Substantia. An International Journal of the History of Chemistry 5(1): 99-117, 2021 Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia ISSN 2532-3997 (online) | DOI: 10.36253/Substantia-963 Citation: Siderer Y. (2021) Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chem- istry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors. Substan- tia 5(1) : 99-117. doi: 10.36253/Substan- tia-963 Received: Jun 08, 2020 Revised: Sep 06, 2020 Just Accepted Online: Sep 14, 2020 Published: Mar 01, 2021 Copyright: © 2021 Siderer Y. This is an open access, peer-reviewed article published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distri- bution, and reproduction in any medi- um, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All rel- evant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. Historical Articles Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors Yona Siderer Edelstein Center for the History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem E-mail: sideryon@netvision.net.il Abstract. This work presents chemistry studies of the Japanese scholar Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), specifically, his pioneering book Seimi Kaiso, introduction to Chemistry, and includes a short biography of Youan. The first aim of this work is to present Youan’s contribution to Western chemistry in Japan. Youan studied many Western books and listed their authors. The new terms he invented for chemistry in Japanese influenced the development of chemistry writing and application in Japan. The seven books of Seimi Kaiso that were published during 1837-1847 and republished with annotation in Japa- nese in 1975 are discussed in this article. The impact of Youan’ terminology on the his- tory of chemistry writing in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is discussed. The conditions of knowledge transfer among Japanese and Western scholars were very dif- ferent. Youan had severe difficulties facing the strict attitude of the Tokugawa authorities toward studying and distributing knowledge coming from foreign countries. The later development of Japanese chemistry language and studies is also described. Keywords: Japan, Udagawa Youan, Seimi Kaiso – Introduction to Chemistry, Western sources of science, Dutch Studies in Japan, Japanese chemistry terminol- ogy. 1. UDAGAWA YOUAN (1798-1846) – SCHOLAR OF DUTCH STUDIES Udagawa Youan– A multi-talented nineteenth century scholar Udagawa Youan (1798-1846) was a scholar of many talents who touched very many topics during his lifetime.1 Youan was a medical doctor of Tsuy- ama town in Okayama prefecture, translated and investigated plants in Edo Japan, studied modern chemistry and many other topics like musical instru- ments, geography, history of Holland and playing cards; he wrote an early article on coffee and more. Youan studied foreign languages, first Dutch, to some level German, even Latin and Greek Russian, and copied a list of Ara- bic letters. It is told that in 1822 he stayed on a British ship for three nights in order to learn English. He saw maps of the world from which he could study names of European and other countries.2 http://www.fupress.com/substantia http://www.fupress.com/substantia 100 Yona Siderer In his youth, Youan studied Chinese Classics in the house of his teacher and adoptive father Udagawa Genshin. An official translation office of the Tokuga- wa regime, Bansho wage goyo was established in 1811; Youan joined the translation office in 1826. Youan col- laborated there in Dutch translation with his adoptive father, his teacher Baba Sajuro, Otsuki Gentaku who was one of the founders of Dutch Studies and other Japa- nese scholars. They translated parts of Chomel encyclo- pedia, from which Youan learnt about Western botany.3 Youan’s good knowledge of Chinese Classics and good knowledge of Dutch language that he acquired due to years of translating books on plants, botany, medical drugs, and other topics, helped him understanding and coining suitable terms in Japanese for the new discipline, chemistry: names of the chemical elements, compounds, and chemical processes. Youan’s innovation of scientific language remains in use today. 2. SEIMI KAISO – INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY – YOUAN’S BOOK AND ITS CURRENT RESEARCH Youan’s main book on chemistry Seimi Kaiso will be dealt with in the following chapters. Before this book he wrote several other, shorter books on various chemi- cal topics translated from the scientific books imported to Japan. A thorough survey in archives was carried out by J. Mac Lean searching the years 1712 – 1854. He studied the records of the Dutch Factory in Japan, and from the Colonial records, both preserved in the Rijks- archief (State Archive) in The Hague, the Netherlands. Mac Lean listed the year that a ship arrived, its name, its captain’s name, the scientific instruments and books that were imported; the names of those who ordered those items are also listed.4 Udagawa Youan might have had access to some of those books and instruments, especial- ly those delivered to the official translation office whose member he was since 1826. A partial list of U. Youan’s early chemistry books includes: Metal Chemistry, Introduction to Chemistry Characters Sound, Dyeing Chemistry, Earth Chemistry number 1, Chemistry of Light, Element Earth (non-met- al) Chemistry, Consideration of Western Measures, Note on Western Mineral Springs, Introduction to Chemistry Sequel Potassium Nitrate Theory, Theory on Hot Springs Experiments in Several Provinces.5 Description of Seimi Kaiso Udagawa Youan’s Seimi Kaiso is considered the first extensive book on chemistry in Japan. It includes seven books; each divided into three volumes and numbered chapters. Six books are considered inner books that are the main text; the seventh book is called an external or appendix book. All together it has more than 1100 pag- es, published between 1837 to 1847. The print is in Kanji and katakana. The books are bound by ribbon with sev- eral stiches along the back of the book. The pages are folded and numbered on their margin. Fig. 2 presents a full set of seven books in an original book case at the Edelstein Collection of The National Library of Israel (NLI) in Jerusalem. Supposedly, it was bought by Dr. Sidney Edelstein from a books shop in New York. The first page of the first book is presented in figure 3. The upper line, written from right to left, shows the year of printing, corresponding to 1837. On the upper right side is written “Udagawa Youan translator.” Seimi Kaiso 舎密 開宗 are the four large letters in the middle of the figure. Seimi 舎密 meaning “Chemistry” follows the sound of the Dutch word Chemie. The word for chemistry was changed to kagaku 化学 meaning “the study of change” after the Chinese term.6 There is a written warning against forgery on the left lower first page of each book.7 In Seimi Kaiso Youan dealt with topics such as chemical affinity, solution, caloric, alkali, salts, phos- phoric acid, ammonia, oxidation and reductions of met- als, glass, constituents of plants and more. Youan stud- ied the ingredients of water in hot springs in Japan and Figure 1. Scholar Udagawa Youan. 101Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors described chemical ingredients of hot springs in foreign countries. Udagawa Youan cited fifty-eight elements, five of them were found to be mistakes, among those are caloric and light.8 The chemistry studies that Youan started continued after him, some of the chemistry terms that he coined are still in use, see below, chapter 4. In 1975 Youan’s Seimi Kaiso was rewritten in mod- ern Japanese, including translators’ comments. Sei- mi Kaiso is based on about 24 chemistry books from Europe of late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The revised text is written in Kanji, hiragana, and kata- kana, the last one is used for foreign names of places, people and chemicals. This volume, Seimi Kaiso Research holds 570 pages, in a hard black cloth cover, a paper cover and a book case. The book is opened from right to left, as are the original Seimi Kaiso books. Editor and preface writer is Tanaka Minoru. Each page shows the original book on its upper part and its currently rewrit- ten text below it, (figures 4 and 5). It contains index of foreign names, index of Japanese materials, photos of several of Youan’s apparatus drawings and copies of rel- evant books’ covers. It also contains conversion tables of units of length and volume (p. 542) and weight (p. 543).9 The main Seimi Kaiso Research book (hence SKR) is fol- lowed by a second book, written by Tanaka Minoru, Sakaguchi Masao, Dōke Tatsumasa and Kikuchi Toshi- hiko, with articles on Udagawa Youan, his life, work and his diary. This book of articles will be referred to as Sei- mi Kaiso Articles (hence SKA).10 Western Books that Youan Studied Japanese and Dutch scholars tried to find out the original books from which Youan received his knowl- edge. In the introduction to Seimi Kaiso Youan wrote the names of the authors of the books he studied from and his translation of the title of the book, in Japanese. In Figure 4 a circle ⃝ marks the beginning of a book or author’s name. Japanese scholars searched the books left by Youan and tried to match his Japanese writing with the Dutch books found in his house, or in the house of other scholars of Dutch studies. Tsukahara Togo observed that “Youan must have been able to use those manuscripts because he occupied one of the most privileged position in the Ran- gaku society as the member of the Udagawa family and also through his official function in the translation bureau, he was supposed to have wide access to the Dutch sources. In Holland, the identification of the original works of Sei- mi Kaiso was attempted in 1858 by J. J. Hoffmann (1805- 1878), the first professor of Japanese studies in Leiden that started in 1855, and later by Serrurier (1846-1901), curator of museum of ethnology in Leiden.” Their work relied on deciphering the phonetical transcription of the author’s name and the modified Western book title.12 Figure 2. Seimi Kaiso set of 7 books at Sidney Edelstein Collection of the History of Science, The National Library of Israel (NLI) in Jerusalem. Photo: Y. Siderer. Figure 3. Seimi Kaiso first page of the first book. Photo: Y. Schley. 102 Yona Siderer The List of Western Books and their Authors Following is the list of authors as they appear in the original first book of Seimi Kaiso (Fig. 4), hence short- ened SK.13 The list presents the following authors names. Kasteleyn, P. J. (1746-1794), Blumenbach, J. F. (1752- 1840), Plenck, J. J. (1735–1807), Lavoisier, A. L. (1743- 1794), Ypey, Adolph (1749-1822), Niewenhuis, G., Bern- vald, William van (1747-1826), Hagen, K. G. (1749–1829), Guiton de Morveau L. B. (1737-1816), Trommsdorff, J.B. (1770-1837), Ségur O. (1779-1818)  , Houte, H. J. (1789- 1821), Isfording, J. J. (1776-1841), Hijmans, H. S., Strat- ingh, E. (1804-1876), Reinwardt, C. G. C. (1773-1854), Dutch Pharmacopeaia 1826, Richerand, A. (1779-1840), Catz Smallenburg, F. van, Water, J. A. van de (1800- 1832(?)), Rees, W. Van (1752-?). Detailed descriptions of authors’ names, their book or books and Western book source are presented in appendix 1, including: Author’s name in English. Book’s title in English, Japanese book’s name in kanji, Japanese name in English letters, Japanese book title in English. Dutch book title. Book title in its original language in case there is one; further details and explanations. Youan wrote a shortened name for the authors he cited, in which the first syllable of the author’s name is written before the book’s title. In some of the citations Youan mentions study- ing the book he had, in order to study another chemist whose book he did not have. These include citation of his European contemporary scientists e.g., Berzelius (1779- 1848), Davy (1778-1829), Dulong (1785-1838), Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) and others. So actually he studied more than the books listed above and from those he chose which text and authors to cite. Scholars cited by Youan from books not present in Seimi Kaiso list, include (not inclusive, there are more than 160 names of authors): Wedgewood Josiah, Empe- docles, Cavendish Henry, Gaubius Hieronymus D., Gad- olin Johann, Kirwan Richard, Gmelin Leopold, Glauber Johann R., Klaproth Martin H., Gay-Lussac Joseph L., Figure 4. Names of Western authors and books in Udagawa Youan’s Seimi Kaiso book 1 vol. 1 p. 7.11 Photo: Y. Schley. 103Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors Scheele Carl W., Chaptal Jean A.C., Stahl George E., Sei- gnette Pierre, Saussure Horace B. de, Thales, Davy Hum- phry, Döbereiner Johann W., Dulong Pierre L., Thom- son Thomas, Hatchett Charles, Buffon Georges L.L., Faraday Michael, Black Joseph, Priestley Joseph, Four- croy Antoine F. de, Proust Joseph L., Bergman Torbern O., Berzelius Jöns J., Berthollet Claude L., Boyle Robert, Hoffmann Friedrich, Beaumé Antoine, Homberg Wil- helm, Ure Alexander, Richter Jeremias B., Linné Carl, Rinman Sven, Lemery Nicolas, Rosello Hieronymus.14 We see the wide investment of Youan’s chemistry study from books from the West, from original books in Dutch, and from books translated into Dutch from French, German, Latin, and Swedish. Most of the books were written in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century, so Youan studied books that were about for- ty to ten years old in time of many new discoveries in chemistry. This could have led to his difficulty in under- standing texts that were not clear or erroneous, or better understood in the West later. The chemistry studies that Youan started continued after him, some of the chemistry terms that he coined are still in use, see below, chapter 4. In Seimi Kaiso Youan dealt with topics such as Chemical affinity, solution, saturation, heat element, caloric. Gas, oxygen, nitrogen, atmosphere, hydrogen, water. Alkali, ammonia, acid, carbon. Youan addressed salts, sulfur and nitric acid. In the third book he addressed acids like phosphoric acid, boric acid, fluo- ric acid, and some metal compounds like barite, strontia and zirconia. Metals like gold, silver, iron, mercury, cop- per, lead, tin, zinc, bismuth, antimony, mangan, cobalt, nickel, and others were discussed. Organic acids like oxalic acid, citric acid, gallic acid, apple acid, tartaric acid, benzoic acid were studied. Youan wrote about soap, oils, resin, camphor, fiber, pigments and wax. In the last, external book, he wrote about analysis of mineral water, vegetable pigments, classification of springs and artificial preparation of mineral water.15 Tanaka Minoru devoted articles to Youan’s percep- tion of chemistry in Seimi Kaiso and discussed Youan’s misunderstanding and mistranslation.16 The question why Youan did not include the discussion about “atom” deserves further study. 3. EXAMPLES OF YOUAN’S TRANSLATIONS FROM WESTERN SOURCES Four examples of Youan’s studies are presented: 1. Henry-Youan: Water chemical ingredients analysis. 2. Galvani column. 3. Nitrogen oxides compounds. 4. Hot springs abroad and in Japan. William Henry (1774-1836) text on Water Analysis and Udagawa Youan’s translation Examination of Mineral Water by Re-agents Henry: Water is never presented by nature in a state of complete purity. Even when collected as it descends in a form of rain, chemical tests detect in it a minute pro- portion of foreign ingredients. And when it had been absorbed by the earth, had traversed its different stra- ta, and is returned to us by springs, it is found to have acquired various impregnations. The readiest method of judging the contents of natural waters is by applying what are termed tests or re-agents, i.e. substances which on being added to a water, exhibit, by the phenomena they Figure 5. Upper part: Seimi Kaiso external book vol. 1, ch. 2 on mineral spring. Lower part: Seimi Kaiso Research p. 474. The first lines of the text on water impurities are dealt with in chapter 3 below. Photo: Y. Schley. 104 Yona Siderer produce, the nature of saline or other ingredients.17 Youan’s translation, in the external, seventh book first volume, chapter 1-2 on mineral spring: Water is not a pure thing. In a popular way, it can be said that water is pure, but, by using a reagent it can be seen that it is not pure. From under the sky water goes down to the earth and penetrates. Then [coming out] from the earth a spring is formed, in it a part of mineral matter, naturally consisting of not a small amount of impurities.18 It is clear that Youan follows Henry in this section, even though it is a translation from Ypey’s Dutch trans- lation of Trommsdorff ’s German translation of William Henry’s English text. Mr. Volta Column (See Figure 6) Youan describes the finding in 1791 by Galvani “by chance how electric power is generated and explained this fact to encourage junior. Volta (Alessandro) in the city made a column like a tower to generate electricity by piling up many metal plates whose form (is) oval.” Youan gave a detailed description and drawing of its construction:19 Volta’s column is an unusual device of modern inven- tion. The following is the construction: zinc (or tin) is casted into the oval form whose size is that of Dardel (the diameter is about one sun) and a little thicker than the Dardel.20 Next, silver (or copper) is used to make the same size of oval and moreover felt (or thick paper) is used to make the size of oval. Then three kinds of 30 to 50 plates are piled up in order to make a column. The first is silver plate, the second is zinc and the last is felt dipped in condensed salty water and squeezed after it. Piling 20 to 30 sets, the last top plate is zinc plate [in the original paper’s misprint stated that the last is silver plate]. On the bottom silver plate a strip of tin or lead is pierced which works as a contact to outside. If a tester touches the strip with his finger soaked in condensed salty water and another finger touches the top plate of zinc, he will get a shock in both arms. This shock strength is depend- ent upon the number of piled plates. (According to one theory, when the silver plate is used, salt water is effective, while for the copper plate, ammonium chloride solution is effective). Youan added comment to his text: The pole of the power generated from the silver plate is named cathode (negatief, ontkennende pool), and the pow- er pole from zinc is named anode (positief, stellige pool). These two poles are different from each other as follows. 〇 Anode is signed as +. The taste on tongue is alkali; it changes the color of akana solution to red.21 Nitrogen oxides compounds In the following text Youan tells about Cavendish’s discovery by citing Smallenburg’s book. Youan invented terms for the degrees of oxidation in Japanese. Chemical combination of nitrogen and oxygen forms nitric acid. Nitric acid is formed from the combination of nitrogen and oxygen. Into nitrogen gas oxygen gas is mixed, electric spark is passed through, and nitric acid is formed. …According to “Smallenburg’s Chemistry,” in 1784, an Englishman, Cavendish, mentioned nitric acid composition for the first time. …According to several French and Dutch scholars, in nitrogen and oxygen com- pounds there are four grades.22 Foreign spas in Youan’s Seimi Kaiso Youan mentioned five springs in Bohemia, these include: Bernard Spring – there is a big building – it is called hos- pital; Mill Spring, since 1711. Temp. 138 degrees Fahr- enheit [ca. 59° Celsius].” Youan mentioned the spring’s therapeutic effect. “New Spring since 1748. Temp. 145 deg. Fahrenheit. It is attributed medical curative effects; Hot Spring - since 1725. Temp. 165 deg. Fahrenheit. Attributed medical benefits; Telesia Spring nearby. Temp. 135 deg. Fahrenheit: ‘Many women patients are bathing.’ The above 5 Springs compositions is about the same, including: 硫酸ソーダ: Na 2SO4 sodium sulfate 24-46 Figure 6. Youan’s Volta pile sketch and explanation. SK book 1, vol. 3 Figure 7. Photo: Y. Schley. 105Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors grain; 塩酸ソーダ: NaCl sodium chloride 5-6 grain; 炭酸 ソーダ: Na2CO3 sodium carbonate 10-15 grain; 炭酸カル キ: CaCO3 containing CaO calcium carbonate – lime 1-4 grain; 酸化鉄: Mainly Fe2O3 iron oxide 0.02 grain; 炭酸 ガス: CO2 carbon dioxide gas ∼ 5-30 cm3; 硫酸苦土泉: MgSO4.23 1 grain ~ 0.02 gram. Hot springs contain mag- nesium sulfate and iron oxide. The taste is bitter. Bitter taste comes from calcium and magnesium sulfate and the color from iron oxide. Analysis of chemical ingredients of hot springs in Japan Japan is famous for its abundance of hot springs and the tradition of hot springs bathing. Udagawa Youan studied the chemistry of the water in hot springs. A thorough study of Udagawa Youan research on chemi- cal ingredients in hot spring was published by Osawa Masumi (1932- ). Osawa studied Von Siebold’s books and Bürger research on mineral contents of hot springs in Japan.24 Some of von Siebold chemical collections are stored in the Museum of Ethnology in Leiden (Museum Volkenkunde). The reagents used by Youan are stored at Waseda University Archive. According to Osawa, “Chemical analysis of mineral spring water was first car- ried out by P.F. von Siebold (1796-1866) and H. Bürger (1806 -1858), medical officers of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Nagasaki, for several samples from Kyushu, southwest Japan in 1820s.” When they went to Edo (now Tokyo) in 1826, they met Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), at Nagasakiya inn located in Hongokucho, Edo city several times during the 3rd day of March to the 12th day of April (lunar calendar).25 They probably discussed mineral springs among other topics like Jap- anese plants. A lot of chemical reagents and equipment were carried to Japan when Siebold came to Nagasaki in 1823. Siebold and Bürger probably brought them to Edo. Then, from 1828, Udagawa started his chemical study of mineral springs from a wide area of Japan.”26 Osawa cites a summary of minerals found by Youan in Suwa, Shinshu (today Nagano prefecture) in 1829 (Bunsei 11) as written in a draft kept at Osaka Takeda Science Founda- tion Library. For example: ｽﾜ ﾌーﾙｼ ｭ゙ｰﾙ Zwavelzuur, 硫酸 ryuusan, sulphuric acid.27 4. COINING CHEMISTRY VOCABULARY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMISTRY LANGUAGE IN JAPAN Youan’s terms, their original Dutch and their survival Table 1 is composed of three contributions: Sakagu- chi Masao listed 58 Japanese terms, as they were used in 1975, and he put in parentheses Youan’s terms. Saka- guchi’s Japanese list was followed by a list of the same terms in Dutch (1). The list in Japanese was previously published by Tanaka M. in 1964 (2).28 English transla- tion is added by the current author (3). It shows Uda- gawa Youan inventions of various terms for chemistry tools and processes. For most of the words Youan com- bined two characters that should transfer the meaning of the Dutch term into Japanese. Some words like no. 48 cork and no. 51 retort were written by Youan in kanji as ateji, phonetic pronunciation. Several of the terms that were formed by two kan- ji combination were preserved and are still used today, e.g., 結晶 crystal. Others have been changed, either by one, e.g. 燃焼 combustion or both kanji letters, e.g., 融 点 melting point. It may be said that Youan understood the meaning of the terms that he was translating and chose the appropriate kanji for them. Those new terms added to their practical use in chemical processing since the nineteenth century until today. For example: entry no. 40: 飽和 houwa, saturation, is formed by 飽 tired of, satiate, and 和 that has several meanings: harmony, Japanese style, peace, Japan. The same term 飽和 is used today for saturated fatty acid, as in 飽和 脂肪酸 houwa shibousan. Thus, contemporary scientists find it appro- priate to use Youan’s kanji combination for the Dutch term verzadiging, saturation. Another example, no. 41: Dutch: opheffing 昇華 Shouka, meaning sublimation: 昇- rise up 華 has several meanings: splendor, flower, gorgeous. This term is used today for transfer of matter directly from solid to gas. It is also used for sublimation in psychology.29 In his chapter on “Youan the Linguistic,” Takahashi Terukazu (1944- ) showed several kanji letters combina- tions that Youan chose in order to use phonetically. E.g., an 諳安, ba 抜婆、ta 太. 30 He used them for no. 51 in the table, 列篤爾多レトルト for retort; for writing the Western names shown in Fig. 4, e.g. 布廉吉 フレンキ佛 如 Plenck; and for writing names of foreign countries, e.g. 波尓杜瓦尓 ポルトガル for Portugal. Other terms have a combination of katakana and kanji, like litmus paper ラッカムース紙. The pronunciation of no. 48 Cork コルク and no. 49 beaker ビーカー in today’s reading is somewhat different than Youan’s, possibly due to change in pronunciation during the years.31 The birth of the term 元素 genso, element. In 1834 Youan published his book Shokugaku Keigen 植学啓原 (Introduction to Physical Science. Principle of Botany). In its third, last volume, he addressed plant biochemis- try; it became a textbook for natural sciences. In Shoku- gaku Keigen third volume there is the following exposi- tion for the first time: Air, water, oil, salt. He used the 106 Yona Siderer Table 1. Current and Youan’s chemistry terms, Dutch terms he studied and their English translation. Dutch (1) Recent Japanese (1,2) Udagawa Youan (1) English(3) 1 wet 法則 法則 law 2 eigenschap 性質 禀性 property 3 ontbinding 溶解、分解 分離 Dissolution, separation 4 Scheikundige probeermiddelen (reagentia) 化学者 試みの手段 (試薬) 試薬 chemisttesting means (reagents) 5 droogeweg 乾式法 燥道の法 dry way method 6 onbewerktuigde ligchamen 無機物 無機性体 inorganic substance 7 bewerktuigde ligchamen 有機物 機性体 organic substance 8 verbranding 燃焼 熱焼 combusion 9 bestanddeel 成分 成分 component 10 volumen uitgebreidheid 容積 示量 容積 volume extensiveness 11 gewigt 重量 秤量 weight 12 eigendommelijke zwaarte 比重 異類重 specific gravity 13 gaz ガス 瓦斯 gas 14 damp 蒸気 蒸気 vapor 15 vaste lichaamen 固体 凝体 solid 16 vloeibaare lichaamen 液体 流体 liquid 17 drukking 圧力 圧力 pressure 18 temperatuur 温度 温度 temperature 19 kooking opbruisching 沸騰 ドレッシング 沸騰　 boiling dressing 20 het punt van kooking 沸点 沸度 boiling point 21 meltpunt 融点 熔度 melting point 22 uitzetting 膨張 廓張 expansion 23 vermeerdering van warmte 発熱 熱起 　 fever 24 luchtledige 真空 無気　 vacuum 25 electriek, electriiteit 電気 越列気　エレキ electric, electricity 26 stellige (positief ) pool 陽極 積極　 anode (positive) pole 27 ontkennende (negatief ) pool 陰極 消極 cathode (negative) pole 28 kooken 煮沸 煮沸　 boiling 29 vervliegen 揮発 揮散　 volatilization 30 uitdamping 蒸発 蒸散 evaporation 31 droogheid, uitdroogen 乾 涸 乾固　 dry up 32 overhauling 蒸溜 蒸餾 distillation 33 drooge overhauling 乾 溜 乾餾　 dry distillation 34 schudding 振盪 振蘯　 shock 35 beweging 攪拌 攪擾　 stir 36 kristal 結晶 結晶 crystal 37 vervloeien in de lucht 潮解 潮解 deliquescence 38 oplossing 溶液 溶液 solution 39 filtreeren 濾過 濾過　 filtration 40 verzadiging 飽和 飽和 saturation 41 opheffing 昇華 昇華　 sublimation 42 nederplofsel benzinkzel 沈降 沈殿 澱　 sedimentation precipitation 43 toestel 装置 装置　 device 44 lakmoespapier リトルマス紙 勒法母斯ラッカマース紙 litmus paper 107Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors character so -素 for several elements: Oxygen, zuurstof is sanso 酸素; Nitrogen, stikstof is chisso 窒素; Hydrogen, waterstof is suiso 水素; Carbon, koolstof is tanso 炭素. Genso 元素 is translated from grondstof. 元 grond meaning basis, 素 is equivalent to 物質 busshitsu, sub- stance, matter, stof in Dutch.32 Youan used those terms for the first time in his botany book in 1834. However, other Japanese Dutch scholars have used the ending term [~質] shitsu, mean- ing substance, matter. Aochi Rinso 青地林宗 in his book Kikai Kanran, Overall View of the Atmosphere, of 1827; Takano Choei 高野長英 in his book 西説医原枢 要seisetsu igen suoyou, Western Explanation of the The- ory of Physiology, published in 1832; and Hoashi Banri 青地林宗 in 窮理通 kyuuritsuu, Generalities of Physics, (ca. 1836).33 A comparison of the various kanji characters choices is shown in table 2. Several other terms with different kanji were used by scholars. For example, Caloric: Onshitsu 温質 Matter of warmth. Youan: Danso 煖素. For nitrogen, Youan tried two different kanji combinations: 殺素 lethal element and Chisso 窒素 that is the term used to this day.34 Sugawara Kunika studied Misaki Shosuke (1847- 1873) translation of Fresenius. Misaki, used terms coined by Youan, but no citation of Youan is shown.35 Those words like 硫酸, 硝酸 for Zwavelzuur or Salpeterzuur should be from Youan. But, those words like 能溶薬, 硫化炭精, or 造塩質属 for enkelvoudige oplossingsmid- delen, Zwavelkoolstof, or haloiden, are probably not from Youan.36 Further evolution of chemistry language in Japan Tsukahara Togo in the Introduction to his Ph.D. dissertation pointed out the influence of Seimi Kaiso on writing new chemistry books in Japan immediately after its publication and even fifty years later. That was in spite of the developments in chemistry in the world during those years, the second half of the nineteenth century. Tsukahara mentioned that in the curriculum of Kaiseijo, a governmental institute for Western learn- ing founded in 1866, Seimi Kaiso was designated as a textbook for chemistry. Tsukahara observed that “…it is Dutch (1) Recent Japanese (1,2) Udagawa Youan (1) English(3) 45 curumapapier クルクム紙 姜黄紙 turmeric paper 46 smelt-kroes 坩堝 坩堝　 crucible 47 blaaspijp 吹管 吹管 Blowpipe 48 kurk コルク 鳩爾古 キュルく cork 49 bekerglas ビーカー 玻黎ベーケル beaker 50 flesschen フラスコ フラスコ flask 51 retort kromhals レトルト 列篤爾多レトルト retort 52 glaspijp ガラス管 玻黎筥 Glass tube 53 schaal 目盛 度目どめ scale 54 kraan 蛇口 回銓 かいせん tap 55 luchtledige klok 真空計 排気鍾はいきしょう Vacuum clock 56 eudiometer 水「ガス」電量計 欧実阿墨多爾 ユーヂオメートル eudiometer 57 thermometer 温度計 験温器　 thermometer 58 calorimeter 熱量計 験熱器　カロリメートル　 calorimeter Table 2. Choices of kanji for element by Udagawa Youan and other scholars. Udagawa Youan 宇田川榕庵 Hoashi Banri 帆足万里 Takano Choei 高野長英 Aochi Rinso 青地林宗 元素 genso element 原質 造質/原質 原質 酸素 sanso oxygen 酸質 酸質 酸質 窒素 Suffocating element- nitrogen 殺素 Lethal element 塞質 窒質 suffocating matter 窒気 suffocating gas 水素 suiso hydrogen 水質 水質 水質 炭素 tanso carbon 炭質 炭質 煤質 Table 1. (Continued). 108 Yona Siderer righteous to assume that Seimi Kaiso paved the way for the introduction of Western chemistry in Japan, which was a prerequisite and indispensable condition for the development of chemical industry.” He assured that “the creation of a new vocabulary was by all means the most essential part of the introduction of Western science in Japan.”37 Kaji Masanori (1956-2016) mentioned those who followed Youan’s chemistry book Seimi Kaiso. Among those was Kawamoto Kōmin 川本幸民 (1810-1871), a teacher of chemistry at the Bansho Shirabesho, School of Western Learning, who translated a number of chemis- try textbooks, such as Kagakushi Shinsho, A New Book of Chemistry. In that book Kawamoto wrote for the first time concepts that were not in Seimi Kaiso like: genshi 原子 atom, bunshi 分子 molecule. In addition, topics like tampaku 蛋白 protein, budoutou ブドウ糖, grapes sugar, glucose, nyouso 尿素 urea, and the like are seen in Kagakushi Shinsho for the first time. Kawamoto wrote a text book on Dalton’s atomic theory.38 The topic of the vocabulary and teaching language of chemistry remains relevant in Japan. First generation of Japanese chemistry teachers after 1868 Meiji Restora- tion studied in Europe and taught chemistry in English (or German?). As Kikuchi Yoshiyuki described “Sakurai [jōji] gave at least some of his lectures in English. His lectures on chemical philosophy in 1882-1883 at Tokyo University were in English… However…, teaching in Japanese became the norm by 1884 throughout Tokyo University and its preparatory schools as the number of foreign teachers decreased.”39 5. EUROPEAN KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE VS. JAPANESE ISOLATION Many connections and extensive knowledge transfer existed between scholars in Europe: by personal corre- spondence, by scholars visiting scholars in other countries and by circulations of scientific journals. This is in com- parison with the Japanese who were secluded from most of the world with almost no possibility to exchange knowl- edge with others out of Japan, except China, and restricted conditions for exchanging knowledge within Japan. The political situation in Japan, the strict observance and surveillance of the citizens by the Bakufu authorities, including watching scholars of Dutch Studies, should be taken into consideration. E.g., watching the books that were allowed to enter the country and to be studied, and forbidding transfer of knowledge to lower rank people.40 Moreover, as Goodman explained “…some orthodox Cunfucianists held to their belief that the Westerners would make use of Christianity to invade Japan. To the extent that all Western scholarship was considered as a tool of the religion of Christ, the work of the Rangakusha was subjected to the oppressive scrutiny.”41 Fear of the persecution of scholars of Dutch Studies was also expressed by Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) in his autobiography. It is cited by Blacker from his memo- ries that “had it been safe to do so he would certainly have taken western learning beyond the stage of scien- tific techniques and advocated it as a weapon against bullying feudal officials as well as against bullying for- eigners.”42 Interestingly, Fukuzawa told about running chemis- try experiments with other students during his studies in the Tekijuku School in Osaka, directed by Ogata Kōan, a physician of Western medicine, in 1854-1855.43 Fuku- zawa decided to start learning English after he realized that his investment in studying Dutch was not useful when he wanted to speak and understand the American sailors of Commodore Perry’s ships. In Europe at the same time, a wide and intensive exchange of knowledge existed in the seventieth through the nineteenth centuries between scholars; by corre- spondence, reading and translating articles, as well as personal visits, e.g., Berzelius visit in France in summer 1818,44 Berzelius visit with Davy in London in 1812 and their correspondence 1808-1813, as well as Berzelius cor- respondence with Wöhler, Berthollet, Mulder, Mitcher- lich and many others.45 William Henry in “The Elements of Experimental of Chemistry”, in his examples and discussion in the chapter on analyzing water he men- tioned Dr. Wollaston, Mr. Watt and Berzelius.46 French, English, German, Swedish and Italian scientists were exchanging scientific knowledge, discussing information, arguing about their philosophical ideas and the interpre- tation of the results of experiments. In contrast, Japanese scholars were isolated from the Western world and could hardly get any information from Europe. In 1826 and until 1830 Youan received some help from von Siebold and Bürger in botany, plant drawings, and hot spring water analysis. But von Siebold was not in Japan while Youan wrote Seimi Kaiso since 1836. In his letter to his friend and disciple Ito Keisuke (1803-1901) Youan complained that he could not meet foreigners in Edo and could not get chemistry books from them.47 Two events show Youan defending himself from the ruling authorities. After what is called the Siebold Incident in 1829, the work of the translation office was stopped by the Bakufu authority. On March 25, 1829, Udagawa Genshin, Youan and other members of the translation office wrote a letter to the authorities, saying 109Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors that they did not have any connection with that affair and asking to let the office continue its important trans- lation work.48 We learn about a second event concerning Youan under such a prevailing socio-political, anti-Western spirit and anti-Christianity atmosphere. Takahashi Teru- kazu raised a question – “Was Youan Christian?” and pre- sented a document that was written in order to remove suspicions against Youan who was involved in studies of Western books. The document dated 1834 is preserved in Waseda University Library, shows a declaration by the Head Priest of a Buddhist temple in Asakusa, Edo, con- cerning Udagawa Youan belonging to his Buddhist tem- ple, and that Youan did not become a follower of Christ Yasu (Jesus).The priest declaration states that Youan’s writing room was named 菩薩楼 bosatsurou, Bodhisat- tva Room, after a Buddhist Scripture, the Heart Sutra 般 若心経 hannyashingyou. Youan attached the phrases from the Heart Sutra on the wall of his writing room.49 Udagawa Youan did not know much about Christianity, he studied Western science without leaving his religious faith. Concerning Youan’s religion, Goodman concluded that “… despite all his remarkable credentials as a Ran- gakusha, Youan was, like his father and Otsuki Gentaku before him, a committed Confucian scholar, devoted first and foremost to the Classical Chinese intellectual herit- age of Japan.”50 In light of the continuing surveillance the achievements of Udagawa Youan, and indeed his col- leagues, are even more impressive. 6. FURTHER CHEMISTRY STUDIES FROM THE WEST Concerning the Japanese Dutch scholars, Tsuka- hara observed that “It is an over simplification to say that the Japanese have only copied Western sciences and exploited its practical parts. Philosophical discussions and practical demand were interrelated; they were inter- woven into a new pattern of theory and practice, slightly different from that of the West. Likewise, it would also be a distortion to suppose that this interaction involved nothing more than the relationship between “pure” and “applied” sciences. Scientific theory and technical practice were merged in Rangaku. This tradition was a remarkable feature of science in Japan.”51 By the middle of the 1850s the Japanese had both skillful capacity for craft production and basic scientif- ic knowledge translated and adapted from the West. A change of attitude started after the arrival of Commo- dore Perry from America by the “Black Ships” in 1853 and again in 1854. One of its results was the opening of several Japanese ports to foreign ships. In 1868 the Meiji Restoration rejected the long feudal rule of Tokugawa and brought the Emperor back into power. Confronted with the American ships, cannons and other demonstra- tion, the Japanese realized that they are not as advanced as they have believed, actually lagging behind the West- ern knowledge for large ships building, for the construc- tions of railroads and trains and manufacturing weapon like cannons. This realization was concluded in the deci- sion to learn technology from the West, while keeping the Japanese spirit. Nevertheless, the educator Fukuzawa Yukichi explained that studying just the surface of tech- nology is not enough if one wants to be able to further develop things by oneself. In order to make progress in chemistry science and technology the Japanese invited foreign teachers to come and teach in Japan. Late 1860s to early 1870s, two foreign chemistry teachers were the American Wil- liam Griffis (1843-1928) and the Dutch Konraad Wolter Gratama (1831-1888). Early publication of chemistry textbooks in Japan since the 1870s included the translation of the chemis- try lectures by American William Griffis (1843-1928) in Fukui. In a letter to Philadelphia to his sister Margaret Clark Griffis on June 25th 1871 he wrote: “In chemistry, I have carried out two classes through oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur, chlorine and carbon and their com- pounds.” These lessons were translated by his students into Japanese and circulated among them. In a letter of July 15th 1871 he asked his sister to send him a copy of Roscoe’s Chemistry, latest American edition. Teach- ing chemistry from Roscoe’s book was later spread in Japan.52 Roscoe’s book was published in the same year, so Griffis could teach from an advanced chemistry book of his time 53. Japanese students in the laboratory of Henry Enfield  Roscoe  (1833-1915)  in Manchester trans- lated his 1866 chemistry book into Japanese. Ichikawa Seizaburo’s (alas Morisaburo) translation “chemistry entry book for elementary school” was published by the Ministry of Education 1873. Griffis moved to Tokyo after eight months in Fukui. His students in Tokyo became the first generation of Meiji chemists. Another translation was of the chemistry course taught by the Dutch Konraad Wolter Gratama (1831- 1888) in seimikyoku, the Chemistry School in Osaka specifically built according to his design. It was built for instructing technicians, methods to separate metals from the ores excavated in mines that included copper, silver and gold. Gratama used reagents, analytical tools and reference books that he brought with him by ship in nearly two hundred crates to Nagasaki in 1866. Gratama chemistry lectures were translated into Japanese by Misa- ki Shosuke 三崎肅輔 (1847-1873) into seimikyoku kaiko 110 Yona Siderer no setsu, Chemistry Theory Course, 1869. The translated books were further circulated and studied in Japan.54 In the conclusion of his article Kaji observed: “The discovery of the periodic law between 1869 and 1871 and its dissemination in the 1880s coincided with the insti- tutionalization of chemistry in Japan. This factor helped make the appreciation of the periodic system as a basis for chemistry in Japan easier. Most of the first genera- tion of Japanese chemistry professors accepted the peri- odic law as one of the recent developments in chemistry in Europe without much doubt.55 The department of chemistry was founded in the governmental Institute for Western Learning, kaiseijo, in 1866. It became a Department of Chemistry of Tokyo University in 1877. For the role of foreign chemistry teachers at Tokyo University see for example Kikuchi Yoshiyuki’s book.56 The Chemical Society of Japan (CSJ) was founded in 1878 “by approximately twenty motivated and enthusias- tic young scholars wishing to advance research in chem- istry.”57 They formed a committee to assemble chemis- try dictionary, it worked for more than ten years.58 The first English-Japanese chemistry dictionary that was the result of the work of the (Tokyo) Chemical Society of Japan was published in 1891. It presents in ABC order chemical names, experimental tools, processes etc., and contains Japanese terms in kanji, katakana, and their combinations. It reflects the development of chemical theory and the change of the dominant foreign language from Dutch to English.59 Detailed description of the current Japanese rules of naming chemistry compounds can be found in the Japanese-English Chemical Dictionary edited by Markus Gewehr, 2007.60 SUMMARY This work presents Udagawa Youan pioneering stud- ies of chemistry from Western books. He studied botany first and then chemistry and wrote several books before writing his larger book Seimi Kaiso, Introduction to Chemistry. He translated chemistry from Western sci- entific books in Dutch that are presented in this study. For the translation Youan coined new terms in Japanese. He could choose appropriate Chinese-Japanese char- acters to transfer the meaning of words from Dutch to Japanese, trying to shift the new terms from memories of the prevailing Confucian view of the world. The diffi- culty in moving from the Eastern philosophical thought to the Western is partly discussed. The Confucian tra- ditional priesthood objection to introduction of foreign ideas contributed to obstacles faced by Youan and other rangakusha. Another difficulty pointed at was the objec- tion of the ruling Bakufu to wide spread of Western knowledge. Still, Udagawa Youan’s successful pioneering of chemistry translation and terminology can be consid- ered as a milestone in Japanese modernization. Chemistry studies and practice continued after Youan, using some of the vocabulary he invented. Teaching materials of foreign teachers in Japan, men- tioned above are Griffis and Gratama, were translated into Japanese. Roscoe’s book was also translated by his chemistry students in England. Following Meiji Restora- tion there was further progress in scientific studies, and the establishment of Tokyo University and other nation- al Universities led to the creation of a successful Japa- nese academy and a prosperous chemical industry. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research started as a grant recipient from Japan Foundation that let me spend six months at Tokyo Insti- tute of Technology, at the unit of Prof. Kaji Masanori. He introduced me to the name of Udagawa Youan, and continued guiding me until the very day of his hospital- ization on 12 July 2016, just before his untimely death. He is very much missed. My research continued during one year fellowship as a visiting scholar at Nichibunken, International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto, April 2009-March 2010. The devoted instruc- tion of Prof. Frederik Cryns enabled me to continue the research after returning to my country and our discus- sions during annual short visits to Japan. I thank the scholars who helped me in various steps of this work for their advice and information: Prof. Sato Shin, my first chemistry teacher in Japan, Prof. Dōke Tatsumasa, Prof. Azuma Toru, Prof. Furukawa Yasu, Prof. Ochiai Hiro- fumi, Prof. Osawa Masumi, Mr. Uchida Masao, Prof. Ohmichi Naoto, Prof. Kato Nobushige, Dr. Yakup Bek- tas, Dr. Karl Grandin, Prof. Shimon Vega, Dr. Jochanan de Graaf, and Dr. Neomy Soffer. Colleagues of the Japa- nese Society for the History of Chemistry in Japan are deeply acknowledged. My gratitude is extended to the librarians at Nichibunken and to Ms. Chaya Meier Herr at the Edelstein Collection for the History of Science at the National Library of Israel in Jerusalem. NOTES 1. T. Dōke, 1973 p. 99. Siderer, 2017, p. 224. 2. Dōke, 1973 p. 105; Takahashi 2002 p. 172. Youan had access to maps of the world, at least one, a 111Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors map called “shinsensokaizenzu 新鐫総界全図”New engraved whole world map”, 1809 (Ref. stored in the Waseda University Library, call mark is “bunko 08 c0995 (文庫08 c0995); Takahashi Terukazu p. 172. Takahashi mentioned the map drawn by the Italian Mateo Richi in China, Great Map of Ten Thousand Countries, in the beginning of 17th century and its revised map by Takahashi Kageyasu’s shinteibankoku- zu 新訂万国図 shinteibankokuzu New revision of Ten Thousand countries 1810, that Youan received. 3. Chomel Encyclopedia. 4. Mac Lean 1974, p. 9. 5. T. Shiba 2010; T. Azuma, 2013; T. Azuma 2017; Y. Siderer 2017. 6. K. Sugawara, 1987 p. 29. In Japanese (J), English abstract. 7. On Seimi Kaiso first page of each book there is a warning against forgery: “Our shop was opened out- side the Asakusa castle gate, at the east of Kikaya- machi-Asa(?), and it possesses all the books written by Master Udagawa, over a span of three generation, which our shop assembled entirely, made books and published. All our favorite wise customers! We rec- ommend you surely to confirm the seal authenticity of each volume of the books. If there is a seal, the book is authenticated. If there is a fake seal, such book is a pirate edition. Sincerely yours, Owner of this bookstore, Seireikaku.” Thanks to Prof. Ohmichi Naoto for this translation. 8. SK book 1, preface; SKR p. 11. 9. Tanaka Minoru 田中実 Ed., The authors of the mod- ern revision and comments on Youan’s Seimi Kaiso are: Books 1, 2,3 and 7: Hayashi Yoshishige 林良重; book 4: Kurokui Seiji 黒杭清治; book 5: Kusuyama Kazuo 楠山和雄; book 6: Kanazawa Shouji 金沢昭 二． 10. M. Tanaka, M. Sakaguchi, T. Dōke, T. Kikuchi 1975. 11. Copies of old prints of Seimi Kaiso books nos. 1-6 this author received with thanks from Prof. Osawa Masumi. 12. Tsukahara, 1993, Hoffmann p. 319 and Serrurier p. 325. 13. The list follows researches on: Seimi Kaiso Rewrit- ten 1975 shortened SKR; Sakaguchi Masao article in SKA 1975; Tsukahara Togo 1993; Azuma Toru 2006- 2020; Osawa Masumi since 2006; Miyashita Saburo 1997, and references cited in those articles. 14. SKR index pp. 568-540. 15. Tsukahara, 1993, p. 148. 16. M. Tanaka, 1975, in SKA p. 104. 17. Henry, Epitome of Chemistry, 1808, p. 413. 18. SK external book, vol. 1 ch. 2; SKR p. 474. 19. SK book drawing on last pages, Figure 7; SKR p. 78. 20. Currency name: A daalder is a silver coin which was first minted around 1500 in Joachimsthal (Tyrol), hence the name ‘Joachimstaler’ which later became ‘taler’ or ‘daalder’. 21. SK book 1, vol. 2, ch. 50, Mr. Volta Column; SKR pp. 54. Thanks to Prof. S. Sato for the translation. 22. SK book 2 ch. 101; SKR, 1975, p. 118, comment 10 p. 161 on nitrogen oxide compounds. 23. Seimi Kaiso External book vol. 3; SKR pp. 519-520. 24. Osawa in Onsen 2018 winter issue. 25. Thanks to Prof. Kato Nobushige for the dates of Sie- bold in Edo. E-mail dated 1.10.2019. 26. Osawa, 2009, p. 84. 27. Osawa, in Onsen 2019 spring issue, p. 35. 28. Sakaguchi SKA 1975, p.57; Tanaka 1964. 29. Denshi Jisho 22.5.2020. Sped Terra Shogakukan Pro- fessional English Dictionary 2004, p. 1623. 30. Takahashi, 2002, p. 174. 31. Tsujimura, 2007 on Language Variation. p. 422. Frellesvig Bjarke, 2011. 32. After Takahashi 2002, p. 157 33. Goodman, 2014 (2000), authors’ names and books: Takano Choei p. 202, Hoashi Banri p. 113, Aochi Rinso 153. 34. Shimao, 1972, p. 317, p. 319. 35. Sugawara, 1984. 36. Uchida, email correspondence 15.8.2020. 37. Tsukahara, 1993, p. 1. 38. Kaji, 2015, p. 286; Encyclopedic Dictionary 2017, p. 168 (J); Invitation to Chemistry History 2019 p. 242 (J). 39. Y. Kikuchi, 2013, p. 134; Appendix p. 175 and refer- ence cited there. 40. Marie-Christine Skuncke, 2014, p. 110. 41. Goodman, 2014, p. 199. 42. Blacker, 1969, p. 25. 43. The Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa 1901, p. 90. 44. Carl Gustaf Bernhard, Avec Berzelius en France Parmi ses Genies et ses Volcans Eteints. Pergamon Press 1985 (French 1989). 45. Jaqueline Reynolds and Charles Tanford, Science, Nature’s Robots: A History of Proteins 2003. 46. William Henry. 1808, p. 415. 47. Dōke, 1973, p. 109; Dōke, SKA 1975, p. 84. 48. Goodman, 2014, p. 187. 49. Takahashi, 2002, p. 140. 50. Goodman, 2014, p. 139; F. Cryns, personal discussion. 51. Tsukahara, 1993, p. 3. Kaji, 2015, p. 284, p. 286. Kikuchi, 2013. pp. 97-100. 52. Y. Siderer. Presentation at the 21st International Soci- ety for the Philosophy of Chemistry (ISPC) confer- ence, 5 July Paris 2017. Submitted 2017. 112 Yona Siderer 53. Kurahara, 1995, p. 1. 54. Misaki, 1869; Shihara and McAbee, 1988 p. , Suga- wara, 1984, p. 20. Uchida et al. 1990?, p. 247. 55. Kaji, 2015, p. 299. 56. Kikuchi 2013, ch.2, p. 27. Kaji, 2015, p. 289. Furu- kawa 2019. 57. Common Knowledge. The Chemical Society of Japan, president Kobayashi Yoshimitsu 2019. 58. Takata Seiji, 1995, (J). 59. M. Uchida, 2014, personal communication. 60. Japanese-English Chemical Dictionary: Including a Guide to Japanese Patents and Scientific Literature, Markus Gewehr (Editor). ISBN: 978-3-527-31293- 1 November 2007. 61. Tsukahara, 1993, p. 268, C1. 62. Azuma. Kagakushi, The Journal of the Japanese Soci- ety for the History of Chemistry 2006, vol. 33, No. 3, 129 (1). 63. SK book 6, vol. 16, ch. 266; SKR p. 407; SK Book 6 vol. 17 ch. 279; SKR p. 442. 64. SK book 3 vol. 7 ch. 144; SKR, 1975, p. 187. 65. Tsukahara 1993, C.2 p. 268 and C.9 p. 272. 66. SK Book 2, vol. 4, ch. 84, SKR p. 103. 67. SK book 3, vol. 9, ch. 167; SKR p. 220. See Tsukahara C.9. p.272 for further discussion. 68. After 元素の秘密がわかる本, Gakken Publishing 2015, p. 158. 69. Tsukahara, 1993, p. 268. 70. Tsukahara, 1993, C.5, p. 270. 71. Lavoisier, 1789, French p. 200. Dutch 1800 p. 198. 72. Miyashita, 1997 no. 7, p. 74. 73. SKR p.13. SK first book preface p. 5. 74. Azuma, in Kagakushi journal 2013, vol. 40, no. 4 p. 189 (19). Kagakushi journal 2014, vol. 41, no. 1 p. 1 (1). 75. SK preface p. 7; SKR 1975, p. 14. 76. SKA, 1975, p. 24. Tsukahara, 1993, p. 280. Mac Lean 1974, p. 45, p. 50. 77. SK book 1, vol. 1 p. 7; SKR, 1975, p. 14; Tsukahara, 1993, p. 272. 78. Tsukahara, 1993, p. 273; Sakaguchi, SKA, 1975, p. 25; SK external book vol. 1 ch.10; SKR, 1975, p. 486. 79. SK book 1, vol. 1, p.7; SKR, 1975, p. 14; Tsukahara, 1993, p. 274. 80. SK book 1 vol. 1 p. 7; SKR, 1975, p. 14 and others; Tsukahara, 1993, p. 274; Sakaguchi, SKA, 1975, p. 25. 81. Sakaguchi, 1975, in 科学史研究 Kagakushi kenkyuu II, 14, p. 67 (J), English abstract. 82. SK book 1 vol 1, p. 7; SKR 1975, p. 14. 83. SK preface following p. 7; SK book 1 vol. 1 ch. 13; SKR 1975, preface p. 15, p. 24; Tsukahara 1993, p. 277. 84. Tsukahara 1993, p. 278; SK book 3 vol. 7 ch. 144; SKR, 1975, p. 187. 85. SK book 4 vol. 11. ch. 185; SKR, 1975, p. 278; Tsuka- hara 1993, p. 278. 86. Miyashita 1997, no. 159, p. 94. 87. SK Book 1 vol. 1 ch. 18; SKR, 1975, p. 28; Tsukahara 1993, p. 279. Sakaguchi 1970 p. 185. 88. SK book 2, vol. 4, ch. 74; SKR, 1975, p. 94. 89. SK book 2, vol. 4, ch. 79; SKR, 1975, p. 97. 90. Tsukahara, 1993, p. 281, C.21. 91. SK Book 1, vol. 3. ch. 51; SKR, 1975, p. 58. 92. SK book 5, vol. 14, ch. 235; SKR, 1975, p. 352. 93. Mac Lean 1974, p. 42 and p. 48. 94. SK book 1, vol. 3 ch. 58 on Kali and Soda; SKR, 1975, p. 64. 95. Azuma, in Kagakushi kenkyuu vol. 44, no. 3, 2017, p. 117 (5) and 126 (14). 96. Tsukahara, 1993, ch. VII p. 147. 97. SK book 1, vol. 3, ch. 58; SKR, 1975, p. 64. 98. SK book 3, vol. 7, ch. 133; SKR, 1975, p. 175. 99. SK book 3, vol. 8, ch. 155; SKR, 1975, p. 200. 100. SK book 3, vol. 8, ch. 185; SKR, 1975, p. 207. 101. SK book 3, vol. 9. ch. 166; SKR, 1975, p. 219. 102. SK Book 5, vol. 15, ch. 259; SKR, 1975, p. 386; Tsu- kahara, 1993, p. 283. 103. SK book 1, vol. 2, ch. 50; SKR, 1975, p. 54; Tsuka- hara, 1993, p. 284. REFERENCES T. Azuma Udagawa Youan’s Acceptance of Western Chem- istry as seen through Kyō-U Library Collection in Osa- ka. Part 1: An Analysis of his manuscripts translated from Adolphus Ypey’s Chemical Books in Dutch. Pub- lished in Kagakushi, The Journal of the Japanese Socie- ty for the History of Chemistry Vol. 40, no. 4 2013, pp. 189 (19), in Japanese (J) with English abstract. T. Azuma Youan’s Acceptance of Chemistry: An Analysis of His Translation of Kastelijn’s Journal, Kagakushi, The Journal of the Japanese Society for the History of Chem- istry Vol. 33, no. 3 2006. (J) with English abstract. T. Azuma Udagawa Youan’s Acceptance of Western Chemistry as seen through Kyō-U Library Collec- tion in Osaka. Part 2: An Analysis of his two manu- scripts about the substances called “earths”, Published in Kagakushi, The Journal of the Japanese Society for the History of Chemistry, Vol. 41, no. 1 2014, p. 1. (J) with English abstract. C. Blacker, The Japanese Enlightenment, a study of the writing of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Cambridge at the Uni- versity Press, p. 25. 1969. 113Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors M.N. Chomel en J.A. Chalmot, Algemeen Huishoudelijk, Natuur-, Zedekundig –en Konst Woordenboek, 2de druk, Leyden, 1778. T. Dōke, Yōan Udagawa—a pioneer scientist of early 19th century feudalistic Japan. Japanese Studies in the His- tory of Science No. 12, 99–120 1973. Dōke Tatsumasa, Udagawa Youan, his life and work, in Udagawa Youan, Seimi Kaiso, republished and trans- lated to modern era language with comments. M. Tanaka Ed. Kodansha Publishing house. 1975. p. 67. p. 84: Youan’s three letters to Ito Keisuke (J). Dōke Tatsumasa 道家達将: nihon no kagaku no yoake 日 本の科学の夜明け The Dawn of Science in Japan 岩 波書店 Iwanami Publishers 1979. (J). Encyclopedic Dictionary of the History of Chemistry, Edited by the Japanese Society for the History of Chemistry. Published by Kagaku-Dojin Publishing Co., Inc. Kyoto 2017 化学史事典、化学史会編 (J). Shōji Endo, Nobushige Kato, Masataka Kōda, Kiyoshi Matsuda, Studies on Udagawa Youan’s Botanical works housed in the Kyō-U Library, Takeda Science Founda- tion. 遠藤正治, 加藤諳重, 幸田正孝, 松田清. 宇田 川榕菴 植物学資料の研究 杏雨書屋所蔵． 2014. In Japanese with an English abstract. B. Frellesvig, A History of the Japanese Language, Cam- bridge. 2011. Y. Furukawa, 2019, Book of Abstracts 12th ICHC Maas- tricht, Exploring the History of Chemistry in Japan, Morris Award Lecture. 1 August 2019, p. 18. Grant. W. Goodman, Japan and the Dutch 1600-1853. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group London and New York 2014 (2000) ISBN 978-1-138-86321. W. Henry, An Epitome of Chemistry: in three parts / From the 4th English ed.: much enlarged and illustrated with plates, to which are added notes by a professor of chemistry in this country. New York: Printed and sold by Collins & Perkins, 1808. Part II, Chapter 1: Analysis of Mineral Waters. In Edelstein Collection, National Library of Israel. Kaji Masanori, Chemical Classification and the Response to the Periodic Law of Elements in Japan in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, in Early Responses to the Periodic System, (Eds.: M. Kaji, H. Kragh, G. Palló), Oxford University Press 2015, 283. Kikuchi Yoshiyuki, Anglo-American Connections in Japanese Chemistry, The Lab as a Contact Zone, Pal- grave Macmillan, 2013. Y. Kikuchi, Historia Scientiarum, Redefining Academ- ic Chemistry: Jōji Sakurai and the Introduction of Physical Chemistry into Meiji Japan. 2000, vol. 9. P. 215 Y. Kikuchi, 2013, ch. 2, p. 27 Invitation to Chemistry History. 化学史への招待 Pub- lished by the Japanese Society for the History of Chem- istry, Ohmsha, 2019, On Kawamoto Kōmin p. 242. (J). M. Kurahara, W.E. Bulletin of Musashigaoka College 3, 1-10, Griffis’ chemistry classes at Meishinkan of Fukui-han Hanko in 1871-1872. 1995-03-31. (J) With an English abstract. Kyō-U Library of Takeda Science Foundation, Illustrated Catalog of Rare Books in the Kyō-U Library 武田科 学振興財団・杏雨書屋 杏雨書屋武田科学振興財 団 in Osaka, pp. 69–71, 72–76 2008. L. A. Lavoisier, Traité Élémentaire de Chimie  1789. Dutch translation by N. C. de Fremery, P. van Werkhoven, Grondbeginselen der Sheikunde 1800. J. Mac Lean, Japanese Studies in the History of Science, The Introduction of Books and Scientific Instruments into Japan, 1712-1854. 1974, No. 3, p. 9 Misaki Shosuke 三崎肅輔 (1847-1873) seimikyoku kaiko no setsu, Chemistry Theory Course, 1869. Misaki, 1869; Shihara and McAbee, 1988, Sugawara, 1984, 27. Uchida et al. Okayama Dutch Learning Group 岡山蘭学の群像 Uda- gawa Youan, De Vinci of Edo era, the man who coined the character(s) for [coffee] 「珈琲」の文字を 作った男 江戸のダ・ウィンチ 宇田川榕菴 The San- yo Broadcasting Foundation, 2016. p. 91 (J). M. Osawa, A historical development of chemical analysis of mineral spring waters in Japan from Edo to early Meiji era. In 温泉 Onsen, winter 2018, pp. 35-34. Sie- bold and Bürger chemical research on hot springs in Kyushu (Japan). (J). M. Osawa, A historical development of chemical analysis of mineral spring waters in Japan from Edo to early Meiji era. The Proceedings of the 62nd General Assem- bly and International Thermalism/Scientific Congress of the World Federation of Hydrotherapy and Climato- therapy (FEMTEC) at Yokohama, Japan. 2009, p. 84. M. Osawa, in 温泉 Onsen, The Evolution of the Research on Hot Springs in Japan from Siebold and Bürger to Udagawa Youan. Spring 2019. p. 35, (J). M. Sakaguchi, Investigating  Seimi Kaiso 坂口正男 舎密 開宗 攷 pp. 1-66 in Tanaka Ed. 1975. M. Sakaguchi, Octave Ségur の『化学書簡集』について Notes on the Letters on Chemistry of Octave Ségur cited by Youan Udagawa. In Kagakushikenkyu II, 14, 1975. (J), English abstract. M. Sakaguchi, in Kagaku Kenkyu, 1970, no. 96, p. 185. E. Shimao, The Reception of Lavoisier’s Chemistry in Japan. Isis vol. 63, p. 309, 1972. I. Shihara and M. McAbee, CE&EN, Western Chemistry comes to Japan, A Historical Account, 31 October 1988, p. 26. 114 Yona Siderer Shiba Tetsuo, Chemistry and Industry 化学と工業 vol. 63-7 July 2010 (J). Y. Siderer, Foundations of Chemistry, Udagawa Youan’s (1798–1846) translation of light and heat reactions in his book Kouso Seimika, 2017 vol. 19(3) pp. 224-240. Y. Siderer, The Life of Udagawa Youan and his Natural Science Translation; His Translation of Light and Heat Reactions in  Kouso Seimika. Perspectives on Chemical Biography in the 21st Century, Edited by Isabel Malaquias and Peter J.T. Morris, Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2019. p. 207. Marie-Christine Skuncke, Carl Peter Thunberg Botanist and Physician. Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study 2014. Sugawara Kunika, A Historical Study of the use of the Term Kagaku for Chemistry in Japan, in Kagakushi 化 学史研究 1987 p. 29. (J) English abstract. Takata Seiji, 高田誠二． 維新の科学精神『米欧回覧実 記』の見た産業技術 Scientific Spirit of Meiji Res- toration written as seen in Industry and Technol- ogy World (in) [A True Account of the Ambassa- dor  Extraordinary & Plenipotentiary’s Journey of Observation through the United States of America and Europe]. 朝日選書 547 朝日新聞社. (J). Asahi Shimbun Publisher 1995. M. Tanaka, M. Sakaguchi, T. Dōke, T. Kikuchi, Seimi Kaiso Kenkyu, Seimi Kaiso Research. Kodansha, Tokyo, 1975 (J). Tanaka Minoru, Seimi Kaiso ni okeru Yoan no kagaku ninshiki 舎密開宗における榕菴の化学認識 in Uda- gawa youan seimi kaiso fukkoku togendai koyaku ・ chuu 宇田川榕菴舎密開宗復刻と 現代語訳・ 注” Udagawa Youan Seimi Kaiso Republishing, (its) Recent Language and Explanatory Notes” Kodansha Publishing House, Tokyo, 1975 (J), pp. 99–114. M. Tanaka, “Part 2 Chemistry” Chapter 6  Seimi Kai- so  section  3, in Yuji Shibata ed.  Meiji-zen Butsuri Kagaku Shi, History of Physical and Chemical Science before Meiji Era, p. 281, p. 321, 1964. T. Takahashi, Siebold and Udagawa Youan, Edo Dutch Studies Friendship Account, Heibonsha, Tokyo, Japan (J). 高橋輝和: Siebold to Udagawa Youan Edo ran- gaku kouyuuki シーボルトと 宇田川榕菴 江戸蘭学 交遊記 東京: 平凡社. 2002. T. Tsukahara, Affinity and Shinwa Ryoku, Introduction of Western Chemical Concepts in Early Nineteenth-Cen- tury Japan. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Leiden, Hol- land, J.C. Gieben Publishers, Amsterdam 1993. Tsujimura Natsuko, An Introduction to Japanese Linguis- tics, Blackwell Publishing 2007. p. 422. Uchida Takane, Oki Hisaya, Sakan Fujio, Isa Kimio, and Nakata Ryuji, William Elliot Griffis’ Lecture Notes on Chemistry, In Foreign Employees in Nineteenth Cen- tury Japan. (E.R. Beauchamp and Akira Iriye Eds.), Boulder San Francisco and London. West View Press 1990. p. 247 Udagawa Youan, Seimi Kaiso. In Edo: Suharaya Ihachi 1837-1847, in Japanese. APPENDIX 1. ⃝ Kasteleyn, P. J., Descriptive and practical phar- maceutical, economic and physical chemistry 1788. 『葛氏舎密』 ka shi seimi, Mr. Ka chemistry. Youan used 葛氏 Mr. Ka as name abbreviation when he cited Kasteleyn. Beschouwende en Werkende pharmaceutische, oeconomische, en natuurkundige Chemie, Tweede 2dln, Amsterdam, 1788. This book was cited fourteen times in Seimi Kaiso, concerning the preparation of chemical reagents, but not theoretical issues. Kasteleyn (1746-1794) represented a group of chemists in the Netherlands at the end of the eighteenth century that was partly against the new doc- trine of Lavoisier.61 Youan favored Lavoisier, but used more of Henry’s more practical descriptions. Azuma Toru (1953- ) thoroughly studies Udagawa Youan’s chemistry translation by searching articles stored at Kyō-U Archive of Takeda Science Foundation in Osa- ka and at Waseda University Library in Tokyo. Azuma showed three journals that were edited by Kasteleyn, from which Youan translated chemistry in several of his books. Those books included metal chemistry, Udagawa Chemistry Book, Dyeing chemistry, Plant chemistry and Seimi Kaiso – introduction to chemistry.62 In seimi Kaiso Youan mentioned Kasteleyn concerning sugar acid, oil extract and oxalic acid.64 Oxalic acid is mentioned also in an earlier book of Youan, in a citation from Hijmans.64 2. ⃝ Blumenbach, J. F., The Basic of Physics of the Human Being. 『貌氏人身窮理篇』 Bushi jinshin Kyurihen Mr. Bu Basics of the Human being Groendbeginselen der Natuurkunde van den Mensch. Translated by G. J. Wolff, 1791. Blumenbach (1752-1840) was one of the founders of comparative anatomy. However, no direct influence on Seimi Kaiso can be seen.65 In the Dutch book the chap- ters include the human body, liquids in the human body, blood, muscles, respiration and more. ⃝ “Three Little Studies”. Questions and Answers on Pharmacy. 『三有小學』 Sanyuu Kogaku. This book is written under the 9th bullet on SK p. 7, Unknown publication 115Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors year. (Figure 5). Handboek der natuurlijk historie of natuurge- schiedenis. 1802. The topic of sulfur, its two forms of crystals, e.g. sulfur flowers crystals,66 and the topic of barium sulfate were written by Youan.67 Interestingly, barium was written by Youan as 重土, whereas it is written today using katakana バリウム. It was explained that since barium element is heavier (than the second group in the periodic table), it was called bar- ys from Greek language. So Youan used 重い, the kanji for “heavy” to name the barium element.68 3. ⃝ Plenck, J. J.,Physical and chemical description about the liquid in the human body. 『布氏明液論』 Fu shi mei ekiron 1791. Mr. Fu treatise on clear liquid. Natuur-en Scheikundige Verhandeling over de vochten des menschlijken ligchaams1791.69 ⃝ Second book by Plenck (SK 5th bullet in Fig. 5): Handbook of Chemistry 1803. 『舎密備要』 Seimi biyou Grondbeginselen der Scheikunde, of oversicht over alle de vakken der Scheikunde, Uithet Lat. Vert. Door J.S. Swaan, Amsterdam, Elwe en Werlingshoff 1803. Original book was published in Latin in Viena in 1800, titled Elementa chymiae.70 4. ⃝ Lavoisier, A. L., Elements of Chemistry, in a new systematic order, containing all the modern discov- eries, English translation by R. Kerr, 1790. 『舎密原本』 Seimi Genpon. A Principle book for Chemistry. Grondbeginselen der scheikunde. Utrecht, 1800. Original French: Traité Élémentaire de Chemie, présenté dans an ordre nouveau et d’aprés les découvertes modernes, Paris 1789 Lavoisier, A. L. (1743-1794).71 Miyashita mentions three drafts by Youan of the 2nd parts of Grondbeginselen that are kept at Takeda Chemi- cal Industries that is Kyō-U Library of Takeda Science Foundation since 1978.72 5. ⃝ See Plenck no. 3. 6. ⃝ Ypey, Adolph, 『依氏廣義』 I shi kougi Mr. I Broad Sense 1804. Systematisch handboek der beschouwende en werkda- dige scheikunde. Amsterdam, 1804-1812. Chemie voor Beginnende Liefhebbers of Aanleiding 1803. William Henry’s chemistry book – Epitome of Chemistry - was translated into Dutch by A. Ypey. Referred to as CBL for W. Henry Dutch translation: Chemie, voor beginnende liefhebbers, uit het Engelsch, van J.B. Trommsdorff verm. uitg door A. Ypey, Amster- dam, 1803. Ypey’s Dutch translation was used by Youan while writing Seimi Kaiso. In Seimi Kaiso preface p. 5 (SKR p. 13) Youan explained the use of books by Henry, Trommsdorff and its Ypey’s translations. Youan stated that he mentioned names of only three men but he does not ignore achievements of others.73 This was the most cited work in Seimi Kaiso for theoretical as well as prac- tical topics. Azuma studied three books in Dutch by Ypey that Youan used. Those are:74 · Systematisch handboek der beschouwende en werkda- dige scheikunde, 5dln, Amsterdam, 1804-1812, in 9 vols. shortened name: SHS · Verbeteringen en bijvoegsels tot het systema- tisch handboek der werkdaadige scheikunde, 3dln, Amsterdam, 1808-1810 · Bladwijzer der voornaamste zaken, voorkomende in het systematisch handboek der werkdaadige schei- kunde, Amsterdam, 1812 Azuma showed ten unpublished manuscripts that Youan studied thru Ypey’s books on chemistry; Com- pared Youan’s citing SHS, and pointed at the places in Youan’s texts corresponding to the places in Ypey’s SHS. 7. ⃝ Niewenhuis, G., Questions and answers on Pharmacy. 『合薬問答』 Gouyaku Mondou. Printing date unknown. Questions and answers on Pharmacy.75 Bullet no. 19: ⃝ General Dictionary on art and sci- ence for the intellectuals in collaboration with Dutch scientists. 『紐氏韻府』 Nishi Inpu Mr. Ni’s Dictionary. 1825. Algemeen woordenboek van kunst en wetenschappen voor den beschaafden stand onder medewerking van een aantal vaderlandsche geleerden bijeenverzameld. Several copies arrived to Japan by the Dutch ships during 1832 – 1849. Sakaguchi attributed the diction- ary to Egbert Buys, Tsukahara discussed other transla- tions and attribution of the dictionary and suggested that Youan used Niewenhuis’ dictionary and possibly acquired one.76 8. ⃝ Bernvald, William. van, Medical treatment by electricity 1785. 『越列機療法』 Ereki Ryoho.1785. Electricity Treat- ment. Over de Geneeskundige Electriciteit, Amsterdam 1785-1789.77 9. ⃝ Bullet 9 is included in Blumenbach no. 2. 10. ⃝ Hagen, K. G., Pharmacy teaching. 『薬舗指南』 Yakuho Shinan. Pharmacy teaching. Leerboek der apotheker-kunst. Amsterdam, 1807.78 116 Yona Siderer It is cited three times in Seimi Kaiso, concerning procedures to make ink and tincture. 11. ⃝ Guiton de Morveau, L. B., The Method of Purifying Atmosphère 1811. 『大気修繕法』 Taiki Shuuzenhou. Verhandelingen over de middelen om der lucht te zuiv- eren, en de besmetting te voorkomen Leyden, 1802. French Origin: Traité des moyens de désinfectant l’air 1801.79 12. ⃝ Trommsdorff, J.B., Experimental finding in Chemistry 1815. 『合薬舎密』 Gouyaku Seimi. Medicine chemistry. Leerboek der artseneimengkundige, proefondervin- delijke scheikunde, naar de derde veel verbeterde uitage uit het Hoogduitsche. Amsterdam, translated by N.C. Meppen 1815. Original German title: Systematische Handbuch der Pharmacie für angehende Aerzte und Apotheker, Erfurt, 1792. 2nd. Ed. 1811. Most frequently cited work in Seimi Kaiso. More than 34 times referred to, including theoretical and applied parts.80 Trommsdorff, J. B. (1770-1837) was also the translator into German of Epitome of Chemistry (EOC) by William Henry. (See Ypey no. 6). 13. ⃝ Ségur, O.,The Sea of Letters on Chemistry. 『舎密翰海』 Seimi kankai. 1817. The Sea of Letters on Chemistry. Brieven over de grondbeginselen der scheikunde: gewezen leerling bij de polytechnische school, Rotterdam, 1811. Original French: Lettres élémentaires sur la chimie 1803. Sakaguchi Masao noticed in Udagawa Youan’s list of sources for Seimi Kaiso, the title Seimi Kankai by Octave Ségur. Sakaguchi identified that it is a translation of Octave Ségur’s book, written after lessons taught by professors Berthollet, Fourcroy, Chaptal, Guiton de Mor- veau, etc. Udagawa Youan studied its Dutch translation translated by M.J. Reinhout, a medicine researcher from Leiden, Holland. In Ségur’s book, following four chap- ters with an introduction and explanation about chem- istry, the total of thirty two chapters describe topics of crystals of potassium carbonate, ammonium chloride, phosphorus, potassium phosphate, alum, silica, glass, black patina of silver, Iron, mucus, rubber and more.81 14. ⃝ Houte, H. J., Medicine Treaty 1817. 『福烏多薬論』 Houto Yakuron. Medicine Treaty by Houte Handleiding tot de Materies Medica, 1817. Except for Youan’s first list, there is not another cita- tion of this book in Seimi Kaiso.82 15 ⃝ Isfording, J. J., Physical handbook for students of medicine. 『理学初歩』 Rigaku Shoho.Basics of physical sci- ence Natuurkundig handboek voor leerlingen in de heel- en geneeskunde. Amsterdam, Translated by G.J. van Epen 1826. German original: Naturlehre für angehende Aer- tze und Wundärtze, als Einleitung in das Studium der Heilkunde. Wien 1814. Tsukahara mentions several translations for this book, but there is only one citation in Seimi Kaiso, in a chapter about heat element, Youan adds a note about light element 光素 kouso, that he also called photogeniu- mu and further describes the topics of calorique, photon and color.83 16. ⃝ Hijmans, H. S., Outline of General Chemistry 『舎密崖略』 Seimi Gairyaku Outline of General Chemistry 1820. Ontwerp van eene Algemeene scheikunde. Dordrecht, 1820. Chapter 187 is a discussion on chemical combina- tion of chloride of lime and acids. Specifically, about the affinity between oxalic acid and lime, and boric acid and lime. Tsukahara discusses another book by Hijmans on chemical affinity for which Youan wrote a separate man- uscript.84 17. ⃝ Stratingh, E., Chemical Study of Cinchonine and Quinine. 『幾那鹽說』 Kina ensetsu. Kina salt theory. Scheikundige Verhandeling over de Cinchonine en Quinine bevattende eene opgaaf van derzelver ver- schillende bereidingen, eigenschappen, verbindingen en geneeskundige vermogens,  Groningen 1822.85 An auto- graph copy kept in Waseda University Library; it is a translation of chapters 1-9 on separation of quinine and 1-4 on its nature.86 18. ⃝ Reinwardt, C. G. C., Treatise on the measure- ment of the heights of mountains. 『測山説』 Sokuzan setsu. Mountain Measuring Theory. Voorlezingen over de hoogte en vedere natuurlijke gesteldheid van eenige bergen in de Preanger regentschap- pen, wit Verhand. Batavia. T.W.IX deel, 1822. Comment 10 p. 82 in SKR cites an article by Saka- guchi 1970 on Youan’s special interest in the method of the boiling point of liquids at different heights. In Seimi Kaiso Youan presents exemples of five foreign moun- tains, boiling temperature on those mountains and their heights given in English and in Japanese units.87 19. ⃝ Niewenhuis, See no. 7. 20. ⃝ Dutch Pharmacopeaia 1826. 『和蘭局方』 Waran (Oranda) Kyokuhou. Dutch Pharamcopeia. 117Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors Nederlandsche apotheek ‘s-Gravenhage (The Hague) 1826. This work is cited 15 times in Seimi Kaiso, about manufacturing and properties of substances that are mainly used in pharmacy. e. g., property of potassium carbonate,88 and its manufacturing.89 21. ⃝ Richerand, A., New basics of the physics of human physiology 1826. 『利氏身窮理篇』 Rishi Sinkyurihen. Mr. Rich- erand’s study of the physical laws of the human body. Nieuwe grondbeginselen der Natuurkunde van den mensch. Amsterdam, 1826. French origin: Nouveaux elements de physiologie, Paris 1801, Dutch translation by A. Van Erpecum, 1821 and 1826.90 In chapter 51 on “water containing vapor, vapor containing water”, Youan comments saying that “accord- ing to Richerand, in water, there is a kind of gas, inner water is used in animal breathing, and the sense of hear- ing is affected. If you put fish in a bell exhausted of air, the fish dies. Also, insert into glass bottle, hermetically seal its mouth, the same thing happens”.91 Youan also cites Richerand’s book on Human Physiology in a chap- ter on bismuth and other metals.92 22. ⃝ Catz Smallenburg, F. van, Chemistry Study Book. 『蘇氏舎密』 Su shi seimi, Mr. Su’s chemistry. Leerboek der scheikunde. Leiden, 1827-1829. There are forty eight citations of Catz Smallenburg (1781-1848) in Seimi Kaiso. Youan could have acquired there the most advanced chemical ideas such as Ber- zelius’ electro-dualism. Catz Smallenburg cited many authors, including Davy, Bergman, Gmelin, Döbereriner, Meinecke and others (1833 Leyden edition). Mac Lean mentions Catz Smallenburg Chemistry book presence in Deshima in 1837, it was brought on the ship De Twee Cornelissen.93 The book was found in Udagawa House old possessions. Humphry Davy (1778-1829) is cited 15 times. Davy is cited concerning his use of the powerful Volta column and the isolation of Kalium. (See Rees no. 24 below).94 Azuma found in Kyō-U library unpublished manuscripts by Youan. Azuma suggested that Youan was exploring the possibility of publishing a chemical book titled Kaibutsu Engen-ko 開物淵原稿, based on the content of Smallenburg’s chemical book.95 According to Tsukahara, Youan cites the work mainly from its practi- cal and experimental parts; not advanced scientific the- ories but a more reflection of popular issues by a prag- matic chemist whose theoretical discussions were rather superficial.96 Interestingly, in the next section on Kalium, “that is also called potassium”, Youan cites together the books by Ypey 『広義』, Smallenburg 『蘇氏舎密』 and Niewenhuis 『紐氏韻府』.97 One may imagine Youan sits and those three books are opened in front of him, perhaps more than those three only. The text reflects Youan’s professional approach to his study. 23. ⃝ Water, J. A. van de, Mr. Water’s Pharmacy 1829 『窊多児氏薬論』 Watarushi Yakuron. Mr. Wata- ru’s Pharmacy 1829. Beknopt doch zoo veel mogelijk volledig handboek voor de leer der geneesmiddelen(materiamedica). Amster- dam, 1829. Topics cited in Seimi Kaiso from Water’s book include: Phosphoric acid,98 magnesium carbonate,99 potash and ammonia,100 barium hydrochlorate,101 and iodine.102 24. ⃝ Rees, W. van, A Report on Galvani. 1803. 『ガルヴァニ 紀事』 Gar ubani Kiji Ga lva ni Account. Verzameling van stukken, als bijdragen tot het Galva- nismus, zoo in opzicht tot dezelfs genee- als natuurkun- dige werkingen, 2 dln (1st en 1803, 2nd en 1805), Arnhem, Moelman. 103 End of Udagawa Youan’s list. Substantia An International Journal of the History of Chemistry Vol. 5, n. 1 - 2021 Firenze University Press Giving Credit Where It’s Due – The Complicated Practice of Scientific Authorship Seth C. Rasmussen History of Research on Antisense Oligonucleotide Analogs Jack S. Cohen Chemistry, Cyclophosphamide, Cancer Chemotherapy, and Serendipity: Sixty Years On Gerald Zon Thermodynamics of Life Marc Henry Darwin and Inequality Enrico Bonatti Loren Eiseley’s Substitution Bart Kahr New Insight into the “Fortuitous Error” that Led to the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Udagawa Youan (1798-1846), Pioneer of Chemistry Studies in Japan from Western Sources and his Successors Yona Siderer Capillary Electrophores is and Its Basic Principles in Historical Retrospect 1. The early decades of the “Long Nineteenth Century”: The Voltaic pile, and the discovery of electrolysis, electrophoresis and electroosmosis Ernst Kenndler1,*, Marek Minárik2,3 The Eminent Russian – German Chemist –Friedrich Konrad Beilstein (1838-1906) in the Literature between the 19th and 21st Centuries Aleksander Sztejnberg Review of What Is a Chemical Element? By Eric Scerri and Elena Ghibaudi, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020 Helge Kragh