The Journal of Engineering Research (TJER), Vol. 19, No. 2, (2022) 140-151 0043 Corresponding author's e-mail: wiseman_1988@yahoo.com DOI:10.53540/tjer.vol19iss2pp140-151 YEARLY IMPROVEMENT OF GRID-CONNECTED SOLAR PV SYSTEM PARAMETERS BY PLANAR CONCENTRATORS Alaa N. Abed1,*, Naseer K. Kasim2, and Hazim H. Hussain1 1 Department of Atmospheric Science, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq 2 Ministry of Electricity/Training and Energy Research Office, Baghdad, Iraq Abstract: Planar concentrators are used in the current manuscript to improve the solar PV system parameters (electrical energy, array yield, and solar irradiation). Additionally, study the temperature (both the ambient temperature and the temperature of the PV modules), performance ratio, and efficiency. The current PV system is situated at Al-Taji town in Baghdad. These improvements are achieved by using planar concentrators to increase solar radiation (made of aluminium metal). The results demonstrated a 21% increase in the yearly average energy output for improved solar PV modules. The improved solar PV modules' average yearly array yield increased by 20.6%. Compared to the reference PV modules, the improved solar PV modules received 24% more solar irradiation yearly on average. The monthly average of the performance ratio (PR) and efficiency to the improved solar PV modules and reference solar PV modules are 89.3% & 13.61%, and 91.2% & 13.89%, respectively. The yearly average temperatures of the reference PV solar modules and improved PV solar modules are 48.8OC and 46.0OC, respectively, at an average ambient temperature of 29.2OC. The originality of this work is the successful improvement of the electrical energy of the grid-tied PV system, in addition to studying the performance of the second generation of photovoltaic solar modules (CIGS), where CIGS is the PV module technology that is used in this manuscript. Keywords: Planar concentrators; Performance; Efficiency; PV modules; Grid-Connected. العامة نظام الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية المتصلة بالشبكة لمعامالتالتحسن السنوي بواسطة المركزات المستوية عالء ن. عبد*, نصير ك. قاسم, حازم ح. حسين تُستخدم المركزات المستوية في البحث الحالي لتحسين معلمات نظام الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية )الطاقة الكهربائية، الملخص: وا المصفوفة، حرارة وعائد ودرجة المحيطة الحرارة )درجة الحرارة درجة دراسة إلى باإلضافة الشمسي(. االلواح إلشعاع الكهروضوئية( ونسبة األداء والكفاءة. يقع النظام الكهروضوئي الحالي في بلدة التاجي ببغداد. يتم تحقيق هذه التحسينات باستخدام سنوي متوسط ك٪ 21المستوية لزيادة اإلشعاع الشمسي )المصنوع من معدن األلمنيوم(. أظهرت النتائج زيادة بنسبة المركزات الطاقة من متوسط لأللواحإنتاج زاد المحسنة. الكهروضوئية المصفوفةالشمسية الشمسية لأللواحالسنوي عائد الكهروضوئية الكهروضوئية المرجعية، تلقت الوحدات الشمسية الكهروضوئية المحّسنة إشعاًعا شمسيًا باأللواح٪. مقارنةً 20.6المحسنة بنسبة الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية المحسنة أللواح( والكفاءة PRالشهري لنسبة األداء ). المتوسط كمتوسط سنوي٪ 24أكثر بنسبة درجات الحرارة ٪ على التوالي. يبلغ متوسط 13.89 &٪ 91.2٪ و 13.61 &٪ 89.3الكهروضوئية المرجعية عند وااللواح متوسط عند درجة مئوية على التوالي، 46.0و درجة مئوية 48.8 والُمحسَّنةالشمسية الكهروضوئية المرجعية لأللواحالسنوية يبلغ محيطة حرارة الكهروضوئية 29.2درجة لنظام الكهربائية للطاقة الناجح التحسين هو العمل هذا أصالة مئوية. درجة من الثاني الجيل أداء دراسة إلى باإلضافة بالشبكة. ) االلواحالمرتبطة الكهروضوئية حيث CIGSالشمسية هي CIGS أن (. .هذا البحث خدمة في تقنية الوحدة الكهروضوئية المست .المنظومة المتصلة بالشبكة ؛الكهروضوئية األلواح؛ الكفاءة؛ األداء ؛المركزات المستوية الكلمات المفتاحية: Yearly Improvement of Grid-Connected Solar PV System Parameters by Planar Concentrators 141 NOMENCLATURES AC: Alternating Current. Am: Array area. CIGS: Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (solar module). DC: Direct Current. EAC: Alternating energy production. EINCP: Energy Increment Percentage. HR: Reference Solar Irradiance. HT: in-plane solar irradiation. MPPT: Maximum Power Point Tracking. PR: Performance Ratio. PV: Photovoltaic. S.IRR: Solar Irradiation. Tm: PV module actual temperature. Tref : PV module reference temperature. β: Temperature coefficient. Ηref : rated (nominal) efficiency of PV modules POTA : planar concentrators optimum tilt angles. MOTA : modules optimum tilt angles. PV/T: Photovoltaic/Thermal systems 1. INTRODUCTION It is necessary to develop and employ renewable energy sources in view of the global warming issues facing the globe in general and Iraq in particular, as well as the severe imbalance between the supply and demand for energy. Solar photovoltaic technology is mainly used to reduce the demand for fossil fuels used in the production of electric power and to reduce the gap between consumption and production to achieve a stable state in the electric grid. Employing renewable energy sources reduces the large number of local diesel generators that are used to produce electricity when the grid shuts down, which has a negative impact on both human health and the environment. Solar energy resources are a clean energy source that can be exploited to meet global energy demands (Abedin and Rosen, (2011). The introduction of clean, renewable energy technology is a great achievement because Iraq suffers from a shortage in the supply of electrical energy to institutions and homes and also suffers from an increase in pollutants as a result of the widespread use of local diesel generators to make up the shortfall in electrical power outages (Alaa, 2020). Employing solar power reduces emissions because it doesn't produce any greenhouse gases like CO2 (Al- Shamani et al.,2016). In contrast to conventional power systems like diesel generators, solar technology like photovoltaic solar modules is used even on rooftops. It can be directly harnessed at the place of generation without specifically requiring a transmission grid (Naveen et al., 2017). From sunrise to night, solar energy is abundant everywhere, giving us enough time to harness it. There are no negative effects of solar energy on the environment. In contrast to traditional energy sources like gas and oil, which are concentrated in a certain region of the world, clean energy sources are present everywhere. The rapid adoption of green energy and energy efficiency is reducing climate change, providing significant energy security, and having an economic benefit. (Seitel, 1975). Ronald et al.(2000) tested the effect of a PV solar module with a V-trough and a fixed tilt angle in a Swedish climate. They demonstrated that the flat- plate fixed reflector increases the PV module's annual power production by 20% to 25%. According to a study by Pavlov et al. (2015), using planar concentrators increased daily power by 35% during specified times of the year when there were no clouds. For poly-Si and amorphous-Si modules, the monthly power increases are calculated at 18% and 26%, respectively. Tabaei and Ameri. (2015) found that the use of booster reflectors made of aluminium foil increased the power output of polycrystalline silicon by 14%. The maximum power output when using aluminium foil reflectors with water film is 50.4%. In 2009, planar concentrators made of various materials were attached to the high and low sides of the solar PV module to examine its performance. In order to determine the most effective type of material for planar concentrators that harvests the most electrical energy with the fewest extra heat, experiments are conducted with stainless, aluminium, chrome, and steel planar concentrators. It has been found that planar concentrators made of chrome material provide 27.65% greater energy output than planer concentrators made of aluminium foil and 34.1% more energy output than planer concentrators made of stainless steel (Rizk and Nagarial, 2009). According to some studies, horizontal planar concentrators with vertical modules are better situated at high latitudes (Duffie et al ., 2020). Under the climatic circumstances of Al-Dhahran (KSA), Bahaidarah et al. (2013) developed a solar system that is cooled by the flow of water on the backside of the PV module. The outcomes showed that the operating temperature of the PV solar modules decreased to about 20%, and the electrical efficiency increased to 9%. The PV/T system has planar concentrators that boost solar radiation to 950W/m2 and a water mass flow rate of 0.042kg/sec. Alaa N. Abed, Naseer K. Kasim, and Hazim H. Hussain 142 Figure 1. Present PV solar system. Figure 2. Diagram of PV system block circuit. Table 1. Specifications of the solar PV system and solar PV module. Module Features Value System Features Value Module model TS-165C2 CIGS Inverter model SMA SB-5000T-21 Max Power (Pmax) 165 W Number of modules 30 Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) 88.7 V Inverter size 5.30 kWp Short-Circuit Current (Isc) 2.66 A Inverter efficiency 97% Max Power Voltage (Vmpp) 68.5 V System size 5 kWp Max Power Current (Impp) 2.41 A PV modules tilt Angle 30o Max Reverse Current (IR) 6.5 A Planar concentrators tilt angle Operating Temperature -40°C to 85°C Temperature coefficient of Pmax -0.30% /OC The results of the combined electrical and thermal efficiencies are reported at 71.40, where the PV electrical efficiency is 12.40% and the thermal efficiency is 59% (Palaskar et al., 2015). This study aims to raise energy output because doing so will increase revenue, which will lead to good economic feasibility. 2. PV SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The present PV system has been mounted in Baghdad at latitude 33.3ᴼN and longitude 44.4ᴼE, as exposed in figure 1. The present solar PV system includes 30 modules, which are designed in 5 strings with six series-connected modules, as exposed in figure 2. The specifications of solar PV systems and solar PV modules are shown in Table 1. 3. SOLAR PV MODULES AND PLANAR CONCENTRATORS The current solar PV system in this work is divided into two groups: the first group, which is classified as an improved group that contains 12 PV modules, and the second group, which is classified as a reference group that contains 18 PV modules. The increment percentage (gain) in the performance characteristics of the solar PV system is then calculated by comparing the improved group to the reference group. The improved group receives solar radiation of a higher intensity than the reference group (one of which is from the planar concentrators and the other from the sun). In contrast to the second group (18 modules), the improved group's planar concentrators are attached in front of it, as indicated in fig. 3 (added to 12 modules). The inverter in the present solar PV system has two inputs: the improved group input, which contains 12 PV modules (1980 W), and the reference group input, which has 18 PV modules (2970 W). The data is gained by connecting an inverter to a computer with a speed wire. As seen in fig. 4, an inverter exhibits data in two clusters (A and B). The reference group data are represented by cluster (B), while the improved group data are represented by cluster (A). The inverter in the current system involves two inverters with the maximum point tracker (MPPT) technology (Yilmaz et al., 2019). Since the reference group contains 18 PV modules and the improved group contains 12 PV modules, before all the calculations, the power of the reference Yearly Improvement of Grid-Connected Solar PV System Parameters by Planar Concentrators 143 group is divided by 18 and multiplied by 12 to accomplish an equalization in power (number of PV modules) between the improved and reference groups so that each group contains 12 PV modules. The planar concentrators are manually attached to the solar modules and oriented to reflect the sun's radiation directly onto the solar modules in order to attain the optimum angle. Then it is monitored since the sun's path varies throughout the months and prevents planar concentrators from reflecting all of the solar radiation that reaches them. As a consequence, the concentrators' angle must be adjusted to coincide with the sun's elevation angle for each month. Six of the optimum angles throughout the course of a year are determined after all these observations and adjustments, and they are shown in table 2. Throughout the year, the PV solar system modules' tilt angles are fixed at 30° in accordance with Baghdad's latitude. Table 2. Planer concentrators and PV solar modules have optimum tilt angles. POTA MOTA Month 17O 30O December 20 O 30O November and January 25O 30O October and February 30O 30O March and September 35O 30O April, May and August 37O 30O June and July Where: POTA and MOTA are abbreviations of planar concentrators' optimum tilt angles and modules' optimum tilt angles, respectively. Figure 3. Reference and improved solar PV modules (groups). Figure 4. Screen capture of inverter data presentation in the laptop. Alaa N. Abed, Naseer K. Kasim, and Hazim H. Hussain 144 4. PREPARING THE STUDY The current experiment is carried out at the Al- Mansour Company in Baghdad (longitude 44.4 degrees east and latitude 33.3 degrees north). Performance parameters that have been improved include electrical energy, array yield and solar radiation. The temperature of the improved PV modules, reference PV modules and ambient air are all measured. All of the parameters above-mentioned are recorded for both the reference and improved groups. Each group's data is collected from the inverter, which exhibits the solar PV system data in the individual (A and B) manner as described above. The study is conducted from 7:30 am to 6:00 am on each day. This work is a sample study, so the days in the middle of the month (13th, 14th, 15th, 17th) or even 19 in the case of cloudy months are those in which performance improvement is being studied because it is impossible to calculate electrical energy improvement on cloudy days. The purpose of doing this study in the middle of the month is that this is because solar radiation and ambient temperature are on average for each month. The current study was carried out in 2020 for a whole 12 months. 5. PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS The performance parameters (electrical energy, performance ratio (PR), efficiency, and array yield in addition to solar irradiation, PV modules, and ambient temperatures) for the reference and improved (modules) groups are studied. Speedwire directly obtains energy and power from an inverter, whereas the following equations are used to calculate efficiency, PR, and solar irradiance. A digital thermometer is used to measure both the temperature of the solar PV modules and the surrounding environment. 5.1. Efficiency Efficiency is classified into an array, system, and inverter efficiencies. The array efficiency (ɳ𝑃𝑉 ) is based on the DC power output, while the system efficiency (ɳ𝑆𝑌𝑆 ) is based on the AC energy output (de Lima et al.,17; Abed et al.,2020). The array efficiency is the ratio of the DC energy output to the in-plane solar irradiation multiplied by the area of PV modules (PV array) (Kumar et al., 2017; Attari and Asselman, 2016). The array efficiency is calculated as follows: ɳ𝑃𝑉 = 100∗𝐸𝐷𝐶 𝐻𝑇∗𝐴𝑚 % (1) The system efficiency is given in equation 2: ɳ𝑆𝑌𝑆 = 100∗𝐸𝐴𝐶 𝐻𝑡∗𝐴𝑚 % (2) where 𝐻𝑡 is the in-plane solar insolation, 𝐴𝑚 is the solar PV array area, and EDC is the DC energy. Inverter efficiency is given in equation 3: ɳ𝐼𝑁𝑉 = 100∗𝐸𝐴𝐶 𝐸𝐷𝐶 % (3) An inverter's efficiency ranges from 97% to 96% because it is indoors (Kasim et al., 2020). 5.2. Performance Ratio (PR) PR is an essential indicator since it reveals all the negative impacts of the solar photovoltaic system. The PR allows for the comparison of PV solar systems regardless of solar radiation resources, tilt angle, orientation angle, their nominal, and power capacity. It shows how near the actual PV system is to reaching ideal performance during actual working time. (Ozden et al., 2017; Obaid et al 2020). PR is given in equation 4. 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑌𝐹 𝑌𝑅 % (4) where: YF is the final yield estimated by equation (5), (YR) is the reference yield estimated by equation (6). The final yield (YF) is the yearly, monthly, or even daily output AC energy of the PV system divided by the rated power of the PV system at standard test conditions (1 kW/m2 and 25°C cell temperature) (Sharma et al.,2013; Obaid et al., 2019). The YF denotes the number of hours per day that the solar PV system is working at its rated capacity. Equation 5 calculates YF. 𝑌𝐹 = 𝐸𝐴𝐶 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑘𝑊) (5) where EAC represents AC energy production (kWh), the reference yield (YR) is calculated by dividing the reference irradiance, which is equal to 1 kW/m2, by the in-plane global insolation. YR is given by equation 6 (Adaramola et al., 2015; Rezk et al., 2019). 𝑌𝑅 = 𝐻𝑇 𝐻𝑅 (𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑘𝑊𝑃) (6) where 𝐻𝑅 and 𝐻𝑇 are the reference irradiance and in- plane global insolation (irradiation), respectively. When the Equations. (5) and (6) are substituted into Equation (4), and Equation (7) is gotten (Kasim et al., 2019). Yearly Improvement of Grid-Connected Solar PV System Parameters by Planar Concentrators 145 𝑃𝑅 = 𝐸𝐴𝐶∗ 𝐻𝑅 𝑃𝑃𝑉,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑∗𝐻𝑇 % (7) The performance ratio (PR) can also be estimated by equation 8: 𝑃𝑅 = 𝜂𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑓 (8) Equation 8 is utilized to calculate the (PR). The array yield (YA) is the DC energy output for a specific period of time divided by the nominal power of the PV solar system. The YA represents the number of hours per day that the solar PV system is operating at its nominal power (Abed et al., 2020). The array yield is given in equation 9: YA = EDC PPV.rated (kWh/kWP) (9) where EDC represents the direct energy output (DC) (kWh) of the PV solar array. The actual (PAC) and rated (Prated) power are estimated as follows: PAC = HR*ηActual*Am (10) Prated = HR * ηref*Am (11) The actual efficiency (ηActua) is estimated via equation 12. It can also be estimated by equation 13. ηActual = ηref [1-β(Tm-Tref)] (12) where ηref is the rated efficiency (15.2%), Am is the area of reference and improved PV modules (13.04 m2 each), β is the temperature coefficient that equals -0.3%/°C, Tref is the reference modules' temperature (25°C), and Tm is the actual PV modules' temperature (Kasim et al., 2019). ηActual = Electrical Power Solar Irradiance∗Area (13) From equation 10, equation 14 is obtained as follows:- HR= PAC Am∗ηActual (14) where PAC, Am and ηActual are the actual power, improved group area and actual efficiency, respectively. Equations 14 and 8 are used to calculate solar irradiance (HR) and actual efficiency (ηActual), respectively. The formula used to calculate energy increment percentage (EINCP) is given as follows: EINCP= (Eim-Eref)/ Eref *100% (15) where Eim, and Eref are the energy of the improved and reference groups, respectively. EINCP is an abbreviation of the energy increment percentage or the energy INCP (energy gain). Equation 14 is used to calculate the energy increment percentage. 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 5 shows the energy INCP, improved, and reference PV modules (groups). The highest energy output values coincide with the peak solar radiation and the optimum tilt angle for solar PV modules. In May, the maximum monthly daily energy values of the reference and improved modules were 12.99 kWh and 16 kWh, respectively, whereas the energy INCP for this month was 23.3%. While the minimum values are 8, 28 kWh, and 10 kWh, respectively, in December, the energy INCP for this month is 18%. Utilizing planar concentrators results in a 21% monthly daily average increase in energy over the course of the year (34.0 kWh). The physical interpretation of May having the highest energy production is that it gets the most solar radiation and has the optimal tilt angle for PV solar modules, which is 30O. Tests are conducted on one day of each month that lies in the middle of the month, and this day is considered the monthly daily average. In Fig. 5, the energy INCP curve has two crests and three bottoms. The crests show up during the spring and autumn seasons as energy INCP increases. While the bottoms show up during the cold and hot seasons as energy INCP decreases. The daily behaviour of the power produced by improved and reference PV modules is shown in Figure 6. The difference between the two groups is clearly shown in the figure. At 12:00 pm, the maximum power values for the reference and improved PV modules are 1.712 kW and 2.308 kW, respectively, with an INCP (the gain) of 34.4%. At 5:00 pm, INCP has the lowest value of 4.9%, while on average, throughout the day, it is 24.7%. The data for all parameters studied in this research) electrical energy, array yield, solar radiation, efficiency, and PR) are included in the appendix. Figure 7 shows the performance ratio of improved and reference PV modules. The maximum PR values of reference solar PV modules and improved solar PV modules are 94.5% and 95.5%, respectively, in December and January. In comparison, the minimum performance ratios were 84.3% and 88.1% in July, respectively. The performance ratio for the improved reference PV modules is 89.2% and 91.1%, respectively, on a monthly daily average over the course of the year. Alaa N. Abed, Naseer K. Kasim, and Hazim H. Hussain 146 Because the planar concentrators attached to the PV modules in the improved group increase the temperature of these PV modules, the PR of the improved PV modules is lower than the PR of the reference PV modules. As demonstrated in Fig 7, the PR of the improved PV modules and the PR reference PV modules converge in the cold and mild months while diverging in the hotter seasons. Despite the fact that planar concentrators increase solar radiation, which in turn raises the temperature of solar PV modules, the PR of the improved modules remains to be excellent throughout the winter. Figure 5. Energy INCP, improved and reference PV modules (groups) energy produced. Figure 6. The power produced for improved and reference modules by using planar concentrators Yearly Improvement of Grid-Connected Solar PV System Parameters by Planar Concentrators 147 Figure 7. PR of the improved and reference groups. Figure 8. Efficiency of improved and reference PV modules (groups). Figure 9. Solar irradiance of the S.IRR INCP, improved and reference PV modules (groups). Alaa N. Abed, Naseer K. Kasim, and Hazim H. Hussain 148 The PR of a PV system indicates how close it approaches ideal performance during real operation and allows comparison of PV systems independent of location, tilt angle, orientation, and their nominal rated power capacity (Khalid et al.,2016; Kasim et al., 209). Figure 7 shows that the PR increases and decreases when the temperature of the PV modules decreases (during the cold months) and increases (during the hot months). The improved and reference efficiency of PV modules is shown in Fig. 8. The two coldest months, January and December, had maximum efficiency values for the improved PV modules and reference PV modules of 14.4% and 14.56%, respectively. In contrast, efficiency drops to its lowest levels in July and September, at 12.8% and 13.3%, respectively. Fig 8 shows that the largest efficiency of PV modules does not exceed the efficiency at STC (15.2%) because the temperature of solar PV modules is greater than 25°C. Planar concentrators slightly lower the efficiency of PV solar modules by increasing solar radiation, which raises the temperature of the PV solar modules. The improved and reference groups' monthly daily average efficiency is 13.6% and 13.85%, respectively. This shows a slight difference in efficiency between the improved PV modules and the reference PV modules. Figure 9 displays the solar irradiation for the improved group and the control group. While the reference group solar irradiation reaches its maximum in May and June at 610 Wh/m2, the improved group solar irradiation reaches a maximum in March at 780 Wh/m2. The minimum solar irradiation for the improved and reference groups was 475.45 Wh/m2 and 400.91 Wh/m2, respectively, in December. This is due to the fact that both the tilt angles of solar PV modules and planar concentrators are optimum in March, but they are not optimal in June. Therefore, the solar irradiation (S.IRR) INCP reaches its highest in March (30%) and its minimum in December (18%). These INCP values correspond to 181 Wh/m2 and 74.5 Wh/m2, respectively. The concept of array yield and its Equation are described above. The array yield is shown in Figure 10. In May, the array yield reaches its maximum value. The maximal array yields (monthly daily average) for the reference group and improved group are 6.56 kWh and 8.1 kWh, respectively. Where the array yield INCP is 23.2%, this value of energy INCP corresponds to 2.0 kWh. In December, because there is the lowest amount of solar energy, the array yield is at its lowest value. The minimum array yields for the reference group and improved group are 4.18 kWh and 4.94 kWh, respectively. The monthly daily average (over the course of the year) of the array yield INCP as a consequence of the usage of planar concentrators is 22.7%, and this value of energy INCP corresponds to 17.8 kWh. Figure 11 illustrates the ambient air, improved, and reference PV module temperatures. Figure 10 shows that the maximum temperatures for the reference PV modules, improved PV modules, and ambient in July are 57.5°C, 61°C, and 41.7°C, respectively. The temperature of the improved PV modules is about 3.5°C higher than that of the reference PV modules. In January and December, the minimum temperatures for the reference PV modules, improved PV modules, and ambient air were 34.15 °C, 36.5 °C, and 16.3 °C, respectively. The average monthly daily temperatures of reference PV solar modules, improved PV solar modules, and ambient are 45.94 degrees Celsius, 48.8 ° C, and 29.15 ° C, respectively. In cold months, the temperature difference between reference and improved solar PV modules decreases because the temperature of the improved PV modules decreases. Figure 11 shows that the difference between improved and reference group temperatures is small, indicating that the planar concentrators add just a small amount of heat. CONCLUSION The current study reaches the following conclusions: • The use of planar concentrators results in significant gains (INCP) for the PV solar system parameters (energy output, array yield and solar irradiation). • The maximum energy increases in the summer months while it begins to decrease in the winter, based on the atmospheric elements, which include the ambient temperature and solar radiation. The energy enhancement varies throughout the year, dependent on these atmospheric elements. • The improved PV modules get a small amount of heat from the planar concentrators. Yearly Improvement of Grid-Connected Solar PV System Parameters by Planar Concentrators 149 Figure 10. Array yields of improved reference groups. Figure 11. PV solar modules and ambient temperatures. • Because the improved PV modules are becoming hotter than the reference PV modules, there Performance and efficiency are lower than those of the reference PV modules, but the difference between them is very small. • The daily average monthly (throughout the year) energy gained (EINCP) is about 21%, which is equivalent to 34.0 kWh. • The daily average monthly solar irradiation INCP (S.IIR INCP) is about 25%, which is equivalent to 127Wh/m2. • March and May have the highest INCP for all performance parameters due to the mild ambient temperature and sufficient solar radiation. • Due to the highest solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature, solar PV modules reach their highest temperatures in July, August, and September ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All the researchers are grateful to Mustansiriyah University/College of Science, AL-Zawraa Company / AL-Mansour company and Training & Energy Research Office /Ministry of Electricity for their great efforts in supporting the accomplishment of this work. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding this article. FUNDING The authors did not receive any funding for this research. Alaa N. Abed, Naseer K. Kasim, and Hazim H. Hussain 150 REFERENCES Abed, A. N., Hussain, H. H., & Kasim, N. K. (2020). Efficiency and Performance Improvement Via Using Optical Reflectors of On-Grid CIGS PV Solar System. Karbala International Journal of Modern Science, 6(1), 5. Adaramola, M. S., & Vågnes, E. E. (2015). Preliminary assessment of a small-scale rooftop PV-grid tied in Norwegian climatic conditions. Energy Conversion and Management, 90, 458- 465. Alaa N. Abed (2020), "Performance Improvement of CIGS PV Solar Grid Tied System Using Planer Concentrators, Case Study: Baghdad," Ph.D. Dissertation, Atmospheric. Dept., Mustansiriyah. Univ., Baghdad. Iraq. Al-Shamani, A.N., Sopian, K., Mat, S., Hasan, H.A., Abed, A.M., and Ruslan, M.H., (2016). Experimental studies of rectangular tube absorber photovoltaic thermal collector with various types of nanofluids under the tropical climate conditions. Energy Conversion and Management, 124,528-542. Attari, K., Elyaakoubi, A., & Asselman, A. (2016). Performance analysis and investigation of a grid- connected photovoltaic installation in Morocco. Energy Reports, 2, 261-266. Bahaidarah, H. M., Rehman, S., Gandhidasan, P., & Tanweer, B. (2013, June). Experimental evaluation of the performance of a photovoltaic panel with water cooling. In 2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) (pp. 2987-2991). IEEE. De Lima, L. C., de Araújo Ferreira, L., & de Lima Morais, F. H. B. (2017). Performance analysis of a grid connected photovoltaic system in northeastern Brazil. Energy for Sustainable Development, 37, 79-85. Duffie, J. A., Beckman, W. A., & Blair, N. (2020). Solar engineering of thermal processes, photovoltaics and wind. John Wiley & Sons. Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H., & Blaabjerg, F. (2014). Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 39, 748-764. H Abedin, A., & A Rosen, M. (2011). A critical review of thermochemical energy storage systems. The open renewable energy journal, 4(1). Kasim, N. K., Hussain, H. H., & Abed, A. N. (2019). Performance analysis of grid-connected CIGS PV solar system and comparison with PVsyst simulation program. International Journal of Smart Grıd, 3, 172-179. Kasim, N. K., Hussain, H. H., & Abed, A. N. (2020). Studying the performance of second-generation PV solar technology under Baghdad climate. Research Journal in Advanced Sciences, 1(2). [Available Online https://royalliteglobal.com/rjas/article/view/389]. Khalid, A. M., Mitra, I., Warmuth, W., & Schacht, V. (2016). Performance ratio–Crucial parameter for grid connected PV plants. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 65, 1139-1158. Kumar, N. M., Kumar, M. R., Rejoice, P. R., & Mathew, M. (2017). Performance analysis of 100 kWp grid connected Si-poly photovoltaic system using PVsyst simulation tool. Energy Procedia, 117, 180-189. Naveen, S., Mufassireen, A., Shashikiran, N., And Naganagouda, H. (2017). Solar photovoltaic systems–applications & configurations. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 4(08),1851-1855 Obaid, N. M., Hashim, E. T., & Kasim, N. K. (2020). Performance Analyses of 15 kW Grid-Tied Photo Voltaic Solar System Type under Baghdad city climate. Journal of Engineering, 26(4), 21-32. Obaid, N. M., Kasim, N. K., & Hashim, E. T. (2019). Performance Assessment of First Grid–tied PV Solar System under Baghdad City Climate Condition. Iraqi Journal of Science and Technology, 10(1), 63-71. Ozden, T., Akinoglu, B. G., & Turan, R. (2017). Long term outdoor performances of three different on- grid PV arrays in central Anatolia–An extended analysis. Renewable energy, 101, 182-195. Palaskar, V. N., & Deshmukh, S. P. (2015). Waste heat recovery study of spiral flow heat exchanger used in hybrid solar system with reflectors. Science, 5, 476-482. Pavlov, M., Migan-Dubois, A., Bourdin, V., Pons, M., Haeffelin, M. and Badosa, J.(2015). Experimental and numerical study of the influence of string mismatch on the yield of PV modules augmented by static planar reflectors. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 5(6), 1686-1691. Rezk, H., Gomaa, M. R., & Mohamed, M. A. (2019). Energy performance analysis of on-grid solar photovoltaic system-a practical case study. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 9(3), 1292-1301. Rizk, J., & Nagarial, M. H. (2009). Impart of reflectors on solar energy systems. International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 3-9. Rönnelid, M., Karlsson, B., Krohn, P., & Wennerberg, J. (2000). Booster reflectors for PV modules in Sweden. Progress in photovoltaics: research and applications, 8(3), 279-291. Seitel, S.C., 1975. Collector performance enhancement with flat reflectors. Solar Energy, 17(5), 291-295. Sharma, V., & Chandel, S. S. (2013). Performance analysis of a 190 kWp grid interactive solar photovoltaic power plant in India. Energy, 55, 476-485. Tabaei, H., & Ameri, M. (2015). Improving the effectiveness of a photovoltaic water pumping https://royalliteglobal.com/rjas/article/view/389 Yearly Improvement of Grid-Connected Solar PV System Parameters by Planar Concentrators 151 system by using booster reflector and cooling array surface by a film of water. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology. Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, 39(M1), 51. Yilmaz, U., Turksoy, O., & Teke, A. (2019). Improved MPPT method to increase accuracy and speed in photovoltaic systems under variable atmospheric conditions. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 113, 634-651. APPENDIX Table 3. Energy, array yield and S.IIR for improved and reference PV solar modules. S.IRR INCP (%) Reference PV Modules S.IRR Wh/m2 Improved PV Modules S.IRR Wh/m2 Reference Yield INCP (%) Reference Modules array Yield kWh/kWp Improved Modules array Yield kWh/kWp Energy INCP (%) Reference PV Modules energy kWh Improved PV Modules energy kWh Month 20.6% 411.8182 496.8182 19.0% 4.34 5.16 19.0% 8.59 10.22 January 22.9% 437.2727 536.3636 21.1% 4.45 5.39 21.1% 8.81 10.67 February 30.4% 598.0244 780 24.8% 6.36 7.94 24.8% 12.6 15.731 March 28.1% 573.0924 733.3333 24.1% 6.27 7.78 24.1% 12.41 15.4 April 26.0% 608.3333 766.6667 23.2% 6.56 8.08 23.2% 12.99 16 May 23.0% 610.8333 748.3333 20.0% 6.47 7.77 20.0% 12.82 15.38 June 22.8% 573.3333 704.1667 17.6% 6.06 7.13 17.6% 12 14.11 July 23.8% 570.8333 706.6667 20.2% 6.11 7.35 20.2% 12.1 14.55 August 23.8% 595.8333 737.5 21.3% 6.23 7.56 21.3% 12.34 14.965 September 22.8% 536 658.3333 22.7% 5.76 7.07 22.7% 11.41 14 October 21.3% 427.2727 518.1818 20.2% 4.42 5.31 20.2% 8.75 10.52 November 18.6% 400.9091 475.4545 18.0% 4.18 4.94 18.0% 8.28 9.772 December Table 4. Efficiency and PR for improved and reference PV solar modules. PR of reference PV modules PR of improved PV modules Efficiency of improved PV modules (%) Efficiency of reference PV modules (%) Month 95.8% 94.4% 0.143561877 0.145570495 January 92.7% 91.3% 0.138832392 0.140900673 February 92.5% 88.6% 0.134630136 0.140653298 March 91.2% 88.4% 0.134343434 0.138651433 April 89.9% 87.8% 0.133509003 0.1366044 May 88.5% 86.3% 0.131187576 0.134448308 June 88.1% 84.3% 0.128188393 0.133897111 July 89.2% 86.7% 0.131718125 0.135604217 August 87.2% 85.4% 0.129811105 0.132491347 September 89.6% 89.5% 0.136043984 0.136181466 October 94.0% 93.2% 0.141683502 0.142918547 November 94.8% 94.4% 0.143436661 0.1441352 December