The Arbutus Review – 2021 – Vol. 12, No. 1 1 Produced by the Division of Learning and Teaching Support and Innovation at the University of Victoria, The Arbutus Review was created to showcase the articles, projects, and installations that result from the Jamie Cassels Undergraduate Research Award (JCURA) program. JCURA was instituted in 2009 as the Undergraduate Research Scholarship program by Jamie Cassels, then Vice-President Academic and Provost and President from 2013–2020. The award program was designed to support and create truly formative research experiences for exceptional undergraduate students. The Division of Learning and Teaching Support and Innovation administers the award nomination process on behalf of the Provost’s Office. In addition to submissions that were the result of JCURA research, The Arbutus Review also publishes other exceptional work from students in departments across campus. We acknowledge with respect the lək̓ʷəŋən peoples on whose traditional territory the university stands and the Songhees, Esquimalt and WSÁNEĆ peoples whose historical relationships with the land continue to this day. Letter from the Managing Editor It is my pleasure to introduce this issue of The Arbutus Review. Including the 10 articles in this issue, we have published 104 scholarly articles and creative works by undergraduate authors since our inception in 2010. At the time of writing, authors had cited our students’ articles 230 times, with 187 of those citations occurring in the last five years. Although demands on students were great this year, with continual adjustments to changing health orders and online learning, we received many good submissions and the 10 published here showcase interesting and timely research from undergraduate students at the University of Victoria. All of the articles start as third- or fourth-year course writings, honours papers, or Jamie Cassels Undergraduate Research Award (JCURA) projects and are transformed into publishable articles with the help of supportive instructors, our graduate student peer reviewers, and editors at The Arbutus Review. From 2017 to 2021, The Arbutus Review has been in the capable and steady hands of Editor, Dr. Madeline Walker. Over the years, Madeline has grown the journal and developed a robust group of peer reviewers. Madeline has been an exceptional mentor and writing coach helping to develop our undergraduate contributors. I would like to extend my most heartfelt gratitude to Madeline for dedication to this journal and for being an amazing colleague to me. Madeline, may retirement bring many more opportunities for your creativity and expertise to shine. You will be missed. The Arbutus Review – 2021 – Vol. 12, No. 1 2 Acknowledgements Each of the articles published in this journal is sponsored by an academic mentor (usually a faculty member) at the University of Victoria. For the articles in this issue, we would like to thank the following instructors for their support of an undergraduate research paper. Dr. Denae Dyck, Department of English Author: Autumn Doucette Dr. Allyson Hadwin, Department of Educational Psychology Author: Kate Shostak Dr. Lori Harper, Department of Psychology, Athabasca University Author: Jamie Sulek Dr. Olav Krigolson, School of Exercise Science Author: Juliet Rowe Dr. Jamie Lawson, Department of Political Science Author: Paarth Mittal Dr. Andrew Marton, Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Author: Brooke McNab Dr. Gregory Rowe, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Author: Eleanor Vannan Dr. Jens Weber, Department of Computer Science Author: Yichun Zhao Dr. Christopher Wilmore, Department of Economics Author: Samuel Seshadri Dr. Min Zhou, Department of Sociology Author: Yang Yang The Arbutus Review – 2021 – Vol. 12, No. 1 3 All submissions are reviewed blind by two readers. These readers are graduate students, researchers, instructors, and emeriti from the University of Victoria. We thank them for their very valuable contributions to The Arbutus Review. Azam Alipour Ahmed Al-Utaibi John Buxcey Akshaya Chandani Robbi Davey Kate Fairley Maryssa Grayer Erica Greenup Theo Holland Patti Keenan David Lark Sonja Pinto Jessica Pratezina Jessica Robertson Juan C. Sanchez-Arias Reza Sayar Helen von Buchholz Jinelle Woodley Anika Zuhlke The Arbutus Review would also like to thank others whose ideas, work and guidance have contributed to the journal. Laurene Sheilds, Director of the Division of Learning and Teaching Support and Innovation, University of Victoria. Inba Kehoe, Copyright Officer and Scholarly Communication Librarian, who provides guidance on the journal and oversees the Online Journal Systems. Madeline Walker, Arbutus Review Editor and typesetter, University of Victoria. Shailoo Bedi, Director, Student Academic Success at the Division of Learning and Teaching Support and Innovation and Libraries, University of Victoria; current Arbutus Review Managing Editor. The opinions expressed in The Arbutus Review are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Editors of the journal or the University of Victoria. The Arbutus Review is a peer-reviewed journal. While every effort is made by the Editorial Board to ensure that The Arbutus Review contains no inaccurate or misleading citations, opinions, or statements, the information and opinions contained within are the sole responsibility of the authors. Accordingly, the Publisher, the Editorial Board, the Editors and their respective employees and volunteers accept no responsibility or liability for the consequences of any inaccurate or misleading information, opinion, or statement. For more information about the journal, you can contact: Shailoo Bedi, PhD Director, Student Academic Success Division of Learning and Teaching Support and Innovation University of Victoria ltcassocdirsas@uvic.ca Madeline Walker, PhD Editor, The Arbutus Review Division of Learning and Teaching Support and Innovation University of Victoria cacpc@uvic.ca mailto:ltcassocdirsas@uvic.ca mailto:cacpc@uvic.ca