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Understanding to Intergroup Conflict: 
Social Harmonization and Law Awareness of Society 
 

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Understanding to Intergroup Conflict: Social 
Harmonization and Law Awareness of Society 

Syahruddin Nawi; Muhammad Syarif; 
Aswad Rachmat Hambali; Salle Salle 

Faculty of Law, Universitas Muslim Indonesia 

email: herinawy@yahoo.com 
 

ABSTRACT 

The development and progress of the city of Makassar in line with the occurrence of 

disturbing conflicts, conflicts and even war between groups provide an overview of 

research problems regarding the erosion of nationalism, erosion of national ideology, 

low national character, erosion of local culture, shallow religious values, low sense of 

solidarity, moral decline, and ethnic fanaticism and declining character quality and 

declining character quality, all of which have the potential to threaten National Integration 

and Social Harmony. This research method is descriptive and form of presentation in a 

systematic, factual and accurate description of the facts obtained. The results showed that 

conflict/war between groups or residents still occurred in at least six 6 regions in Makassar 

that had caused various losses because war between groups or residents involved 

children or adolescents using dangerous objects. There are 30 factors, namely juvenile 

delinquency, multi aspects, peaceful disturbance, offensive, revenge, social, economic, 

jealousy, work area disputes, unemployment, ethnicity, religion, culture, wild race, women, 

competition, misunderstanding, social change, deprivation land, women who seize men 

(infidelity of women), youth group clashes, politics/parties, deception, social classes/ 

strata, selfishness, arrogance, ridicule, slander, conflict of interest, and government 

land disputes. Recommendations are needed Conflict Resolution Forum (FOLEKO) as a 

preventive and repressive measure, provide guidance and counseling for members of the 

community, about legal awareness, social ethics and courtesy in family life and community 

life, and inculcation of religious values and national integrity, the authorities need to be 

more intensive in conducting surveillance and need to carry out routine checks on the 

possession of dangerous sharp objects, and it is necessary to have the Social Harmony 

Creation Model module and legal awareness as recommendations of this research. 

Keywords : Social Conflict; Legal Awareness; Intergroups 

 
INTRODUCTION 

 

The development of the legal sector needs to be realized as a consequence of the 

statement of Article 1 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 

which states that Indonesia is a constitutional state. The State of Indonesia is obliged to 

implement the development of national law that is carried out in a planned, integrated 

and sustainable national legal system that guarantees the protection of the rights and 

obligations of all Indonesian people and legal awareness for all Indonesian people based 

on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
mailto:herinawy@yahoo.com


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This research is motivated by the rise of war or inter-group conflicts that often 

occur in the city of Makassar, South Sulawesi province. it is often the subject of mass 

media news that Makassar residents in various places in the city often experience conflicts 

that disturb the community. This incident is even called “war” between groups which 

sometimes involves dozens or even hundreds of members of the community. 

Conflict is a dissociative process of social interaction that occurs when all parties 

in society want to achieve their goals at the same time. The term conflict is described as 

a state of disagreement between two parties who are trying to fulfil their objectives by 

opposing the opposing party.1 

Conflict or war between groups provides a picture of the erosion of a sense of 

nationalism, the erosion of nationalistic ideology, the lack of national character, the erosion 

of local culture, the lack of implementation of religious values, the lack of solidarity, moral 

decadence, tribal fanaticism, and a decline in the quality of character. Cases that occur in 

various aspects and motives will have an impact on various regions in Indonesia. As an 

impact and it is anticipated that those actors can cause vulnerability on a national scale, all 

of which have the potential to threaten National Integration and Social Harmony as a whole. 

This confirms that horizontal conflict between community groups in Makassar City 

has the potential to pose a serious threat to social harmony or national stability, so it 

needs to be addressed in the form of efforts to create a model of social harmony and legal 

awareness as an applied solution to these problems. A research program that focuses 

on the right model as a solution or solution to problems in dealing with social conflict/war 

between groups for the creation of social harmony and increasing legal awareness in the 

city of Makassar needs to be designed, through in-depth observations to the people of 

Makassar city in order to find the right solution with legal approach. 

The model for the creation of Social Harmony and Legal Awareness is expected 

to have the ability to build the nation’s character, love the country and reintegrate national 

ideology, value peace, compassion and harmony, and reduce ethnic, religious and regional 

fanaticism in the life of society and the state, the model is expected to strengthen local and 

regional integration and national integration and social harmony. 

The theoretical views of this study with field research use various theories to 

explain how violent conflicts can occur, including:2 

1. The theory of cultural ecology. 

2. Materialist cultural theory. 

3. Political or political-economic theory. 

 
1Soekanto, Soerjono. (1977). Kesadaran Hukum dan Kepatuhan Hukum. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 

Universitas Indonesia, 7(6), p. 464. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol7.no6.742 

2Cahyono. (2011). Fenomena Konflik Kekerasan. In Himpunan Makalah, Artikel dan Rubrik yang Berhubungan 
dengan Masalah Hukum dan Keadilan dalam Varia Peradilan IKAHI Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia (pp. 
493 – 509). Jakarta: Perpustakaan dan Layanan Informasi, Biro Hukum dan Humas Badan Urusan Administrasi 
Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol7.no6.742


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4. The theory of evolution-biology or biosocial. 

5. Psychological and psychoanalytic theories. 

6. Historical or particularistic descriptive theory. 

7. Symbolic theory. 

There are three factors that are closely related to the understanding and 

effectiveness of law, including:3 

1. Efforts to instill law in society, namely the use of human labor, tools, organizations and 

methods so that citizens know, respect, recognize and obey the law. 

2. Community reaction is based on the prevailing value system. That is, people can refuse 

or oppose or may obey the law because of compliance, identification, internalization or 

guarantees for the fulfillment of their interests. 

3. The period of instilling the law in society, which means a long or short time during an 

effort to instill it is being carried out and is expected to produce results. 

With regard to legal behavior, an important function of the rule of law is as a 

guide to behavior,4 and one of the main objectives of any scientific study of law is to 

find the impact of law on human behavior,5 because human behavior is influenced and 

even shaped by social, cultural, psychological, and psychological factors. other non-law, 

it is inevitable to involve social sciences in legal studies. It further elaborates that human 

behavior in responding to legal provisions can be in the form of: 

a. An obedience 

a) unconscious compliance 

b) conscious obedience 

b. Disobedience 

a) Minor disobedience, usually in the form of passive behavior. 

b) Severe disobedience, usually in the form of active behavior. 

Good individual behavior that does not obey the law affects the people around 

him where non-compliance is done, the legal provisions are considered effective if the 

person’s behavior tends to obey them. 

The normative form of various legal systems in modern countries uses the 

principles as stated in Indonesia’s positive law, namely Article 11 Algemene Bepalingen 

van Wetgeving voor Indonesie (AB) stated “All populations residing in the territory of the 

Republic of Indonesia are considered to know all applicable legal provisions in Indonesia. 

Indonesia”. In fact, it is clear that legal principles are only legal fiction because it is 

impossible for anyone to know all the laws that apply in Indonesia, bearing in mind we all 

 
3Ali, Achmad. (2009). Menguak Teori Hukum (Legal Theory) dan Teori Peradilan (Judicialprudence): Termasuk 

Interpretasi Undang-Undang (Legisprudence) (Vol. 1). Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, p. 126. 

4Ibid., p. 157. 
5Nawi, Syahruddin. (2014). Penelitian Hukum Normatif Versus Penelitian Hukum Empiris. Makassar: PT. 

Umitoha Ukhuwah Grafika, p. 17. 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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understand how complex the law is in Indonesia. There are rules, norms, and principles 

made by state institutions, some are born from the community, and some rely on moral and 

religious values, especially since each region has local laws, so legal learning is needed 

to build or shape legal knowledge. 

Factors that influence a person’s legal behaviour are legal communication and 

legal knowledge.6 It is strange that obeying or not obeying the rules, using the rules or 

avoiding the rules is done without knowing about the actual rules beforehand, or the rules 

must be communicated to the public (legal learning), and the public must gain knowledge 

about the contents of the rules. 

The way in which rules are communicated is also important because there are 

rules that are already common knowledge; or they are part of very general and very basic 

knowledge (very general learning, very early). Most of the rules and of course all technical 

rules, detailed administrative rules, must be conveyed specifically to the audience, 

including models of legal learning to the public or high school students. 

Legal knowledge is an important factor in legal behaviour,7 for example, in the 

United States, a study was conducted to find out how many Americans know the legal 

system. A 1973 Michigan Survey reported that laypeople were less aware of the law 

than law students. In addition, people who are more educated are more aware of the law 

than people who are less educated, and now the power of the influence of opinions or 

individual judgments on social media does not have a major influence on the behaviour of 

the information society,8,9 but unfortunately the phenomenon in the study area shows the 

tendency of people to be affected by the news. news is spread in the information media 

and cannot be justified.10 

The term legal behaviour refers to behaviour that is influenced by rules, decisions, 

orders, or laws, issued by officials with legal authority.11 If someone behaves specifically 

or changes their behaviour specifically because of legal orders or because of government 

actions, or instructions or orders from the government, from the legal system, or from 

officials, then this is legal behaviour. If someone is driving along a road and sees speed 

limit signs (or sees a police officer) and slows down his vehicle, then this is legal behaviour. 

 
6Ali, Achmad. (2009). Op. Cit., p. 162. 

7Ibid., p. 165. 
8Indahingwati, Asmara, Launtu, Ansir, Tamsah, Hasmin, Firman, Ahmad, Putra, Aditya Halim Perdana 

Kusuma, & Aswari, Aan. (2019). How Digital Technology Driven Millennial Consumer Behaviour in Indonesia. 
Journal of Distribution Science, Korea Distribution Science Association, 17(8), p. 28. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15722/ 
jds.17.8.201908.25 

9Agustina, Dwi. (2018). Peleburan Realitas Nyata dan Maya: Hoax Menjadi Konsumsi Masyarakat Global. 
Jurnal Sosiologi Agama, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga, 12(2), p. 247. doi: https://doi.org/10.14421/ 
jsa.2018.%25x 

10Arman, Muhammad, Akub, M. Syukri, & Heryani, Wiwie. (2018). Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Pelaku 
Penyebaran Berita Hoaks Melalui Media Online. Amanna Gappa, Universitas Hasanuddin, 26(1), p. 6. doi: http:// 
dx.doi.org/10.20956/ag.v26i1.6332 

11Friedman, Lawrence M. (1984). American Law (Wisnu Basuki, Trans.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 
p. 231. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.15722/


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There are four indicators that determine a person’s legal awareness:12 

1. Knowledge of legal regulations (Legal Awareness), 

2. Understand the contents of legal regulations (Legal acquaintances), 

3. Attitudes towards the rule of law (Legal Attitude), and 

4. A pattern of legal behaviour (Legal behaviour). 

The eight values that must be realized by law are called the principles of legality,13 

which state that: 

1. Rules must exist first, 

2. This regulation must be announced/properly socialized, 

3. This rule may not apply retroactively, 

4. The formulation of regulations must be clear and detailed, 

5. There must be no requests for impossible things, 

6. There must be no conflict between rules, 

7. Rules must be corrected. They cannot be changed often, and 

8. There must be a match between the actions of legal officials and regulations that have 

been issued. 

 
METHOD 

 

This research was conducted in seven districts in Makassar City, namely: 1. 

Makassar District (Bara-baraya Village, East Bara-baraya Village, and Maccini Village), 

2. Tallo District (Bungaeja Beru Village), 3. Rappocini District (Ballaparang Village), 4. 

Bontoala District (Baraya Village), 5. Tamalate District (Manuruki Village, and Parang 

Tambung Village), 6. Panakkukang District (Pampang Village), and 7. Mamajang District 

(Parang Village). The reason for choosing these locations is that these locations often 

become a place of conflict/war between groups. 

The research implementation will be conducted from April 2018 to November 2018. 

The material that will be used in this research are: a). A closed questionnaire containing various 

questions to obtain data from respondents who in this case were residents of the community at 

the specified location in the city of Makassar, and b). Stationery and block notes. 

Sources of data in this study are a) Primary Data, i.e. data obtained directly from 

respondents through the distribution of questionnaires to residents in a predetermined 

location in the city of Makassar. Questionnaires were distributed to obtain data about 

the extent of understanding the law, legal behaviour, and legal awareness of citizens as 

respondents. b) Secondary data processed by data obtained from certain agencies which 

 
12Rosana, Ellya. (2014). Kepatuhan Hukum sebagai Wujud Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat. Jurnal Tapis: 

Jurnal Teropong Aspirasi Politik Islam, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, 10(1), p. 14. doi: https:// 
doi.org/10.24042/tps.v10i1.1600 

13Rahardjo, Satjipto. (2009). Hukum dan Perilaku: Hidup Baik adalah Dasar Hukum yang Baik. Jakarta: 
Kompas, p. 77. 



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in this case is data obtained from police stations, prosecutors’ offices, district and village 

governments in the Makassar city area, South Sulawesi Province. 

The analysis technique used in this research is descriptive in the form of systematic, 

factual, and accurate fact representation obtained in the form of primary data through 

questionnaires and interviews. 

 
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 

 

Primary data was collected through questionnaire distribution, the following are the 

results of research and detailed discussions through the process with a frequency distribution: 

 

Influential Factors 
Influential 

(%) 
Less Influential 

(%) 
Non Influential 

(%) 

Revenge factor 44 46 10 

Jealousy factor 26 54 20 

Offensiveness factor 44 42 14 

Economy factors 4 46 50 

Juvenile delinquency factor 50 32 18 

Religious factors 6 30 64 

Ethnicity factors 14 34 52 

Social factors 12 44 42 

Working area dispute factor 16 36 48 

Political party factor 26 44 30 

Male-usurping woman Factor 30 38 32 

Hoax factor 12 25 63 

Selfishness factor 22 24 54 

Heterogenic factor 36 32 32 

Social stratum factor 46 30 24 

Arrogance factor 25 29 46 

Taunt factor 47 42 11 

Vilification factor 21 32 47 

Conflict of Interest Factor 27 30 43 

Government land dispute factor 17 39 44 

Woman factor 34 38 28 

Unemployment factor 31 35 34 

Cultural factor 14 33 53 

Wild race factor 31 34 35 

Social change factor 10 14 76 

Land dispute factor 32 27 41 

Youth clash factor 41 33 26 

Misunderstanding factor 39 31 30 



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Influential Factors 
Influential 

(%) 
Less Influential 

(%) 
Non Influential 

(%) 

Competition factor 21 26 53 

Order disruption factor 44 33 23 
 

Table 1. Factors Affecting Intergroup Conflicts/Wars14 

 
Observing the substance of table 1 it is clear that 30 factors trigger the occurrence 

of intergroup conflicts/wars in Makassar city. When the causes of the intergroup conflicts/ 

wars in Makassar are studied and observed, it seems apparent that the occurring conflicts 

are complex and influenced by many aspects. 

 

Description 
Involvement 

(%) 
Less involvement 

(%) 
Non involvement 

(%) 

Police 84 16 - 

Head of the Village 66 26 8 

Public figures 72 26 2 

Religious leaders 30 32 38 

Table 2. Data on the Involvement of Government Agencies and Public Figures in 

Intergroup Conflicts/Wars15 

Table 2 illustrates the percentage of the involvement of four important components 

in the society, who are the police, head of the village, community leaders and religious 

leaders. When observed, the percentage of involvement in resolving intergroup conflicts/ 

wars in Makassar, it appears that the most dominant role is by the police (84%), followed 

by the public figures (72%), the head of the village (66%) and religious leaders (30%). 

 

Description 
Percentage 

(%) 
Percentage 

(%) 
Percentage 

(%) 

Government seriousness 
62 

Serious 
25 

Not too serious 
13 

Not serious 

Legal Counseling 
22 

Ever 
50 

Doubtful 
28 

Never 

Government Guidance 
14 

Ever 
58 

Doubtful 
24 

Never 

Table 3. Government Response to Intergroup Conflicts/Wars16 

 
The data on table 3 explains the government’s response in addressing intergroup 

conflicts/wars in Makassar city. The indicators of the level of seriousness are the 

seriousness of the government, legal counseling and government guidance. 

 
14Data source: Results of processed primary data in 2018. 

15Data source: Results of processed primary data in 2018. 
16Data source: Results of processed primary data in 2018. 



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The data illustrates that 66% of the level of seriousness of the government as 

a response in overcoming intergroup conflicts/wars in Makassar city. Furthermore, 22% 

were not too serious and 13% were not serious in responding to intergroup conflicts/wars 

in Makassar city. The data on legal counseling, however still raises a big concern, which 

means that it is still low. Meanwhile, the government guidance is still lacking as well. 

 

Description 
Percentage 

(%) 
Percentage 

(%) 
Percentage 

(%) 

Conflict consequences 
for the residents 

24 
Staying 

50 
Doubtful 

26 
Moving 

Conflict consequences 
for the residents 

76 
Disturbed 

14 
Doubtful 

10 
Not disturbed 

Conflict consequences 
for the residents 

46 
Interrupted work 

44 
Not too interrupted work 

10 
Uninterrupted work 

Conflict consequences 
for the residents 

42 
Afraid 

42 
Ordinary 

16 
Not afraid 

Conflict consequences 
for the residents 

62 
Injured 

20 
Not really know 

18 
Not know 

Conflict consequences 
for the residents 

38 
Dead 

34 
Doubtful 

28 
Not know 

Conflict consequences 
for the residents 

58 
Prison Sentence 

14 
Doubtful 

28 
Not know 

Table 4. Data on the Emerging Consequences of Intergroup Conflicts/Wars17 

 
Observing Table 4 it shows the impact or implications of the intergroup conflicts/ 

wars in Makassar city. The impacts or implications of intergroup conflicts/wars in Makassar 

city are that there are died, injured, frightened, and safety-disturbed residents. Some even 

leave their homes or flee to their family’s house. 

 
CONCLUSION 

 

Conflicts/wars between groups still occur frequently in six districts in the city of 

Makassar, which ratify the population, impede traffic, and cause victims from seriously 

injured residents to the dead. In generally, conflicts/wars between groups or residents mostly 

involve children or adolescents by using dangerous objects such as machetes, bows and 

arrows, and bamboo sticks or sticks. There are thirty factors or motives that cause conflict/ 

war between groups, namely juvenile delinquency, multi aspects, peaceful disturbances, 

offensive, revenge, social, economic, jealousy, dispute over work areas, unemployment, 

ethnicity, religion, culture, race wild, women, competition, misunderstanding, social 

change, land grabbing, women who seize men (infidelity of women), youth group clashes, 

politics/parties, deception, social class/strata, selfishness, arrogance, mockery, slander, 

conflict of interest, and government land disputes. 

17Data source: Results of processed primary data in 2018. 



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SUGGESTION 
 

1. Required to establish a Conflict Resolution Forum (FOLEKO) in each village and at the 

district level, whose members consist of government, police, military, religious leaders, 

community leaders, academics and youth leaders, whose role is to take preventive 

and repressive measures on all problems that have the potential to cause conflict/war 

between groups or residents. 

2. It is necessary to provide legal guidance and counselling for all elements of society 

regarding criminal law, the form and type of violations of the law, and sanctions for 

each violation. 

3. Need to provide guidance and counselling for community members, especially 

teenagers, about legal awareness, social ethics and behaviour in family life and 

community life, and inculcation of religious values and national integrity. 

4. The authorities, namely the police, need to be more intensive in conducting surveillance 

and need to carry out routine checks on the possession of dangerous sharp objects, 

especially in locations where conflicts/wars between groups or residents often occur. 

5. It is necessary to have a Module for the Model of Creation of Social Harmony and 

legal awareness as reading material that contains the formation of national character, 

patriotism and the re-internationalization of national ideology, values of peace, love 

(compassion) and harmony while reducing ethnicity, religious fanaticism, and regional 

for residents. 

 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

 

This article can be completed in collaboration with the assistance of the Lembaga 

Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumber daya - Universitas Muslim Indonesia (LP2S-UMI), 

along with the Indonesia Ministry of Research and Technology - Indonesian National 

Research and Innovation Agency (Kemenristek-BRIN), so that the authors give much 

appreciation and gratitude. 

 
REFERENCE 

 

Agustina, Dwi. (2018). Peleburan Realitas Nyata dan Maya: Hoax Menjadi Konsumsi 

Masyarakat Global. Jurnal Sosiologi Agama, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan 

Kalijaga, 12(2), 245 – 260. doi: https://doi.org/10.14421/jsa.2018.%25x 

Algemene Bepalingen van Wetgeving voor Indonesie. 
 

Ali, Achmad. (2009). Menguak Teori Hukum (Legal Theory) dan Teori Peradilan 

(Judicialprudence): Termasuk Interpretasi Undang-Undang (Legisprudence) (Vol. 1). 

Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. 



Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2019 : 137 - 146 

Understanding to Intergroup Conflict: 

Social Harmonization and Law Awareness of Society 146 | 

 

 

 
 

Arman, Muhammad, Akub, M. Syukri, & Heryani, Wiwie. (2018). Pertanggungjawaban 

Pidana Pelaku Penyebaran Berita Hoaks Melalui Media Online.   Amanna 

Gappa, Universitas Hasanuddin, 26(1), 1 – 11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ 

ag.v26i1.6332 

Cahyono. (2011). Fenomena Konflik Kekerasan. In Himpunan Makalah, Artikel dan 

Rubrik yang Berhubungan dengan Masalah Hukum dan Keadilan dalam Varia 

Peradilan IKAHI Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia (pp. 493 – 509). Jakarta: 

Perpustakaan dan Layanan Informasi, Biro Hukum dan Humas Badan Urusan 

Administrasi Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia 

Friedman, Lawrence M. (1984). American Law (Wisnu Basuki, Trans.). New York: W. W. 

Norton & Company. 
 

Indahingwati, Asmara, Launtu, Ansir, Tamsah, Hasmin, Firman, Ahmad, Putra, Aditya 

Halim Perdana Kusuma, & Aswari, Aan. (2019). How Digital Technology Driven 

Millennial Consumer Behaviour in Indonesia. Journal of Distribution Science, Korea 

Distribution Science Association, 17(8), 25 – 34. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15722/ 

jds.17.8.201908.25 

Nawi, Syahruddin. (2014). Penelitian Hukum Normatif Versus Penelitian Hukum Empiris. 

Makassar: PT. Umitoha Ukhuwah Grafika. 
 

Rahardjo, Satjipto. (2009). Hukum dan Perilaku: Hidup Baik adalah Dasar Hukum yang 

Baik. Jakarta: Kompas. 

Rosana, Ellya. (2014). Kepatuhan Hukum sebagai Wujud Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat. 

Jurnal Tapis: Jurnal Teropong Aspirasi Politik Islam, Universitas Islam Negeri 

Raden Intan Lampung, 10(1), 61 – 84. doi: https://doi.org/10.24042/tps.v10i1.1600 

Soekanto, Soerjono. (1977). Kesadaran Hukum dan Kepatuhan Hukum. Jurnal Hukum 

& Pembangunan, Universitas Indonesia, 7(6), 462 – 470. doi: http://dx.doi. 

org/10.21143/jhp.vol7.no6.742 

The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/
http://dx.doi.org/10.15722/
http://dx.doi/

