TD The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 7(1) July 2011, pp. 41-52. The expenditure patterns of households receiving the State’s Old- Age Pension (SOAP) grant in Kwakwatsi Township TJ SEKHAMPU1 AND W GROBLER2 Abstract The study on which this article is based investigated the expenditure patterns of households receiving the state’s old-age pension grant. The old-age pension grant is the second-largest social grant in terms of the number of recipients and the largest when it comes to the monetary cost for the national government. The study looked at households in Kwakwatsi township receiving an old-age pension grant as the main source of income. The state’s old-age pension grant is used only for sustenance, and for buying basic household necessities. Food is the biggest household expenditure for pension grant recipients. The pension grant is also used to support additional family members, thereby reducing its distributional impact. Households spend the grant mainly on products that support the daily functioning of the household. Keywords: Social Grants, Poverty, Development Economics, Household Expenditure, Welfare Economics, Social Development, Household Income, Expenditure Patterns. Disciplines: Economics, Poverty Studies, Development Studies, Policy Studies, Public Economics, Social Sciences, Health Sciences. Introduction Post-apartheid South Africa has achieved significant political transformation and incremental improvements in basic social services. At the same time, poverty and economic inequality have increased, making pro-poor socio-economic growth one of the greatest challenges facing South Africa (De Swardt, 2004). Over the past decade, the South African government has implemented numerous poverty-alleviation measures, with social assistance being one of them. The social assistance programme was not designed with specific exit strategies for beneficiaries, other than a change in their living circumstances and the income levels of recipients. Social assistance is a non-contributory system also called social grants, financed entirely from government revenue. The scheme is means-tested and the onus is on individuals to prove that they are destitute (SASSA, 2008). There are currently five main types of social grant. The first is the State Old-Age Pension (SOAP), which provides support to men from the age of 62 and upwards, and to women aged 60 and upwards. The second is the Disability Grant (DG), which provides support to adults with disabilities. The third is the Child Support Grant (CSG), which provides support to families with children under the age of 15. The fourth is the Foster Child Grant, which provides support to families with children below the 1 . Corresponding author: Dr TJ Sekhampu, Senior Lecturer, Economics, School of Economics, North- West University (Vaal), Joseph.sekhampu@nwu.ac.za, Tel: +27 16 910 3408. 2 . Dr W Grobler, Director, School of Economics, North-­‐West University (Vaal), Wynand.grobler@nwu.ac.za Tel: +27 16 910 3365. Sekhampu & Grobler 42 age of 18 in foster care. The fifth is the Care Dependency Grant, which provides additional support to families with children below the age of 18 with disabilities (Stats SA, 2009). The effectiveness of South Africa’s social security system, in terms of targeting and benefiting poor households, is widely recognised (Meth, 2002; Duflo, 2000). A number of complementary factors have contributed to this success. Duflo (2000) found significantly higher weight-for-height indicators for girls in households eligible for an old-age pension grant. Previous studies have also shown that households that receive pension grants have higher expenditure shares on food and education, and lower expenditure shares on alcohol, tobacco and entertainment than other households (Maitra and Ray, 2003). Social assistance through a direct transfer of national revenue to the vulnerable and needy has increased incrementally since 1994 and amounts to more than 3 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP) (SASSA, 2008). South Africa is ranked as an upper-middle-income country based on average income, but some of the nation’s social indicators are comparable to those of the poorest countries in the world. In this context of rooted poverty and unemployment, social grants have become an important source of income to millions of poor people (Samson et al., 2005). It is expected that the demand for social grants will continue to increase. This necessitates an investigation into how the grants are spent. The purpose of the study on which this article is based was to investigate the expenditure patterns of households in the township of Kwakwatsi in the Free State province of South Africa receiving the state’s old-age pension grant. The findings reported here are based on an empirical study conducted in Kwakwatsi. Information on households’ expenditure forms an important part of the development planning process as such information can be used to prepare demand projections for social grants. The results of the study will assist the government in formulating policies to reduce poverty, inequality, diseases and malnutrition related to households receiving social grants. The next section of the article provides justification for the study from a policy perspective. Thereafter the research methodology is outlined and the local community chosen for the analysis is discussed. The research findings are then presented and the article closes with a discussion on the findings of the study and the conclusions drawn. Policy Context of Social Grants A considerable number of the South African population live and work in urban areas, which are said to be growing at approximately 5 per cent per annum. This has resulted in the mushrooming of informal settlements in all major centres of the country (News 24, 2008). After more than a decade of democracy, South Africa is still a country with high levels of poverty and income inequality (Larrson, 2006:6). The dysfunctional structure of South Africa’s urban areas is an outcome of a number of factors, among them the now-defunct apartheid policy and associated planning approaches and economic forces, which have influenced city, town and township development for many years (Aliber, 2001:5). The correct identification of the dynamics that perpetuate poverty and inequality, and the introduction of corrective policies have been singled out as priorities by both the government and civil society. The importance of reducing poverty and inequality has been a consistent theme of the post- apartheid South Africa. Statements made by the government have recognised that all efforts need to be focused on the objectives of reducing poverty and inequality, and the barriers that limit participation in the economy. In an attempt to alleviate the scourge of poverty, the South African government has adopted a multi- pronged approach, focusing on building institutions and organisations. At the heart of the poverty- alleviation strategy has been the adoption of social assistance as a policy imperative (Galbraith, 2005). The argument is that social security is essential for healthy economic development, particularly in a The State’s Old-Age Pension Grant (SOAP) in Kwakwatsi TD, 7(1), July 2011, pp. 41- 52. 43 rapidly changing economy, and will contribute actively to the development process (DOSD, 1997:53). The main objective of social security is to reduce poverty among groups that are not expected to participate fully in the labour market, and which are therefore vulnerable to low income: the elderly, those with disabilities and children. It also aims to increase investment in health, education and nutrition so as to increase economic growth and development (Samson et al., 2005). Social security in South Africa has traditionally been characterised by a system of state social assistance in the form of direct cash transfers to poor people, the disabled, the elderly and a limited number of women and children (Lund, 2008). The system of social assistance for whites was started in the twentieth century. Social security for the elderly began with the Old-Age Pensions Act of 1928, which explicitly excluded most black South Africans. In 1937, a disability grant was extended on the same racial basis. In the late 1930s and 1940s, the social security system was broadened, but with racially differentiated benefit levels. Even by 1987, child support grants to blacks remained a small fraction of the size of those awarded to whites (Samson et al., 2005). The state’s old-age pension was initially intended to provide a social safety net for the aged poor, who were vulnerable in the household because of a decline in job opportunities, increased vulnerability to poor health, limited mobility, discrimination in access to credit and financial markets, and changes in household composition and status (Harding, 1993). After 1994 the new government was determined to eliminate any racial disparities in the allocation of social assistance. The aim was gradually to remove any racial discrimination at the level of benefits by rapidly increasing the amounts granted to African people, less rapidly increasing the amounts granted to Indian and coloured recipients, and letting whites’ levels gradually erode (Lund, 2008). Section 27(1)(c) of the Constitution of South Africa states that everyone has the right to have access to social security. Those who are unable to support themselves and their dependants are entitled to appropriate social assistance (RSA, 1996). The Social Assistance Act (No. 59 of 1992) and the Social Security Agency Act (No. 9 of 2004) were signed into law. These acts provided for the establishment of the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA). The Social Assistance Act of 2004 defines the role of SASSA as that of ensuring the administration and payment of social assistance transfers to eligible poor and vulnerable adults and children (RSA, 2004). The state’s old-age pension grant is the second-largest social grant in terms of the number of recipients, but it is the largest grant when it comes to the monetary cost. The number of beneficiaries increased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 2.3 million in 2009. Consolidated expenditure on social protection has increased from R72.3 billion in 2005/06 (4.6 per cent of the GDP) to a projected R118.1 billion in 2009/10 (4.8 per cent of the GDP). In 2009/10, spending on the state’s old-age pension grant is expected to be R28.5 billion (National Treasury, 2009). The state’s old-age pension grant plays an important role in old-age support systems through its potential to reach vulnerable individuals. Pension income helps to sustain households affected by extreme poverty and vulnerability, and facilitates economic and social development (Ardington and Lund, 1995). Case and Deaton (1998) conclude that the state’s old-age pension is well targeted at the poorest households and households with children. In their study, Ardington and Lund (1995) found that pension income does reach poor households, does benefit the poorest children economically and does improve the health of all household members. Ferreira (2006) found that the vulnerability of households with one or more state old-age pension grant recipients was reduced by the pension benefits – there was greater financial stability and a lower probability of experiencing a decline in living standards in these households compared with those without pension income. The study also found a lower incidence of deprivation in households receiving pension grants than in non-pensioner households. Sekhampu & Grobler 44 The above studies have all concentrated on the impact of the pension grant on household income and on the probability of being poor. However, there is limited understanding of the dynamics of old-age pension grant recipients and their expenditure patterns. To obtain such information, a survey was undertaken to collect expenditure information from households in Kwakwatsi who rely on the state’s old-age pension grant as their main source of income. The study, which is being reported here, provided a breakdown of the structures of households and their circumstances – information that can serve as a reference for further analysis and be utilised during policy development. The population of Kwakwatsi is estimated at 15 095. The estimates are based on the municipality’s integrated development plan. There are 3 443 official residential sites, of which 3 019 are occupied. Of the occupied sites, 1 233 have permanent structures and 1 786 have temporary structures or shacks. The area is a former black residential township located approximately 70 km south of Sasolburg and 280 km north of Bloemfontein in the Free State province of South Africa. The area is part of the Ngwathe Local Municipality, with its head office in Parys (Ngwathe Municipality, 2007). Research Methodology The aim of the study was to investigate the expenditure patterns of households in Kwakwatsi receiving the state’s old-age pension grant. For the first stage of the study a survey was undertaken, based on the use of a questionnaire and personal interviews, in order to compile an economic profile of the township. Maps were obtained for the different areas of Kwakwatsi and a stratified sample was compiled by taking into account the geographical distribution and concentration of people in different areas of the township. The areas were divided into different extensions and the questionnaires were distributed evenly among the inhabited sites. A total of 180 households were interviewed by two fieldworkers. All households approached were willing to take part in the study. To obtain a sample size that would supply statistically reliable results and be representative of the population of the area, the researcher relied on the experience and convention regarding similar surveys conducted in similar locations in South African townships (Slabbert & Pelupessy, 2001). The second stage of the study involved follow-up interviews with the 80 households identified from the first stage of the research as being dependent on the state old-age pension grant as the main source of income. A second questionnaire was then developed to collect household expenditure information, providing the information on which this article is based. During this second phase of empirical work, the respondents were asked to list the items that they buy on a weekly or monthly basis. Both questionnaires included structural questions relating to demographic information and open-ended questions to capture the views of the respondents on their socio- economic status. The reliability of the results depended on the ability of the respondents to provide accurate information and not what they think the interviewer would like to hear. To address this problem, two trained fieldworkers were used. They had to emphasise to the respondents the importance of providing accurate information. The covering letter attached to the questionnaire explained the rationale of the study and the importance of co-operation from each household. Contact details were also provided on the covering letter in case the respondents doubted the credibility of the fieldworkers. Ethical clearance for the project was obtained beforehand from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences of the North-West University. Empirical Results This section presents the findings of the study. The information obtained is at household level and is meant to the trends among receivers of the state’s old-age pension grants. First the demographic information is described, followed by a discussion on the expenditure patterns of the sample population. Sekhampu & Grobler 50 A small percentage of the population (1.3 per cent) said that they buy some items on credit from local convenience stores. They stated that it is easier to get household items on credit as store owners rely on the fact that a pension grant recipient’s remittance is guaranteed. Family members also offer assistance to 5.2 per cent of the households. Some respondents said that they have family members working in big cities who sporadically send them money. Other households (5.2 per cent) said that they maintain a small backyard vegetable garden where they can plant some basic vegetables. These include onions, cabbage and wild spinach (“morogo”), which they can eat with their porridge if they run out of options. Table 6 lists all the responses to the question on the coping strategies employed by households. Households are stuck in a daily struggle to ensure that the old-age pension grant serves the needs of the family. The common thread was limited sources of income, the inability to earn income due to age, high unemployment and the difficulty of providing for the needs of the family from the old-age pension grant. The state’s old-age pension grant plays an important role in the sustenance of many households. It does not, however, cover much more than the basic survival needs of these households. The expenditure patterns of the households suggest an increase in the proportion of the grant spent on the overall needs of the different members of each household. Household expenditure is skewed towards products that support the daily functioning of the household, namely food and energy. Conclusions The main aim of the study on which this article is based was to investigate the expenditure patterns of households in Kwakwatsi township in the Free State receiving the state’s old-age pension grant as the main source of income. The old-age pension grant is used mainly for the maintenance of the household on a day-to-day basis. The households have limited options on what to spend their income due to the need for subsistence. Many of the recipients of pension grants have the added burden of taking on the role of caregiver to other household members as a result of the high rate of unemployment. The expenditure items of these households show that the pension grant is used as a survival income, mainly for basic household items, and that 32.3 per cent of the grant is used to buy food. Different mechanisms are employed to alleviate the burden of increased prices. The pension grant forms an integral part of the government’s development mandate and assists in reducing hunger and malnutrition among the poor. The increased average household size of pension grant recipients and the age distribution of members of these households show that pension income reaches poor households, benefits children economically and has the potential to improve the health of all household members. The old-age pension grant enables pensioners to support their extended family members, including grandchildren and unemployed adults. Further research could focus on: • The need to incorporate other social assistance programmes with the state’s old-age pension grant and an assessment of its overall impact on the level of household spending • The potential impact of giving additional assistance to pension grant recipients in the form of food vouchers to relieve them of the burden of increased spending on basic necessities; this could be based on a national guideline on staple foods for pension grant recipients • The viability of targeted small-scale programmes aimed at assisting female household members based on their skills (the majority of members in these households are female) • The potential impact of the death of a pension grant recipient on the socio-economic indicators of households containing such a member The state’s old-age pension grant plays an important role in the sustenance of many households. However, the grant does not serve the needs of the members beyond basic survival. 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