The Effect of Addition of Limestone Powder and Fly – Ash on Land

Classification

Agata Iwan Candra, Yosef Cahyo SP. Zendy Bima Mahardana

Civil Engineering Department, Kadiri University,

iwan_candra@unik-kediri.ac.id, yosef_cs@unik-kediri.ac.id, zendymahardana@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The land is one of the absolute functions in every continuity of the activities of all living things on

Earth. The issue of the low soil resilience type of montmorillonite activity indeed remains a problem in

construction activities titled construction. Limestone and Fly-Ash is a formulation to change the

classification value of montmorillonite soil activity in the following paper compilation research. Soil

classification is an effort of the land grouping which is intended to separate the use of land carrying

capacity which is more complex for each use of soil structure. The value of the basic soil activity used

is 1.3, obtained from the plastic index calculation of 32.56 %divided by the sieve gradation value is

smaller than the sieve number 200 by 25.7 %. Thus it shows that the soil structure used for testing is

a type of Montmorillonite activity. with the addition of limestone powder additive materials and fly-ash

showed activity value const soil structure to be late. In a combination of 5% additive soil activity type

which was previously 1.3 (Montmorillonite classification) to 0.8 (Lilite classification), 10% additive to

0.7 (Lilite classification), 15% and 20% additive to 0.5 or Kaolinite classification.

Keywords: Consistency, Gradation, Land Activities.

Received Revised Published

April 11
th

2019 June 14
th
2019 September 30

th
2019

INTRODUCTION

The land is one of the absolute functions in every continuity of the activities of all living things

on Earth. The function of land in the field of Civil Engineering has a very broad function

embracing a variety of uses in the facilities and infrastructure to support the activities of all

citizens of the earth. These facilities are none other than residential facilities, transportation,

economic places, social places and much more. Reporting from previous journals, “Land is

the most important component in infrastructure development, because the function of the

land itself is as the core foothold of a building”, (Candra, 2018)

The issue of the low soil resilience type montmorillonite activity is indeed still a scourge in

construction activities titled construction. The following is due to the physical properties of

expansive soils or montmorillonite which have a low consistency value. “Expansive soils are

problematic soils that have low strength and high shrinkage potential due to changes in soil

water content”, (A ’la, Setiawan, & Djarwanti, 2017). “Expansive or swelling soil is a highly

plastic soil that normally contains montmorillonite and other active clay minerals”,

(FAEZEHOSSADAT & JEFF, 2016). “Plastic clays termed as expansive soils or active soils

exhibit volume change when subjected to moisture variations”, (Thesis, 2008). With the

following problems, it is necessary to make efforts to change the physical according to the

classification of the land to stabilize the carrying capacity of the land which is more complex

to each development need.

Limestone and Fly-Ash is a formulation to change the classification value of montmorillonite

soil in the following paper compilation research. Where, “lime (limestone) is a sedimentary

rock which is mainly composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)”, (Zaenuri, 2018). and Fly-

Ash itself is, “general terminology for mild fly ash arising from a combustion process of a

material which normally produces ash”, (Siswanto, 2019). The following limestone powder

will be used as a media to bind the soil structure layer according to its function to be added

Fly-Ash grains as a stabilizing media of soil mechanical properties on the effect of the

classification value , so that it can be used as a reference in the desirability of soil

classification in each addition of the material . With the point of the problem and there is still

widespread soil stabilization material, it encourages the author to conduct an experiment that

will be compiled into a paper entitled The Effect Of Addition Of Limestone Powder And Fly -

Ash On Land Classification

LITERATURE REVIE

2.1 Montmorillonite Land
Montmorillonite soil is a material mechanical property of a soil structure that has a

special characteristic value following the classification established by E. Bowless guidelines.

According to related research, “Montmorillonite, also called smectite, is a mineral formed by

two silica sheets and one aluminum sheet (gibbsite)”,(Abdurrozak et al., 2017). With

mechanical properties, “Soil containing montmorillonite is very easy to expand by adding

water content, which furthermore the development pressure can damage light structures”,

(Widhiarto, Andriawan, Matulessy, Teknik, & Psikologi, 2015). By thus be concluded that the

soil particles montmorillonite has a low consistency value and need the holding of a plan for

stabilization.

Reference from the previous testing states that, “the physical and mechanical

properties of expansive soils get better with the addition of white soil with a maximum

amount of 2.5% of the dry weight of the soil”, (Wardani, Muhrozi, Setiaji, & Riwu, 2018). The

conclusion from the following understanding is a step to improve soil classification value can

be done by combining or mixing some organic additives, which in the following studies use a

combination of Limestone and Fly-ash.

2.2 Limestone Powder
The important role of limestone in the planning of soil stability according to

(Tjokrodimuljo,1992), “as a non-brittle material, easy and fast hardening, good workability

and good binding capacity”, (Study, Sipil, Teknik, & Kadiri, n.d.). because of its chemical

basis, “Limestone contains 98.9% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and 0.95% magnesium

carbonate (MgCO3)”, (Zaenuri, 2018). “Compacted soils have reduced available water

capacity”, (Ogbeche, 2018).

2.3 Fly-Ash
Fly ash or commonly called rock ash or Matos is an additive material in the following

soil stabilization plan research. According to the expert, “Matos is a fine powder consisting of

the mineral composition of the additive inorganic serves to strengthen and stabilize the soil

physical and chemical”, (Kuat, Dan, & Tanah, 2018). With the following understanding, the

use of fly-ash in improving soil stabilization is necessary.

2.4 Water
The definition of water is, “Chemical substances with the formula H2O chemical

elements”, (Beton Mengunakan, Lumajang, Penambahan, Ridwan, & Chandra, 2018). And

basically, “This chemical is a solvent”, (Utami, 2018). The water in the following research is

used as a solvent media for test specimens and taken from clean water channels at the

Kadiri University Civil Engineering Laboratory.

2.5 Land Classification
Soil classification is an effort of the land grouping which is intended to separate the

use of land carrying capacity which is more complex for each use of soil structure. “Soil

classification is a system of regulating several different types of soil but has similar

characteristics into groups and subgroups based on their use”, (Susanto, 2009).

TABLE 2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL

SOURCE: “BRADJA M. DAS, LAND COMPOSITION PAGE 18”, (Das Braja M, 1988).

In application of an sorting to the classification of the soil , carried out research on the

basic effect of any variation of specimens in the following research using a combination of

powder material limestone and fly-ash with a percentage of 0% (testing native land), 5%,

10% , 15% and 20%, using a soil grading and consistency test (plastic index) . The

formulation that will be used is the following formula :

find the classification of soil minerals =

MINERAL ACTIVITY VALUES

MONTMORILLONITE 0 - 7

LILITE 0,5 - 1

KAOLINITE 0,5

HALLOSITE 0,5

ATTAPULGITE 0,5 - 1,2

AILOPHANE 0,5 - 1,2

2.5.1 Soil Gradation Test
The purpose of the soil grading test is to find out the constituent particles of the soil

structure which will be grouped by each soil structure particle to be classified based on the

soil consistency test value.

2.5. 2 Soil Consistency Test
Soil consistency testing is carried out to determine the water content of soil in a liquid

boundary state and the maximum plastic level. The soil consistency test grouping is Liquid

limit and Plastic limit test so finding the Plastic Index value, regarding the calculation :

Plastic Index ( IP ) = Liquid Limit ( LL ) - Plastic Limit ( PL ), (Das Braja M, 1988).

METHODS

3.1 SOIL CLASSIFICATION TEST
3.1.1 SOIL GRADATION TEST

“First the soil sample is encircled, then all the lumps are broken up into smaller

particles and then sieved in laboratory experiments. After enough time to sift by vibration, the

mass of the soil held at each sieve is weighed. To analyze cohesive soils”, (Das Braja M,

1988).

Make gra tie sieving the ground a number of 1 000 g using gr Adasi sieve with a

diameter of> 256.64, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0:25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.0 0 2, < 0 0 0 2 mm and specify the

percentage value to sieve gradation reading.

3.1.2 SOIL CONSISTENCY TEST
This test is a combination of the liquid limit calculation value with the plastic limit to get

the Plastic Index value which is known to test as follows :

A. Liquid limit
montmorillonite type soil pastes with variations in the combination of lime powder and

fly-ash amounting to 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the total weight of the test specimens

were placed in a brass bowl. “Scratch right in the middle by using standard scrapers. By

running the rotator, the bowl is then raised from the height of 0.3937 in (10 mm). Water

content, expressed in terms of ponds, from the soil needed to cover a scratch that is 0.5 in.

(12.7 mm) uninteresting basis soil samples in da lam bowl are already 25 punches definition

like liquid limit (liquid limit)”, (Das Braja M, 1988).

B. Plastic Limit

Find the plasticity level value of each montmorillonite soil test object with variations in the

combination of limestone and fly ash totaling 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the total weight

of the test specimen. The stages are by grinding the specimens on flat and smooth glass

plates until they reach a diameter of 3 mm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 TREE GRADATION TEST

From the sieve gradation test from 1000 gr the soil test object type montmorillonite

activity found the following results:

TABLE 4.1 GRADATION ANALYSIS OF ORIGINAL SOIL STRUCTURE

No GRADATION (mm)
VALUE

(gr) (%)

1 > 256

0 0
2 64 - 256

3 4 - 6

4 2 - 4

5 1 - 2 3 0,3

6 0,5 - 1 29 2,9

7 0,25 - 0,5 40 4

8 0,125 - 0,25 51 5,1

9 0,0625 - 0,125 74 7,4

10 0,002 - 0,0624 546 54,6

11 < 0,002 (MICRO) 257 25,7

TOTAL 1000 100

SOURCE : TESTING GRADATION OF ORIGINAL SOIL STRUCTURE

4.2 CONSISTENCY TEST

The results of testing the soil consistency value to find the Plastic Index value after a

combination of materials found the following results :

TABLE 4.2 LIMIT - CONSISTENCY OF SOIL COMBINATION VALUE WITH

LIMESTONE AND FLY-ASH POWDER

LIMESTONE POWDER AND FLY
ASH
(%)

LIQUID LIMIT
(%)

PLASTIC LIMIT
(%)

INDEX PLASTIC
(%)

0 257 25,7 32,56

5 257 25,7 21,78

10 257 25,7 19,25

15 257 25,7 12,08

20 257 25,7 11,36

P
E

R
S

E
N

T
A

S
E

SOURCE : TEST BORDER CONSISTENCY OF SOIL COMBINATION VALUE WITH

LIMESTONE AND FLY POWDER - ASH

SOURCE : LIMITS OF CONSISTENCY OF SOIL COMBINATION TEST VALUE WITH

LIMESTONE AND FLY – ASH POWDER

FIGURE 4.1 GRAPHICS OF CONSISTENCY TEST RESULTS ON TEST OBJECTS

4.3 CLASSIFICATION CALCULATION RESULTS

From the results of the original soil gradation test and also the soil consistency test,

the results can be summarized in the following table 4.3 :

TABLE 4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL AFTER THE COMBINATION OF LIMESTONE

AND FLY-ASH POWDER MATERIALS

PERCENTAGE
LIMESTONE POWDER

AND FLY-ASH (%)

MATERIALIS GRADATION
> 0,02 (MICRO) IP ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION

(gr) (%)

0 257 25,7 32,56 1,3 Montmorillonite

5 257 25,7 21,78 0,8 Lilite

10 257 25,7 19,25 0,7 Lilite

15 257 25,7 12,08 0,5 Kaolinite

20 257 25,7 11,36 0,5 Kaolinite

with the addition of additive powder Limestone and Fly-Ash as a media changer

combination of soil, classification showed a significant change. Thus it can be concluded that

in this study limestone powder and fly- sh are very influential on soil classification which is

indicated by a change in the value of soil activity.

51 49

42 43

24.44

29.22 29.75
29.92

31.64 32.56

21.78

19.25

12.08
11.36

0 5 10 15 20 25

LIMESTONE POWDER ADDITION LEVELS AND FLY-ASH (%)

BOUNDARY CONSISTENCY POWDER COMBINATION WITH

GROUND LIMESTONE AND FLY-ASH

LIQUID LIMIT

PLASTIC
LIMIT

INDEX
PLASTIC

CONCLUSION

On the results of the test specimens from the preparation of the following paper

entitled THE EFFECT OF ADDITION OF LIMESTONE POWDER AND FLY - ASH

TOWARDS CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL, there are conclusions as follows :

1. The value of the basic soil activity used is 1.3 obtained from the calculation of the

plastic index of 32.56 divided by a sieve gradation value is smaller than the sieve

number 200 of 25. 7. Thus it shows that the original soil used has a type of

Montmorillonite activity value.

2. On the addition of 5% additive type of soil activity previously 1.3

(montmorillonite) becomes 0. 8 (Lilite), 10% additive to 0.7 (Lilite), 15% and 20%

additive to 0.5 or classified kaolinite . With the addition of limestone powder additive

materials and fly-ash show changes in the value of the activity of soil structure to be

constant.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thank you the amount of the authors say to the University of Kadiri, especially to the

Chancellor of the University of Kadiri Ir. Djoko Rahardjo, MP. Who has provided full support

in the form of grant funds used as research material in the preparation of the following paper.

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