeleev’s “Family:” The Actinides Mary Virginia Orna1, Marco Fontani2 Controversial Elements: Priority Disputes and the Discovery of Chemical Elements Helge Kragh Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929) - Some scientists think it may be a solu- tion to the f-block-Group 3 dispute.25,26 For futurists, the 172-element table devised by University of Helsinki the- oretical chemist Pekka Pyykkö, is based strictly on cal- culated electron configurations, effectively bypassing the current placement questions.27 Carnegie Mellon chemist Paul Karol takes another tack when viewing his crys- tal ball: he bases his predictions about future synthesis, measurement, and determination of chemical properties of new elements on qualitative, rather than theoretical, considerations.28 Consensus has it that there are enough periodic tables to go around for everyone. keywords: chemical; chemistry; discovery; elements; mendeleev; new; order; table; university; years cache: subs-265.pdf plain text: subs-265.txt item: #94 of 230 id: subs-267 author: Rasmussen, Seth C title: A Brief History of Early Silica Glass: Impact on Science and Society date: 2019-12-16 words: 10055 flesch: 61 summary: The term “Roman glass” is used to describe the nor- mal composition of glass of the period 4th century BCE to 9th century CE that was produced throughout Syria, Egypt, Italy, and the western provinces.24 Such glass consists of a composition similar to that of the previous antimony-rich group, although with a large drop in the amount of antimony and significantly higher manga- nese content. In order to minimize the effect of these escaping gases, glass production was often carried out in two distinct stages. keywords: century; chemical; chemistry; fig; glass; glasses; history; lime; new; period; production; rasmussen; roman; science; silica; soda cache: subs-267.pdf plain text: subs-267.txt item: #95 of 230 id: subs-27 author: Colli, Laura; Salvini, Antonella; Pecchioni, Elena; Cencetti, Sandra title: Conservation of Paleontological Finds: the Restoration Materials of the “Problematica Verrucana” date: 2017-10-06 words: 6249 flesch: 58 summary: A preliminary macroscopic characterisation and mineralogical and pet- rographical analyses were also performed on the inor- ganic filling materials found in the products of Class D. 4.1 Characterisation of Class A Products The chemical composition of the different samples identified as Class A (Products A, B or C) was analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy on the KBr mixture. Product A is a yellow-orange amber, transparent and hard material. keywords: aggregate; binder; class; cm-1; colour; finds; gypsum; materials; presence; product; sample cache: subs-27.pdf plain text: subs-27.txt item: #96 of 230 id: subs-270 author: Rasmussen, Seth C title: From Aqua Vitae to E85: The History of Ethanol as Fuel date: 2019-11-22 words: 8902 flesch: 59 summary: As a result, Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848) proposed alcohol as the general name for these compounds, with ethanol referred to as wine alcohol (wein-alkohol) and metha- nol as wood alcohol (holzalkohol).58 Shortly thereafter, Dumas and Peligot revealed that a compound previ- ously discovered by Michel Chevreul (1746-1889) was cetyl alcohol (C16H33OH)58,59 and the fact that the family now consisted of three known examples suggested that a series of such alcohols were waiting to be discovered. 74,75 During World War II, Brazil enacted a wartime law that automotive fuel must be comprised of at least 50% ethanol.74 By the end of World War II, however, fuels from petroleum and natural gas became available in large quantities at low cost, thus eliminating any eco- nomic incentives for alcohol fuels from crops. keywords: alcohol; aqua; century; chemical; chemistry; cooling; distillation; e85; ethanol; fuel; glass; history; new; use; vitae cache: subs-270.pdf plain text: subs-270.txt item: #97 of 230 id: subs-276 author: FitzRoy, Felix title: Some Simple Economics of Energy Transition date: 2019-11-25 words: 10280 flesch: 42 summary: Proponents of RE remain preoccupied with the undoubtedly spectacular technical progress and falling costs of RE, but have generally failed to make the eco- nomic case that rapid global energy transition under the necessary massive mobilisation with a Green New Deal would provide a financial and welfare bonanza. Of course, health and other costs of pollution would increase rapidly under continued BAU, well beyond 2050, until the industrial global economy collapsed under the impact of climate change, and most of the global population died, so these ‘estimates’ are very conservative, rough guides to orders of magnitude. keywords: benefits; carbon; change; climate; cost; deal; emissions; energy; energy transition; gdp; green; growth; health; investment; new; online; policy; pollution; transition; warming cache: subs-276.pdf plain text: subs-276.txt item: #98 of 230 id: subs-277 author: Wallace, Harold Duane title: Fuel Cells: A Challenging History date: 2019-11-22 words: 9432 flesch: 60 summary: On three occasions since W. R. Grove’s initial research around 1840, widespread adoption of fuel cells seemed imminent. After 180 years fuel cells remain outside the mainstream of power generation technology. keywords: acid; batteries; battery; cells; electric; electricity; energy; figure; fuel; fuel cells; gas; grove; history; hydrogen; new; power; research; technology; wallace; work cache: subs-277.pdf plain text: subs-277.txt item: #99 of 230 id: subs-28 author: Lyklema, Johannes title: Interfacial Potentials: Measuring the Immeasurable? date: 2017-10-06 words: 14602 flesch: 60 summary: In their figure 75 they place the slip plane at the boundary between the Stern layer and the diffuse part, subsuming the χ-potential in the potential of the solid, which is not further discussed, leaving a variety of issues about double layer potentials and charges for their successors., as we shall do in sec.6). Interfacial potential, surface potential, zeta potential, colloid interaction, electrokinetic slip. keywords: agi; charge; diffuse; electrokinetic; figure; interaction; ions; layer; measuring; plane; potential; slip; stern; surface; surface charge; surface potential; theory cache: subs-28.pdf plain text: subs-28.txt item: #100 of 230 id: subs-280 author: Heth, Christopher L title: Energy on demand: A brief history of the development of the battery date: 2019-11-22 words: 6155 flesch: 59 summary: Attempts to develop cells based upon intercalating electrodes proceeded through the 1980’s.58 The most successful of these, which would form the basis for the lithium ion batteries now common, utilized a lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) material developed by J.B. Goodenough and coworkers in 1981.60 Other mate- rials were also found to support lithium ion insertion, including TiS2, V4O10, and graphite.61 Intercalating elec- 81Energy on demand: 81Energy on demand: A brief history of the development of the battery trodes are now commonly used for both the anode and the cathode in lithium ion batteries, with lithium ions shuttled between them during charge or discharge pro- cesses.62 CONCLUSIONS As society relies more and more on portable electric power, there is little doubt that significant effort will be expended to further improve battery technology. TOWARD THE MODERN DRY CELL One significant downside to the Cruickshank, Dan- iell, and Grove batteries, as well as their derivatives, was the need for liquid electrolytes, often times corro- sive acid solutions. keywords: acid; batteries; battery; cathode; cell; copper; daniell; energy; figure; lead; lithium; philos; pile; reduction; volta; zinc cache: subs-280.pdf plain text: subs-280.txt item: #101 of 230 id: subs-281 author: Balasubramanian, Narayanaganesh; Steward, Katherine F title: Biodiesel: History of an innovation to keep the world moving date: 2019-11-22 words: 11414 flesch: 62 summary: His interest and the fact that up to World War II, soybean crops in the US were mainly used for oil production, he developed the “soybean car” in 1941. Although there was a dire need for alter- nate fuels, the issue of “food vs fuel” prevented the use of grains for oil production. keywords: alcohol; alternative; biodiesel; biodiesel production; biofuel; development; energy; engine; ethanol; fatty; food; fuel; history; modern; oil; oils; petroleum; plant; production; sources; usage; use; vegetable; world cache: subs-281.pdf plain text: subs-281.txt item: #102 of 230 id: subs-29 author: Bouas-Laurent, Henri; Desvergne, Jean-Pierre title: The Master and the Slave. A glance at the social life of molecules date: 2017-10-06 words: 1814 flesch: 62 summary: Then, after the complete transformation of M, the reac- tion of E with singlet oxygen begins, leading entirely to the formation of EO2.8 (1) A solution of M and E in equal amounts is irradiated under dioxygen bubbling; E produces singlet oxygen (the food) in contrast to M, which is unable to do so. keywords: formation; oxygen; singlet; slave cache: subs-29.pdf plain text: subs-29.txt item: #103 of 230 id: subs-297 author: Emsley, John title: The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences date: 2019-12-16 words: 8499 flesch: 67 summary: Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1. keywords: atoms; chemical; chemistry; elements; figure; form; group; helium; mendeleev; new; order; paper; properties; table; university; version; weights cache: subs-297.pdf plain text: subs-297.txt item: #104 of 230 id: subs-30 author: Rasmussen, Seth C. title: The Early History of Polyaniline: Discovery and Origins date: 2017-10-06 words: 7609 flesch: 60 summary: Following the introduction of aniline black dyes, the next major innovation came from the physician and chemist Henry Letheby. Continuing his 1840 study of the oil, he found that under ‘certain circumstances’ treat- ment with HNO3 caused the production of a blue or green material, which he thought might be indigo, but he was only able to generate it in small quantities.43 He then found that dissolving aniline salts in chromic acid (H2CrO4, typically as a H2SO4 solution) produced a dark green precipitate, which ultimately became black-blue in color.43 Combustion analysis of the precipitate revealed a significant amount of chromium. keywords: aniline; black; blue; chem; chemical; color; fritzsche; green; history; lightfoot; materials; polyaniline; runge cache: subs-30.pdf plain text: subs-30.txt item: #105 of 230 id: subs-301 author: Moreno-Martínez, Luis; Lykknes, Annette title: The Periodic System and the Nature of Science: The History of the Periodic System in Spanish and Norwegian Secondary School Textbooks date: 2019-12-06 words: 10201 flesch: 53 summary: Research item Level I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 Publisher CSE3 (3º ESO) 14-15 year-old students NM NM NM SM NM NM S1 NSM NM NSM NM NM NM S2 NM NM NSM NM NM NM S3 NM NM NM NM NM NM S4 NM NM NM NM NM NM S5 CSE4 (4º ESO) 15-16 year-old students NSM NM NSM NM NM NM S1 NM NM NM NM NM NM S2 NM NM NSM NM NM NM S3 NM NM NM NM NM NM S4 NSM NM NSM NM NM NM S5 USE1 (1º Bachillerato) 16-17 year-old students SM NM NM NSM NM NM S1 SM NM NM NSM NSM NM S2 NM NM NSM NM NM NM S3 NM NM NM Research item Level I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 Book series CSE8 (Grade 8) 13-14 year-old students NM NM NM NM NM NM N1 NM NM NM NM NM NM N2 NM NM NM NM NM NM N3 NM NM NSM NM NM NM N4 CSE9 (Grade 9) 14-15 year-old students NM NM NSM NM NM NM N1 NM NM NSM NM NM NM N2 NSM NM NM NSM NM NM keywords: atomic; chemical; chemistry; elements; history; mendeleev; nm nm; norwegian; nos; nsm; predictions; school; science; system; table; teaching; textbooks cache: subs-301.pdf plain text: subs-301.txt item: #106 of 230 id: subs-31 author: Naso, Francesco title: Mario Betti: a Giant in the Chemistry Scenario of the Twentieth Century date: 2017-10-06 words: 7444 flesch: 60 summary: M. Betti, Chi era Mario Betti, Manuscript sent to the author by Massimo Betti on July 13, 2010. Betti reaction, Betti base, Mannich reaction, chirality, asymmetric synthesis. keywords: asymmetric; base; betti; bologna; chemistry; mario; pharmacy; reaction; scheme; schiff; synthesis; time; university; work; years cache: subs-31.pdf plain text: subs-31.txt item: #107 of 230 id: subs-32 author: Bainbridge, Irene title: Zvi Enrico Jolles Pioneer in Applied Chemistry date: 2017-10-06 words: 6550 flesch: 61 summary: Zvi Jolles had been appointed Professor of Applied Chemistry in the Hebrew University and the first Director of the Institute, a fitting culmination to his career. In the past few months one of the hitherto unknown faces has finally regained a name: Zvi Enrico Jolles, assistant to Angelo Angeli and “libero docente” in Applied Chemistry, exiled from teaching in 1938 by the disgrace- ful implementation of the Racial Laws. keywords: bainbridge; chemistry; department; family; florence; florence university; fondo; institute; israel; italy; jolles; schiff; time; university; work; zvi; zvi jolles cache: subs-32.pdf plain text: subs-32.txt item: #108 of 230 id: subs-324 author: Henry, Marc; Schwartz, Laurent title: Entropy export as the driving force of evolution date: 2021-12-10 words: 21439 flesch: 61 summary: In water, these long chain fatty acid assembles to form cavities not accessible to water molecules. In other words, the shape of a cell is dictated by the amount of water molecules available in the medium. keywords: acid; activity; carbon; chemical; decrease; earth; energy; entropy; evolution; fact; h2o; hydrogen; increase; irreversibility; life; living; molecules; order; potential; pressure; species; substance; system; table; temperature; water; zj·k-1; ° = cache: subs-324.pdf plain text: subs-324.txt item: #109 of 230 id: subs-33 author: Lekner, John title: Nurturing Genius: the Childhood and Youth of Kelvin and Maxwell date: 2017-10-06 words: 7709 flesch: 71 summary: William Thomson and James Clerk Maxwell, nineteenth century natural philosophers, were friends and colleagues (Thomson was Maxwell’s senior by seven years). William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), James Clerk Maxwell, genius, childhood, youth, history of physics. keywords: cambridge; father; james; kelvin; maxwell; professor; ref; series; thomson; university; william cache: subs-33.pdf plain text: subs-33.txt item: #110 of 230 id: subs-36 author: Schummer, Joachim title: Why Chemists Need Philosophy, History, and Ethics date: 2018-03-26 words: 1525 flesch: 48 summary: However, scientific research results are expected to be novel in the proper sense, i.e. they cannot be predicted, derived, automati- cally produced, or bought with grant money, contrary to the expectations of many science policy makers and managers, and unlike the usual rhetoric of grant propos- als. How- ever all such disciplinary chauvinism is not only built on ignorance of the diversity of modern science, it is also poisonous to any interdisciplinary teamwork. keywords: chemistry; history; philosophy; science cache: subs-36.pdf plain text: subs-36.txt item: #111 of 230 id: subs-37 author: Friberg, Stig E. title: Emulsion Thermodynamics – In from the Cold date: 2018-03-26 words: 6971 flesch: 58 summary: The conclusions to include Janus emulsions as a counterpart, when considering the thermodynamic fac- tors for double emulsion drops have been proven correct for selected examples. Instead, the main theme of this examination is to survey the thermodynamic effect on the topology of Janus and double emulsion drops and it is convenient to divide the range of tensions into two parts. keywords: drop; emulsion; energy; figure; interfacial; janus; oil; stability; γo1; γo2 cache: subs-37.pdf plain text: subs-37.txt item: #112 of 230 id: subs-371 author: Schwenk, Wolfram; Sutter, Christine; Heinz, Micheal Peter title: Study of a Section of Self-Purifying Stream in Specific Relation to its Water Flow Behaviour date: 2021-12-10 words: 3036 flesch: 53 summary: The drop number at which it occurs can be used to compare water samples taken along the length of study stream in question. Our proposition here is to study a new descriptor of water quality, not just based on its con- stituent elements but taking into account the general and most outstanding characteristics of water as a liquid: its ability to move and flow, an essential function in its role as a life mediator. keywords: drop; effluent; flow; point; self; stream; study; water cache: subs-371.pdf plain text: subs-371.txt item: #113 of 230 id: subs-378 author: Abbri, Ferdinando title: Discovering Elements in a Scandinavian Context: Berzelius’s Lärbok i Kemien and the Order of the Chemical Substances date: 2019-12-16 words: 7985 flesch: 53 summary: Brefväx- ling mellan Berzelius och P.L. Dulong (1819-1837), Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, Uppsala, 1915, p. 86. 35. J.J. Berzelius, Traité de chimie. O. Wallach (ed.), Briefwechsel zwischen J. Berzelius und F. Wöhler, H.R. Wohlwend, Vaduz, 1984, I, p. 91. 21. J.J. Berzelius, Elemente der Chemie der unorganis- chen Natur. keywords: berzelius; century; chemical; chemistry; der; discoveries; edition; french; german; history; j.j; lärbok; new; order; science; stockholm; swedish; textbook; translation; und; volume; wöhler cache: subs-378.pdf plain text: subs-378.txt item: #114 of 230 id: subs-38 author: Apell, Hans-Jürgen title: Finding Na,K-ATPase: I - From Cell to Molecule date: 2018-03-26 words: 9166 flesch: 67 summary: W. H. Peters, J. J. de Pont, A. Koppers, S. L. Bonting; Biochim. Maunsbach, A. B., Skriver, E., and Hebert, H. (1991) in The Sodium Pump: Structure, Mechanism, and Reg- ulation (Kaplan, J. H. and de Weer, P., Eds.) keywords: atpase; biol; biophys; cell; ion; j. biol; membrane; subunit; transport cache: subs-38.pdf plain text: subs-38.txt item: #115 of 230 id: subs-39 author: Caruana SJ, Louis title: Mechanistic Trends in Chemistry date: 2018-03-26 words: 11389 flesch: 51 summary: To account for the way matter changes from one form to another, chemists often use mechanistic explanations. In the experimental style of mechanistic explanation, what drives the inquiry is rather the effort to arrive at piece- meal, local explanations of the phenomena at hand. keywords: chemical; chemistry; chemists; descartes; explanation; form; god; history; idea; mechanism; motion; nature; new; philosophers; philosophy; physics; science; substances; way; worldview cache: subs-39.pdf plain text: subs-39.txt item: #116 of 230 id: subs-4 author: Dei, Luigi title: Editorial date: 2017-03-02 words: 518 flesch: 41 summary: Chem- istry has always wanted to challenge what Primo Levi used to call the Mater materia (Mother matter), trying to solve the infinite mysteries of such ineffable Sphynx, and during this long lasting struggle chemists and matter have been at the same time friends and enemies. An International Journal of the History of Chemistry 1(1): 5, 2017 Substantia in Latin means substance, matter, material, that is the realm of chemistry. keywords: chemistry; journal cache: subs-4.pdf plain text: subs-4.txt item: #117 of 230 id: subs-40 author: Arecchi, F. Tito title: Cognition and Reality date: 2018-03-26 words: 5629 flesch: 54 summary: In fact, the second moment (B) entails the compari- son of two apprehensions acquired at different times, coded in the same language and recalled by the memory. Comparison of two different complexities, namely, i)the algorithmic C. , corresponding to the bit length of the program that enables the expert system to a recursive Bayes; and ii)semantic C., corresponding to the occurrence of different models. keywords: arecchi; bayes; comparison; data; fig; figure; human; inverse; judgment; language; new; probability cache: subs-40.pdf plain text: subs-40.txt item: #118 of 230 id: subs-403 author: Giunta, Carmen title: Watt’s in a name? Units of power and energy date: 2019-11-22 words: 11895 flesch: 57 summary: The origins of the watt and the joule are so inex- tricable from the establishment of electrical units and standards in the nineteenth century that the main nar- rative in the paper (although not its main concern) is how those units and standards came to be. In service of the main focus on eponymy, though, digressions from that narrative include glimpses at aspects of the scien- tific careers of Watt and Joule and of two other eponyms prominent in the establishment of electrical units, name- ly William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and the Siemens brothers. keywords: baas; british; cgs; committee; electrical; energy; force; international; joule; kelvin; names; online; power; report; resistance; siemens; standards; system; thomson; units; watt cache: subs-403.pdf plain text: subs-403.txt item: #119 of 230 id: subs-404 author: Löffler, Gerd Reinhold title: Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929) - A Famous Austrian Chemist Whose Services Have Been Forgotten for Modern Physics date: 2019-12-16 words: 11621 flesch: 57 summary: 99Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929) this respect, the quality and purity of the preparations of these elements (mostly sulfates) which were also sup- plied by Carl Auer von Welsbach played an important role. See e.g. J.M. Eder; E. Valenta, Wellenlängenmessungen im sichtbaren Bereich der Bogenspektren der von Auer von Welsbach entdeckten Elemente Aldebaranium und Cassiopeium, Zeitschrift der Anorganischen und Allgemeinen Che- mie, 1910, 67, pp. 102-106. 79. keywords: atomic; auer von; bohr; carl auer; der; earth; elements; field; fig; lutetium; meyer; physics; preparations; properties; quantum; radiation; research; stefan; theory; time; vienna; von welsbach; ytterbium cache: subs-404.pdf plain text: subs-404.txt item: #120 of 230 id: subs-41 author: Hughes, Barry D.; Ninham, Barry W. title: A Correspondence Principle date: 2018-03-26 words: 15254 flesch: 59 summary: [9]–we shall represent as a (classically divergent) series of classical functions. For the most part we are able to avoid different uses of the same symbol, however force of habit and prevailing idi- om oblige us to use τ in two different ways: as a com- plex number in the upper half-plane for the theory of theta functions and (in Section 4 and Appendix B) as the golden ratio (1 + √5)/2. keywords: analysis; barry; casimir; correspondence; energy; fourier; function; hughes; journal; mathematical; ninham; physical; physics; principle; quantum; real; riemann; series; theory; theta cache: subs-41.pdf plain text: subs-41.txt item: #121 of 230 id: subs-42 author: Wolfe, Joe title: From idea to acoustics and back again: the creation and analysis of information in music date: 2018-03-26 words: 11175 flesch: 63 summary: Tran- sients in musical notes are analogous to plosive conso- 12 A motif is a characteristic phrase of several notes. keywords: analysis; bits; coding; components; composer; data; example; frequency; information; instruments; melody; music; notes; performance; pitch; rate; redundancy; signal; sound; speech; time cache: subs-42.pdf plain text: subs-42.txt item: #122 of 230 id: subs-43 author: Ragai, Jehane title: Snapshots of chemical practices in Ancient Egypt date: 2018-03-26 words: 5454 flesch: 54 summary: According to Lucas the scarcity of fuel in Ancient Egypt and the low tempera- ture processing of gypsum undoubtably must have been the reason why Ancient Egyptians preferred gypsum over lime. 101Snapshots of chemical practices in Ancient Egypt 7. A. Lucas, J. Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Dover Publications, 1999, p. 283. 8. keywords: blue; chemical; chemistry; copper; egyptians; eye; practices; preparation; ragai; walter cache: subs-43.pdf plain text: subs-43.txt item: #123 of 230 id: subs-44 author: Rubino, Federico Maria title: The “Bitul B’shishim (one part in sixty)”: is a Jewish conditional prohibition of the Talmud the oldest-known testimony of quantitative analytical chemistry? date: 2018-03-26 words: 12719 flesch: 57 summary: 118 Federico Maria Rubino Loci If it absorbs a known amount of forbidden food it is not regarded as entirely forbidden unless it is made of pottery or it has also absorbed an unknown amount of permitted food (98:5; see 92:5-7 and 94:6). It is forbidden to mix forbidden food with permitted food to produce a permitted mixture; if this was done, the person who did it or for whom it was done is forbidden to derive benefit from the result (94:5-6;101:6). keywords: assessment; bce; century; chemical; chemistry; component; early; food; greek; halacha; information; knowledge; liquid; matter; meat; milano; milk; mixture; object; science; talmud; taste; test; theory; time; use cache: subs-44.pdf plain text: subs-44.txt item: #124 of 230 id: subs-498 author: Robinson, Ann E. title: Order From Confusion: International Chemical Standardization and the Elements, 1947-1990 date: 2019-12-06 words: 12138 flesch: 64 summary: It was not until after World War II that the responsibility for element names was shifted to the Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (CNIC).17 A more comprehensive set of nomenclature rules for inorganic chemistry was developed in the early 1950s. The CNIC would fall back on this rule fre- quently in the following decades as they struggled to prevent confusion in element names while confronted with discoverers demanding their traditional right to name their discovery. keywords: box; chemical; chemistry; cnic; confusion; discovery; elements; folder; form; group; inorganic; international; iupac; meeting; names; new; nomenclature; sub; table; use cache: subs-498.pdf plain text: subs-498.txt item: #125 of 230 id: subs-5 author: Board, Editorial title: Manifesto of the journal date: 2017-03-02 words: 905 flesch: 26 summary: An International Journal of the History of Chemistry 1(1): 97-98, 2017 Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia DOI: 10.13128/Substantia-5 Manifesto of the journal PREAMBLE The journal publishes original articles that comply with the criteria of scientific rigour, originality and depth and it is freely distributed over the Internet with no restric- tion in open access, in compliance with the principles of the “Berlin Declaration on Open Access”: open access to knowledge, largest dissemination and visibility on the Web for scientific research, and public distribution of the results of the studies. keywords: chemistry; history; journal; sciences cache: subs-5.pdf plain text: subs-5.txt item: #126 of 230 id: subs-502 author: Zambon, Alfio title: Periodicity Trees in a Secondary Criterion of Periodic Classification: Its Implications for Science Teaching and Communication date: 2019-12-06 words: 9870 flesch: 57 summary: However, after the discovery of isotopes by Frederick Soddy (1877-1956) in 1913, elements seemed to “multiply” and the doubts about whether or not there were new elements triggered what Eric Scerri calls as the “periodic table crisis”.9 It is in the context of this crisis that Friedrich Paneth (1887-1958), in 1931 proposes the dual nature of the concept of element, distinguishing between elements as simple substances according to their phenomenological manifestations, and elements consid- ered in an abstract sense as basic substances, whose only property was no longer their atomic weight, as in Mend- eleev’s, but their atomic number, in consonance with the new quantum mechanics.10 For Paneth simple and basic substances are not two descriptions of the same entity, product of an epistemic limitation to be overcome in the future; for him, the very concept of chemical element embodies a double nature. The idea of element 0 sounds strange if chemical elements are considered only as simple substances, but is natural when elements are viewed also as basic substances. keywords: atomic; chemical; chemistry; classification; concept; criterion; elements; number; quantum; system; table; tbt; teaching; trees; triads; valence; way cache: subs-502.pdf plain text: subs-502.txt item: #127 of 230 id: subs-503 author: Boeck, Gisela title: Julius Lothar (von) Meyer (1830-1895) and the Periodic System date: 2019-12-06 words: 8079 flesch: 67 summary: As early as 1864 the German physical chemist Lothar Meyer used a table to explain the “peculiar regularities” that were found among the atomic weights; by the end of that decade he had considered more elements and improved the system. Through this example, we aim to illustrate that while it does not diminish Mendeleev’s accomplishments, it does frame these accomplishments in a wider historical context where many similar pursuits were undertaken by the fellow chemists of his time.1 14 Gisela Boeck LOTHAR MEYER – HIS BIOGRAPHY Julius Lothar Meyer (Fig. 1) was born in Varel, Germany on 19 August 1830, in the current district of Friesland in Lower Saxony.2 The gymnasium in Varel bears his name today. keywords: atomic; chemical; chemie; chemistry; der; die; elements; fig; lothar; mendeleev; meyer; paper; seubert; system; table; und; valency; weights cache: subs-503.pdf plain text: subs-503.txt item: #128 of 230 id: subs-507 author: Zürcher, Ernst title: Water in trees: An essay on astonishing interactions, structures and periodicities date: 2021-12-10 words: 8901 flesch: 53 summary: Water cycle, photosynthesis, water synthesis, wood structure, vortices, lunar rythmicities. We may now ask whether new water with its special properties (which still need analysing) might not also be of fundamental importance. keywords: felling; figure; life; living; loss; moon; new; oxygen; photosynthesis; properties; samples; series; spruce; structures; system; trees; und; variations; water; wood; zürcher cache: subs-507.pdf plain text: subs-507.txt item: #129 of 230 id: subs-511 author: Di Vincenzo, Antonella; Floriano, Michele title: Realistic Visualization of Solubility by the Particle Model for Chemistry Education date: 2019-12-16 words: 7071 flesch: 55 summary: In this perspective, in a mixture of particles of type A and type B, a phase is recognizable as a cluster of B particles dispersed within A particles. The user can set independently the strength of the potential between A particles (ɛ A-A), between B particles (ɛ B-B) and between A and B particles (ɛ A-B). keywords: application; atoms; chemical; chemistry; education; figure; model; particles; simulation; temperature; time cache: subs-511.pdf plain text: subs-511.txt item: #130 of 230 id: subs-546 author: Teixeira, José title: The puzzling problem of water properties at low temperature. An experimentalist view. date: 2021-12-10 words: 5061 flesch: 56 summary: The puz- zling problem of water properties at low temperature. The puzzling problem of water properties at low temperature. keywords: density; ice; line; liquid; point; pressure; properties; temperature; water cache: subs-546.pdf plain text: subs-546.txt item: #131 of 230 id: subs-55 author: Ninham, Barry W. title: Goodnight and Goodluck: The End of a Building at the Australian National University date: 2018-09-24 words: 1395 flesch: 75 summary: Vale Applied Maths Building Canberra, 2 July 2018 Barry W. Ninham From the old Applied Maths Build- ing a wide range of immeasurably new technologies came forth based on fundamental research. keywords: anu; building; research; years cache: subs-55.pdf plain text: subs-55.txt item: #132 of 230 id: subs-56 author: Kragh , Helge title: The Lorenz-Lorentz Formula: Origin and Early History date: 2018-09-24 words: 7080 flesch: 63 summary: Wiedemann to Lorenz, 7 May 1880; Lorenz Papers, Danish Museum of Science and Technology. L. Lorenz, H. A. Lorentz, optical refraction, Clausius-Mossotti formula, molecular refractivity. keywords: constant; density; formula; law; light; lorenz; refractivity; theory cache: subs-56.pdf plain text: subs-56.txt item: #133 of 230 id: subs-57 author: Garcia-Ruiz, Juan Manuel title: 2001: The Crystal Monolith date: 2018-09-24 words: 4402 flesch: 69 summary: Bednarik discovered a frag- ment from a sizeable transparent rock crystal also in the Acheulean, this time at Gudenushöhle, in Austria,20 and quartz crystals at various levels ca. In summary, almost a million years ago (per- haps even earlier if other discoveries are confirmed), the Homo erectus brain was so drawn to the shapes of quartz crystals that they decided to collect and travel with them.22 Crystals collected by hominids have been found alongside hominid fossils far from their place of origin. keywords: a.c; clarke; crystals; dolmen; figure; hominids; kubrick; monolith; quartz; space; years cache: subs-57.pdf plain text: subs-57.txt item: #134 of 230 id: subs-572 author: Mebrahtu, Gebrekidan; Ejigu, Mengesha Ayene title: Are History Aspects Related to the Periodic Table Considered in Ethiopian Secondary School Chemistry Textbooks? date: 2019-12-06 words: 5137 flesch: 48 summary: History and philosophy of science (HPS), chemistry textbooks, Ethiopian secondary school, periodic table, evaluation. However, it has been argued that science textbooks rarely address in a meaningful way the historical development of science and the nature of sci- ence, instead presenting science in a distorted and ahis- torical way.17,18 In the Ethiopian context, there is no explicit stand- ard which promotes the inclusion of the HPS approach of teaching and learning of science. keywords: aspects; chemistry; development; elements; ethiopian; mention; school; science; table; textbooks cache: subs-572.pdf plain text: subs-572.txt item: #135 of 230 id: subs-576 author: Armaroli, Nicola; Monti, Filippo; Barbieri, Andrea title: Battery Electric Vehicles: Perspectives and Challenges date: 2019-11-25 words: 10308 flesch: 51 summary: In this paper, we analyze the per- spectives of battery electric cars, quantitively assessing their performance in terms of energy efficiency and consumption versus ICV counterparts. Battery electric vehicles, lithium ion batteries, cobalt, dysprosium, critical materials, energy efficiency, circular economy. keywords: batteries; battery; bevs; car; cars; charging; cobalt; demand; density; electric; electricity; energy; figure; icvs; kwh; libs; lithium; market; materials; power; production; rare; supply; vehicles cache: subs-576.pdf plain text: subs-576.txt item: #136 of 230 id: subs-582 author: Maar, Juergen Heinrich; Maar, Alexander title: The Periodic Table and its Iconicity: an Essay date: 2019-12-16 words: 16614 flesch: 53 summary: He placed elements underneath other elements with similar chemical behav- iour. Brush mentions 236 citations of the Table during the period 1871-1890: 20 from 1871 to 1875, 72 from 1875 to 1880, 61 from 1881 to 1885 and 83 from 1885 to 1890. keywords: atomic; chemical; chemistry; chemists; classification; discovery; elements; iconicity; kaji; knowledge; law; maar; matter; mendeleev; meyer; new; number; oxford; periodicity; press; properties; science; substances; system; table; textbook; university; york cache: subs-582.pdf plain text: subs-582.txt item: #137 of 230 id: subs-586 author: Kostecka, Keith Simeon title: Astatine - The Elusive One date: 2020-01-13 words: 5567 flesch: 61 summary: This short half-life of At-211 and lesser pene- trating ability is a definite advantage in situations where the “tumor burden is low and/or malignant cell popula- tions are located in close proximity to essential normal tissues”.46 Significant morbidity in cell culture models of cancers in humans have been achieved with from one to ten At-211 atoms bound per cell.47 There is though a problem with the low stability of astatine to aromatic carbon bonds in vivo.48 Developing labelling reagents with more stable aromatic astatine- boron bonds has helped in lessening this difficulty and it is possible that further study with other elements may lead to additional scientific advances. On the other hand, condensed astatine is calcu- lated to behave like a metal at 1 atmosphere of pressure and might possibly be a superconductor but would be monoatomic.77 Simply enough, in the gas phase, astatine might be weakly diatomic but when it is solid it is the spin orbit coupling contribution of relativistic effects that weakens the covalent character of a bond in At2 and thus makes solid astatine keywords: astatine; chemistry; corson; discovery; eka; element; hulubei; iodine; karlik; mackenzie; properties; work cache: subs-586.pdf plain text: subs-586.txt item: #138 of 230 id: subs-587 author: Tortorella, Sara; Zanelli, Alberto ; Domenici, Valentina title: Chemistry Beyond the Book: Open Learning and Activities in Non-Formal Environments to Inspire Passion and Curiosity date: 2019-12-16 words: 6091 flesch: 51 summary: Learn Chemistry. OPEN CHEMISTRY AND OPEN LEARNING IN CHEMISTRY Open Science is a comprehensive reform proposed and promoted by the EU on how science can be prac- ticed in an accessible, transparent and reusable way in the current digital age.17 Considerations about which technological changes can we expect from this reform and which impact will Open Science, and in particular Open Chemistry, have on both Society and the research community keywords: activities; chemical; chemistry; chimica; della; domenici; festival; july; learning; life; new; public; school; science; society; students; teaching cache: subs-587.pdf plain text: subs-587.txt item: #139 of 230 id: subs-59 author: Maar, Juergen Heinrich title: Almost a Discovery – Henri Gorceix, the Mining School of Ouro Preto, the Monazite Sand of Bahia and the Chemistry of Didymium date: 2018-09-24 words: 10906 flesch: 55 summary: Gorceix, H., Anais da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto, vol. Gorceix, H., Anais da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto, 4, 29-48 (1885). keywords: brazil; cerium; chemical; chemistry; chemists; didymium; discovery; elements; gorceix; history; janeiro; lanthanum; minas; mining; monazite; neodymium; ouro; ouro preto; praseodymium; preto; research; rio; school; science cache: subs-59.pdf plain text: subs-59.txt item: #140 of 230 id: subs-591 author: Costa, Alessandra; Walkowiak, Bogdan; Campanella, Luigi ; Gupta, Bhuvanesh; Albertini, Maria Cristina; Teodori, Laura title: Tissue Engineering Between Click Chemistry and Green Chemistry date: 2019-12-16 words: 7513 flesch: 45 summary: Thus, to improve these biases, cells functionali- zation and tracking techniques, through cell engineering, by click chemistry for example, have been introduced. The first application of click chemistry in cell transplan- tation for taking the transplanted cells was carried out in 2014 by Kang.30 This approach was based on SP-AAC 33Tissue Engineering Between Click Chemistry and Green Chemistry reaction aimed at engineering cell surface with N-azi- doacetyl-mannosamine (Ac4ManNAz) that offers the link with the probe. keywords: biomaterials; cells; chemical; chemistry; click; click chemistry; development; engineering; green; hydrogel; journal; nps; products; reactions; tissue; use; wang cache: subs-591.pdf plain text: subs-591.txt item: #141 of 230 id: subs-592 author: Girolami, Gregory S title: A Book Collector’s View of the Periodic Table: Before Mendeleev. date: 2019-12-16 words: 11232 flesch: 59 summary: Some of Dalton’s numbers are molecular weights and some are atomic weights; among the latter are proposed values for H, N, C, O, P, and S, although none of the values matches modern atomic weights because Dalton made mostly incorrect assump- tions about combining ratios. But on page 145 Strecker wrote, “If one doubles the atomic weight of the elements in the [carbon group], then the differences of each pair of atomic weights are all 22n except between carbon and silicon, where it is 16, i.e., approximately the same number that also is seen for nitrogen, fluorine, lithium and oxygen (if one doubles its atomic weight).” keywords: book; cannizzaro; chemical; copies; dalton; der; documents; edition; elements; equivalent; group; hinrichs; journal; mendeleev; odling; page; paper; table; weights cache: subs-592.pdf plain text: subs-592.txt item: #142 of 230 id: subs-599 author: Ciabatti, Iacopo; Fontani, Marco; Martini, Carla title: The Arezzo seminar on precious metals date: 2019-08-30 words: 2738 flesch: 55 summary: Due to its inalterability, brilliant appearance and occurrence in the native condition, or elementary state, gold was certainly one of the first metals to attract the attention of men. Under a certain point of view, gold has to be considered the driving force that led to modern chemistry. keywords: arezzo; chemistry; development; gold; history; metals; seminar; tca cache: subs-599.pdf plain text: subs-599.txt item: #143 of 230 id: subs-6 author: Ninham, Barry W. title: The Biological/Physical Sciences Divide, and the Age of Unreason date: 2017-03-17 words: 13350 flesch: 65 summary: progress of sciences, molecular forces, surface forces, specific ion effects, bubble-bubble interactions, dissolved gas. We will explain below the complications that we are missing from classical theories of surface forces. keywords: age; b.w; biology; bubble; chemistry; effects; forces; gas; hofmeister; hydrophobic; interactions; ion; matter; molecules; new; ninham; physical; problem; science; specific; structure; surface; temperature; theories; theory; unreason; water; years cache: subs-6.pdf plain text: subs-6.txt item: #144 of 230 id: subs-600 author: Pacini, Alessandro title: Apprentices and masters - the transmission of ancient goldsmith techniques date: 2019-08-30 words: 3408 flesch: 54 summary: An International Journal of the History of Chemistry 3(1) Suppl.: 11-15, 2019 Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Citation: A. Pacini (2019) Apprentic- es and masters - the transmission of ancient goldsmith techniques. The main causes were new regulations that prevented apprenticeship directly in the workshop, whilst other serious obstacles are due to the incorporation of artisan laboratories in the industry, with an unbearable legislation for the artisans in terms 15Apprentices and masters - the transmission of ancient goldsmith techniques of safety at work and taxation. keywords: alessandro; arts; century; corporations; crafts; goldsmith; pacini; techniques; transmission; work cache: subs-600.pdf plain text: subs-600.txt item: #145 of 230 id: subs-601 author: Ferro, Daniela title: The authenticity of the false date: 2019-08-30 words: 7505 flesch: 47 summary: M.F. Guerra, Fingerprinting ancient gold with proton beams of different energies, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 226, 2004, 185-198. 26. These practices sometimes went as far as the meticu- lous copies of ancient jewels, which however, in the pop- ular imagination of the average purchaser of the time, had the same value as the original ones [8]. keywords: analysis; art; authenticity; castellani; century; eds; elements; etruscan; ferro; gold; goldsmith; jewel; jewelry; metals; object; study; techniques; time cache: subs-601.pdf plain text: subs-601.txt item: #146 of 230 id: subs-602 author: Innocenti, Massimo; Giurlani, Walter; Passaponti, Maurizio; De Luca, Antonio; Salvietti, Emanuele title: Electrodeposition and innovative characterization of precious metal alloys for the Galvanic and Jewel industry date: 2019-08-30 words: 6073 flesch: 50 summary: For exam- ple, cadmium, in the matrix1 have been used for decades to get one gold alloy containing less than 75% by weight of gold metal (corresponding to a gold alloy of 18 carats or less). ISSN 1827-9643 (online) | DOI: 10.13128/Substantia-602 Electrodeposition and innovative characterization of precious metal alloys for the Galvanic and Jewel industry Massimo Innocenti, Walter Giurlani, Maurizio Passaponti, Antonio De Luca, Emanuele Salvietti Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff ”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy Abstract. keywords: alloys; characterization; color; development; electrodeposition; galvanic; gold; industry; innocenti; layer; materials; metals; production; research; university cache: subs-602.pdf plain text: subs-602.txt item: #147 of 230 id: subs-603 author: Abbri, Ferdinando title: Gold and silver: perfection of metals in medieval and early modern alchemy date: 2019-08-30 words: 4839 flesch: 51 summary: An International Journal of the History of Chemistry 3(1) Suppl.: 39-44, 2019 Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Citation: F. Abbri (2019) Gold and sil- ver: perfection of metals in medieval and early modern alchemy. Alchemical texts started being printed with some series of imagines that are still today a resource in order to understand the universe of symbols which nourishes the human psyche. keywords: alchemy; art; century; chemistry; gold; greek; history; metals; new; press; principe; science; silver; university cache: subs-603.pdf plain text: subs-603.txt item: #148 of 230 id: subs-604 author: Frasca, Francesca; Garuti, Adelmo; Calzoni, Gian Lorenzo title: “Antichi Strumenti Orafi” of the Garuti Collection – The Virtual Exhibition date: 2019-08-30 words: 1672 flesch: 55 summary: The “History of the Collection” (La Storia della Collezi- one) page, and a picture of young Adelmo Garuti in the Romano Degli Esposti’s workshop. The “Antichi Strumenti Orafi” Virtual Exhibition is a multidisciplinary pro- ject developed by The Department of History and Cultures of the University of Bolo- gna in collaboration with the Garuti Collection’s owner, Adelmo Garuti. keywords: bologna; collection; exhibition; garuti; objects cache: subs-604.pdf plain text: subs-604.txt item: #149 of 230 id: subs-605 author: Santi, Roberto title: Do monetary systems rediscover precious metals in the era of ‘bitcoins’? date: 2019-08-30 words: 3124 flesch: 58 summary: ISSN 1827-9643 (online) | DOI: 10.13128/Substantia-605 Do monetary systems rediscover precious metals in the era of ‘bitcoins’? Monetary systems, bitcoins, precious metals. keywords: century; currency; gold; metals; money; new; paper; systems; value cache: subs-605.pdf plain text: subs-605.txt item: #150 of 230 id: subs-606 author: Ciabatti, Iacopo title: Gold parting with nitric acid in gold-silver alloys date: 2019-08-30 words: 5564 flesch: 58 summary: In this process, silver metal was converted into its chloride salt by alternating thin sheets of gold alloy with layers of a mixture of sodium chloride, brick-dust, vitriol, alum, and other materials which were then heated together in a sealed pot. This article is an overview of gold parting with nitric acid on a both indus- trial and laboratory scale, supported by more recently reported experimental and theo- retical studies on the gold dealloying process for the fabrication of nanoporous gold material. keywords: acid; alloy; dealloying; dissolution; figure; gold; metals; nitric; nitric acid; parting; process; reaction; scale; silver; surface cache: subs-606.pdf plain text: subs-606.txt item: #151 of 230 id: subs-607 author: Serpe, Angela title: Hi-Tech waste as “Urban Mines” of precious metals: new sustainable recovery methods date: 2019-08-30 words: 4135 flesch: 35 summary: Differently, Pd metal recovery attempts by chemical or electrochemical reduction were unsuccess- ful as expected because of the dithiolenic nature of the dicationic compound.(3) Pd metal was quantitatively obtained by both chemical and thermal degradation of the molecular compound. keywords: chemistry; deplano; materials; metals; recovery; serpe; tech; waste cache: subs-607.pdf plain text: subs-607.txt item: #152 of 230 id: subs-61 author: Lusa, Vincenzo; Franza, Annarita title: Visualizing Chemistry. The Application of Chemical Imaging to Address Scientific Challenges in Space Research date: 2018-09-24 words: 6152 flesch: 48 summary: NASA, NASA space flight human system standard, Vol. So it is no coincidence that NASA established a partnership with the U.S. National Institute of Justice to implement investigative techniques for use in future crime scenes in space.6 Over the last two decades, several studies have been published regarding the impact of long-duration space flight on the health of crewmembers.7 Moreover, while the physiological effects of space flight are well docu- mented,8 a paucity of knowledge exists on the potential behavioral and cognitive issues that can affect the astro- naut’s psychophysical performance during flights. keywords: 2016; astronaut; behavior; brain; chemical; criminal; doi; duration; flight; health; imaging; nasa; national; pet; research; risk; space; study; year cache: subs-61.pdf plain text: subs-61.txt item: #153 of 230 id: subs-612 author: Dastoor, Paul C; Belcher, Warwick J title: How the West was Won? A History of Organic Photovoltaics date: 2019-11-22 words: 8192 flesch: 63 summary: In light of the import which is placed upon OPV device efficiency by researchers and reviewers this oversight is a major problem and poses a significant bar- rier to the transfer of knowledge between practitioners. Phase separation of the two materials led to the spatially distributed interfaces necessary for efficient charge pho- togeneration, as well as the connected domains required to collect both the electrons and holes.39 Coincidentally, also in 1995, Fred Wudl (b. 1941) and co-workers overcame a major barrier to the use of fullerenes in OPV devices by reporting the synthesis of a range of soluble methanofullerene derivatives suitable for solution deposition of active layers.40 Previous work by Alan Heeger, Fred Wudl and co-workers in 1992 had demonstrated picosecond charge transfer from photo-excited conducting poly- mers (MEH-PPV) to fullerene (C60).38 Alan Heeger, Fred Wudl and co-workers then combined these ideas, taking advantage of the near perfect charge transfer between conducting polymers and fullerene by blending MEH-PPV with one of these methanofullerenes (phe- nyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester or PCBM; Figure 6) together in an OPV device active layer with a 1:4 ratio. keywords: belcher; cells; charge; chem; dastoor; devices; efficiency; electron; energy; field; history; materials; new; opv; pce; photovoltaic; phys; polymer; research; west; work cache: subs-612.pdf plain text: subs-612.txt item: #154 of 230 id: subs-620 author: Grapi-Vilumara, Pere title: The Reinvention of the Nitrous Gas Eudiometrical Test in the Context of Dalton’s Law on the Multiple Proportions of Combination date: 2020-01-14 words: 7534 flesch: 57 summary: Nitrous gas test, Dalton, eudiometry, proportions of combination, Gay- Lussac. From Joseph Priestley, Experiments and Observations of Dif- ferent Kinds of Air (London, 1776), plate I 53The Reinvention of the Nitrous Gas Eudiometrical Test in the Context of Dalton’s Law on the Multiple Proportions of Combination impregnated with nitrous gas and alkaline or calcium sulphides) and gaseous substances such as nitrous gas (nitrogen monoxide) and hydrogen, this latter being the basis of Volta’s eudiometer (Figure 3).9 The existence of these competing eudiometers and the difficulties sur- rounding the procedural standardisation of the nitrous gas eudiometer eclipsed its utility.10 keywords: acid; air; dalton; gas; gas test; gay; lussac; nitrogen; nitrous; oxygen; proportions; test; tube cache: subs-620.pdf plain text: subs-620.txt item: #155 of 230 id: subs-63 author: Papini, Anna Maria title: From morphine to endogenous opioid peptides, e.g., endorphins: the endless quest for the perfect painkiller date: 2018-09-24 words: 6401 flesch: 55 summary: Peptidomimetic lead compound concomitantly acting as μ-opioid receptor agonist and δ-opioid receptor antagonist.44 90 Anna Maria Papini antagonist. Using these transductional couplings, opioid receptors control the activity of effectors such as adenylate cyclase (inhibition) and some ion channels (Ca2+ and K+). keywords: activity; analgesic; antagonist; arg; brain; effects; endorphins; figure; gly; heroin; morphine; naloxone; opiate; opioid; opium; peptides; phe; receptors; use cache: subs-63.pdf plain text: subs-63.txt item: #156 of 230 id: subs-630 author: Maglia, Vittorio title: Chemical Industry and Sustainability date: 2019-09-29 words: 2920 flesch: 38 summary: An International Journal of the History of Chemistry 3(2): 5-10, 2019 Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia ISSN 1827-9643 (online) | DOI: 10.13128/Substantia-630 Editorial Chemical Industry and Sustainability Vittorio Maglia Federchimica, Milan, Italy E-mail: v.maglia@federchimica.it A discussion on chemical industry and sustainabil- ity implies, first of all, a consideration of the relationship between enterprise and sustainable development. For Italy, ISTAT (the Italian central statistics institute) shows that chemical industry can boast the highest percentage of exporting companies, after phar- 7Chemical Industry and Sustainability maceutical industry: 56% against the manufacturing average of 23%. keywords: chemical; chemical industry; companies; competitiveness; european; industry; italy; sustainability cache: subs-630.pdf plain text: subs-630.txt item: #157 of 230 id: subs-631 author: Taseidifar, Mojtaba; Sanchis, Adrian G.; Pashley, Richard M.; Ninham, Barry W. title: Novel water treatment processes date: 2019-09-29 words: 4999 flesch: 55 summary: ICP-MS, surfactant, ion flotation, heavy metals, cysteine, octanoyl chlo- ride, water reuse, sterilization. M. Taseidifar, F. Makavipour, R.M. Pashley, A.F.M.M. Rahman, Removal of heavy metal ions from water using ion flotation, Environ, Tech. keywords: column; flotation; inactivation; ion; ions; log; process; processes; removal; surfactant; treatment; water cache: subs-631.pdf plain text: subs-631.txt item: #158 of 230 id: subs-632 author: Real-Fernández, Feliciana; Pacini, Giulia; Nuti, Francesca; Conciarelli, Giulia; De Felice, Claudio; Hayek, Joussef; Rovero, Paolo; Papini, Anna Maria title: Is aberrant N-glucosylation relevant to recognise anti-MOG antibodies in Rett syndrome? date: 2019-09-29 words: 4485 flesch: 53 summary: Despite the specific function of MOG has still to be clarified, its role as important surface marker of oligo- dendrocyte maturation, regulator of microtubule stabil- ity and mediator of interactions between myelin and the immune system have been described.13,14 More contro- versial are the results obtained to identify and clarify the role of anti-MOG antibodies, which are still a matter of discussion,15-17 particularly on their putative pathogenic involvement in autoimmune response in multiple scle- rosis15,18-20. In fact, the same group of authors described other contrasting data in a conflicting array.22-25 A recent review reports that methods to detect anti-MOG antibodies have improved substantially with cell-based assays.26 However, a strong debate is still ongoing.27 keywords: a.m.; antibodies; antibody; immune; mog; myelin; papini; pdd; rovero; rtt; test cache: subs-632.pdf plain text: subs-632.txt item: #159 of 230 id: subs-633 author: Geurdes, Han title: Hydrogen-like quantum Hamiltonians & Einstein separability in the case of charged radical molecules date: 2019-09-29 words: 6375 flesch: 65 summary: We assume that intra-molecular wave functions do not resist mesoscopic inter-molecular Coulomb immunity. Then one may imagine that in experiment it is possible to restrict the stationary de- scription of particle one with wave function ψ1(x1) to the directions keywords: coulomb; einstein; equation; experiment; function; quantum; radical; schrödinger; transformation; wave cache: subs-633.pdf plain text: subs-633.txt item: #160 of 230 id: subs-634 author: Henry, Marc; Gerbaulet, Jean-Pierre title: A scientific rationale for consciousness date: 2019-09-29 words: 14091 flesch: 52 summary: On such a ground, it is possible to introduce a new concept, information activity, defined as the product of information content by information availability and characterizing the overall intensity of information trans- fers between information pools. We will show that concepts of consciousness, analogic information with meaning, digital information lacking meaning and information activity may be defined out of any space- time framework. keywords: activity; body; concept; consciousness; energy; entropy; evolution; existence; fact; field; information; information activity; language; level; matter; meaning; mode; order; propensity; quantum; science; space; time; world cache: subs-634.pdf plain text: subs-634.txt item: #161 of 230 id: subs-635 author: Klugman, Ilya; Melnikov, Anna; Parsons, Drew F. title: Derjaguin’s Water II: a surface hydration phenomenon date: 2019-09-29 words: 2843 flesch: 56 summary: And yet a theoretical model of the hydration of ions developed by I. Klugman, consistent with electrolyte properties such as equivalent conductivity, diffusion coefficient, and vis- cosity, found a density of water molecules in the hydration shell of ions to be 1.4 g/ cm3, close to the density of water II reported by Derjaguin and Churaev. So as not to antagonise the established sci- entific community, in the manuscript I did not speak about molecules of water II, but rather introduced the concept described above of the density coefficient Kp of water molecules in the hydration shell, and showed that with Kp=0.526, corresponding to the density of water in the hydration shell, 1.4 g/cm3, the proposed model allows the calculation of equivalent electrical conductiv- ity of an electrolyte at infinite dilution. keywords: derjaguin; electrolyte; hydration; klugman; molecules; water cache: subs-635.pdf plain text: subs-635.txt item: #162 of 230 id: subs-636 author: Isaacson, Walter title: Leonardo da Vinci – The Scientist date: 2019-09-29 words: 4760 flesch: 66 summary: To celebrate the 500th anniversary of Leonardo’s death we gladly republish, with permission, one chapter from Walter Isaacson’s book “Leonardo da Vinci” by Simon & Schuster. Feature Article Leonardo da Vinci – The Scientist Walter Isaacson E-mail: isaacson@tulane.edu Abstract. keywords: codex; experience; experiments; leonardo; method; notebooks; richter; science; theory; vinci cache: subs-636.pdf plain text: subs-636.txt item: #163 of 230 id: subs-637 author: Ninham, Barry W. title: B. V. Derjaguin and J. Theo. G. Overbeek. Their Times, and Ours date: 2019-09-29 words: 5962 flesch: 70 summary: Historical Article B. V. Derjaguin* and J. Theo. B. V. Derjaguin and his contributions. keywords: b. w.; derjaguin; forces; ninham; overbeek; pashley; polywater; surface; theory; w. ninham; work cache: subs-637.pdf plain text: subs-637.txt item: #164 of 230 id: subs-638 author: Salvi, Pier Remigio; Schettino, Vincenzo title: Sadi Carnot’s Réflexions and the foundation of thermodynamics date: 2019-09-29 words: 19281 flesch: 60 summary: In fact, after reporting the experimental tests showing that heat could not be considered as an indestructible fluid, he writes: these circumstances, of which Carnot was also well aware, and the importance of which he expressly admitted, press- ingly demand a comparison between heat and work, to be undertaken with reference to the divergent assumption that the production of work is not only due to an alteration in the distribution of heat, but to an actual consumption thereof; and inversely, by the consumption of work heat may be produced.21 After further discussing experiments in favor of the dynamic theory of heat, Clausius defines the Car- not’s principle that “no heat is lost” only as an additional statement in his logical reasoning not affecting the con- clusions drawn: on a nearer view of the case, we find that the new theory is opposed, not to the real fundamental principle of Carnot, but to the addition “no heat is lost;” for it is quite possible that in the production of work both may take place at the same time; a certain portion of heat may be consumed, and a further portion transmitted from a warm body to a cold one; and both portions may stand in a certain definite relation to the quantity of work produced. One is performed by heating at V1 up to 100oC and then expanding isothermally to V2, the other by the reverse combination, i.e., expanding isothermally at 1oC to V2 and then heating at V2 up to 100oC. Accord- ing to the caloric axiom the two amounts of heat are independent on the path and therefore qV1 + q100 = q1 +qV2 where qV1 and qV2 are heats to increase the air tempera- ture from 1oC to 100oC at the two different volumes V1 and V2, respectively. keywords: 1oc; air; body; caloric; caloric theory; carnot; cycle; engine; gas; heat; kelvin; point; power; pressure; principle; process; quantity; réflexions; sadi carnot; second; steam; temperature; theory; thermodynamics; volume; water; work cache: subs-638.pdf plain text: subs-638.txt item: #165 of 230 id: subs-639 author: Sztejnberg, Aleksander title: Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov (1838-1904) – the eminent Russian chemist, author of one of the best known empiric rule in organic chemistry date: 2019-09-29 words: 4349 flesch: 63 summary: The results of the 43 experimental research conduct- ed by Vladimir V. Markovnikov were published in Ger- man in the following journals: 1) Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (14 articles in 1870-1904); 2) Journal für Praktische Chemie (7 articles in 1892-1899); 3) Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (22 article in 1873- 1902) Historical Article Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov (1838- 1904) – the eminent Russian chemist, author of one of the best known empiric rule in organic chemistry Aleksander Sztejnberg Professor Emeritus, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland E-mail: a.sztejnberg@uni.opole.pl Abstract. keywords: addition; article; carbon; chemical; chemistry; hydrogen; markovnikov; original; professor; rule; russian; university; vasilyevich; version; vladimir cache: subs-639.pdf plain text: subs-639.txt item: #166 of 230 id: subs-64 author: Kenndler, Ernst; Maier, Norbert M. title: Gas Chromatography and Analysis of Binding Media of Museum Objects: A Historical Perspective date: 2018-09-24 words: 18910 flesch: 53 summary: Comparison of packed column GC in isothermal with T-programmed mode. Its relatively large volume translates technically into low sensitivity, but given the large injected sample typically processed in packed column GC provided satisfactory signal strength. keywords: analysis; analytes; binding; chromatography; column; compounds; conditions; equation; figure; gas; liquid; mass; media; mobile; museum; number; objects; phase; plate; pyrolysis; ref; retention; sample; separation; stationary; temperature; term; time cache: subs-64.pdf plain text: subs-64.txt item: #167 of 230 id: subs-645 author: Henry, Marc title: Consciousness, Information, Electromagnetism and Water date: 2020-01-14 words: 11011 flesch: 55 summary: In other words, for inert matter, V6 space and its M4 subspace appears to be completely disconnected owing to a poor water con- tent. Accord- ing to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense. keywords: consciousness; energy; ether; existence; fact; group; information; living; mass; matter; physics; quantum; scale; space; symmetry; time; water cache: subs-645.pdf plain text: subs-645.txt item: #168 of 230 id: subs-647 author: Sztejnberg, Aleksander title: Vladimir Nikolayevich Ipatieff (1867-1952) - The Eminent Russian-American Chemist of the First Half of the XX Century date: 2020-01-13 words: 8555 flesch: 55 summary: Nikolayevich Ipatieff (1867-1952) – The Eminent Russian-American Chemist of the First Half of the XX Century As the result of experimental study V. N. Ipatieff and N. Kljukvin were successful in solving the problem of destructive hydrogenation of naphthalene in a rotat- ing autoclave. The purpose of this article was to familiarize readers with important events in the life of V. N. Ipatieff and his research activities, in particular with selected results of his experimental studies. keywords: academy; american; chemical; chemistry; hydrogen; ipatieff; ipatiev; nikolayevich; petersburg; pressure; reaction; research; russian; sciences; university; v. n.; vladimir; world; years cache: subs-647.pdf plain text: subs-647.txt item: #169 of 230 id: subs-65 author: Calamia, Mario; Gherardelli, Monica title: Exact Time: the First Scientific Application of Radiocommunications date: 2018-09-24 words: 2674 flesch: 54 summary: Until 1912 (this was the year I could realize the very first set of equipment related to a radiotelegraphy station dedi- cated to radio time signals) the exact time reckoning has been carried out on a regular basis, nearly every evening, and at least every two days by means of star culmination measured at meridian circle.2 The “very special equipment” is in fact the first Radio Station he realized in Italy. In 1910 the Bureau Central in Paris, namely the French Observatory located at the Tour Eiffel, began to transmit the exact time signal and it was at that point Father Alfani realized that such transmittance could serve perfectly the purpose of supplementing the star culmination method. keywords: alfani; father; radio; seismology; station; time; ximeniano cache: subs-65.pdf plain text: subs-65.txt item: #170 of 230 id: subs-66 author: Colli, Laura; Guarna, Antonio title: The dextrorotatory sweet asparagine of Arnaldo Piutti: the original product is conserved in Florence date: 2018-09-24 words: 3776 flesch: 49 summary: The presence of dextrorotatory sweet asparagine was not due to racemization during the extraction from the plant, but according to Piutti’s hypothesis, it was already present in the plant itself. THE SYNTHESIS OF SWEET ASPARAGINE keywords: arnaldo; asparagine; chemistry; dextrorotatory; florence; piutti; schiff; sweet; taste; ugo cache: subs-66.pdf plain text: subs-66.txt item: #171 of 230 id: subs-671 author: Thyssen, Pieter ; Ceulemans, Arnout title: Particular Symmetries: Group Theory of the Periodic System date: 2020-01-13 words: 12613 flesch: 64 summary: Periodic system, group theory, symmetry, elementary particle approach, period doubling, Madelung rule. a whole.62 Later on, he repeated this claim by stressing the novelty of his approach in the most explicit terms: We’ d like to point out again the most important distinct feature of the theory suggested: while the Bohr model con- siders one element as a separate quantum system (and the atomic number is included in the theory as a parameter, so the number of quantum systems is the same as the number of elements), our model considers the atoms of all possible elements as the states of a unified quantum system, link- able to each other by symmetry group action.63 Despite these claims, it is difficult to maintain that there is a fundamental difference with the perspective in Barut’s work, who explicitly asked in his Rutherford lec- ture: “Are there (global) quantum numbers which would characterize the elements as different ‘states’ of a sin- gle system? keywords: approach; barut; chemical; elements; fet; group; heisenberg; matter; new; particles; physics; plato; quantum; rule; states; symmetries; symmetry; system; table; theory cache: subs-671.pdf plain text: subs-671.txt item: #172 of 230 id: subs-68 author: Inesi, Giuseppe title: Similarities and contrasts in the structure and function of the calcium transporter ATP2A1 and the copper transporter ATP7B date: 2019-03-31 words: 4989 flesch: 50 summary: An additional feature is the presence of serine residues (Ser- 478, Ser-481, Ser1211, Ser-1453 in ATB7B) undergoing kinase assisted phosphorylation.23 The native abundance of copper ATPase is quite low and, in order to accomplish biochemical experimenta- tion, larger quantities were obtained by heterologous expression in insect or mammalian cells.24, 25 It was found that addition of ATP to microsomes expressing heterologous ATP7B yields two fractions of phosphoryl- Figure 6. Specific features of copper ATPase following addi- tion of ATP are shown in Fig 8, to demonstrate the dif- ference in phosphorylation of aspartate and serines in the copper ATPase. keywords: atp7b; atpase; binding; ca2; calcium; copper; fig; inesi; membrane; phosphorylation; state; transport cache: subs-68.pdf plain text: subs-68.txt item: #173 of 230 id: subs-69 author: Barzagli, Francesco; Mani, Fabrizio title: The increased anthropogenic gas emissions in the atmosphere and the rising of the Earth’s temperature: are there actions to mitigate the global warming? date: 2019-03-31 words: 8060 flesch: 54 summary: From the data reported in Table 1 it is clear that the greatest contribution to the overall GHG effect comes from CO2 emissions, mainly originating from fossil fuel combustion in power plants, transportation and build- ing heating. Consequently, the strategies aimed at reduc- ing the overall GHG emissions should be focused on the abatement and capture of CO2 emissions from the energy sectors (fossil fuel power generation without CCS tech- nology should phase out by 2100),8 industry and trans- port. keywords: atmosphere; capture; carbon; climate; co2; co2 emissions; earth; emissions; energy; fossil; fuels; gas; ghg; global; production; technology; temperature cache: subs-69.pdf plain text: subs-69.txt item: #174 of 230 id: subs-691 author: Rasmussen, Seth title: Sustainability and Energy Knowledge of the Past is Critical for our Future date: 2019-11-22 words: 2002 flesch: 60 summary: It is with this viewpoint that I am proud to present the following special issue on Sustainability and Energy that highlights the histories of various energy technologies, particularly those that might provide potential paths forward to a better future. This was followed with the construction of an experimental breeder reactor in Idaho, which generated the first elec- tricity from nuclear energy on December 20, 1951. keywords: coal; energy; fuel; history; rasmussen cache: subs-691.pdf plain text: subs-691.txt item: #175 of 230 id: subs-696 author: Balzani , Vincenzo title: Saving the planet and the human society: renewable energy, circular economy, sobriety date: 2019-11-25 words: 3567 flesch: 55 summary: Experience shows, however, that increasing the effi- ciency of “things” often does not lead to a reduction in energy consumption for several reasons,20 including the so called “rebound effect”).21 It may happen, indeed, that an increase in energy efficiency encourages a great- er use of energy services. Editorial Saving the planet and the human society: renewable energy, circular economy, sobriety Vincenzo Balzani Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, “G. Ciamician” Chemistry Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy E-mail: vincenzo.balzani@unibo.it Abstract. keywords: earth; economy; energies; energy; fossil; fuels; planet; use cache: subs-696.pdf plain text: subs-696.txt item: #176 of 230 id: subs-697 author: Grätzel, Michael; Milić, Jovana title: The Advent of Molecular Photovoltaics and Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells date: 2019-11-25 words: 10166 flesch: 55 summary: K. Domanski, B. Roose, T. Matsui, M. Saliba, S.-H. Turren-Cruz, J.-P. Correa-Baena, C. R. Carmona, G. Richardson, J. M. Foster, F. De Angelis, J. M. Ball, A. Petrozza, N. Mine, M. K. Nazeeruddin, W. Tress, M. Grätzel, U. Steiner, A. Hagfeldt, A. Abate, Energy Environ. M. M. Tavakoli, W. Tress, J. V. Milić, D. Kubicki, L. Emsley, M. Grätzel, Energy Environ. keywords: cells; chem; energy; figure; hybrid; hybrid perovskite; layered; light; m. grätzel; m. k.; molecular; nmr; perovskite; s. m.; solid; state cache: subs-697.pdf plain text: subs-697.txt item: #177 of 230 id: subs-699 author: Michl, Josef title: Singlet Fission: Toward More Efficient Solar Cells date: 2019-11-25 words: 6572 flesch: 62 summary: This survey would not be complete if we did not mention singlet fission in which the two generated tri- plet excitons reside in different parts of the same mol- ecule, known as intramolecular singlet fission. A survey is provided of the current status of singlet fission as a tool for bypassing the Shockley-Queisser limit on the efficiency of single-junction solar cells. keywords: biexciton; cells; chem; energy; excitation; fission; michl; singlet; state; triplet cache: subs-699.pdf plain text: subs-699.txt item: #178 of 230 id: subs-7 author: Caruana Sj, Louis title: From Water to the Stars: A Reinterpretation of Galileo’s Style date: 2017-03-17 words: 4546 flesch: 62 summary: On the side of the Aristoteli- ans: Lodovico delle Colombe, Discorso apologetico d’intorno al Discorso di Galileo Galilei (1612); and Vincenzo di Grazia, Considerazioni sopra ’l Discor- so di Galileo Galilei (1613); on the side of Galileo: Benedetto Castelli, Risposta alle opposizioni del S. Lodovico delle Colombe e del S. Vincenzo di Gra- zia contro al Trattato del Sig. An International Journal of the History of Chemistry 1(1): 49-53, 2017 Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia DOI: 10.13128/Substantia-7 Citation: L. Caruana SJ (2017) From Water to the Stars: A Reinterpreta- tion of Galileo’s Style. keywords: aristotelians; buoyancy; debate; galileo; ice; style; surface; water; way cache: subs-7.pdf plain text: subs-7.txt item: #179 of 230 id: subs-700 author: Smil, Vaclav title: What We Need to Know about the Pace of Decarbonization date: 2019-11-25 words: 3459 flesch: 54 summary: Coal’s share of global primary energy supply has been in retreat for generations as the reliance on hydro- carbons has grown – but the fuel still supplies nearly 30% of the total requirement. Proper recognition of energetic, engineering and economic realities means that the decarbonization of global energy supply will be much more difficult and it will take much longer than is often assumed by uncritical proponents of “green” solutions. keywords: co2; decarbonization; electricity; energy; fossil; fuels; smil; supply; world cache: subs-700.pdf plain text: subs-700.txt item: #180 of 230 id: subs-701 author: Henry, Marc title: Water and the Periodic Table date: 2021-12-10 words: 2147 flesch: 61 summary: Being involved in water science and research since about 40 years, I have asked to 5 scientists having a worldwide reputation to put the focus on domains where water is doomed to play major role for the next century. Considering the two couples of conjugated thermo- dynamic variables (volume V, pressure p) and (entropy S, temperature T), liquid water is further characterized by many critical temperatures at a pressure close to 0,1 MPa: T = -42°C: lowest limit temperature for super-cooled liq- uid water. keywords: henry; liquid; water cache: subs-701.pdf plain text: subs-701.txt item: #181 of 230 id: subs-702 author: van de Kraats, Everine B.; Munćan, Jelena; Tsenkova, Roumiana N. title: Aquaphotomics – Origin, concept, applications and future perspectives date: 2021-12-10 words: 9172 flesch: 49 summary: The water-mirror approach provides meas- urements of solute concentrations previously thought impossible at ppm,30–32 even ppb levels under certain experimental conditions.30,33–35 Apart from the concentration of analy tes, this approach also was successfully applied to the measure- ment of physical parameters of water systems, such as pH and acidity,36 and the effects of mechanical filtration on water.37 Thus, aquaphotomics contributed to basic knowl- edge about water-light interaction under perturbations and showed potential for fundamental applications. In this way, the building of the aquaphotome, which consists of the water absorb- ance bands and water spectral patterns (WASPs) related to specific states or dynamics of various systems, started.2 Every system–perturbation combination has its unique aquaphotome, i.e. the spectral pattern produced by the respective system under the respective perturba- tion. keywords: absorbance; applications; aquaphotomics; bands; changes; figure; nir; pattern; spectral; spectroscopy; studies; systems; tsenkova; water cache: subs-702.pdf plain text: subs-702.txt item: #182 of 230 id: subs-733 author: Dei, Luigi title: Preface date: 2021-12-10 words: 874 flesch: 51 summary: Chemistry has already engaged and won a similar challenge when, understanding the pollution problems gen- erated by a chaotic and rapid development, succeeded in setting up a new branch, green chemistry, that turned upside down several research top- ics. Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Preface keywords: chemistry; table cache: subs-733.pdf plain text: subs-733.txt item: #183 of 230 id: subs-735 author: Dei, Luigi title: Preface date: 2019-11-26 words: 871 flesch: 51 summary: Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Preface As President of the University of Florence which is the owner of the publisher Firenze University Press, I am truly grateful to the Editors – Marc Henry, Vincenzo Balzani, Seth Rasmussen, Luigi Campanella, Mary Vir- ginia Orna with Marco Fontani, and Brigitte Van Tiggelen with Annette Lykknes and Luis Moreno-Martinez – for accepting the invitation made by the Editor-in-Chief Pierandrea Lo Nostro and for the extraordinary work for the preparation of these special issues. keywords: chemistry; table cache: subs-735.pdf plain text: subs-735.txt item: #184 of 230 id: subs-736 author: Dei, Luigi title: Preface date: 2019-11-26 words: 874 flesch: 51 summary: Chemistry has already engaged and won a similar challenge when, understanding the pollution problems gen- erated by a chaotic and rapid development, succeeded in setting up a new branch, green chemistry, that turned upside down several research top- ics. Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Preface keywords: chemistry; table cache: subs-736.pdf plain text: subs-736.txt item: #185 of 230 id: subs-737 author: Van Tiggelen, Brigitte; Lykknes, Annette ; Moreno-Martínez, Luis title: The Periodic System, a History of Shaping and Sharing date: 2019-12-06 words: 2768 flesch: 49 summary: There are thousands of periodic tables, according to Mark Leach who keeps a comprehensive database of periodic tables. When taking a closer look though, it appears that in many countries and institutions, periodic tables appeared rather late – which is hard to grasp given the position the system holds in today’s chemistry. keywords: chemical; chemistry; elements; history; mendeleev; system; table cache: subs-737.pdf plain text: subs-737.txt item: #186 of 230 id: subs-739 author: Restrepo, Guillermo title: Compounds Bring Back Chemistry to the System of Chemical Elements date: 2019-12-06 words: 6726 flesch: 56 summary: For halo- gens, we found RC2H3O. Finding alkali metals and halogens as classes of similar elements with the sample of compounds ana- lyzed in reference 14, which include not only oxides and 12 As suggested by Brigitte Van Tiggelen during the revision of the cur- rent paper, this is an early evidence of how the simplification of the table through its dissemination started to leave aside valuable chemical information. hydrides, indicates that the commonalities of the mem- bers of these families extend to most of their combina- tions with other elements, not only to those with oxygen and hydrogen. The periodic system of chemical elements was historically devised by assess- ing order and similarity relationships among the elements from their compounds, that is, using the accumulated results of chemical practice and knowledge. keywords: approach; chemical; chemistry; cluster; compounds; elements; group; mendeleev; metals; new; reference; similarities; similarity; space; system; table cache: subs-739.pdf plain text: subs-739.txt item: #187 of 230 id: subs-740 author: Kragh, Helge title: Controversial Elements: Priority Disputes and the Discovery of Chemical Elements date: 2019-12-16 words: 8968 flesch: 59 summary: It seems hardly possible to come up with a fixed defini- tion of element discovery which makes sense over the approximately 250 years during which chemists have searched for new elements. For these and other reasons, element discoveries are often fol- lowed by controversies regarding priority. keywords: aluminium; atomic; case; chemical; claim; controversies; controversy; discoveries; discovery; element; history; new; priority; scientists; system; ørsted cache: subs-740.pdf plain text: subs-740.txt item: #188 of 230 id: subs-741 author: Campanella, Luigi; Teodori, Laura title: Where Does Chemistry Go? From Mendeelev Table of Elements to the Big Data Era date: 2019-12-16 words: 2064 flesch: 51 summary: Indeed, systems chemistry  is defined as “the science which study the networks of interacting molecules, to create new functions from an ensem- ble of molecular components at different hierarchical levels with emergent properties” 1. As in any systems science, systems chemistry too benefits of the massive outburst of big data. keywords: big; chemistry; data; elements; science; systems cache: subs-741.pdf plain text: subs-741.txt item: #189 of 230 id: subs-742 author: Cinti, Stefano title: Chemistry as Building Block for a New Knowledge and Participation date: 2019-12-16 words: 2230 flesch: 48 summary: The role of chemistry as the central science should not only be delivered by specialists, like those who have attended chemistry classes1, in places such as a high-school or a university, but also through different platforms which are more informal such as blogs, radio, magazines. To this regard, Anastas and Warner introduced the 12 principles of green chemistry in their book “Green Chemistry, Theory and Practice” in 1998.6 Although the principles were outlined with the aim for greener chemical practices, the vision of sustain- ability within the chemical industries are often perceived as an increase of the costs of production. keywords: chemical; chemistry; chemists; knowledge; non; participation; role cache: subs-742.pdf plain text: subs-742.txt item: #190 of 230 id: subs-757 author: Dei, Luigi title: Preface date: 2019-12-06 words: 1024 flesch: 46 summary: Chemistry has already engaged and won a similar challenge when, understanding the pollution problems gen- erated by a chaotic and rapid development, succeeded in setting up a new branch, green chemistry, that turned upside down several research top- ics. They are striking- ly associated to the great challenges for our future: these are water, sustain- ability, energy, open chemistry, the history and the educational perspectives of the periodic table. keywords: chemistry; energy; table; university cache: subs-757.pdf plain text: subs-757.txt item: #191 of 230 id: subs-765 author: Bellardita, Marianna ; Ceccato, Riccardo ; Dirè, Sandra ; Loddo, Vittorio; Palmisano, Leonardo; Parrino, Francesco title: Energy Transfer in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis date: 2019-12-16 words: 6132 flesch: 52 summary: For instance, techniques based on energy transfer processes have been used to monitor DNA hybridization and sequencing, protein conformation, enzyme activity, and cellular dynamics.3-5 Other applications concern photonic logic 50 Marianna Bellardita et al. gates6,7 and energy harvesting.8,9 However, even if the formal similarity with energy transfer processes in homoge- neous systems is plausible, in heterogeneous systems such as photocatalytic suspensions, it is often difficult to discriminate between electron and energy transfer, mainly due to the presence of solid particles. keywords: acceptor; chem; donor; electron; electron transfer; energy; energy transfer; mechanism; oxygen; photocatalysis; processes; semiconductor; surface; tio2; transfer cache: subs-765.pdf plain text: subs-765.txt item: #192 of 230 id: subs-774 author: Dei, Luigi title: Preface date: 2019-12-12 words: 1018 flesch: 48 summary: When we designed the project related to these special issues, we had in mind Levi’s work and in particular his wonderful tales that belong to The Periodic Table. Chemistry has already engaged and won a similar challenge when, understanding the pollution problems gen- erated by a chaotic and rapid development, succeeded in setting up a new branch, green chemistry, that turned upside down several research top- ics. keywords: chemistry; energy; table cache: subs-774.pdf plain text: subs-774.txt item: #193 of 230 id: subs-778 author: Dei, Luigi title: Preface date: 2019-12-16 words: 965 flesch: 50 summary: Chemistry has already engaged and won a similar challenge when, understanding the pollution problems gen- erated by a chaotic and rapid development, succeeded in setting up a new branch, green chemistry, that turned upside down several research top- ics. Now is the time to develop sustainable chemistry: the occurring events demand that chemists propose new routes and innovative approaches. keywords: chemistry; energy; table cache: subs-778.pdf plain text: subs-778.txt item: #194 of 230 id: subs-8 author: None title: subs-8 date: 2017-03-17 words: 3685 flesch: 59 summary: The book is built as a collection of chapters or sto- ries each entitled with an element of the very periodic table by Mendeleev: in total 21 elements each recalling a life experience of the author, the chemist and writer Primo Levi, an author famous in the world as one of the most impor- tant witnesses of the Shoah. In conclusion, the story I tried to narrate thanks to the beautiful help of Levi’s writing can be considered the third and last paradox of Primo Levi’s life: the Nobel dynamite factory, emblem and symbol in some way of the atrocity of the war due to the product of its activ- ity (the explosives) hosted the “saved” – opposed to the “drowned” – Primo Levi and made him to feel the sensa- tion he condensed in the sentence “I felt reborn”. keywords: book; chemist; dynamite; dynamite factory; factory; levi; life; man; nobel; nobel dynamite cache: subs-8.pdf plain text: subs-8.txt item: #195 of 230 id: subs-81 author: Ferraris, Giovanni title: Early contributions of crystallography to the atomic theory of matter date: 2019-03-31 words: 4329 flesch: 50 summary: In 16906 Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) proposed an anisotropic model of crystal structure based on a compact packing of ellipsoids (Figure 3) to explain – via his well known wave theory of light – the birefringence observed in calcite by Rasmus Bartholin (1625-1698) in 16697 (Figure 4). Isomorphism, stereoisomerism, integrant molecule, crystal morphology, atomic theory. keywords: atomic; atoms; chemical; crystals; figure; haüy; matter; model; molecule; morphology; reference; structure cache: subs-81.pdf plain text: subs-81.txt item: #196 of 230 id: subs-813 author: Basso, Andrea; Alloisio, Marina; Carnasciali, Maria Maddalena; Grotti, Marco; Vicini, Silvia title: The Strange Case of Professor Promezio: A Cold Case in the Chemistry Museum date: 2020-07-02 words: 3146 flesch: 48 summary: “The strange case of Professor Promezio” represents a unicum in the panorama of laboratory activities for high school students: it is a cold case in which students are asked to investigate a fact that took place almost a century ago. Almost one hundred years later high school students are recruited to investigate this strange case. keywords: case; chemistry; professor; promezio; school; science; students cache: subs-813.pdf plain text: subs-813.txt item: #197 of 230 id: subs-816 author: Rasmussen, Seth C title: Peer Review - Critical Feedback or Necessary Evil? date: 2020-01-13 words: 1676 flesch: 44 summary: Seth C. Rasmussen Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA Email: seth.rasmussen@ndsu.edu Anyone who has participated in scientific publish- ing, either as author or editor, has dealt with the process of peer review. Unfortunately, it also seems that authors often look at peer review as being a painful exercise forced upon them by journals, while those serv- ing as reviewers too often see it as something expected of them, but not important enough to spend considera- ble effort performing. keywords: peer; process; review; reviewers cache: subs-816.pdf plain text: subs-816.txt item: #198 of 230 id: subs-817 author: Camerota, Filippo title: Leonardo and the Florence Canal. Sheets 126-127 of the Codex Atlanticus date: 2020-01-13 words: 7959 flesch: 67 summary: But the ques- 15 On water engineering in the Lombardy area see, Cesare S. Maffioli, I contributi di Leonardo da Vinci e degli ingegneri milanesi : misura delle Figure 13. Scienza, Utopia e Land Art, in Leonardo e Firenze, cit., pp. keywords: arno; atlanticus; basin; braccia; canal; codex; dinari; figure; firenze; florence; florence canal; fol; lake; leonardo; map; navigation; project; sheets; water cache: subs-817.pdf plain text: subs-817.txt item: #199 of 230 id: subs-821 author: Taseidifar , Mojtaba; Antony, John Joseph; Pashley, Richard title: Prevention of Cavitation in Propellers date: 2021-03-22 words: 5467 flesch: 53 summary: 1 10 100 1000 10000 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 C av it at io n p re ss u re / a tm % air concentration Theoretical water cavitation values Pure water cavitation pressure -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 ca vi ta ti on p re ss ur e in a tm de-gassing level in % Theoretical water cavitation values 114 Mojtaba Taseidifar, John Antony, Richard M. Pashley 3.3. The results of these rotation ate/degassing measurements are summarised in Table 1, which clearly shows that higher degassing levels pro- duced higher cavitation pressures in the system (this data was obtained from the theoretical values for water cavitation in Figure 4). keywords: blade; boundary; cavitation; figure; flow; fluid; gas; layer; pressure; propeller; surface; water cache: subs-821.pdf plain text: subs-821.txt item: #200 of 230 id: subs-823 author: Ninham, Barry W. ; Shahid, Muhammad; Pashley, Richard M. title: A Review and Update of Bubble Column Evaporator Processes date: 2021-03-22 words: 10234 flesch: 54 summary: There has been much attention on the industrial uses of bubbles columns in the chemicals industry, including a volume in Chemi- cal Engineering Technology in 2017.4 Much work has also been carried out on the difficult area of numerical mod- elling of turbulent bubble column reactors.5 Advantages of bubble columns, using direct-contact heat transfer, compared to other multiphase reactors are several: (a) less maintenance required due to the absence of moving parts, (b) higher effective interfacial areas and overall mass transfer coefficients can be achieved, (c) higher heat transfer rates per unit volume of the reactors can be attained, (d) solids can be handled without any erosion or plugging problems, (e) less floor space is occu- pied and bubble column reactors are less costly, (f ) slow reactions can be carried out due to high liquid residence time,6 and (g) the product can be recovered from the reaction mixture without additional separation opera- tions.1 Finally, and a glaringly obvious technology still to be exploited, high temperature reactions can be carried out at the surface of bubbles whilst maintaining a rela- tively low temperature in the liquid column. Bubble columns are devices in which a gas, often dry air, is pumped through a porous sinter disc to form gas bub- bles in contact with the column solution. keywords: air; bce; bubble; bubble column; column; desalination; evaporator; gas; heat; high; layer; pashley; pressure; process; salt; solution; temperature; vapour; water cache: subs-823.pdf plain text: subs-823.txt item: #201 of 230 id: subs-824 author: Gettongsong, Tanita; Taseidifar, Mojtaba ; Pashley, Richard M. title: New Resins for Ion Exchange Applications and a Process for Their Sustainable Regeneration date: 2021-03-22 words: 2891 flesch: 51 summary: The resin is synthesised by synthesis of two differ- ent strong acid and strong base resins. The results in Figure 4 were obtained based on the electrical conductivities for different solutions when they were exposed to different ion exchange resins. keywords: bubble; column; desalination; evaporator; polymer; process; regeneration; resin; solution cache: subs-824.pdf plain text: subs-824.txt item: #202 of 230 id: subs-826 author: Gettongsong, Tanita; Taseidifar, Mojtaba; Pashley, Richard M. ; Ninham, Barry W. title: Novel Resins for Efficient Desalination date: 2021-03-22 words: 6520 flesch: 54 summary: They have been recently synthesised and they show high ability to adsorb different divalent metal ions such as Ca(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II).11 Another study has shown that these latices can exchange both cations and anions.12 Similar ionic exchange properties are found in protein molecules as well as in biomolecules, which have both cationic and anionic sites to adsorb multivalent ions of either sign.13-15 There are a variety of factors that affect ion adsorp- tion properties of polyampholytic ion exchange resins; including pH of the electrolyte solution16,17, tempera- ture18,19, ionic strength of the electrolyte solutions20,21, the ratio of acid to basic groups and the affinities of spe- cific counter ions.22-24 The polyampholytic latices are zwitterionic, and usually show a pH where they have net zero charge (pzc), or an isoelectric point (IEP). Keywords: Zwitterionic polymer resin, polyampholytic resins, desalination, ion- exchange resin, ammonium bicarbonate. keywords: acid; chemical; desalination; exchange; hydrogels; nacl; polymer; process; resin; results; solution; swelling; table; water; zwitterionic cache: subs-826.pdf plain text: subs-826.txt item: #203 of 230 id: subs-830 author: Ziaee, Mohammad; Taseidifar, Mojtaba; Pashley, Richard M. ; Ninham, Barry W. title: Selective Removal of Toxic Ions from Water/Wastewater: Using a Novel Surfactant date: 2021-03-22 words: 6943 flesch: 56 summary: 1. INTRODUCTION Low but toxic amounts of heavy metal ions like arsenic occur naturally in drinking water. Much research on the remov- al of heavy metal ions from water has been aimed at sev- eral different methods: membrane technology, adsorp- tion, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and flotation. keywords: arsenic; cys; cysteine; flotation; ion flotation; ions; metal; metal ions; process; removal; results; surfactant; table; water cache: subs-830.pdf plain text: subs-830.txt item: #204 of 230 id: subs-832 author: Garrido Sanchis, Adrian title: Thermal Inactivation of Viruses and Bacteria with Hot Air Bubbles in Different Electrolyte Solutions date: 2021-03-22 words: 6159 flesch: 60 summary: For both solutions and for the entire range of tem- peratures E. coli was inactivated much faster than MS2 virus, therefore, E. coli proved to be more sensitive to hot air bubbles than MS2 virus (Fig. 4). Data analysis The linear decay model was used to study the time dependence of inactivation of pathogens (MS2 virus or E. coli). keywords: air; bubble; coli; inactivation; nacl; solutions; temperature; virus; viruses; water cache: subs-832.pdf plain text: subs-832.txt item: #205 of 230 id: subs-833 author: Shahid, Muhammad; Taseidifar , Mojtaba; Pashley, Richard M. title: A Study of the Bubble Column Evaporator Method for Improved Ammonium Bicarbonate Decomposition in Aqueous Solutions: Desalination and Other Techniques date: 2021-03-22 words: 4015 flesch: 52 summary: Bubble columns are devices in which a gas, often dry air, is pumped through a multi-porous sinter disc to form gas bubbles which are continuously replenished and come into intimate contact with the column solution. 4. NOMENCLATURE Abbreviations AB Ammonium bicarbonate BCE Bubble column evaporator Symbols °C Degree Celsius M Concentration in mol/L m Concentration in mol/kg n Number of moles T Temperature ∆Hvap Enthalpy of vaporisation ∆P Pressure difference between inside and outside of the bubble ∆T Temperature difference between inlet gas and bubble column solution 5. keywords: ammonium; bce; bubble; column; decomposition; gas; solution; temperature; water cache: subs-833.pdf plain text: subs-833.txt item: #206 of 230 id: subs-841 author: Ziaee, Mohammad; Taseidifar, Mojtaba; Pashley, Richard M. ; Ninham, Barry W. title: Efficient Dewatering of Slimes and Sludges with a Bubble Column Evaporator date: 2021-03-22 words: 3468 flesch: 58 summary: The BCE exploits the high interfacial area between gas bubbles and water and acts as a natural semi-permeable membrane. Note that the . 94 Mohammad Ziaee, Mojtaba Taseidifar, Richard M. Pashley, Barry W. Ninham using hot air bubbles, Desalination and Water Treat., 2016, 57, 9444-9454. keywords: air; bubble; column; gas; helium; process; slime; water cache: subs-841.pdf plain text: subs-841.txt item: #207 of 230 id: subs-851 author: Kessenikh, Alexander title: Estonian scientist in USSR (Memories and reflections about Endel Lippmaa, 1930 -2015) date: 2020-07-02 words: 9954 flesch: 61 summary: The Estonian engineer and scientist Endel Lippmaa who graduated in 1953 from the Tallinn Polytechnic Insti- tute and worked there, decided to devote his scientific activity to NMR. Lippmaa E., Syugis A. Sravnenie spinovykh stabi- lizatorov magnitnogo polya YaMR-spektrometrov vysokoy razreshayushchey sily. keywords: academy; chemical; chemistry; endel; endel lippmaa; estonian; field; high; institute; lippmaa; mass; nmr; physics; resolution; resonance; russian; sciences; soviet; spectroscopy; tallinn; university; ussr; vol; work cache: subs-851.pdf plain text: subs-851.txt item: #208 of 230 id: subs-865 author: Schwartz, Laurent; Devin, Anne ; Bouillaud, Frédéric ; Henry, Marc title: Entropy as the Driving Force of Pathogenesis: an Attempt of Diseases Classification Based on the Laws of Physics date: 2020-07-02 words: 4342 flesch: 55 summary: The main difference between cancer and degenerative diseases is the intracellular pH. In cancer cells the intra- cellular pH is alkaline.20,21 On the origin of cancer cells. keywords: body; cancer; cell; classification; diseases; entropy; heat; inflammation; schwartz; waste cache: subs-865.pdf plain text: subs-865.txt item: #209 of 230 id: subs-879 author: Sztejnberg, Aleksander title: The Eminent French Chemist Claude-Louis Berthollet (1748-1822) in the Literature between the 19th and 21st Century date: 2020-07-02 words: 7940 flesch: 51 summary: There was among them Jacques-Alphonse Mahul, who wrote his biographical note in 182357, and Hugh Colquhoun, who published his article about him in Annals Of Philoso- phy.58 In 1823, the Biographical Memoir of Count Claude- Louis Berthollet was also published in the The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal by an anonymous author.59 The physician and historian of medicine Giovanni Giaco- mo Bonino (1791-1858), wrote Berthollet’s biographi- cal note in his book entitled Biografia Medica Piemon- tese in 1825.60 The naturalist George Cuvier (1769-1832) wrote about him in his Éloge Historique De M. Le Comte Berthollet.61 Berthollet’s life and activities was also described by historian of chemistry Thomas Thomson 144 Aleksander Sztejnberg (1773-1852) in his book entitled History of Chemistry.62 Jomard wrote his biography in the book entitled Notice Sur La Vie Et Les Ouvrages de Cl. THE IMPORTANT EVENTS IN BERTHOLLET’S LIFE Claude-Louis Berthollet (1748-1822) (Fig. 1) was born in Talloire (Upper Savoy) on December, 9, 1748, and he was the son of Louis Berthollet, a nota- ry and castellan, and Philiberte Donier. keywords: berthollet; biographical; chemistry; claude; des; egypt; life; london; louis; louis berthollet; napoleon; page; paris; ref; sciences; second; society; volume; years cache: subs-879.pdf plain text: subs-879.txt item: #210 of 230 id: subs-890 author: Campanella, Luigi; Anastasio, Maurizio title: A Possible Scientific Answer to Covid-19 Among Open Science, Big Data, Old and New Expertise and Knowledge: the Position Paper of Chemistry date: 2020-04-01 words: 1170 flesch: 41 summary: Another important aspect of chemistry concerns scientific data, their meaning, but above all how they are obtained and how they must be communicated. We have seen how chemistry, or better chemical sciences, can collaborate closely with those disciplines and subjects already mentioned above whose presence and activities in the group are absolutely necessary and we all agree on this. keywords: chemical; chemistry; group cache: subs-890.pdf plain text: subs-890.txt item: #211 of 230 id: subs-894 author: None title: subs-894 date: 2020-09-11 words: 34214 flesch: 35 summary: Keywords: Green Chemistry, Green Engineering, history, non-waste technology, pol- lution prevention, Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), 3M Cor- poration, 3M3P, Environmental Protection Agency, American Chemical Society. http://www.fupress.com/substantia http://www.fupress.com/substantia http://www.fupress.com/substantia mailto:uvlawpatents@gmail.com 16 Mark A. Murphy If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants. It seems obvious from this definition, and from common sense, that Green Chemistry (and Green Chemists and Green Engineers) should address themselves (though perhaps not exclusively) to “Real-World” situations and consid- erations. keywords: 1990s; acs; american; anastas; approaches; article; author; book; chapter; chemical; chemical industry; chemistry; chemistry ii; chemists; control; countries; design; development; economic; efforts; engineering; environmental; epa; examples; government; green; green chemistry; industry; international; inventions; murphy; new; oil; paper; patent; pollution prevention; principals; problems; process; processes; production; products; program; ref; research; roots; royston; technology; time; u.s; university; use; waste; work; world; years cache: subs-894.pdf plain text: subs-894.txt item: #212 of 230 id: subs-9 author: De Gennes, Pierre-Gilles title: The Tribulations of the Inventor date: 2017-03-17 words: 4554 flesch: 74 summary: It is an object in which the cap- illarity and the surface forces want to retract this drop, to make it expose less surface, but there is its weight that goes the other way and that forces the drop to flat- ten. The Edison’ flashlight was made with a roasted fern had no mechanical stability and did not resist in time. keywords: glass; idea; innovation; inventor; surface; things; time; water cache: subs-9.pdf plain text: subs-9.txt item: #213 of 230 id: subs-900 author: None title: SUB-COVID-805 date: 2020-04-09 words: 979 flesch: 47 summary: However, to go beyond the state of the art, for providing advances in the diagnostic field, all the research branches cannot be distant: science progress needs to be exchanged in the vanguard of all the disciplines, merging chemistry, biology, biotechnology, physics, mathematics, engineering, telemedicine, etc. Hopefully, people far from science and scientific routes, should look at science from a diverse perspective, perhaps being suspicious from politicians’ slogan within scientific affairs, sometimes inaccurate and just (scientifically) erroneous: everyone, now, on her/his skin, knows that health is very fragile in such conditions. Substantia. keywords: apr; pandemic; people; science cache: subs-900.pdf plain text: subs-900.txt item: #214 of 230 id: subs-907 author: None title: SUB-COVID-806 date: 2020-04-15 words: 1328 flesch: 59 summary: On the other hand, we are a long way from attaining social sustainability, that requires, first and foremost, a redistribution of wealth. There is still a lot of work to do, but we are well aware of the way to achieve ecological sustainability. keywords: earth; spaceship; use cache: subs-907.pdf plain text: subs-907.txt item: #215 of 230 id: subs-911 author: Bergandi, Donato title: Coronavirus and the Heterogenesis of Ends: Underpinning the Ecological and Health Catastrophe is a Political Crisis date: 2020-04-22 words: 3842 flesch: 58 summary: In other words, “the destroyers of nature” (of the ecosystems), that is, the productivistic model of our economy and the “uninhibited” entrepreneurs who disrupt the ecosystems and “exploit” them with ever-increasing efficiency “to reap more money”, thereby create the conditions for the “passage” of the virus, adapted to secular ecosystems, in the human species – because their original environment is being destroyed (by human economic activities). State University of New York Press. keywords: bergandi; catastrophe; coronavirus; democracy; development; human; new; press; sustainable; york cache: subs-911.pdf plain text: subs-911.txt item: #216 of 230 id: subs-914 author: Bagnoli , Franco ; Lorini, Daniele ; Lió, Pietro title: Modeling Social Groups, Policies and Cognitive Behavior in COVID-19 Epidemic Phases. Basic Scenarios date: 2020-06-11 words: 6296 flesch: 64 summary: Let us consider for the moment a simple model with four states: S, E, R and D (SERD) and three parameters: 𝛼(𝑛) , infection probability from infected people in community 𝑛,𝜌, recovery rate and 𝛿, death rate. The extensive sampling of Vo (10) shows that about 43% of infected people are asymptomatic and 17% needed ICU recovery. keywords: age; covid-19; fig; infected; infection; model; number; people; probability; risk cache: subs-914.pdf plain text: subs-914.txt item: #217 of 230 id: subs-917 author: Campanella, Luigi title: Even Covid-19 could teach us something if we were good students! date: 2020-04-27 words: 619 flesch: 64 summary: This is an open access, peer-reviewed article published by Firenze University Press (http://www. fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Creative Com- mons Attribution License, which per- mits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Editorial Even Covid-19 could teach us something if we were good students! keywords: apr; campanella cache: subs-917.pdf plain text: subs-917.txt item: #218 of 230 id: subs-923 author: Di Meo, Antonio title: Communicating Science: a Modern Event date: 2020-07-02 words: 2590 flesch: 39 summary: The emphasis that is generally put in modern science on the problem of communication has a very profound raison d’ être: compared to many other forms of knowledge, science is by its very nature an intersubjective, public, collaborative and democratic (at least in principle) enterprise. Keywords: communication, modern science, ethics of research, progress, academies, scientific press, scientific entertainment. keywords: century; knowledge; language; public; research; science; works cache: subs-923.pdf plain text: subs-923.txt item: #219 of 230 id: subs-924 author: Karpas, Abraham ; Bainbridge, Douglas; Ash, Stephen title: Considerations for Treating CoronaVirus (Sars-Cov-2) Infection with Passive Immunotherapy date: 2020-05-04 words: 1834 flesch: 60 summary: One could expect that in SARS-Covid-19 also, infected individuals who recover will have developed some form of protective immunity. ISSN 2532-3997 (online) | DOI: 10.13128/Substantia-924 A. Karpas, D. Bainbridge, S. Ash 2 Plasma from healthy HIV-positive individuals who still had a high number of CD4+ T-cells (which we found correlated with high levels of neutralising antibody) was collected by plasmapheresis and given by infusion to patients with advanced AIDS. keywords: blood; individuals; infection; plasma; virus cache: subs-924.pdf plain text: subs-924.txt item: #220 of 230 id: subs-930 author: Quammen, David title: From Spillover to Pandemic date: 2020-05-11 words: 1937 flesch: 62 summary: By “the scientific basis” he meant the understanding of which virus groups to watch, the field capabilities to detect spillovers in remote places before they become regional outbreaks, the organizational capacities to control outbreaks before they become pandemics, plus the laboratory tools and skills to recognize known viruses speedily, to characterize new viruses almost as fast, and to create vaccines and therapies without much delay. The excerpt below, published in 2012 in the American edition of my book Spillover, came after 500 pages in which I described the phenomenon of zoonotic diseases (those caused by viruses and other pathogens passed from nonhuman animals to humans), the importance of those diseases amid the problems of global human health, the work of the scientists who study such diseases, and the danger that a virus newly emerged from an animal host could cause a terrible pandemic. keywords: diseases; human; pandemic; virus; viruses cache: subs-930.pdf plain text: subs-930.txt item: #221 of 230 id: subs-937 author: Hocquet, Alexandre title: Open Science in Times of Coronavirus: Introducing the Concept of Real-Time Publication date: 2020-05-22 words: 2206 flesch: 50 summary: It is increasingly difficult for scientific journals to find reviewers and to get the reviewers comments in time. For scientific journals, peer review has been playing the role of certification (does the article deserve to be published?) keywords: article; journals; open; publication; pubpeer; review; science; time cache: subs-937.pdf plain text: subs-937.txt item: #222 of 230 id: subs-941 author: Campanella, Luigi; Anastasio, Maurizio title: The Concept of Organization and the Strategic Position of Chemistry in a Generic Research and Development Project Focused on SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-09-17 words: 1254 flesch: 27 summary: The article focuses on the synergy between the management organization of a research group and the strategic position that chemistry should occupy among other scientific disciplines in the case of scientific technological projects. 2.3 The position of Chemistry in multidisciplinary projects The position and the role of Chemistry is strictly dependent on the nature of the project, so they must be evaluated case by case according to the specific features of the project. keywords: chemistry; position; project cache: subs-941.pdf plain text: subs-941.txt item: #223 of 230 id: subs-950 author: Corbetta, Lorenzo; Li, Shiyue; Li, Jing; Guo, Shuliang; Bonanni, Paolo; Herth, Felix JF; Flandes, Javier; Munavvar, Mohammed; Qiang, Li; Wang, Na title: Stand on the Same Side - Preventing a Second Wave of Covid-19's Outbreak date: 2020-05-29 words: 12710 flesch: 63 summary: Also, your indications for the therapeutic and diagnosing, safety considerations of bronchoscopy in COVID-19 patients. And in every aerosol generating procedures performed on COVID-19 patients, not only but also suspected, we must wear respirator N95 or FFP2 better, FFP3, gown, gloves, eye protection and apron. keywords: bronchoscopy; cases; china; corbetta; covid-19; days; germany; hospital; need; number; outbreak; patients; people; professor; therapy; treatment; university; virus; wave; work cache: subs-950.pdf plain text: subs-950.txt item: #224 of 230 id: subs-957 author: Balzani, Vincenzo title: The Universe, the Light, the Earth, the Life: the Reality is Greater than We Are date: 2020-06-05 words: 5315 flesch: 71 summary: Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Feature Article The Universe, the Light, the Earth, the Life: the Reality is Greater than We Are Vincenzo Balzani “G. Ciamician” Department of Chemistry, I tried to link together four entities of reality (Universe, Light, Earth and Life) showing that reality is much more complex than we think and much greater than us. keywords: earth; energy; human; life; light; matter; stars; universe; years cache: subs-957.pdf plain text: subs-957.txt item: #225 of 230 id: subs-959 author: Henry, Marc title: Thermodynamics of Life date: 2021-03-01 words: 21 flesch: 47 summary: Aug 25, 2020 Just Accepted Online: Aug 26, 2020 Published: Mar 01, 2021 https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-959 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-959 Received: Jun 02, 2020 Revised: keywords: aug cache: subs-959.pdf plain text: subs-959.txt item: #226 of 230 id: subs-961 author: Domenici, Valentina title: Distance Education in Chemistry during the Epidemic Covid-19 date: 2020-06-24 words: 2577 flesch: 22 summary: On the other hand, the main limitations of distance learning in chemistry seem to be related to the need of a specific teaching training and of a radical change of educational models.12 Moreover, from these studies,12-19 it is evident that distance education in chemistry implies the availability of new and ad-hoc educational materials and, more important, a completely free access to digital tools and internet and/or mobile devices.12,13 The next step of the history of distance education is related to the new idea of “Open University”, developed to get a wider access of students to high school studies and university courses. keywords: chemical; chemistry; distance; education; learning; online; students; university cache: subs-961.pdf plain text: subs-961.txt item: #227 of 230 id: subs-963 author: Siderer, Yona title: Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors date: 2021-03-01 words: 12820 flesch: 69 summary: In Seimi Kaiso Youan dealt with topics such as chemical affinity, solution, caloric, alkali, salts, phos- phoric acid, ammonia, oxidation and reductions of met- als, glass, constituents of plants and more. In the introduction to Seimi Kaiso Youan wrote the names of the authors of the books he studied from and his translation of the title of the book, in Japanese. keywords: 1975; acid; book; chemical; chemistry; chemistry studies; der; dutch; english; history; introduction; japanese; kaiso; new; sakaguchi; scholars; science; seimi; seimi kaiso; siderer; sk book; skr; springs; studies; terms; translation; tsukahara; udagawa; udagawa youan; university; van; vol; water; western; youan cache: subs-963.pdf plain text: subs-963.txt item: #228 of 230 id: subs-964 author: Cohen, Jack S. title: History of Research on Antisense Oligonucleotide Analogs date: 2021-03-01 words: 21 flesch: 47 summary: DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-964 Received: Jun 09, 2020 Revised: Aug 09, 2020 Just Accepted Online: Aug 11, 2020 Published: Mar 01, 2021 https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-964 keywords: https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-964 cache: subs-964.pdf plain text: subs-964.txt item: #229 of 230 id: subs-967 author: Corbetta, Lorenzo; Li, Shiyue; Li, Jing; Rossolini, Gian Maria; Fabbri, Leonardo M.; Guangfa, Wang; Qin Tai, Yang title: Stand on the Same Side Against Covid-19 - Diagnostic, Screening Tools and Pathways for Clinical and Preventive Purposes. date: 2020-06-20 words: 11614 flesch: 63 summary: So, another risk, I think, is asymptomatic Covid-19 cases. Most are coming from abroad: we still are facing a high pressure from the importation of Covid-19 cases. keywords: asymptomatic; cases; china; corbetta; covid-19; data; disease; patients; positive; professor; screening; search; symptoms; university cache: subs-967.pdf plain text: subs-967.txt item: #230 of 230 id: subs-973 author: Rasmussen, Seth C title: New Insight into the “Fortuitous Error” that Led to the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry date: 2021-03-01 words: 4755 flesch: 65 summary: The current report provides background on Pyun and, for the first time, presents his version of the events leading to the discovery of polyacetylene films in order to provide new insight into this important historical event. The goal here is to provide background on Pyun and, for the first time, present his version of the events leading to the discovery of polyacetylene films in order to provide new insight into this event. keywords: chem; film; ikeda; nobel; polyacetylene; pyun; shirakawa cache: subs-973.pdf plain text: subs-973.txt