Photovoltaic Cells and Systems: 33-40 SQU Journal for Science, 18 (2013) © 2013 Sultan Qaboos University 33 Volatile Compounds of the Leaves and Flowers of Lavandula dhofarensis A.G. Miller John R. Williams, Majekodunmi O. Fatope*, Salma M.Z. Al-Kindy, Fakhr Eldin O. Suliman and Salim H. Al-Saidi Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Al-Khoud, 123 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, *Email: majek@squ.edu.om. ABSTRACT: The leaves and flowers of Lavandula dhofarensis were collected from the Dhofar region of Oman and hydro-distilled to give low boiling volatiles, which did not condense at 10 o C. The dichloromethane extract of the hydrosol was analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Sixty four compounds were identified in the volatiles of the leaves, accounting for 78.7% of the total. The major components were caryophyllene oxide (8.0%), germacrene (7.9%), spathulenol (7.8%), and - caryophyllene (6.6%). Eighty six compounds were also identified in the volatiles of the leaves plus flowers, comprising 94.5% of the total. The major compounds were camphor (12.9%), viridiflorol (10.5%), -terpinyl acetate (7.5%), valerenal (7.2%), -gurjunene (5.6%), and spathulenol (5.5%). Compounds such as linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, and -ocimene, which are usually found as the major components of lavender oils, were either absent or detected at low levels (<0.1%) in the hydrosol of L. dhofarensis. This investigation showed that the fragrance essence of L. dhofarensis is different from the other Lavandula species. L. dhofarensisis is regionally endemic to wetter areas of Oman. Keywords: Lavandula dhofarensis; Lamiaceae; volatile composition; valerenal; caryophyllene oxide; viridiflorol; -terpinyl acetate; spathulenol; leaves and flowers. Lavandula dhofarensis نبات وزهور من أوراق المتطايرةالمواد ، فخر الدين سليمان و سالم السعيدي وليم، ماجيك فاتوب، سلمى الكندي جون سلطنة من منطقة ظفار فً Lavandula dhofarensisمن أوراق وزهوراستخالص المواد المتطاٌرة بواسطة التقطٌر تم :ملخص كما تم تحلٌل مستخلص ثانً كلورٌد المٌثان من هذه المواد المتطاٌرة منخفضة الغلٌان باستخدام الكروماتوغرافٌا وطٌف .عمان وراق. المركبات فً األ رةمتطاٌالمن اجمالً المركبات 7.87%مركبا فً هذه المواد وهذه تمثل اربعة وستونالكتلة. تم تحدٌد Caryophyllene Oxide ،(7.9%) Germacrene ،(7.8%) Spathulenol ،(6.6%) (%8.0)فً االوراق هً: الرئٌسة β-caryophyllene من اجمالً (5.89%). كما تم تحدٌد ستة وثمانون من المركبات المتطاٌرة فً االوراق والزهور وهذه تمثل Viridiflorol (10.5%) ،α-terpinyl acetate (7.5%)، (7.2%)، (12.9%) (Camphor)الكافور على المركبات وتحتوي Valerenal ،(5.6%) α-gurjunene (%5.5)و Spathulenolوهً: . المركبات التً غالباً ما تتواجد فً زٌوت الالفندر linalool ، linalyl acetate ،1,8-cineole و-ocimene أقل من نبات أو تواجدت بكمٌات ضئٌلةغابت عن زٌوت هذا ال تتواجد L. dhofarensisisكما وان . هذه الدراسة أظهرت أن عطرٌة هذا النبات تختلف عن أنواع االفندر األخرى. (%180( فقط فً المناطق الرطبة من سلطنة عمان. ;Lavandula dhofarensis; Lamiaceae; volatile composition; valerenal; caryophyllene oxide: مفتاح الكلمات ; viridiflorol; -terpinyl acetate; spathulenol; ر8وأوراق وزه 1. Introduction avandula dhofarensis A.G. Miller (Lamiaceae) (Figure) is a leafy wild-growing perennial herb, producing an aromatic smell of lavender or faintly of lemons (Miller and Morris, 1988). It grows in clumps; the stems are hairy L JOHN R. WILLIAMS ET AL. 4. and much-branched and the leaves are ovate with up to 5 pairs of segments. The leaves are 7.5 to 50 mm long and 3 to 20 mm wide. The flowers are lilac in color and 15 to 70 mm long. It is endemic to the Dhofar region of Oman where it is commonly known as ‘heryen ekúlún’ and ‘hilbēn’ in Jabbali vernacular (Miller and Morris, 1988). L. dhofarensis is not found in drier areas of Oman. The genus Lavandula comprises about 30 species which are found in Mediterranean countries (Miller and Morris, 1988). Lavender oils have a delightful smell, and neurological, antimicrobial and insect repellant properties (Miller and Morris, 1988; Cavanaugh and Wilkinson, 2002; Lis-Balchin and Hart, 1999). The pleasant smell of the flowers of lavenders are used in linen chests to perfume clothes or deter clothes moth (Miller and Morris, 1988). It is believed that the smell of lavenders clears the head and lifts the spirits (Rich, 1997). The lavenders are useful medicinal plants (Cavanaugh and Wilkinson, 2002; Harborne and Williams, 2002; Chamberlain and Bollen, 2011) which accumulate volatile compounds in the leaves and flowers and their oils have several applications in animal health management, flavoring, and the cosmetic and perfume industries (Pirali-Kheirabadi and Teixeira da Silva, 2010; Guillen et al., 1996). Figure. Lavandula dhofarensis A.G. Milller. The chemical composition of the essential oil of the Lavandula species (L. augustifolia Miller (= L. officinalis Chaix = L vera De candolle), L. viridis L’Her, L. pubescens Dec, L. dentate L., L. lanata L., L. canariensis Miller, L. latifolia M., L. stoechas L. and L. mutifida L.) have been extensively investigated by different extraction methods and GC/MS analyses (Guillen et al., 1996; Kim and Lee, 2002; Paul et al., 2004; Chorgrani et al., 2010; Porto et al., 2009; Pallado et al., 1997; An et al., 2001; Cong et al., 2008; Shellie et al., 2002; Da Porto and Decorti, 2010). Guillen et al. (1996) analyzed the components of the oil of the aerial parts of L. latifolia cultivated in North eastern Spain and found 57 compounds of which linalool (36.9%), 1,8-cineole (31.3%), and camphor (13.6%) were major components. Pallado et al. (1997) identified up to 38 compounds in the oil of L. officinalis. The group also observed that the chemical composition of oil varied with extraction methods. With supercritical fluid extraction, the major constituents were linalyl acetate (21.2%), camphor (14.2%), and linalool (13.9%). In contrast, Soxhlet extraction yielded camphor (19.7%), eucalyptol (17.2%), and eugenol (8.4%) as the major components; and steam distillation produced oil containing camphor (26.6%), linalool (20.1%), and eucalyptol (18.7%). An and Hatfield (2001) analyzed the fragrance of living L. angustifolia flowers by solid-phase micro-extraction coupled to GC and ion-trap MS. They identified 42 compounds, the major components being linalool, linalyl acetate, terpin-4-ol, (E)-caryophyllene, (Z)-and (E)-- ocimene. Cong et al. (2008) identified 17 compounds in the hydro-distilled oil of L. angustifolia growing in China and found linalool (44.5%), geraniol (11.0%), lavandul acetate (10.8%), 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol (10.4%) and isoterpineol (6.8%) as major components. Based on botanical features, the lavenders fall into four categories: L. latifolia, L. angustifolia, L. stoechas, sometimes known as French lavender, and Lavandula x intermedia, a sterile breed between L. latifolia and L. angustifolia. From a literature review, the most frequently identified volatile components of the aerial parts of the lavenders irrespective of group or analysis method are linalool, linalyl acetate 1,8-cineole, camphor, terpinen-4-ol, and -ocimene (Porto et al., 2009). Broadly, the lavenders may be grouped as linalool or camphor chemotypes, based on the most abundant component of the floral oil. The percentage composition of each of the major components varies from one species to the other and the relative levels of each component determine the market value, smell and medicinal application of their oils. However, no references to the components of the oil or volatiles produced by L. dhofarensis were found in the literature. VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF LAVANDULA DHOFARENSIS 49 As part of our investigation of the composition and bioactivity of the essential oil from fragrant endemic plants in Oman, we report here, for the first time, the chemical composition of steam-distilled volatiles of L. dhofarensis subspecies dhofarensis. 2. Experimental 2.1 Chemicals Pure standards of linalool, -terpineol, 1,4-cineol, terpinolene, camphor, cedrol, fenchol, anethole, and C8-C20 alkane standard solutions were purchased from Fluka; eugenol, borneol,-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide from Aldrich; p-cymene,  -terpiene, -terpineol, and veratrole from Acros Organics; phellandrene from Cica Reagent, and p-menth-1-en-4-ol from Merck. 2.2. Plant material The fresh leaves and flowers of L. dhofarensis subspecies dhofarensis were collected from the Dhofar region of Oman, 4.4 km from the Ma’amura roundabout on the Salalah-Marbat road at an altitude of 40 m in September 2002 and identified by Dr. Shahina Ghazanfar. A voucher specimen was deposited in the Herbarium of the Botanical Garden at Sultan Qaboos University under the code name NP020. Approximately 600 g of fresh plant material (either leaves only or combined leaves and flowers) were subjected to hydro-distillation using a 10-Liter Stove Still apparatus (Essential Oil University, New Albany, IN, USA) for 3 h. No condensed oil was visible in the arm of the modified Clevenger-type apparatus used but the condensed steam had a distinct and pleasant odor. The hydrosol was extracted twice with 2.0 ml of dichloromethane and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The organic solution was transferred to GC-MS auto-sampler vials, ready for analysis. 2.3 Analysis of the volatile extract GC/FID analyses were performed on a Focus GC gas chromatograph (Thermo Electron Corporation, Italy) equipped with FID detector, and a DB-1 column, 30 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness (J and W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA). Analyses were conducted under the following conditions: the carrier gas was He; flow rate 2.7 ml/min; injection port temperature, 250 o C; oven temperature, programmed from 35 - 250 C at 5 C /min up to 200 C and 20 C/min and then held at the upper limit of 250 C. Split/split less injection: solutions of oil in dichloromethane were injected in split mode at a ratio of 1:20. GC/MS analyses were performed on a Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan) GCMS-QP5050A using a 30 m × 0.250 mm × 0.25 µm DB-1 column from J and W Scientific (Folsom, CA, USA). The carrier gas was helium at a flow rate of 2.7 ml/min and the split mode had a ratio 1:20. The injector and detector temperatures were 275 C. After injection, the oven temperature was kept at 35 C for 2 minutes, and then programmed at a rate of 2 C/min to a temperature of 200 C for 5 minutes followed by an increase to the final temperature of 240 C at 5 C/min. For the mass spectra, the electron impact ionization was at 70 eV, and the acquisition scan was from m/z 40 to 500 (1000 amu/sec at 0.5 sec intervals). Qualitative data were obtained electronically from area percent data. Some compounds were identified by comparison of GC retention times with those of standards on a GC-FID instrument, by computer matching of mass spectral fragmentation patterns using digital library (Wiley spectral library of 229,000 spectra) of the GC-MS instrument or by comparison of their calculated retention indices relative to C8-C20 standard n-alkane with literature values (Shellie et al., 2002; Da Porto and Decorti 2010; Migel et al., 2004; Baratta et al., 1998; Gancel et al., 2003). Table 1. Composition of L. dhofarensis subspecies dhofarensis volatiles for leaves only and combined leaves and flowers. No. Compound a,e RI b (calc) RI (Lit) 16-20 Area (%) c Leaves Leaves + flowers Leaves Leaves + flowers 1 -pinene 921 939, 930, 927 1.5 2 verbenene 936 0.1 3 sabinene 956 976, 958, 963 0.1 4 1-octen-3-ol 961 0.2 5 3-octanol 978 0.2 6 m-cymene 1003 1003 1026 1006 0.1 0.3 7 thujol 1005 0.1 8 octyl formate 1055 0.6 9 terpinolene d 1071 1088,1064, 1075 0.7 JOHN R. WILLIAMS ET AL. 43 No. Compound a,e RI b (calc) RI (Lit) 16-20 Area (%) c Leaves Leaves + flowers Leaves Leaves + flowers 10 nonanal 1080 1102, 1083 0.2 11 linalool d 1081 1082 1098, 1074 1098 0.1 0.6 12 fenchyl alcohol d 1088 1088 1.1 13 -campholene aldehyde 1094 1094 0.2 0.2 14 camphor d 1095 1095 12.9 15 octenyl acetate 1097 1.2 16 trans-pinocarveol 1110 1106 0.2 17 3-octanyl acetate 1111 0.7 18 trans-verbenol 1118 1118 1114 1.2 0.7 19 pinocarvone 1124 1124 0.2 0.2 20 nonenal 1130 0.1 21 p-mentha-1,5-dien-8- ol 1136 1136 1167 0.3 0.3 22 terpine-4-ol 1149 1149 1177 0.1 0.3 23 p-cymen-8-ol 1151 1151 1183 0.3 0.4 24 myrtenal 1153 1154 0.2 0.1 25 -terpineol d 1161 1161 1189 1148 0.1 0.9 26 verbenone 1164 0.3 27 berbenone 1164 0.2 28 decanal 1180 0.1 29 trans-carveol 1188 0.3 30 octyl acetate 1194 1137 1.4 31 cumin aldehyde 1197 1200 1.5 32 carvone 1200 1201 1242 0.4 0.2 33 neral 1205 0.1 34 nerol 1232 1206 0.2 35 citral 1236 1245 0.2 36 linalyl acetate 1238 0.1 37 2-caren-10-al 1241 0.3 38 trans-anethole 1250 0.2 39 2-undecanone 1271 1291 2.3 0.1 40 carvacrol 1278 1298 0.3 41 cis-octahydro-8a- methyl-2(1H)- naphthalenone 1306 2.1 42 cis-octahydro-4a- methyl-2(1H)- naphthalenone 1308 1.2 43 eugenol d 1319 1319 1356 1327 0.1 0.1 44 bicycloelemene 1321 0.6 45 -terpinyl acetate 1324 1326 0.1 7.5 46 -cubebene 1336 1345,1332 0.3 47 2-heptadecanone 1343 0.5 48 E-damascenone 1351 1380 0.1 49 -copaene 1360 1360 1380, 1375,1374 0.3 0.5 50 -bourbonene 1366 1366 1384, 1362,1379 2.3 2.2 51 methyleugenol 1368 1384, 1362,1379 2.3 1.3 52 -elemene 1375 1375 1391 2.9 0.2 53 dehydroaromadendrene 1379 0.2 54 2,4- dihydroxyeicosane 1385 0.1 VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF LAVANDULA DHOFARENSIS 47 No. Compound a,e RI b (calc) RI (Lit) 16-20 Area (%) c Leaves Leaves + flowers Leaves Leaves + flowers 55 -caryophyllene d 1398 1397 1418 1391 6.6 0.3 56 aristole 1399 0.3 57 calarene 1410 1432 0.3 58 gurjunene 1419 1432, 1400 2.1 59 -bergamotene 1421 1414 2.2 60 dehydroaromadendrene 1425 1.8 61 -humulene 1428 1454, 1447 2.0 62 aromadendrene 1435 1435 1461, 1419 2.2 0.5 63 -gurjunene 1439 5.6 64 -ionone 1449 0.3 65 1,1,3,6,8- pentamethyl-1,2- dihydronaphthalene 1449 0.2 66 -amorphene 1452 0.2 67 germacrene 1455 1457, 1474 7.9 1.9 68 widdrene 1457 1429 0.3 69 -selinene 1458 1485, 1476 0.4 70 2,3,5,8-tetramethyl decane 1461 0.3 71 -cubebene 1462 1408 1.0 0.1 72 -cedrenoxide 1466 0.1 73 bicyclogermacrene 1468 1480, 1500 1.5 74 -muurolene 1475 0.6 75 retro-ionone 1480 0.1 76 -bisabolene 1487 1509 0.5 77 calamenene 1488 0.8 78 isogeraniol 1492 0.1 79 -cadinene 1496 1495 1524 3.3 0.6 80 -sesquiphellandrene 1498 0.1 81 bisabolol oxide 1499 0.1 82 -Calacorene 1504 0.4 83 1,3,5,5,6,6- hexamethyl-1,3- cyclohexadiene 1508 1.8 84 trans, trans-2,4- dodecadienal 1508 0.6 85 elemol 1514 0.4 86 farnesyl acetone 1530 2.1 87 viridiflorol 1531 1590 10.5 88 spathulenol 1541 1540 1560, 1569 8.0 2.0 89 caryophyllene oxide d 1544 1543 1581 8.0 2.0 90 globulol 1548 1583 0.6 91 salvial-4(14)-en-1- one 1552 1552 0.5 0.2 92 dihydro-neoclovene 1556 1556 0.8 0.3 93 -ionone 1559 0.2 94 2,4-dimethyl-1- decene 1563 0.2 95 humulene oxide 1568 2.6 0.5 96 1,2-methylenedioxy- 5,6-dimethoxy-4- allylbenzene 1576 1.1 97 carotol 1581 0.1 98 dihydro-cis-carveol 1589 0.4 99 diepi--cedrene 1595 1.4 100 widdrol 1600 1.2 JOHN R. WILLIAMS ET AL. 4. No. Compound a,e RI b (calc) RI (Lit) 16-20 Area (%) c Leaves Leaves + flowers Leaves Leaves + flowers 101 isospathulenol 1600 0.5 102 -cadinol 1603 0.8 103 -eudesmol 1605 1649 0.3 104 -cadinol 1609 1653 0.3 105 torreyol 1610 1645 3.0 0.7 106 valerenal 1615 0.5 7.2 107 1,4-cis-1,7-trans- acorenone 1617 0.3 108 9-aristolen-1.-ol 1618 0.7 109 -damascone 1620 0.9 110 -tetrahydrocostunoli 1623 2.7 111 nerolidol epoxyacetate 1625 1.1 112 thujyl alcohol 1625 0.5 113 3-butyl-3-octen-2-one 1630 0.3 114 (Z)-valerenyl acetate 1632 0.5 115 4E,6E-diisopropenyl- 1E,2-cyclohexane 1636 0.1 116 p-nonylphenol 1646 0.2 117 tridecanal 1646 0.1 118 campherenone 1651 0.3 119 -cedrol 1661 0.4 120 -1-cadinene aldehyde 1663 0.2 121 citronellal 1671 0.6 a List of compounds in elution order from DB-1 column. b RI relative to C8-C20 n alkanes on DB-1 column. c GC Peak area % d Identification by standard e Identification by MS/RI 3. Results and Discussion A total of 64 and 86 components were identified in the volatiles of the leaves and leaves plus flowers respectively of L. dhofarensis subspecies dhofarensis (Table 1). These compounds accounted for 78.7% of the leaf volatiles and 94.5% of the leaf plus flower volatiles. For the leaves, 37.3% were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and 30.1% were oxysesquiterpene derivatives (Table 2). For the combined leaves and flowers, 18.2% were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and 34.0% were oxysesquiterpenes (Table 2). From Table 3, the major components in the leaf volatiles were caryophyllene oxide (8.0%), germacrene (7.9%), spathulenol (7.8%), and -caryophyllene (6.6%). Table 2. Compound distribution in the analyzed volatiles of L. dhofarensis subspecies dhofarensis. Compound class Amount present in volatiles (%) Leaves Leaves and flowers Monoterpene hydrocarbons 1.8 1.0 Oxymonoterpenes 6.5 30.0 Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 37.3 18.2 Oxysesquiterpenes 30.1 34.0 Others 3.0 11.3 The major components in the leaf and flower volatiles were camphor (12.9%), viridiflorol (10.5%), -terpinyl acetate (7.5%), valerenal (7.2%), -gurjunene (5.6%), and spathulenol (5.5%). Compared to other Lavandula species (Paul et al., 2004; Chorgrani et al., 2010; Porto et al., 2009; Pallado et al., 1997; An et al., 2001; Cong et al., 2008; Shellie et al., 2002; Da Porto and Decorti, 2010) the percentages for these compounds are high with the exception of camphor. Qualitative studies of lavender have also shown variable composition of the major components: linalool (35-37%), linalyl acetate (21-34%), 1,8-cineole (4-11%) and camphor (5-12%) (Da Porto and Decorti, 2010). Surprisingly, linalool, linalyl acetate, the two major components of several lavender flower oils, and 1,8-cineole, a major component of lavender herb oil, were found only at low levels (≤ 0.6%) in the volatiles of L. dhofarensis (Table 1). One possible VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF LAVANDULA DHOFARENSIS 45 reason for the difference observed is that other workers used mostly flower heads whereas in this study, the flowers were steam-distilled with the leaves and the amount of flowers compared to leaves was low. The flowers were not collected, extracted and analyzed separately because L. dhofarensis grows naturally as a small crop in Oman; the ecosystem could be harmed if, for example, 600 g of flower heads were taken from the wild. From Table 3, camphor, viridiflorol, -terpinyl acetate, valerenal, and -gurjunene were the major components of the flowers. Surprisingly, germacrene, torreyol, humulene oxide, 2-undecanone, and -elemene were present in the leaf volatiles at higher levels (Table 3) suggesting their absence or presence at trace levels in the flower essence. L. stoechas and L. lanata have high camphor levels in flowers while L. augustifolia, L. dentate and L. pinnata are low in camphor (< 2%). L. dhofarensis flowers have low levels of linalool and linalyl acetate (< 1%), and high levels of camphor (12.9%) and valerenal (7.2%). There is thus some similarity between L. dhofarensis, L. lanata and L. stoechas. The low levels of linalool and linalyl acetate, (Table 1) and the high level of camphor (12.9%) in the floral oil volatiles of L. dhofarensis (Table 1 and Table 3) distinctly support the grouping L. dhofarensis as a camphor chemotype. Table 3. Major components of the volatiles of L. dhofarensis subspecies dhofarensis. Constituent Amount present in volatiles (%) Leaves Leaves and flowers camphor 12.9 viridiflorol 10.5 caryophyllene oxide 8.0 2.0 germacrene 7.9 1.9 spathulenol 7.8 5.5 -caryophyllene 6.6 0.3 -terpinyl acetate 0.1 7.5 -gurjunene 5.6 -cadinene 3.3 0.6 torreyol 3.0 0.7 valerenal 0.5 7.2 -tetrahydrocostunolide 2.7 humulene oxide 2.6 0.5 2-undecanone 2.3 0.1 -bourbonene 2.3 2.2 -elemene 2.9 0.2 -gurjunene 2.1 1,3,5,5,6,6-hexamethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene 1.8 dehydroaromadendrene 1.8 octyl acetate 1.4 4. Conclusion The results taken together, this investigation showed that caryophyllene oxide, germacrene, spathulenol, viridiflorol, valerenal, camphor, and -terpinyl acetate are the major components of the hydrosol of L. dhofarensis. L. dhofarensis is thus different from other lavenders and the presence of camphor could lower the market value and applications of the fragrance essence of L. dhofarensis in aromatherapy. 5. Acknowledgements This work was supported by His Majesty’s Research Trust Fund at Sultan Qaboos University through Grant SR/SCI/CHEM/01/01. The authors are grateful to Dr. S.A. Ghazanfar of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK for the identification of the plant samples. 6. References AN, M., HAIG, T. and HATFIELD, P. 2001. On-Site Sampling and Analysis of Fragrance from Living Lavender (Lavendula angustifolia L.) Flowers by Solid-Phase Micro Extraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography and Ion- Trap Mass Spectrometry. J. Chromatography A, 917: 245-250. BARATTA, M.T., DORMAN, H.J.D., DEANS, S.G., FIGUIEIREDO, A.C., BARROSO, J.G. and RUBERTO, G. 1998. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Some Commercial Essential Oils. Flavour and Fragrance J., 13: 235-244. JOHN R. WILLIAMS ET AL. .1 CAVANAUGH, H.M.A. and WILKINSON, J.M. 2002. Biological Activities of Lavender Essential Oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16: 301-308. CHAMBERLAIN, G. and BOLLEN, P. 2011. Compositions Comprising Extracts of Boswella, Tea Tree, Aloe and Lavender Oil and Methods of Treating Wounds, Burns and Skin Injuries Therewith. Espacenet WO 2011054090 (A1) (Application No: WO2010CA01740 20101102). CHORGRANI, H., ZAOUALI, Y., RAJEB, C. and BOUSSAID, M. 2010. Essential Oil Variation Among Natural Population of Lavandula multifida L. (Lamiaceae). Chemistry and Biodiversity, 7: 933-942. CONG, Y., ABULIZI, P., ZHI, L., WAND, X. and MIRENSHA. 2008. Mirensha Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Lavandula angustifolia from Xingjian, China. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 44: 810. DA PORTO, C. and DECORTI, D. 2010. Analysis of the Volatile Compounds of the Flowers and Essential Oils from Lavandula Angustifolia Cultivated in Northeastern Italy by Head Space Solid Phase Micro-Extraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Planta Medica, 74: 182-187. GANCEL, A-L., OLLITRAULT, P., FROELICHER, Y., TOMI, F., JACQUEMOND, C., LURO, F. and BRILLOUET, J-M. 2003. Leaf Volatile Compounds of Seven Citrus Somatic Tetraploid Hybrids Sharing Willow Leaf Mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) as their Common Parent, J. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 6006- 6013. GUILLEN, M.D., CABO, N. and BURILLO, J. 1996. Characterization of the Essential Oils of some Cultivated Aromatic Plants of Industrial Interest. J. the Science of Food and Agriculture, 70: 359-363. HARBORNE, J.B. and WILLIAMS, C.A. 2002. In Lavender: The Genus Lanvandula. (Eds.) LIS-BALCHIN, M. TAYLOR and FRANCIS, New York. KIM, N.S. and LEE, D.S. 2002. Comparison of Different Extraction Methods for the Analysis of Fragrances from Lavendula Species by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J. Chromatography A, 982: 31-47. LIS-BALCHIN, M. and HART, S. 1999. Studies of the Mode of Action of the Essential Oil of Lavender (Lanvandula augustifolia P. Miller). Phytotherapy Research, 13: 540-542. MIGEL, G., SIMEONES, M., FIGUEIREDO, A.C., BARROSO, J.G., PEDRO, L.P. and CARVALHO, L. 2004. Composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Thymus caespititius, Thymus camphorates and Thymus mastichina, Food Chemistry, 86: 183-188. MILLER, A.G. and MORRIS, M. 1988. Plants of Dhofar – The Southern Region of Oman: Traditional, Economic and Medicinal Uses, Diwan of Royal Court: Muscat, 154. PALLADO, P., TASSINATO, G., D’ALPAOS, M. and TRALDI, P. 1997. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Aroma Chemistry: A comparison of Essential Oils and Flavours Extracted by Classical and Supercritical Techniques. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 11: 1335-1341. PAUL, J.P., BROPHY, J.J., GOLDSACK, R.J. and FONTANIELLA, B. 2004. Analysis of Volatile Components of Lavandula canariensis (L.) Mill., a Canary Islands Endemic Species, Growing in Australia, Biochemical System Ecolology, 32: 55-62. PIRALI-KHEIRABADI, K. and TEIXEIRA DA SILVA, J.A. 2010. Lanvadula Angustifolia Essential Oil as a Novel and Promising Natural Candidate for Tick (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Annulatus Control. Experimental Parasitology 126: 184-186. PORTO, C., DECORTI, D. and KIKIC, I. 2009. Flavour Compounds of Lavendula Augustifolia L. to Use in Food Manufacturing: Comparison of Three Extraction Methods. Food Chemistry, 112: 1072-1078. RICH, P. 1997. Practical Aromatherapy, Paragon, Bristol, 37. SHELLIE, R., MONDELLO, L., MARRIOT, P. and DUGO, G. 2002. Characterization of Lavender Essential Oils by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Correlation of Linear Retention Indices and Comparison with Comprehensive Gas Chromatography. J. of Chromatography A, 970: 225-234. Received 20 December 2012 Accepted 12 May 2013